《塔兰塔》投稿指南《Talanta》AUTHOR INFORMATION PACK(Elsevier)
Elsevier期刊投稿模板和投稿经验
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化学类英文期刊投稿指南
英文文献|英文期刊数据库|英文硕士论文|英文博士论文论文写作资源SCI论文润色北大核心期刊SCI影响因子化学类英文期刊投稿指南[学术须知] 专业SCI论文修改服务:★先修改后付款;☆语言问题免费重修;★24-72小时交稿;☆正规财务发票;★一分钟下单;☆365日不间断服务化学类英文期刊投稿指南:化学类(Chemistry)1【期刊名称】SENSORS AND ACTUA TORS B: CHEMICAL【所属学科】化学【级别】SCI、EI【期刊主页】/wps/find ... ription#description【投稿方式】email【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3-6 months2【期刊名称】Applied Catalysis A: General【所属学科】化学,催化【级别】SCI、EI【投稿主页】/Jour ... 856&Precis=DESC【投稿方式】online submision【影响因子】2.337【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3 months【出版周期】half-month journal3【期刊名称】Tetrahedron Letter【所属学科】有机化学Organic Chemistry【级别】SCI【期刊主页】/sci ... c26274c4b9df99e5c0f【投稿方式】email【出版商】elsevier4【期刊名称】Tetrahedron【所属学科】有机化学Organic Chemistry【级别】SCI【期刊主页】/wps/find ... ription#description【投稿方式】email【出版商】elsevier5【期刊名称】The Journal of Organic Chemistry【所属学科】有机化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】6.903【期刊主页】/journals/joceah/index.html【投稿方式】email【出版商】ACS6【期刊名称】Journal of the American Chemical Society【所属学科】化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】3.462【期刊主页】/journals/jacsat/index.html【投稿方式】email【出版商】ACS7【期刊名称】Angewandte Chemie International Edition【所属学科】化学【影响因子】9.161【级别】SCI【期刊主页】/cgi-bin/jhome/26737 【投稿方式】email【出版商】Wiley8【期刊名称】Chemistry - A European Journal【所属学科】化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】4.517【期刊主页】/cgi-bin/jhome/26293 【投稿方式】email【出版商】Wiley 9【期刊名称】European Journal of Organic Chemistry【所属学科】有机化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】2.426【期刊主页】/cgi-bin/jhome/27380 【投稿方式】email【出版商】Wiley10【期刊名称】Journal of Molecular Structure【所属学科】化学,特别是有晶体结构的分子Chemistry【级别】SCI【影响因子】1.0【期刊主页】 ... mp;journal=00222860【投稿方式】email【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】1-2 week 我师妹的文章是8 天接受的11【期刊名称】The Journal of organic chemistry【所属学科】organic chemistry【级别】SCI【影响因子】3.462【期刊主页】/journals/joceah/index.html【投稿方式】on-line submittion【出版商】American chemistry Society【审稿周期】4-8weeks12【期刊名称】the journal of american chemical society【所属学科】chemistry【级别】SCI【影响因子】6.903【期刊主页】/journals/jacsat/【投稿方式】on-line submittion【出版商】American chemistry Society【审稿周期】4-8weeks13【期刊名称】advanced synthesis & catalysis【所属学科】chemistry【级别】SCI【影响因子】4.482【期刊主页】http///cgi-bin【投稿方式】on-line submittion【出版商】Wiley14【期刊名称】chemical communications【所属学科】chemistry【级别】SCI【影响因子】3.997【期刊主页】/is/journals/current/chemcomm/cccpub.htm 【投稿方式】on-line submittion【出版商】Royal Society of Chemistry【审稿周期】4-8weeks15【期刊名称】Organic &Biomolecular Chmistry【所属学科】有机化学及化学生物学【级别】SCI IF=2.194【期刊主页】/Publishing/Journals/OB/index.asp【投稿方式】email【出版商】RSC【审稿周期】1-2 months16 【期刊名称】Synlett【所属学科】有机化学Organic Chemistry【级别】SCI【期刊主页】/ ... synlett/index.shtml 【出版商】Thieme Stuttgart17【期刊名称】SYNTHESIS【所属学科】有机化学Organic Chemistry【级别】SCI【期刊主页】/ ... nthesis/index.shtml 【投稿方式】email【出版商】Thieme Stuttgart18【期刊名称】Phytochemistry【所属学科】有机化学Organic Chemistry【级别】SCI【期刊主页】/sci ... 7576855b50ec607f058 【投稿方式】email【出版商】elsevier19【期刊名称】Chemical Communications【所属学科】化学【级别】SCI【期刊主页/Publishing/Journals/cc/【投稿方式】email【出版商】RSC20【期刊名称】Green Chemistry【所属学科】化学【级别】SCI【期刊主页】/Publishing/Journals/gc/index.asp【投稿方式】email【出版商】RSC21【期刊名称】Angewandte Chemie International Edition【所属学科】化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】7.996【期刊主页】/cgi-bin/jhome/26737 【投稿方式】email【出版商】Wiley22【期刊名称】Journal of chromatograohy A【所属学科】色谱分析【级别】SCI【影响因子】3.359【期刊主页】/wps/find ... ription#description【投稿方式】email【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3-6 months23【期刊名称】Journal of chromatograohy B【所属学科】色谱分析【级别】SCI【影响因子】2.176【期刊主页】/wps/find ... ription#description【投稿方式】email【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3-6 months24【期刊名称】Analytical chemistry【所属学科】分析化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】5.450【期刊主页】/journals/ancham/index.html【投稿方式】在线投稿/email【出版商】ACS【审稿周期】unknown25【期刊名称】electrophoresis【所属学科】分析化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】3.743【期刊主页】http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/en/journals/alphabeticIndex/2027/ 【投稿方式】在线投稿/email【出版商】wiley interscience【审稿周期】2 months26【期刊名称】Journal of chromatography A【所属学科】分析化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】3.359【期刊主页】/wps/find ... ription#description【投稿方式】在线投稿/email【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3 months27【期刊名称】JOURNAL OF SEPARA TION SCIENCE【所属学科】分析化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】1.927【期刊主页】http://www.wiley-vch.de/publish/en/journals/alphabeticIndex/2259/ 【投稿方式】在线投稿/email【出版商】wiley interscience【审稿周期】2-3 months28【期刊名称】Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis【所属学科】分析化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】1.509【期刊主页】/wps/find ... ription#description【投稿方式】在线投稿/email【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】1-2 month29【期刊名称】Phytochemical Analysis【所属学科】分析化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】1.385【期刊主页】/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-PCA.html 【投稿方式】主页上无在线投稿【出版商】wiley interscience【审稿周期】2=3 months30【期刊名称】Electrochemistry Communications【所属学科】Electrochemistry【级别】SCI、EI【影响因子】2.926【期刊主页】/sci ... daa82c9a2b982514b77【投稿方式】在线投稿【出版商】ELSEVIER【审稿周期】1 month31【期刊名称】Electrochimica Acta【所属学科】Electrochemistry【级别】SCI、EI【影响因子】2.341【期刊主页】/sci ... abf8e59c12785940620【投稿方式】在线投稿【出版商】ELSEVIER【审稿周期】1 month32【期刊名称】Journal of The Electrochemical Society【所属学科】Electrochemical science and technology【级别】SCI、EI【影响因子】2.356【期刊主页】/JES【投稿方式】在线投稿【出版商】ECS【审稿周期】1-3 months33【期刊名称】Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters【所属学科】Electrochemical science and technology【级别】SCI、EI【影响因子】2.271【期刊主页】/ESL【投稿方式】在线投稿【出版商】ECS【审稿周期】1-3 months34【期刊名称】Organic Letters【所属学科】有机化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】4.19【期刊主页】/journals/orlef7/index.html【投稿方式】在线投稿【出版商】ACS【审稿周期】1 month35 【期刊名称】Organic Letters(影响因子: 4.195), Journal of the American Chemical Society(影响因子: 6.903)【所属学科】chemistry【级别】SCI【期刊主页】/about.html【投稿方式】on-line submittion,/paragonplus/splash/index.html or https:///paragon/index.jsp 【出版商】American chemistry Society36【期刊名称】Analytic Chimic Acta【所属学科】分析化学【级别】SCI、EI【期刊主页】/ACA【投稿方式】email【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3-6 months37【期刊名称】Molecules【所属学科】化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】0.676【期刊主页】/molecules/【投稿方式】在线投稿/email/邮寄【出版商】MDPI【审稿周期】3-6 months38【期刊名称】Catalysis Communications【所属学科】化学&催化【级别】SCI【IF】=1.89【期刊主页】/catcom/【投稿方式】online submission【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3-6 months39【期刊名称】Applied Catalysis B: Environmental【所属学科】化学&催化&环境科学【级别】SCI【IF】=4.042【期刊主页】/apcatb/【投稿方式】online submission【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3-6 months40【期刊名称】Journal of Catalysis【所属学科】化学&催化【级别】SCI【IF】=4.063【期刊主页】/jcat/【投稿方式】online submission【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3-6 months41【期刊名称】Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 【所属学科】化学&催化【级别】SCI【IF】=2.316【期刊主页】/molcaa/【投稿方式】online submission【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3-6 months42【期刊名称】analytical biochemistry【所属学科】分析【级别】SCI【影响因子】2.370【期刊主页】/wps/find ... ription#description 【投稿方式】email【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】未知43【期刊名称】analyst【所属学科】分析【级别】SCI【影响因子】2.783【期刊主页】/Publishing/Journals/an/index.asp 【投稿方式】email【出版商】皇家化学会【审稿周期】未知44【期刊名称】analytical sciences【所属学科】分析【级别】SCI【影响因子】1.051【期刊主页】http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/jsac/analsci/toc/【投稿方式】email【出版商】日本分析化学会【审稿周期】未知45【期刊名称】analytical letters【所属学科】分析【级别】SCI【影响因子】0.915【期刊主页】/newjour/a/msg03705.html【投稿方式】email【Publisher】Marcel Dekker, Inc.【审稿周期】未知46【期刊名称】Analytical Communications【所属学科】分析【级别】SCI【影响因子】1.628【期刊主页】/Publishing/Journals/an/index.asp【投稿方式】email【出版商】皇家化学会【审稿周期】未知47【期刊名称】Macromolecules【所属学科】高分子【级别】SCI, 3.898【期刊主页】/macromolecules/【投稿方式】online submision【出版商】ACS【审稿周期】3-6 months48【期刊名称】Talanta【所属学科】分析化学【级别】SCI、EI,2.532(2004 年)【期刊主页】/tal/【投稿方式】submission on line【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3-6 months49【期刊名称】ADV ANCES IN CA TALYSIS【所属学科】化学【级别】SCI,EI【影响因子】9.750【期刊主页】/science/bookseries/03600564 【国际刊号】ISSN: 0360-0564【投稿方式】online【出版商】ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC【审稿周期】3~6 months50【期刊名称】CA TALYSIS LETTERS【所属学科】化学&材料【级别】SCI,EI【影响因子】1.904【期刊主页】/east/hom ... 40109-70-35504020-0 【国际刊号】ISSN: 1011-372X【出版商】SPRINGER【审稿周期】3~6 months51【期刊名称】European Polymer Journal【所属学科】化学【影响因子】1.419【期刊主页】 ... mp;journal=00143057【投稿方式】online submision【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3-6 months52【期刊名称】Polymer degradation and stability【所属学科】化学【级别】SCI【影响因子】1.685【期刊主页】 ... mp;journal=01413910【投稿方式】online submision【出版商】elsevier【审稿周期】3-6 months53【期刊名称】Green Chemistry【所属学科】化学【级别】SCI Impact Factor:3.5【期刊主页】【投稿方式】email【出版商】RSC【审稿周期】3months54【期刊名称】Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics【所属学科】化学主要高分子类【级别】SCI, 1.39【期刊主页】/cgi-bin/jhome/36698【投稿方式】online submision【出版商】Wiley【审稿周期】2 months55【期刊名称】Journal of Applied Polymer Science【所属学科】化学主要高分子类【级别】SCI, 1.3【期刊主页】/cgi-bin/jhome/30035【投稿方式】online submision【出版商】Wiley【审稿周期】2 months56【期刊名称】EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL【简介】This journal publishes results bearing on the physics and chemistry of natural and synthetic macronuclear substances and also reviews articles covering advances in polymer technology.【所属学科】Chemistry ; Physics ; Materials Science【级别】SCI,EI【影响因子】0.720【期刊主页】/wps/find ... ription#description【投稿方式】online submission【出版商】Elsevier【审稿周期】in a month57【期刊名称】Carbohydrate Research【简介】The journal includes normal length research papers, perspectives, notes, rapid communications and book reviews together with notices of meetings concerned w ith carbohydrates.【所属学科】Chemistry【级别】SCI,EI【影响因子】1.43【期刊主页】/Jour ... 829&Precis=DESC【投稿方式】online submission【出版商】Elsevier【审稿周期】2 month58【期刊名称】Carbohydrate Polymers【简介】Carbohydrate Polymers covers the study and exploitation of the industrial applications of carbohydrate polymers in areas such as food, textiles, paper, wood, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, oil field applications and industrial chemistry.【所属学科】Chemistry【级别】SCI,EI【影响因子】1.71【期刊主页】/Jour ... 871&Precis=DESC【投稿方式】online submission【出版商】Elsevier【审稿周期】2 month59【期刊名称】Journal of Physical Chemistry B【所属学科】化学,物理,材料类【级别】SCI【影响因子】3.834 (2004); 3.679 (2003); 3.611 (2002)【期刊主页】/journals/jpcbfk/index.html【投稿方式】on-line submittion【审稿周期】审稿期限是21 天,超过 1 个月编辑会给通讯联系人发信说明情况。
JMCA投稿指引
How to publish your researchThis guide will help you create a highquality article that will be a valuableaddition to the scientific record.For more details and a selection oftemplates to help get your article readyfor submission, visit our author resource centre: rsc.li/journal-resourcesREAD THE AUTHOR GUIDELINESDoes the journal provide quality peer review , and does the policy suit your approach?Does the journal have a strong reputation ? Is it where your peers publish? Are the metrics good?Does it give you open access options that comply with your funding agency?Is the journal’s scope broad, or specialist,designed to be read by a certain community?Are times to publication important to you?Will it cost anything to publish in this journal? Are there any extra charges?Which language does the journal use? Most international journals use EnglishIs the journal likely to be cited by other researchers in your field?Is it indexed in major online databases(Science Citation Index, PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE)?Does the journal publish articles in the best format for your work (eg Communication, Full Paper)?All Royal Society of Chemistry journals go through rigorous and fair peer reviewCHOOSE THE RIGHT JOURNAL12Tell a storyKeep your writing clear, using consistent language and short paragraphs. Your reader will want an article that is concise, easy to read that makes a definite pointAlways emphasise the novelty of your findingsBuild up a strong structureSplit your article up into recognisable sections. For each, think about who you are writing for and how your work comparesto existing researchIf you would like a second opinion, our language editing service canprovide professional guidance and a comprehensive proofread of yourarticle. Visit rsc.li/langDouble-check those guidelinesIs your authorship correct?Could anything have been plagiarised?Is any of the work fragmented?Have you supported all of your claims?Does the article meet ethical standards?Don’t forget to keep your co-authors up to date and make sure they are happy before you submit the finalarticleAddress your cover letter to the Editor or Associate Editor, and make sure you mention the correct journal. It’s surprisingly common to name the wrong oneYOUR SUBMISSION CHECKLIST5Re-read thoroughly 1 A cover letter which includes:• A summary of your work• S tatement of importance (a chance to ‘sell’ your work to the editor – why is this article a good fit for the journal?)• T he impact of this research on the community • Its future potential Check grammar 2 Your graphical abstract3 Any supplementary information files4 Suggestions for suitable reviewers5 Your articleCheck spellingREVISING YOUR ARTICLE7ARTICLE ASSESSMENT6Following peer review, hopefully your article will be accepted for publication (usually subject to somerevisions)An article might be rejectedfor a lot of different reasons, including if the subject makes it better suited to another journal. If this is the case, a transfer might be recommendedShare a link to your article onlineBangalore, IndiaTokyo, JapanPhiladelphia, USAWashington, USA。
药物分析化学SCI投稿指南--dxy
药物分析化学SCI投稿指南,教你选最适合的杂志!-from 目录药物分析化学SCI投稿指南,教你选最适合的杂志! (1)-from (1)1. 分析化学类 (1)2. 色谱分析类 (3)3. 药物医学类 (3)4. 质谱类 (4)5. 电化学分析类 (4)Chemistry, Analytical SCI杂志大全-分析类 (6)对于从事药物分析化学的同志们来说,很多时候做课题比投文章更为重要。
当然对于在读研究生来说,为了毕业,文章才是最重要的。
有关药物分析化学可以投的杂志非常多,很多刚开始从事这个方向的同志都不太明白这些杂志的侧重点在哪里,往往会出现虽然自己的文章质量很不错,但是由于没有投到一个最合适的杂志而导致文章没有被录用的情况,这样就非常可惜了。
我从事这个方向的研究也偶一段时日了,文章也发了几篇,也算是积累了一点小经验,现在在这里和大家分享,希望能给从事医药分析和生化分析的同志们在投文章的时候提供一点可以借鉴的东西。
有关怎么写论文,怎么组织自己的文章,怎么做实验整理数据之类的东西论坛里面已经有很多相关的帖子了,我在这里就不再罗嗦。
现在重点讲讲怎么挑选一个最合适自己的杂志,顺便介绍一下药分相关的杂志有哪些。
1. 分析化学类Anal. Chem. IF 5.646 ACS米果化学会的分析化学杂志,分析化学的No.1,对于做药分的同志,如果你的文章的创新非常大,比如说提出了一种新的分析方法或分析手段,比之以前的分析方法有了明显的进步,具有很重大的意义;或者说你的应用体系非常的具有新意,可以考虑投AC。
The Analyst IF 3.198 RSC英国皇家化学会的分析家杂志,文章质量非常不错,对文章的新意要求也是比较高的,要求在方法学或者体系有明显的创新,然后才有被接受的可能。
不过比之AC还是有不小的差距。
Anal. Chim. Acta IF 2.894 分析化学快报, ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA,Journal Country/Territory: NETHERLANDSTalanta IF 2.81 塔兰塔(应用与纯粹化学会杂志)Elsevier的两个分析化学杂志,对新意要求不是那么严格,一般来说,只要有一定的新意,能说出比以前的方法的进步之处,实验数据充实,文章条理清晰,都能被接受。
化工文献检索作业
1.请分别列出五个以下各类期刊的刊名英文全名称及缩写形式(要求SCI收录)(1)物理化学、化学物理催化学报Chinese Journal of Catalysis(Chinese.J. Catal )分子催化Journal of Moleclar Catalysis (J. Mol. Catel )化学物理学报Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics (Chinese .J. Chim Phys )物理化学学报Acta Physico-Chemical Sinica(Acta Phys-Chem Sin )物理化学杂志(A,B,C快报)The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, B, C, Letters(J. Phys. Chem.A.B.C.Lett)催化杂志Journal of Catalysis(J. Catal.)化学热力学杂志The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics(J. Chem. Thermodyn)化学物理快报Chemical Physics Letters(Chem. Phys. Lett.)热化学学报Thermochimica Acta (Thermochim. Acta)(2)无机化学分析化学学报Chinese Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (Chinese. J. Inorg Chem)无机化学Inorganic Chemistry (Inorg. Chem.)配位化学杂志Journal of Coordination Chemistry (J. Coord. Chem.)配位化学评论Coordination Chemistry Reviews (Coord. Chem. Rev.)无机化学进展Progress in Inorganic Chemistry (Prog. Inorg. Chem.)(3)分析化学分析化学Analytical Chemistry (Anal. Chem.)分析科学学报Journal of Analytical Science (J. Anal Sci)分析化学家Analyst (Analyst)分析化学评论Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry (Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem.)塔兰塔Talanta (Talanta)分析通讯Analytical Communications (Anal. Commun.)(4)有机化学有机化学Chinese Journl of Organic Chemistry (Chinese.J. Org Chem )有机化学杂志Journal of Organic Chemistry (J. Org. Chem. )杂环化学杂志Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry (J. Heterocycl. Chem.)四面体Tetrahedron (Tetrahedron)四面体快报Tetrahedron Letters (Tetrahedron Lett.)碳水化合物研究Carbohydrate Research (Carbohydr. Res.)有机化学通讯Organic Letter (Org. Lett.)(5)高分子化学与物理高分子学报Acta Polymerica Sinica (Acta Polym Sin )聚合物科学Journal of Polymer Science (J. Polym. Sci.)聚合物Polymer (Polymer)应用聚合物科学杂志Journal of Applied Polymer Science(J. Appl. Polym. Sci.)聚合物科学进展Progress in Polymer Science (Prog. Polym. Sci.)欧洲聚合物杂志European Polymer Journal (Eur. Polym. J.)(6)化学工业与化学工程化工学报Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology(J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.)化学工程Chemical Engineering (Chem. Eng.)现代化工Modern Chemical Industry (Mod Chem Ind)化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology (Chem. Eng. Technol.)化学工程科学Chemical Engineering Science (Chem. Eng. Sci.)(7)化学综合类美国化学会志Journal of the American Chemical Society (J. Am. Chem. Soc.)化学研究报告Accounts of Chemical Research (Acc. Chem. Res.)德国应用化学Angewandte Chemie International Edition (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.)自然化学Nature Chemistry (Nat Chem)化学通讯Chemical Communications (Chem. Commun.)中国化学Chinese Journal of Chemistry (Chin. J. Chem .)(8)材料化学类材料花学Chemistry of Materials (Chem. Mater. )先进材料Advanced Materials (Adv. Mater.)先进功能材料Advanced Functional Materials (Adv. Funct. Mater.)材料化学杂志A,B,C: Journal of Materials Chemistry A,B,C(J. Mater. Chem.A,B,C)先进能源材料Advanced Energy Materials (Adv Energy Mater)2.科技文献按文献性质不同可划分为哪几类文献?定义分别是什么?并举例说明。
第三章 化学化工类期刊的查阅
第三章化学化工类期刊的查阅第一节概述期刊又称杂志,据统计,目前世界上已有约5万种科技期刊,每年发表的研究论文约500万篇,占科技情报的60%以上。
科技期刊与图书相比较,具有报道及时,内容广泛新颖,能及时反映世界科技水平动向等特点。
在科技界已形成通过科技期刊发表科研成果的传统,许多新的成果、新的观点、新的方法往往首先在期刊上刊登。
科技期刊在科技活动中一直起着非常重要的作用,是科学交流的主要工具,也只文献检索的最终目标之一。
科技期刊的类型比较多,按其内容性质划分,主要有以下几类:⑴原始文献期刊刊载原始性研究报告,学术论文,反映有关领域中最新的研究成果,属于一次文献。
如我国的化学学报、化工学报、高等学校化学学报等。
⑵通讯性期刊由于原始研究论文在期刊上发表常常要拖延一定时间。
为了使有关新科研成果、新领域的研究论文迅速与读者见面,出现了“快报”“简报”之类专门发表简小精悍文章的通讯性期刊。
这类刊物一般在稿件收到两个月内即可发表,因而报到内容的速度最快、最新。
如:国外《化学快报》(Chemisty Letters),《分析快报》(Analytytical Letters)等。
⑶文摘和检索性期刊用来报到、累积和查询文献线索的工具,包括文摘、题录、索引和目录等,是在原始文献的基础上编辑出版的二次文献。
利用文摘和检索性的期刊,既可检索新的信息,也可以进行回溯检索。
如美国的《化学文摘CA》、《全国报刊索引》等。
⑷综论性期刊专门刊载综论性文章的期刊。
综论又称述评,它是针对某一学科、专业或课题,收集某一特定时期内有关的原始文献,再加以分析、综合和浓缩,评述其成就和进展,并提出评价和建议,属于二次文献。
阅读综论,可以花较少的时间和精力了解有关学科领域的近期进展情况,并从引用的参考文献可查到所需要的原始文献。
如:《化学进展》、《化工进展》等。
此外,有些期刊业刊载学术水平很高的综论性文章。
⑸新闻性期刊刊载学术机构或工厂企业有关的新闻消息,包括技术动态、生产管理、新产品、新技术以及商品价格、市场销售等。
化学研究常用数据库文库
下面3个是化学专业数据库1. 美国化学会(ACS) 2. 英国皇家化学会 RSC 3. 日本化学会(CSJ) http://www.chemistry.or.jp/index-e.html同时还有以下两个数据库也有大量的化学类期刊4.SD 5.Wiley ;维普资讯-中文科技期刊数据库万方数据标准镜像系统中国知网/中国科学院科学数据库/Ei中国(查阅最新的EI收录的中国科技期刊)/twice/coverage.jspApabi数字资源平台/dlib/List.asp?lang=gb方正阿帕比-阅读分享/idoican/index.htmlScienceDirect - Home(常用的外文论文数据库,推荐使用)/IEEE Xplore- Guest Home Page(IEEE数据库)/Xplore/guesthome.jspElsevier ——全球(主要是欧洲)学术书刊出版集团,提供论文在线投稿服务/wps/find/homepage.cws_homeEngineering Village (著名的EI数据库)http://166.111.120.42/controller/servlet/Controller?CID=quickSearch&database=7Maney Publishing Ingenta Connect (论文搜索)/content/maneyNetLibrary 在线图书馆(论文、书刊搜索)/Google Book Search (各种各样的中、外文书籍,在线阅读)/(英文)/(中文)Google 学术搜索/schhp?hl=zh-CNWorldSciNet 论文搜索/ProQuest 欧美大学学位论文检索/umi/index.jsp麦根——一个不错的电子期刊搜索网站,有不少时尚、科技、体育等类型的杂志/Journal of the American Chemical Society《美国化学会志》美国Chemical Reviews《化学评论》美国Journal of Chemical Education《化学教育杂志》美国Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index, Quarterly Supplement《化学文摘社资料来源索引季度补充篇》美国Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry《组合化学杂志》美国Chemical Society Reviews《化学会评论》英国Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions: An International Journal of Inorganic Chemistry.《英国化学会志:道尔顿汇刊(无机化学)》英国Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions, Part 1: An International Journal of Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry《英国化学会志:柏尔金汇刊第一辑(有机化学与生物有机化学)》英国Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions, Part 2: An International Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry《英国化学会志:柏尔金汇刊第二辑(物理有机化学)》英国Chemical Communications《化学通讯》英国Pure and Applied Chemistry《理论化学与应用化学》英国Natural Product Reports《天然产物报告》英国Natural Product Updates《天然产物快报》英国Green Chemistry《绿色化学》英国Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan《日本化学会通报》日本Chemistry Letters《化学快报》日本European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry(Text in English)《欧洲无机化学杂志》德国Journal of Physical Chemistry A: Molecules, Spectroscopy, Kinetics, Environment and General Theory《物理化学杂志,A辑:分子、光谱学、动力学、环境与普通理论》美国542B0006-1B Journal of Physical chemistry B: Materials, Surfaces, Interfaces & Biophysical《物理化学杂志,B辑:材料、表面、界面与生物物理》美国International Journal of Chemical Kinetics《国际化学动力学杂志》美国Electrochimica Acta《电化学学报》英国Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics《物理化学化学物理》英国Journal of Catalysis《催化杂志》美国Catalysis Reviews; Science and Engineering《催化评论;科学与工程》美国Journal of the Electrochemical Society《电化学学会志》美国Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry《固体电化学杂志》德国Applied Catalysis A: General 《应用催化,A辑:总论》荷兰Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 《应用催化,B辑:环境》荷兰Catalysis Today 《今日催化》荷兰IEEE Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters《IEEE电化学与固体快报》美国Inorganic Chemistry《无机化学》美国Journal of Organic Chemistry《有机化学杂志》美国Journal of Applied Polymer Science《应用聚合物科学杂志》美国Organometallics《有机金属化合物》美国Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry《杂环化学杂志》美国Applied Organometallic Chemistry《应用有机金属化学》英国Synthetic Communications《合成通讯》美国Synthesis(Text in English) 《合成》德国Research on Chemical Intermediates《化学媒介物研究》荷兰Analytical Chemistry, with Annual Reviews and LabGuide《分析化学》美国Journal of Chromatographic Science《色谱科学杂志》美国Analyst. Analytical Abstracts. Analytical Communications. 《化验师》《分析化学文摘》及《分析化学通讯》英国Chromatographia(Text in English)《色层法》德国Talanta《塔兰塔》荷兰。
英文论文审稿意见英文版
英文论文审稿意见汇总之老阳三干创作1、目标和结果不清晰.It is noted that your manuscript needs careful editing by someone with expertise in technical English editing paying particular attention to English grammar, spelling, and sentence structure so that the goals and results of the study are clear to the reader.2、未解释研究方法或解释不充沛.◆ In general, there is a lack of explanation of replicates and statistical methods used in the study.◆ Furthermore, an explanation of why the authors did these various experimentsshould be provided.3、对研究设计的rationale:Also, there are few explanations of the rationale for the study design.4、夸张地陈说结论/夸年夜功效/不严谨:The conclusions are overstated. For example, the study did not showif the side effects from initial copper burst can be avoid with the polymer formulation.5、对hypothesis的清晰界定:A hypothesis needs to be presented.6、对某个概念或工具使用的rationale/界说概念:What was the rationale for the film/SBF volume ratio?7、对研究问题的界说:Try to set the problem discussed in this paper in more clear,write one section to define the problem8、如何凸现原创性以及如何充沛地写literature review:The topic is novel but the application proposed is not so novel.9、对claim,如A>B的证明,verification:There is no experimental comparison of the algorithmwith previously known work, so it is impossible to judge whether the algorithm is an improvement on previous work.10、严谨度问题:MNQ is easier than the primitive PNQS, how to prove that.11、格式(重视水平):◆ In addition, the list of references is not in our style. It is close but not completely correct. I have attached a pdf file with "Instructions for Authors" which shows examples.◆ Before submitting a revision be sure that your material is properly prepared and formatted. If you are unsure, please consult the formatting nstructions to authors that are given under the "Instructions and Forms" button in he upper right-hand corner of the screen.12、语言问题(呈现最多的问题):有关语言的审稿人意见:◆ It is noted that your manuscript needs careful editing by someone with expertise in technical English editing paying particular attention to English grammar, spelling, and sentence structure so that the goals and results ofthe study are clear to the reader.◆ The authors must have their work reviewed by a proper translation/reviewing service before submission; only then can a proper review be performed. Most sentences contain grammatical and/or spelling mistakes or are not complete sentences.◆ As presented, the writing is not acceptable for the journal. There are problems with sentence structure, verb tense, and clause construction.◆ The English of your manuscript must be improved before resubmission. We strongly suggest that you obtain assistance from a colleague who is well-versed in English or whose native language is English.◆ Please have someone competent in the English language and the subject matter of your paper go over the paper and correct it. ?◆ the quality of English needs improving.来自编纂的鼓励:Encouragement from reviewers:◆ I would be very glad to re-review the paper in greaterdepth once it has been edited because the subject is interesting.◆ There is continued interest in your manuscript titled "……" which you submitted to the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research: Part B - Applied Biomaterials.◆ The Submission has been greatly improved and is worthy of publication.老外写的英文综述文章的审稿意见Ms. Ref. No.: ******Title: ******Materials Science and EngineeringDear Dr. ******,Reviewers have now commented on your paper. You will see that they are advising that you revise your manuscript. If you are prepared to undertake the work required, I would be pleased to reconsider my decision.For your guidance, reviewers' comments are appended below.Reviewer #1: This work proposes an extensive review onmicromulsion-based methods for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles. As such, the matter is of interest, however the paper suffers for two serious limits:1) the overall quality of the English language is rather poor;2) some Figures must be selected from previous literature to discuss also the synthesis of anisotropically shaped Ag nanoparticles (there are several examples published), which has been largely overlooked throughout the paper. ;Once the above concerns are fully addressed, the manuscript could be accepted for publication in this journal这是一篇全过程我均比力了解的投稿,稿件的内容我认为是相当不错的,中文版投稿于业内有较高影响的某核心期刊,并很快获得发表.其时我作为审稿人之一,除提出一些修改建议外,还特建议了5篇应增加的参考文献,该文正式发表时共计有参考文献25篇.作者或许看到审稿意见还不错,因此决意检验考试向美国某学会主办的一份英文刊投稿.几经修改和弥补后,请一位英文“功底"较好的中国人翻译,投稿后约3周,便返回了三份审稿意见.从英文刊的反馈意见看,这篇稿件中最严重的问题是文献综述和引用不够,其次是语言表达方面的欠缺,另外是论证过程和结果展示形式方面的缺乏.感想:一篇好的论文,从内容到形式都需要精雕细琢.附1:中译审稿意见审稿意见—1(1) 英文表达太差,尽管意思年夜致能表达清楚,但文法毛病太多.(2) 文献综述较差,观点或论断应有文献支持.(3) 论文读起来像是XXX的广告,不知道作者与XXX是否没有关联.(4) 该模式的立异性其实不是如作者所述,目前有许多XX采用此模式(如美国地球物理学会),作者应详加调查并分析XXX运作模式的立异点.(5) 该模式也不是作者所说的那样胜利……(审稿人结合论文中的数据具体分析)审稿意见—2(1) 缺少直接相关的文献引用(如…).(2) 写作质量达不到美国学术期刊的标准.审稿意见—3(1) 作者应着重指出指出自己的贡献.(2) 缺少支持作者发现的方法学分析.(3) 需要采纳表格和图件形式展示(数据)资料.Our JPCA paper were peer reviewed by two reviewers, and their comments are as follows:The Comments by the First ReviewerEditor: Michael A. DuncanReviewer: 68Manuscript Number: jp067440iManuscript Title: Restricted Geometry Optimization, a Different Way to Estimate Stabilization Energies for Aromatic Molecules of Various TypesCorresponding Author: YuRecommendation: The paper is probably publishable, but should be reviewed again in revised form before it is accepted.Additional Comments: In the present work the authors introduce a new energy-based aromaticity measure. Referred as restricted geometry optimization, the extra stabilization energy (ESE) is calculated by means of an energy scheme in which the different double bonds are localized. This methodology is applied to different sets of aromatic systems, and the results are compared to previous already existing schemes. This procedure seems to work better than previous ones, however it must be underlined that with a much greater complexity. It avoids having to choose a reference structure, and it is worthnoticing that benzene appears to be the most aromatic system. Thus the method presented might mean a new contribution to the different aromacity criteria, however before acceptance for publication I would recommend important changes to be taken into account in the manuscript.The new method used is not presented in a comprehensible way. In the second paragraph of the Introduction the authors should already describe it, and not first presenting the results for benzene and notgoing into the method till the second section. The formulas used must be described precisely as well. So I would recommend that before acceptance the manuscript should be rewritten in order to make it more comprehensible not only to physical chemists but also to the experimental chemical community, and at the same time to improve the English used.Other minor points are:- First line of Introduction: aromaticity is one of the most important concepts in organic chemistry, but most of organic compounds are not aromatic.- Introduction, line 4:notice that only energetic ways of evaluating aromaticity are mentioned, however geometry-based (HOMA), magnetic-based (NICS) and electronic-based (SCI, PDI) methods are also important, and this point should be pointed out.- Section 3.1, last line of first paragraph: is B3LYP chosen just because it gives similar results to HF and MP2? This should be pointed out in the manuscript.- Enlarge description in point 3.4.1 by going deeper into the data in Figure 8.Review Sent Date: 18-Dec-2006******** *********************************The Comments by the Second ReviewerEditor: Michael A. DuncanReviewer: 67Manuscript Number: jp067440iManuscript Title: Restricted Geometry Optimization, a Different Way to Estimate StabilizationEnergies for Aromatic Molecules of Various Types Corresponding Author: YuRecommendation: The paper is probably publishable, but should be reviewed again in revised form before it is accepted.Additional Comments:Comments on the manuscript "Restricted Geometry Optimization, a Different Way to Estimate Stabilization Energies for Aromatic Molecules of Various Types" by Zhong-Heng Yu, Peng BaoAuthors propose a restricted geometry optimization technique subject to pi orbital interaction constraints as a new measure of aromaticity. The approach is interesting and has certain merits. My main objection is that the manuscript is difficult to read and understand, mainly because of poor English. A substantial revision in this respect would be beneficiary.各位:新的恶战开始了.投往JASA的文章没有被拒,但被批得很凶.尽管如此,审稿人和编纂还是给了我们一个修改和再被审的机会.我们应当珍惜这个机会,不急不火.我们首先要有个修改的指导思想.年夜家先看看审稿意见吧.-----邮件原件----- Manuscript #07-04147: Editor's Comments:This is my personal addition to the automatically generated email displayed above. Your manuscript has now been read by three knowledgeable reviewers, each of whom has provided thoughtful and detailed comments on the paper. The main points of the reviews are self-explanatory and mostly consistent across the reviews. Your presentation needs to be reworked substantially, and thereviews give you many suggestions for doing so. Clearly, the introduction needs to be much more concise and focused on the main questions you propose to answer, and why these questions are important. The rationale forselecting this unusual condition must be clear. Your discussion should focuson how the questions have been answered and what they mean. The resultssection is heavily dependent on statistical analyses that did not satisfythe reviewers. The figures and tables could be improved and perhapsconsolidated. The methods could be shortened. For example, I think readers would take your word thatthesewere nonsense sentences, or perhaps you could simply cite some other workwhere they were used. In general, it is unusual to present the first resultsas late as page 17 of a manuscript.Beyond the issues of presentation, some serious questions are raised by the reviewers about the design. The most notable (but not the only problem) is that there are no conditions where young and olderlisteners can be compared at nearly the same performance level in the baseline condition, and that at least floor effects and potentially ceiling effects are likely to significantly influence the older/younger comparison. The older listeners are tested at only one signal-to-noise ratio, at which performance was extremely poor. This asymmetric design where data for three signal-to-masker ratios are available for the younger listeners but only one for the older listeners is not ideal, but perhaps the comparison could have been salvaged if you had guessed a little better in selecting the signal-to-masker ratio for the older listeners. That didn't work out and you didn't adjust to it. I'm sorry to say that in my opinion this problem is so serious that it precludes publication of t!heolder versus younger data in JASA, as I see no way of making a valid comparison with things as they are. Further, after reading the manuscript and the reviews, it seems to me that even the subjective impressioncomparison is difficult to interpret because of the different sensation levels at which the older and younger groups listened (if the target was fixed at 56 dBA).The Brungart et al. and Rakerd et al. data that you cite where the masker delay was manipulated over the 0 to 64 ms range would seem to have been a nice springboard for your study in older listeners. Would it not have been cleaner to have replicated those conditions with younger subjects in your lab, and then tested older listeners to see whether thepatterns of data were different? There, at least, the target stimulus condition itself is not varying and there are archival data out there for comparison. As the reviews point out, your conditions present brand new complications because the ITI changes the spatial impression of the target, may change the energetic masking of the target, and distorts the target temporally all at the same time. Although the temporal distortions did not impair performancesubstantially in quiet, they may well in noise. Further, the spatial impressions created by the target in quiet are likely to be very different than those when the target is at v! erylow sensation levels in masking. Please investigate the literature on the influence of sensation level and noise on the strength ofthe precedence effect, particularly the perception of "echoes" at the longer delays. Yuan Chuan Chiang did her dissertation on this and published the results in JASA in 1998, but the first observation that noise can influence the breaking apart of a lead-lag stimulus into two images dates back at least to Thurlow and Parks (1961). To be sure, the sounds that we want to listen to are often accompanied by reflections, and I am not questioning the general validity of your conditions. However, it is important that your experimental design allows you separate out the various contributions to your results.I think there are several options for you to consider: (1) If you think it is very important to publish all the data you have right now, you couldwithdraw the manuscript and attempt to publish the data in another journal.(2) You could argue that the reviewers and I are wrong about the seriousness of the floor effect with the older listeners and submit a revision that includes the same data while making a convincing case for the validity of the older/younger comparison. Although this option is open to you, I don't think this is a promising alternative. (3) You could collect more data on older listeners under more favorable conditions where performance is better. With the added data this could either be a new manuscript, or, if such data were collected and the paper rewritten in a reasonable amount of time, it could be considered a revision of the current manuscript. The revision would be sent back to the reviewers. Of course, I cannot promise in advance that amanuscript evenwith these newdata would be judged favorably by the reviewers. (4) You could drop the older/younger comparison from the manuscript and submit a much shorter version that includes only the younger data and focuses on the noise masker/speech masker distinction, perhaps analyzing your data to draw inferences about release from energetic versus informational masking from the data. Here too, it will be important to provide a clear rationale for what your specific question is about release from masking, why your conditions were chosen, and what new insights your data offer. I still worry about how spatial effects and the effects of temporal distortions are to be distinguished. (5) You could simply withdraw the manuscript and consider a more straightforward design for asking the questions you want to ask with older listeners.Thank your for submitting your manuscript to JASA. I hope the alternatives described will help guide you on how you should proceed from here. Whatever you decide to do, please consider the reviewers' comments very carefully as they have gone out of their way to provide you with suggestions on improving the presentation.Sincerely yours, Richard L. FreymanReviewer Comments: Reviewer #1 Evaluations:Reviewer #1 (Good Scientific Quality):No. See attached Reviewer #1 (Appropriate Journal): YesReviewer #1 (Satisfactory English/References): No.Reviewer #1 (Tables/Figures Adequate): No.Reviewer #1 (Concise): No.Reviewer #1 (Appropriate Title and Abstract): No, because the term "interval-target interval" in thetitle required further explanation.MS#: 07-04147 Huang et al. "Effect of changing the inter-target interval on informational masking and energetic masking of speech in young adults and older adults." This paper investigates the benefits of release from masking in younger and older listeners, as a function of inter-target interval (ITI) in two masker conditions (speech masking and noise masker). The same target speech was presented from two different locations simultaneously in two different maskers, one from each location (L or R). Results show that release from informational masking is evident in both younger and older listeners when the ITI was reduced from 64 ms to 0 ms.General comments:1. Introduction needs to be rewritten:• The general impression is that the introduction section is unnecessarily lengthy. There is too much unnecessary information, while some important terms and information are left unexplained. • The organization is poor and concepts are disjointed, jumping from place to place. For example, the authors spent 1.5 pages on reverberation and the difference between older and younger adults, than spent a full-page to talk about masking, and then came back to reverberation.• In addition, the authors did not clearly present the purpose of the study and the core of the issues under investigation. The authors mentioned that "the present study investigated whether changing theITI over the whole precedence-operation range...can induce a release of target speech from speech masking or noise masking." However, they did not explain how and why manipulating ITI can address their questions, questions that were not clearly stated anywhere inthe paper. No hypothesis was provided in the paper and no explanation was given regarding how the experimental conditions or contrast of results in different conditions can answer the questions under investigation.2. Report of results and statistical analyses needs to be accurate and precise:• Authors failed to provide results of statistical analyses in many occasions.• At the beginning of the result section for both the younger andolder groups, the authors should clearly present the number of factors included in the analysis and which one was a between-subject factor and which ones were within-subject factors. Main effects and interaction (3-way and 2-way) should also be reported clearly. • Bonferroni correction was mentioned in the post-hoc analyses; however, no pvalue was reported. • The authors should not use the term "marginally significant". It is either"significant" or "nonsignificant". I don't see p=0.084 is "marginallysignificant."• When you say percent release, do you mean percentage point difference between the 64 ms ITI and other ITI values? For example, in the statement "...the releaseamount was 31.9% under the speech-masking condition,...", do you mean "31.9 percentage points"?3. Baseline condition is questionable:• The authors failed to provide clear explanation of the results. For example, the authors finally provided the definition of release from masking (on p.19) as "...the release of speech from masking at each ITI is defined as the percent difference between the speech-identification at the ITI and the speech identification at the ITI of 64 ms (the longest ITI in this study)." • It took me a while to understand what this means, and finally came up with the interpretation (if my interpretation is correct) of the data for the authors. It seems that when ITI was at 0 ms, theperceived spatial location is between the two maskers (spatial separation). But when the ITI was 32 and/or 64 ms, listeners heard two images (one from each side) and there was no spatial separation between the target speech and the masker on either side. Therefore, according to the authors, the release from masking is the performance difference between the ITI conditions when listeners heard only one image in a location different from the maskers', and the ITI conditions where two images from the masker locations were heard. However, I have a problem with the baseline condition (64 ms ITI in which two images were perceived). If the listeners could not fuse the image, did they hear a delay (echo) between the two targets? If so, the poor performance in the 64 ms condition can be partially due to theconfusion/disruption induced by the echo in noise conditions inaddition to the lack of spatial separation between the target and themasker.4. Subject recruitment criteria were unclear:• The authors recruited both young and older adults in the study and claimed that both groups had "clinically normal hearing." However, reading the fine details of their hearing thresholds (< 45 dB HL between 125 and 4k Hz), it is hard to accept that the hearing thresholds are within normal limits in the older group. There is at least a mild hearing loss below 4k Hz and mild-to-moderate hearing loss above 4k Hz (see Fig. 1) in these subjects. The authors should explain the differences in the results in relation to the threshold differences between the two groups.• The threshold data provided in Fig. 1 is average data. It is necessary to provide individual threshold data (at least for the older group) in a table format.5. Language problem:• I understand that English is not the authors' native language. It is recommended that the authors seek assistance in proof-reading the manuscript before submission.6. Tables and Figures:• Table 1 and 2 are not necessary since the information is presented in Fig. 7 • The authors should provide legends in the figures.• The authors should provide error bars in thegraphs in Fig 1. • It is hard to see the short ITI data in Fig. 2 • The authors should consider changing the scale on the y-axis in Fig. 4 to provide better visualization of the data. • Fig. 6 should be deleted. Results could be clearly described in the text.Specific comments (this is by no means a complete list):p.3 first par: The quote from Knudsen (1929) is not necessary.p.4 first & second par. The authors provided an exhaustive list of references in various place. I recommend they only cite the ones that are most relevant and representative. p.4 last sentence. "A listener subject to informational masking a target speech feels it difficult to segregate audible components of the targetspeech from those of masking speech." This sentence is incomprehensible,please rewrite. p.5 first line, first par. "Masking (particularly information masking) of target speech can be reduced if the listener can use certain cues (perceived spatial location, acoustical features, lexical information, etc) to facilitate his/her selective attention to the target speech." References are needed for each cue listed in this sentence. p.5 line 5. "Age-related deficits...inhibition of goal-irrelevantinformation..., therefore may cause more speech-recognition difficulties" This sentence is coming out of the blue without further explanation.p. 8-10. Please explain the terms "inter-loudspeaker interval","inter-masker interval", "inter-target interval" before using them.p.11 line 11 "Moreover, if the recognition of target speech under either the speech masking condition or noise masking condition is significantlyinfluenced by the ITI in younger adults, the present study further investigated whether there is an age-related deficit in the releasing effect of changing the ITI." This sentence is incomprehensible. p.11 line 2 "The 36 young university students all had normal and balanced...." Change "balance" to "symmetrical." p. 12 line 8 "Direct English translations of the sentences are similar but not identical to the English nonsense sentences that were developed by Helfer (1997) and also used in studies by Freyman et al. (1999, 2001, 2004) and Li et al. (2004)." I thought the sentences were created by the authors. So, are they a direct translation from the English version or created by theauthors?p.13 last par "For the two-source target presentation,...." This came out of the blue. The experimental conditions should be described clearly in a separate section. Schematic representation of the conditions could be included.p.15 line 8 "During a session, the target-speech sounds were presented at a level such that each loudspeaker, playing alone, would produce a sound pressure of 56 dBA." Is this the rms level of speech? The level at 56 dBA seems a little low to me. It may sound very soft for the older listeners given that they have mild to moderate hearing loss. Can you explain why you chose such a low presentation level? p.15 last line "There were 36 ((17+1)x2) testing condition for younger participants, and there were 32 ((15+1)x2) testingconditions for older participants." The number of conditions for each group is not apparent to me. Could you explain further in the manuscript? p.16 line 9 "...participated in additional speech-recognition experiments under the condition without masker presentation." Where did the target speech come from? Front? Right? Or left? p.17-27. See comments on reporting results and statistical analysis under "General comments" point #2. p.23 line 12-13 "A 2 (masker type) by 15 (ITI) within-subject ANOVA confirms that the interaction between masker type and ITI was significant..." Since the interaction is significant, the authors should not simply interpret the main effects. p.29 line 9 Explain "self-masking" effect. Would the author expect a "self-masking" effect in noise?p.30 last par first line "Specifically, when the SNR was -4 dB, changing the ITI (absolute value) from 64 to 0 ms led to only a small improvement in target-speech intelligibility, and the improvement was similar between the speech masking condition and the noise masking condition." The amount of release from masking in the speech masker condition at -4 dB SNR may be limited by the ceiling effect. p.31 line 5 "In older participants, the reduction of the ITI also improved speech recognition under both the speech masking condition and the noise masking condition..." It is hard to tell if there is a significant difference among the ITI conditions with the noise masker due to the floor effect. p.31 line 7 from bottom. "The results suggest a faster decay of temporal storage of the fine details of speech sound in olderadults than in younger adults. Thus at long it is (16 ms or 32 ms), cues induced by the integration of leading and lagging target signals were weaker and/or not be well used in older participants." First, the author should take into account the hearing loss in the older group. Second, this conclusion seems somewhatcontradictory to what the authors reported regarding the perceived image(s) of the target signal under various ITI conditions. All except for one younger subject perceived two separate images at 32 ms ITI, but most of the older subjects still perceived the target as one image. p.32 2nd par. The discussion on the effect of inter-sound delay on ear channel acoustics came out of nowhere.Reviewer #2 Evaluations:Reviewer #2 (Good Scientific Quality): Generally yes - see general remarks below. Reviewer #2 (Appropriate Journal): YesReviewer #2 (Satisfactory English/References):Clarity and conciseness could be improved - see general remarks.The referencing is occasionally excessive, e.g. the 17 references provided to back up the existence of informational masking on page 4, lines 13-17, or p28 lines 15-16. Some choice examples would generally suffice instead of。
超星论文提交系统使用说明书
超星技术论文提交系统使用文档$數忘圖冷魏1、介绍超星论文提交系统综合了TPI论文提交系统、TRS论文提交系统的优点,并且吸取了地质大学图书馆老师在实际中的使用经验而开发的新一版本论文提交系统,而且在使用过程中不断的完善!2、提交流程论文提交-> 论文审核-> 论文编目-> 论文授权-> 论文发布3、论文提交进入首页-> 点击论文提交-> 进入登陆页面输入学号和密码-> 进入论文提交说明页面-> 点击导航的论文提交->进入提交页面-> 填写论文基本信息-> 上传论文全文-> 结束1、论文提交首页(左侧的说明可以后台修改)2、登陆页面(不同角色不同提示)3、论文提交说明页(可后台修改)4-1、提交页面(学生信息自动填充)4-2 、提交页面(填写过程中可以点击右下角按钮预览)髯-吟卩-B KM杠MM4-3、提交页面(通过院系信息导航选择院系,导航可以后台修改)4-4、提交页面(通过学科导航选择学科,导航可以后台修改)注:整个的论文提交模板可以后台修改、可以更具不同学位定义不同的模板,可以修改每个字段的先后顺序、显示文字、提示文字、验证规则等等,论文说明页面可以设置”论文使用授权书”下载,在学生提交前让学生签订授权书(主要解决学生和学校的问题)5、上传论文全文 6 、提交完成(审核状态为未处理,此状态下修改论文)4、论文修改学生提交论文后审核状态为未处理, 在这个状态下学生可以修改论文的基本信息、重新上传论文全文、如果审核员审核通过后学生就不能进行以上操作了,只能查看管理员或审核员登录->进入论文管理或审核页面(在这里可以通过提交时间、论文状态、论文基本信息、院系进行查找,默认未审核的会排在前面。
可以点击学生的查看学生的基本信息)VI i: muwt *lu-rtl■ HTH■■TH HPl!M p««a«■MV W4>.2UI■ 1- 11^ £■■ *fl H M皿UWWI1 |>±I t ■* fll M ftM<■±■■■・ 4 ■• ft! P|l M M■ ・E0■1 If ii 114411J1 Mt*V曲u■ vv afl M M mlAil4BJ.U■t■M•4Afl冒H fill Uli M ■**M hg?|i4VH WiVu■t 抡悴科"VnF轉«■«Ml 4 *1曲醺riwvft-M M■■■■tv «ii ifv i*iirthfci 即R*M|itiil■击W ITH Ffl|M ■■»・■■■ U Bill 1■Ti imomM 痕Mm■4■耳口■t 再卄4t W Vflf *■■•fl I TV flj » «^F MiZ M M;Ha• *!・•t JPIW3?* iSfl?«PT»■田"■4 Al■■■ O|J| ・■ ■也 *■AH fVN ■戋»witn・t W rf" 1 M flfi 99 *9 »1K 如HI ttm* qpfeq■± 3D1WS- M时■t a* fEfl M ・$ tlta1 W ©TH灵ffi■审 1 9r« ■*■& BibI nt 5*、睞*1 刊片加P.-■■■■ V« flfl M W M|Vf P±神吨匕.■甲| 转舸―艸护->点击右侧"审核"按钮,进入审核页面(选在审核状态,如果审核不通过可以快速选在右侧的审核不通过的理由,作为审核员也可以点击右上角的”修改基本信息”、”重新上传附件”按钮帮助学生修改论文)、确定后或提示操作的结果、并且关闭这个窗口。
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the annals of regional science投稿经验
the annals of regional science投稿经验摘要:1.介绍《区域科学年鉴》2.投稿流程3.投稿经验分享4.结论正文:一、介绍《区域科学年鉴》《区域科学年鉴》(The Annals of Regional Science)是一本国际性的学术期刊,专注于区域科学领域的研究。
该期刊创刊于1977 年,由著名的Springer 出版社出版,是该领域内的重要学术交流平台。
它主要发表关于区域科学理论、方法、实证研究以及政策分析等方面的高质量研究论文、综述文章和书评。
二、投稿流程1.投稿前准备在投稿之前,作者需要确保自己的论文符合期刊的投稿要求,包括论文主题、篇幅、格式和语言等方面。
此外,作者还需要对论文进行充分的修改和完善,以确保论文质量。
2.投稿方式《区域科学年鉴》采用在线投稿的方式。
作者需要在期刊官方网站上注册一个账户,然后按照系统提示填写相关信息并上传论文。
在投稿过程中,作者需要支付一定的投稿费。
3.审稿流程投稿后,论文将进入审稿流程。
该期刊采用双盲审稿制度,论文将由两位匿名审稿人对其进行评审。
审稿时间通常需要几个月,具体取决于审稿人的速度和论文的质量。
4.修改和接受在审稿完成后,作者需要根据审稿意见对论文进行修改。
如果审稿人意见一致且修改后论文质量达到期刊要求,论文将被接受发表。
三、投稿经验分享1.选择合适的主题投稿《区域科学年鉴》时,作者需要确保自己的论文主题与期刊的办刊方向和兴趣相符。
这样,论文更容易引起审稿人的兴趣,提高论文的录用概率。
2.注重论文质量论文质量是投稿成功的关键。
作者需要对自己的论文进行充分的修改和完善,确保论文在理论、方法和实证研究等方面都具有一定的创新性和深度。
3.遵循期刊投稿要求在投稿过程中,作者需要严格遵循期刊的投稿要求,包括论文格式、语言、篇幅等方面。
这样,论文更容易通过编辑部的初审,提高投稿成功率。
4.与审稿人和编辑保持良好沟通在审稿过程中,作者需要与审稿人和编辑保持良好的沟通。
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 投稿指南
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONAUTHOR INFORMATION PACK TABLE OF CONTENTS• Description• Audience• Impact Factor• Abstracting and Indexing • Editorial Board• Guide for Authors p.1p.1p.1p.2p.2p.4ISSN: 0269-7491DESCRIPTIONEnvironmental Pollution is an international journal that focuses on papers that report results from original research on the distribution and ecological effects of pollutants in air, water and soil environments and new techniques for their study and measurement. Findings from re-examination and interpretation of existing data are also included.The editors are focusing on papers that provide new insights into environmental processes and or the effects of pollutants.The editors discourage papers which describe results from routine surveys or routine monitoring programs, which are more local in interest than regional or global. Descriptions of a particular chemical in yet another situation are discouraged.A subscription to Environmental Pollution gives you wide–ranging information on all topics of current interest and importance. You will benefit from:• original and timely discussions of the ecological implications of pollution problems from a variety of viewpoints.• Results of new research into all aspects of pollution. Papers focus particularly on the distribution and ecological effects of environmental pollutants, and on new techniques for their study and measurement• review articles by international authorities giving up–to–date critical reviews of particular pollution problems• occasional themed issues on topics of particular interest• the expertise of an active international Editorial Board• a bibliography surveying current available literature compiled with the assistance of Excerpta Medica.AUDIENCEPollution research workers including chemists, toxicologists, environmentalists, conservationists, botanists, marine scientists, ecologists, biologists.IMPACT FACTOR2010: 3.395 © Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports 2011ABSTRACTING AND INDEXINGAGRICOLAAir Pollution Control Association JournalBiological and Agricultural IndexCurrent Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental SciencesEMBASEEnergy Information AbstractsEnvironmental Periodicals BibliographyGeoSciTechMEDLINE®SCISEARCHScience Citation IndexScopusEDITORIAL BOARDEditor-in-Chief:W. Manning, Dept. of Plant, Soil and Insect Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Fernald Hall, 270 Stockbridge Road, Amherst, MA 01003-9320, USA, Fax: +1 413 545 2532, Email: environmentalpollution@ Associate Editors:K.C. Jones, Dept. of Environmental Science, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK, Email: k.c.jones@B. Nowack, , Email: Bernd.Nowack@empa.chC. Wiegand, Inst. of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark, Email: wiegand-ep@biology.sdu.dkY-G. Zhu, Research Ctr. for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 18 Shuangqing RD, 100085 Beijing, China, Email: ygzhu@Emeritus Editor:J.P. Dempster, The Limes, Hilton, Huntingdon, UKEditorial Board:M. Agrawal, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, Email: madhoo@bhu.ac.inR. Altenburger, Umweltforschungszentrum (UFZ) Leipzig-Halle GmbH, Leipzig, Germany, Email: rolf.altenburger@ufz.deD. Amarasiriwardena, Hampshire College, Amherst, MA, USA, Email: dula@W. Arnold, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA, Email: arnol032@A.J. Baker, Felixstowe, Suffolk, England, UK, Email: ajmb@.auA.V. Barker, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA, Email: barker@J.N.B. Bell, Imperial College London, Kensington, London, UK, Email: n.bell@J. Bender, Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Braunschweig, Germany, Email: juergen.bender@fal.deB. Braune, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, Email: birgit.braune@ec.gc.caM. Bredemeier, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Email: mbredem@gwdg.deK. Breivik, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway, Email: Knut.Breivik@niku.noA. Bytnerowicz, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, Riverside, CA, USA, Email: abytnerowicz@A. Chappelka, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA, Email: chappah@P. Christie, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK, Email: p.christie@T.W. Custer, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Lacrosse, WI, USA, Email: tom_w_custer@J. Duyzer, TNO Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research, Apeldoorn, Netherlands, Email: j.h.duyzer@mep.tno.nlJ.W. Erisman, Energy research Centre of the Netherlands ECN, Petten, Netherlands, Email: erisman@ecn.nl M. Fenn, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, Riverside, CA, USA, Email: mefenn@J. Fuhrer, Agroscope Reckenholz-Taenikon ART, Zürich, Switzerland, Email: juerg.fuhrer@art.admin.chD. Graham, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, Email: dionne.graham@L. Grapentine, National Water Research Institute (NWRI), Burlington, ON, Canada, Email: Lee.Grapentine@ec.gc.caJ. Hao, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, Email: hjm-den@M. Hauck, Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany, Email: mhauck@gwdg.deK.E. Havens, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, Email: khavens@B. Hitzfeld, Federal Office for the Environment FOEN, Bern, Switzerland, Email: bettina.hitzfeld@bafu.admin.chM. Hodson, University of Reading, Reading, England, UK, Email: m.e.hodson@S. Huttunen, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Email: satu.huttunen@oulu.fiH. Kankaanpaa, Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland, Email: harri.kankaanpaa@fimr.fiJ. Lead, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, Email: j.r.lead@A.H. Legge, Biosphere Solutions, Calgary, AB, Canada, Email: allan.legge@shaw.caN.W. Lepp, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK, Email: besnlepp@S. Loppi, Università degli Studi di Siena, Siena, Italy, Email: loppi@unisi.itM. MacLeod, , Email: Macleod@chem.ethz.chB. Markert, Haren-Erika, Germany, Email: markert@schlundmail.deM. McLaughlin, CSIRO (The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization), Glen Osmond, Australia, Email: mike.mclaughlin@csiro.auSt. McNulty, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, Email: sgmcnult@J. Mertens, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium, Email: jan.mertens@hogent.beE. Paoletti, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Firenze, Italy, Email: e.paoletti@r.itW. Peijnenburg, Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands, Email: wjgm.peijnenburg@rivm.nlK. Percy, Canadian Forest Service, Fredericton, NB, Canada, Email: kpercy@nrcan.gc.caS. Pflugmacher, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology, Berlin, Germany, Email: pflugmacher@IGB-Berlin.de S. Pirintsos, University of Crete, Iraklion, Crete, Greece, Email: pirintsos@biology.uoc.grM. Puschenreiter, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien (BOKU), Vienna, Austria, Email: markus.puschenreiter@boku.ac.atF. Páez-Osuna, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mazatlan Sinaloa, Mexico, Email: paezos@servidor.unam.mxP.S. Rainbow, Natural History Museum, London, UK, Email: p.rainbow@B. Reid, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK, Email: b.reid@D. Sarkar, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA, Email: sarkard@M. Schaub, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, Birmensdorf, Switzerland, Email: marcus.schaub@wsl.ch K. Schirmer, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Dübendorf, Switzerland, Email: kristin.schirmer@eawag.chH. Segner, Universität Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Email: helmut.segner@itpa.unibe.chW. Shin-Ichiro, Kyushu University, Fukoka, Japan, Email: wadasi@agr.kyushu-u.ac.jpR.F. Shore, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, UK, Email: rfs@ P.N. Smith, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA, Email: phil.smith@L. Sonesten, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, Email: lars.sonesten@ma.slu.se F.M. Tack, Universiteit Gent, Gent, Belgium, Email: filip.tack@rug.ac.beS. Tao, Peking University, Beijing, China, Email: taos@E. Tipping, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK, Email: et@H.F. van Dobben, IBN-DLO, Wageningen, Netherlands, Email: Han.vandobben@wur.nlC.A.M. van Gestel, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Email: kees.van.gestel@falw.vu.nl J.A.C. Verkleij, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Email: verkleij@bio.vu.nlD. Vetterlein, Umweltforschungszentrum (UFZ) Leipzig-Halle GmbH, Halle/Saale, Germany, Email: doris.vetterlein@ufz.deP. Vikesland, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA, Email: pvikes@ W.-X. Wang, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Email: wwang@ust.hkJ.C. White, Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station, New Haven, CT, USA, Email: jason.white@P.N. Williams, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China, Email: p.n.williams@H.Th. Wolterbeek, Technische Universiteit Delft, Delft, Netherlands, Email: H.T.Wolterbeek@tudelft.nlF. Wu, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guiyang/Guizhou, China, Email: wufengchang@D.A. Wunderlin, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba (Argentina), Cordoba, Argentina, Email: dwunder@.arB. Xing, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA, Email: bx@J. Xu, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, Email: jmxu@S.D. Young, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK, Email: scott.young@S. Zhang, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China, Email: szzhang@F. Zhao, IACR-Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK, Email: Fangjie.Zhao@GUIDE FOR AUTHORSTypes of paper•Full Research Papers: Full Research Papers should not exceed 5000 words (including abstract but excluding references). If this is not possible, please contact the Editor in Chief. To facilitate the review process line numbers should be inserted into the text of the manuscript.•Short Communications:These follow the same format as full papers, except that Results and Discussion sections should be combined. Manuscripts should not exceed 2000 words.• Rapid Communications: These are Short Communication papers that are submitted for consideration for publication on an accelerated schedule. These papers report highly significant new findings and indicate new directions for research. Authors should fax or E-mail the abstract of their manuscript to the Editor-in-Chief, or appropriate Associate Editor before submitting a Rapid Communication manuscript.•Special Issues: Proposals for Special Issues of Full Research Papers that focus on a specific topic or theme will also be considered.• New Initiatives: Intended as very brief reports of significant new findings indicating new directions in research. Manuscripts should be no more than 6-8 double spaced manuscript pages, including no more than 10 references and 1-3 short tables and/or small figures. An abstract is not required. Include a very brief Introduction, Materials and Methods, and Discussion of Results, including speculation about their meaning and implications. Please submit the name and complete mailing address (including e-mail address) of one appropriate referee who has agreed to review the manuscript. Authors should contact the Editor-in-Chief, or appropriate Associate Editor by e-mail before submitting a New Initiatives manuscript.•Review Papers: Authors may submit manuscripts that provide in-depth critical review of a special subject. These reviews must provide a Synthesis and Critical Evaluation of the state of the knowledge of the subject and indicate research directions. The Editors also periodically invite review articles.•Commentary: Commentary papers may be submitted that express opinions and concerns, suggest research priorities and question conventional methodologies and conclusions. Manuscripts should include an Abstract, Introduction, Presentation of the Concerns or Analysis and Conclusions. References, Tables and Illustrations should be used sparingly. The manuscript should not exceed 12 double-spaced pages. The Editors will evaluate all manuscripts, for suitability of publication.•Letters to Editor: Readers are encouraged to write to any of the Editors and raise issues and concerns about papers published in the journal. Editors or authors will reply to letters.Please note that the word count does not include figures, tables or the reference listBEFORE YOU BEGINEthics in PublishingFor information on Ethics in Publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication see /publishingethics and /ethicalguidelines.Conflict of interestAll authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. See also /conflictsofinterest.Submission declarationSubmission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere including electronically in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright-holder.Changes to authorshipThis policy concerns the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of author names in the authorship of accepted manuscripts:Before the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Requests to add or remove an author, or to rearrange the author names, must be sent to the Journal Manager from the corresponding author of the accepted manuscript and must include: (a) the reason the name should be added or removed, or the author names rearranged and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, fax, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed. Requests that are not sent by the corresponding author will be forwarded by the Journal Manager to the corresponding author, who must follow the procedure as described above. Note that: (1) Journal Managers will inform the Journal Editors of any such requests and (2) publication of the accepted manuscript in an online issue is suspended until authorship has been agreed.After the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Any requests to add, delete, or rearrange author names in an article published in an online issue will follow the same policies as noted above and result in a corrigendum.CopyrightUpon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' (for more information on this and copyright see /copyright). Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this agreement.Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations (please consult /permissions). If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases: please consult /permissions.Retained author rightsAs an author you (or your employer or institution) retain certain rights; for details you are referred to: /authorsrights.Role of the funding sourceYou are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement then this should be stated. Please see /funding.Funding body agreements and policiesElsevier has established agreements and developed policies to allow authors whose articles appear in journals published by Elsevier, to comply with potential manuscript archiving requirements as specified as conditions of their grant awards. To learn more about existing agreements and policies please visit /fundingbodies.Open accessThis journal offers you the option of making your article freely available to all via the ScienceDirect platform. To prevent any conflict of interest, you can only make this choice after receiving notification that your article has been accepted for publication. The fee of $3,000 excludes taxes and other potential author fees such as color charges. In some cases, institutions and funding bodies have entered into agreement with Elsevier to meet these fees on behalf of their authors. Details of these agreements are available at /fundingbodies. Authors of accepted articles, who wish to take advantage of this option, should complete and submit the order form (available at /locate/openaccessform.pdf). Whatever access option you choose, you retain many rights as an author, including the right to post a revised personal version of your article on your own website. More information can be found here: /authorsrights .Language and language servicesPlease write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Authors who require information about language editing and copyediting services pre- and post-submission please visit /languageediting or our customer support site at for more information.SubmissionAbstract SubmissionPotential authors are required to send the abstract of their manuscript and an accompanying paragraph that explains why the work is important and should be published, via e-mail to either the Editor-in-Chief or an Associate Editor before submitting the complete manuscript via the Elsevier Electronic System (EES).Abstracts should be sent to:Professor William J. Manning, Editor-in-Chief, at environmentalpollution@ for all areasorProfessor Kevin C. Jones, Associate Editor, at k.c.jones@ for environmental fate, behavior, and persistence of organic contaminantsDr. Bernd Nowack, Associate Editor, at nowack@empa.ch for nanomaterials in the environment, chelating agents, soil remediationProfessor Claudia Wiegand, Associate Editor, at wiegand-ep@biology.sdu.dk for aquatic ecosystems, anthropogenic impact, and nutrient loading effectsProfessor Yongguan Zhu, Associate Editor, at ygzhu@ for soil pollution and soil biologyPlease send your abstract and accompanying paragraph within the body of your e-mail message and not in an attachment.Send your abstract to only one editor. Do not cc other editors when you send your abstract.The abstract must be approved by the Editor-in-Chief or an Associate Editor before a manuscript can be submitted via EES.Manuscript SubmissionIf the Editor-in-Chief, or an Associate Editor, approves the abstract, then the complete manuscript can be submitted via EES at /envpol , following all instructions exactly. Complete manuscripts received via EES will be further evaluated by an Editor. This final evaluation will determine whether or not a manuscript will be sent out for review.Submission to this journal proceeds totally online and you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of your files. The system automatically converts source files to a single PDF file of the article, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF files at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail removing the need for a paper trail.Please note that authors have a maximum of 6 weeks to resubmit a revised manuscript, unless an extension is requested from the editor.The resubmission of previously rejected manuscripts is by invitation only.RefereesPlease submit, with the manuscript, the names, addresses and e-mail addresses of five potential referees who are well-qualified to review the manuscript, if they are asked to review it. Reviewers are asked to evaluate the originality, significance and technical quality of the work, as well as the clarity of the manuscript, and the relevance of the subject matter to the journal. The final decision for publication of all manuscripts is made by the Editor-in-Chief.Additional informationUS National Institutes of Health (NIH) voluntary posting (" Public Access") policy Elsevier facilitates author response to the NIH voluntary posting request (referred to as the NIH "Public Access Policy"; see /about/publicaccess/index.htm) by posting the peer-reviewed author's manuscript directly to PubMed Central on request from the author, 12 months after formal publication. Upon notification from Elsevier of acceptance, we will ask you to confirm via e-mail (by e-mailing us at NIHauthorrequest@) that your work has received NIH funding and that you intend to respond to the NIH policy request, along with your NIH award number to facilitate processing. Upon such confirmation, Elsevier will submit to PubMed Central on your behalf a version of your manuscript that will include peer-review comments, for posting 12 months after formal publication. This will ensure that you will have responded fully to the NIH request policy. There will be no need for you to post your manuscript directly with PubMed Central, and any such posting is prohibited.If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the Author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases: contact ES Global Rights Department, P.O. Box 800, Oxford, OX5 1DX, UK; phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, Elsevier's Rights Department, Oxford, UK: phone (+44) 1865 843830, fax (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail permissions@ . Requests may also be completed on-line via the Elsevier homepage (/locate/permissions ). PREPARATIONUse of wordprocessing softwareIt is important that the file be saved in the native format of the wordprocessor used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. 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To facilitate the review process line numbers should be inserted into the manuscript file.Cover LetterA cover letter must be sent with the manuscript and must include:•The name of the editor who approved the abstract•The names and valid, current e-mail addresses for five (5) potential reviewers who are well-qualified to review the manuscript if they are asked to review it. Potential reviewers should be from the international scientific community and not from one country or region.•The name and e-mail address of the corresponding authorArticle structureSubdivision - unnumbered headsFull Research Papers should not exceed 5000 words (including abstract but excluding references). If this is not possible, please contact the Editor in Chief.Divide your article into clearly defined sections. Each subsection is given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line. Subsections should be used as much as possible when cross-referencing text: refer to the subsection by heading as opposed to simply "the text".IntroductionState the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.Material and methodsProvide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described.ResultsResults should be clear and concise.DiscussionThis should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.ConclusionsThe main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.Essential title page informationFull Research Papers: Provide the following data on the title page (in the order given).• Title.Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.• Author names and affiliations.Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. 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(maximum length 100-150 words).The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.Capsule: In addition to the abstract for the manuscript, authors are required to submit a one- sentence statement that describes the significance of their work to the rest of the scientific community. When necessary, the capsule may be edited before publication.Graphical abstractA Graphical abstract is optional and should summarize the contents of the article in a concise, pictorial form designed to capture the attention of a wide readership online. 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Conferences, workshops and journals
INTELLIGENTTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMS/itsIEEE ITS SOCIETY NEWSLETTEREditor:Prof.Bart van Arem,b.vanarem@utwente.nl Vol.9,No.2,June2007In This IssueSociety News3Message from the Editor:Bart van Arem (3)Message VP Member Activities:Christoph Stiller (3)Message VP Technical Activities:Daniel Zeng (4)Bookreview:Algirdas Pakstas (6)IEEE Trans.on ITS Report:Alberto Broggi (8)IEEE Transactions on ITS-Index:Simona Bert´e (10)Technical Contributions17Second Generation Controller Interface Device Design,byZhen Li,Michael Kyte,Brian K.Johnson,RichardB.Wells,Ahmed Abdel-Rahim and Darcy Bullock.17Research Programs25Research Review,by Angelos Amditis (25)Conferences,Workshops,Symposia29By Massimo Bertozzi and Alessandra Fascioli (36)THEIEEE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMSSOCIETY——————————————President2007:................Fei-Yue Wang,CAS,China and U.of Arizona,Tucson,AZ85721,USA President Elect2007:William T.Scherer,University of Virginia,Charlottesville,VA22904-4747,USA Vice President Financial Activities:..........Sudarshan S.Chawathe,University of Maine,Orono,ME04469-5752,USA Vice President for Publication Activities:..........Jason Geng,Rockville,MD20895-2504,USA Vice President for Conference Activities:..Umit Ozguner,Ohio State University,Columbus,OH43210,USA Vice President Technical Activities:..................Daniel Zeng,University of Arizona,Tucson,AZ85721,USA Vice President Administrative Activities:......Daniel J.Daily,University of Washington,Seattle,WA98195,USA Vice President Member Activities:........Christoph Stiller,Universit¨a t Karlsruhe,76131Karlruhe,Germany Transactions Editor:.....................Alberto Broggi,Universit`a di Parma,Parma,I-43100,Italy Newsletter Editor:...Bart van Arem,University of Twente,Enschede,NL-7500AE,The NetherlandsCOMMITTEESAwards Committee:Chip White(Chair):...................................cwhite@ Conferences and Meetings Committee:Umit Ozguner(Chair):..............u.ozguner@ Constitution and Bylaws Committee:Daniel J.Dailey(Chair):...............d.dailey@ Fellow Evaluation Committee:Petros Ioannou(Chair):..........................ioannou@ Finance Committee:Sudarshan S.Chawathe(Chair): History Committee:E.Ryerson Case(Chair):......................................r.case@ Long Range Planning Committee:Pitu B.Mirchandani(Chair):...........pitu@ Member Activities Committee:Christoph Stiller(Chair):......................stiller@a.de Nominations and Appointments Committee:William T.Scherer(Chair):.....w.scherer@ Publications Committee:Jason Geng(Chair):...............................jason.geng@ Standards Committee:Jason Geng(Chair):..................................jason.geng@ Student Activities Committee:Shuming Tang(Chair):..........................sharron@ Technical Activities Committee:Daniel Zeng(Chair):...................zeng@Society NewsFrom the Editorby Bart van AremDear reader of this newsletter,It is my pleasure to present to you the second newsletter of the ITS Society in2007.In this newsletter you willfind the usual content.In particular I would like to ask your attention for the technical activities of the ITS Society:there are now11technical committees covering a wide range of ITS topics and3more committees will be formed.You can learn more about these activities and how you can join in this newsletter.After this newsletter,Charles Herget(c.herget@)will be the new Editor in Chief of the newslet-ter.It has been my pleasure to serve the IEEE ITS Society during the past3years.In these years,the production of the newsletter was organized in a more professional way by setting up an Editorial Board and introducing the book review and research review sections.The user needs survey that we conducted shows that you the newsletter,The number of downloads of the newsletter has been steadily growing from1,000 in2005to about1,500now.I want to thank you as a reader for your appreciation,the ITS Society for their confidence and Dorette Alink-Olthof for the technical production and layout and Rob Quentemeijer for maintaining the e-mail list.I wish you the best!Bart van AremMessage from the VP Member Activitiesby Christoph StillerMessage from the VP of Member Activities by Christoph StillerMeanwhile,the IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society(ITSS)has become a well established authority in the ITSfield.Every month,new professionals join us,thus improving their network with inter-disciplinary experts which is a keystone for a successful carreer.Since last year the ITSS promotes young as well as experienced engineers in ITS through its award pro-gramme.The following four ITSS awards will be presented at the IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference in Seattle this autumn.1.IEEE ITSS Best Ph.D.Dissertation Award2.IEEE ITSS Best Practice Award for Engineers3.IEEE ITSS Technical Career Achievement Award4.IEEE ITSS Leadership Award for Government,Institutes,and ResearchI am personally looking forward to see the winners of these awards at the ITSC conference in Seattle Sep. 30-Oct.3,2007!IEEE ITSS MEMBERSHIP:OPENING THE WORLD OF ITS TECHNOLOGYRemember to renew Your Membership for2007Join the IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society ITSS membership includes the Transactions on ITS:/renewMessage from the VP Technical Activitiesby Daniel ZengDear Colleagues,I would like to take this opportunity to update you about ITSS Technical sub-Committees(TCs).These TCs,organized by ITS subject topics,are a central part of the ITSS Technical Activity Board(TAB).They are expected to promote various areas of ITS research by organizing special sessions at the ITSS-sponsored conferences,editing special sections/issues for the Transactions and the Newsletter,and pursuing other tech-nical activities with partners within or outside of the ITSS.Through efforts in the past couple of years,ITSS has extended the coverage of its TCs significantly.Now it has11TCs:•Mobile Communication Networks•Intelligence and Security Informatics for Transportation Systems•Artificial Transportation Systems and Simulation•Logistics and Services•Railroad Systems and Applications•ITS for Air Traffic•Communication Networks•Mechatronic and Embedded Systems in ITS•Port Automation and Management•Vehicle Safety Technologies and Applications•Software Infrastructure in ITSMany TCs have been very active in organizing ITSS events including both ITSS-sponsored conferences and special sessions within ITSS main events.They have also done a superb job reaching out to other profes-sional groups for joint technical activities.These efforts are certainly greatly appreciated by the ITSS and its members!We are continuing the expansion of the TC coverage.In the short term,we are hoping to form3more TCs covering the following critical areas:•Traffic and Travel Management•Public Transportation Management•Intelligent Water Transportation SystemsWe are encouraging established researchers in these areas to take the lead in setting up these TCs and certainly welcome our members to participate actively in these TCs.Please drop me an email atzeng@ if you have an interest.Of course,other suggestions about future ITSS technical activities are always welcome as well.Enjoy your summer!Bookreviewby Algirdas Pakstas London Metropolitan UniversityBook Review:Parking Management Best PracticesBy Todd LitmanReviewed by Dr.Farhi Marir,Knowledge Management Research Group,London Metropolitan Univer-sityThis book is written by Todd Litman who is the executive director ofthe Victoria Transport Policy Institute,an independent research organi-zation dedicated to developing innovative solutions to transport problems.His research is used worldwide in transport planning and policy analy-sis.In this book,Litman puts in writing his experience of best prac-tice in parking management,which is a major issue for a large numberof stake holders of parking space;the car drivers who is not happy whenthere is no parking space,the government which can not afford to main-tain large number of parking space,businesses who are not happy becausethey loose their customers when there is not enough parking space,thelocal communities who are asking for better land use and better environ-ment.The book in its introduction put forward strong arguments to the stakeholders that the solution to this conflict is not about providing abundantand free parking spaces but it is about managing efficiently these parkingspaces instead.The author presents a variety of strategies that encouragemore efficient use of existing parking facilities,improve the quality of serviceprovided to parking facility users and improve parking facility design.He also argues that the strategies put forward can help address a wide range of transportation problems,land use development,economic,and environmental objectives.The author devoted292pages in this book(8Chapters,Glossary and Index)to consolidate his strate-gies and present parking management best practices.Chapter1(Introduction)emphasises that parking is an important component of the transportation system. It presents the benefits of better management of parking space on individual,businesses and communities. It also presents different strategies for parking facilities efficiency and the parking management principles. Then,in Section two,the author emphasises that parking management represents a paradigm shift from the old paradigm which strives to maximise supply and minimise price to the new paradigm which strives to provide optimal parking supply and price.It consolidates these arguments by providing summaries of cost benefit analysis.Based on this paradigm shift and the results of the cost benefit analyses,the third Section redefines the parking problem supported by an extensive comparison of the increased supply against management solutions.Chapter2(How Much is Optimal?)focuses on how to achieve the objective of the new paradigm in terms of optimal parking supply and optimal pricing.In thefirst Section of this Chapter the author highlights the problem of the planner of the parking supply who,instead of using economic theory to determine optimal parking supply to satisfy the consumers,relies on recommended minimum standards published by profes-sional organisations.Although these standards seem rational and efficient,they are developed based onvarious biases that drive towards excessive parking supply.In Section two and three,the author presents conventional standards limitations and the evidence that they lead to excessive parking supply.Then in Section four,the author presents better ways that determine how much parking to supply.He argues that it will be more efficient to use efficiency-based standards that take into account specific needs of each location and its geographic,demographic,and economic factors.He backed this Chapter with16references and information resources.In Chapter3(Factors Affecting Parking Demand and Requirements),the author argues that many parking management strategies use these factors to increase efficiency and reduce the supply of parking needed at a particular location.In Section one,it is discussed how parking demand is affected by parking facility location,type and design and how this compares with other nearby portions.In Section two it is analysed how the geography factor is affecting parking demand.For instance,residents of communities with more diverse transportation systems tend to own fewer cars and take fewer vehicle trips than in more automobile-dependent areas.The third Section is devoted to the demographic factors,which affects vehicle ownership and use where for instance communities composed of students,renters,elderly people with disability tend to own fewer cars.In the last three Sections the author discusses in details how the pricing and regulations, parking mobility management programme and time period affect the parking demands.This Chapter ends with evaluation of multiple factors and33references and information sources used by the author to consoli-date his discussion.In Chapter4(Parking Facility Costs),the author emphasises that the major benefit of parking management is the ability to reduce various parking costs.He states that the magnitude of saving is an important factor when it comes to the evaluation of parking management strategies.In thefirstfive Sections of this Chapter, the author discusses the costs of parking space in terms of land use,construction of above ground parking, operation and maintenance of parking space,transaction such as cost for equipment,signs,attendants and other associated costs.In the Section seven and eight,the author presents the total and the sunk costs for parking and put some arguments that if an efficient parking management is in place it does not only reduce these costs but provides indirect benefits.In the last three Sections,the author presents an extensive comparisons between parking costs with total development costs and other transaction costs and he also highlights the implication of under priced costs.This Chapter ends with18references and information resources.Chapter5(Parking Management Strategies)is the largest Chapter where three strategies are described and evaluated extensively:strategies that increase parking facilities efficiency,strategies that reduce park-ing demand and support strategies.Each strategy is described in details including its impacts on parking demand and requirements,its benefit,costs and consumer impacts,where it could be best applied,how it could be implemented and its lists of useful reference and source of additional information.This Chapter is the core of this book where the author lays out his extensive experience and best practice that could be used by planners to implement an efficient parking management strategy.In this Chapter there are109references and information sources for the strategies that increase parking facilities efficiency,102references and infor-mation resources for strategies that reduce parking demand and76references and information resources for support strategies.Chapter6(Developing an Integrated Parking Plan)provides a clear and concise methodology for developing an integrated parking plan that includes an optimal combination of complementary management strategies. It describes the steps for an efficient planning process,providing leadership for innovation and cost benefits analysis in terms additional income,cost saving and increased benefits to users and community.These steps are enhanced with real world example to support the planner in his decisions.This Chapter ends with15 references and information resources.Chapter7(Evaluating Individual Parking Facilities)equips the planner with tools which can help to evalu-ate specific parking facilities in terms of various parking performance indicators and management strategies. This Chapter is enriched with many examples of well designed and efficiently managed parking facilities in contrast to unattractive and poorly managed parking facilities.This Chapter is another additional incentiveand supports the planner for better innovation when there is a need for planning or designing new parking facilities.This Chapter ends with16references and information resources.Chapter8(Examples)is devoted to description of examples/case studies of the various types of parking management.The study includes the description of the situation,a discussion on how practically the park-ing management could be applied,and also the list of appropriate parking management strategies best suited for that situation.This Chapter ends with16references and information resources.Glossary contains a rich set of terms related to Parking Management.Additional Chapter of References contains46references and information resources,which are relevant to the whole area considered in this book.The book is ended with Index on7pages.Parking Management Best Practices,By Todd Litman2006,292p.,Hardcover,ISBN:978-1-932364-05-7Publisher’s recommended price:69.95USDReport on IEEE Trans.on Intelligent Transportation Systems by Alberto BroggiTransactions EiC report,updated June1,2007Number of submissions:The number of submissions is increasing:167in2004,157in2005,234in2006,and97in thefirst5 months of2007.Rapid posting:All papers appear on Explore before being printed,thanks to rapid posting.Authors have expressed interest in this way of disseminating their results independently of the actual publication.Please be advised that authors can post their papers on their websites provided they add the specific disclaimer supplied by IEEE.Special Issues:The following special issues are under way:-special issue on On-the-road Mobile Networks-special issue on ITSC06Type of accepted manuscripts:From Jan1,2007,T-ITS accepts the following type of manuscripts:-regular papers-short papers(formerly known as’technical correspondences’)-survey papers(formerly known as’reviews’)-practitioners papersMaximum number of pages:From the2007September issue,the policy on the maximum number of pages will change:regular papers will be allowed10pages,short papers and practitioners papers6,while there will be no limit to survey papers. Current status:The attachedfigure shows:in blue the number of papers submitted in each month from April2003(when we switched to electronic submission),and in red the number of papers still without a decision;this means that either thefirst submission did not come to an end,or that a new revision is currently under evaluation. Thefigure shows that the trend is positive and,a part from isolated cases,all submitted papers receive a notification in a reasonably short time.IEEE Trans.on Intelligent Transportation Systems-Indexby Simona Bert´eWe are happy to present you an extension of this section in which you normally canfind the titles and abstracts of the upcoming issue of our Transactions.To go directly to the online Transactions Table of Contents,click on”Index”above.In addition we will give you the index of the past issue including direct access using a hyperlink.By using this link IEEE ITSS members have full access to the papers.Non-members can browse the abstracts.We hope you will appreciate this new feature.Vol.8,No.2,June2007:this issue is a collection of two special sections(on ITSC05and on ICVES05)•Video and Seismic Sensor-Based Structural Health Monitoring:Framework,Algorithms, and Implementation,by Gandhi,T.,Chang,R.and Trivedi,M.M.Abstract:This paper presents the design and application of novel multisensory testbeds forcollection,synchronization,archival,and analysis of multimodal data for health monitoring oftransportation infrastructures.The framework for data capture from vision and seismic sensorsis described,and the important issue of synchronization between these modalities is addressed.Computer-vision algorithms are used to detect and track vehicles and extract their properties.It isnoted that the video and seismic sensors in the testbed supply complementary information aboutpassing vehicles.Data fusion between features obtained from these modalities is used to per-form vehicle classification.Experimental results of vehicle detection,tracking,and classificationobtained with these testbeds are described.Page(s):169-180Digital Object Identifier10.1109/TITS.2006.888601AbstractPlus—Full Text:PDF(1309KB)Rights and Permissions•Determining Traffic-Flow Characteristics by Definition for Application in ITS,by Ni,D.Abstract:Traffic-flow characteristics such asflow,density,and space mean speed(SMS)arecritical to Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITS).For example,flow is a direct measure ofthroughput,density is an ideal indicator of traffic conditions,and SMS is the primary input tocompute travel times.An attractive method to compute traffic-flow characteristics in ITS isexpected to meet the following criteria:1)It should be a one-stop solution,meaning it involvesonly one type of sensor that is able to determineflow,SMS,and density;2)it should be accurate,meaning it determines these characteristics by definition rather than by estimation or by usingsurrogates;3)it should preserve the fundamental relationship amongflow,SMS,and density;and4)it should be compatible with ITS,meaning it uses ITS data and supports online application.Existing methods may be good for one or some of the above criteria,but none satisfies all ofthem.This paper tackles the challenge by formulating a method,called the n−t method,whichaddresses all these criteria.Its accuracy and the fundamental relationship are guaranteed byapplying a generalized definition of traffic-flow characteristics.Inputs to the method are time-stamped traffic counts which happen to be the strength of most ITS systems.Some empiricalexamples are provided to demonstrate the performance of the n−t method.Page(s):181-187Digital Object Identifier10.1109/TITS.2006.888621AbstractPlus—Full Text:PDF(607KB)Rights and Permissions•A Traffic Accident Recording and Reporting Model at Intersections,by Ki,Y.-K.and Lee, D.-Y.Abstract:In this paper,we suggested a vision-based traffic accident detection algorithm and developed a system for automatically detecting,recording,and reporting traffic accidents at inter-sections.A system with these properties would be beneficial in determining the cause of accidents and the features of an intersection that impact safety.This modelfirst extracts the vehicles from the video image of the charge-couple-device camera,tracks the moving vehicles(MVs),and ex-tracts features such as the variation rate of the velocity,position,area,and direction of MVs.The model then makes decisions on the traffic accident based on the extracted features.In afield test,the suggested model achieved a correct detection rate(CDR)of50%and a detection rate of 60%.Considering that a sound-based accident detection system showed a CDR of1%and a DR of66.1%,our result is a remarkable achievement.Page(s):188-194Digital Object Identifier10.1109/TITS.2006.890070AbstractPlus—Full Text:PDF(506KB)Rights and Permissions•Elucidating Vehicle Lateral Dynamics Using a Bifurcation Analysis,by Liaw,D.-C.,Chiang, H.-H.and Lee,T.-T.Abstract:Issues of stability and bifurcation phenomena in vehicle lateral dynamics are pre-sented.Based on the assumption of constant driving speed,a second-order nonlinear lateral dynamics model is obtained.Local stability and existence conditions for saddle-node bifurcation appearing in vehicle dynamics with respect to the variations in front wheel steering angle are then derived via system linearization and local bifurcation analysis.Bifurcation phenomena occurring in vehicle lateral dynamics might result in spin and/or system instability.A perturbation method is employed to solve for an approximation of system equilibrium near the zero value of the front wheel steering angle,which reveals the relationship between sideslip angle and the applied front wheel angle.Numerical simulations from an example model demonstrate the theoretical results. Page(s):195-207Digital Object Identifier10.1109/TITS.2006.888598AbstractPlus—Full Text:PDF(868KB)Rights and Permissions•Conflict Resolution and Train Speed Coordination for Solving Real-Time Timetable Per-turbations,by D’Ariano,A.,Pranzo,M.and Hansen,I.A.Abstract:During rail operations,unforeseen events may cause timetable perturbations,which ask for the capability of traffic management systems to reschedule trains and to restore the timetable feasibility.Based on an accurate monitoring of train positions and speeds,potential conflicting routes can be predicted in advance and resolved in real time.The adjusted targets (locationtimespeed)would be then communicated to the relevant trains by which drivers should be able to anticipate the changed traffic circumstances and adjust the train’s speed accordingly.We adopt a detailed alternative graph model for the train dispatching problem.Conflicts be-tween different trains are effectively detected and solved.Adopting the blocking time model, we ascertain whether a safe distance headway between trains is respected,and we also consider speed coordination issues among consecutive trains.An iterative rescheduling procedure provides an acceptable speed profile for each train over the intended time horizon.After afinite number of iterations,thefinal solution is a conflict-free schedule that respects the signaling and safety constraints.A computational study based on a hourly cyclical timetable of the Schiphol railway network has been carried out.Our automated dispatching system provides better solutions in terms of delay minimization when compared to dispatching rules that can be adopted by a human traffic controller.Page(s):208-222Digital Object Identifier10.1109/TITS.2006.888605AbstractPlus—Full Text:PDF(728KB)Rights and Permissions•Maximum Freedom Last Scheduling Algorithm for Downlinks of DSRC Networks,by Chang,C.-J.,Cheng,R.-G.,Shih,H.-T.and Chen,Y.-S.Abstract:This paper proposes a maximum freedom last(MFL)scheduling algorithm for down-links,from the roadside unit to the onboard unit(OBU),of dedicated short-range communication networks in intelligent transportation systems,to minimize the system handoffrate under the maximum tolerable delay constraint.The MFL scheduling algorithm schedules the service or-dering of OBUs according to their degree of freedom,which is determined by factors such as remaining dwell time of service channel,remaining transmission time,queueing delay,and max-imum tolerable delay.The algorithm gives the smallest chance of service to the OBU with the largest remaining dwell time,the smallest remaining transmission time,and the largest weighting factor,which is a function of the queueing delay and the maximum tolerable delay.Simulation results show that the MFL scheduling algorithm outperforms the traditionalfirst-comefirst-serve and earliest-deadline-first methods in terms of service failure and system handoffrates.Page(s):223-232Digital Object Identifier10.1109/TITS.2006.889440AbstractPlus—Full Text:PDF(621)Rights and Permissions•Collision Avoidance for Vehicle-Following Systems,by Gehrig,S.K.and Stein,F.J.Abstract:The vehicle-following concept has been widely used in several intelligent-vehicle appli-cations.Adaptive cruise control systems,platooning systems,and systems for stop-and-go traffic employ this concept:The ego vehicle follows a leader vehicle at a certain distance.The vehicle-following concept comes to its limitations when obstacles interfere with the path between the ego vehicle and the leader vehicle.We call such situations dynamic driving situations.This paper introduces a planning and decision component to generalize vehicle following to situations with nonautomated interfering vehicles in mixed traffic.As a demonstrator,we employ a car that is able to navigate autonomously through regular traffic that is longitudinally and laterally guided by actuators controlled by a computer.This paper focuses on and limits itself to lateral control for collision avoidance.Previously,this autonomous-driving capability was purely based on the vehicle-following concept using vision.The path of the leader vehicle was tracked.To extend this capability to dynamic driving situations,a dynamic path-planning component is introduced.Several driving situations are identified that necessitate responses to more than the leader vehicle.We borrow an idea from robotics to solve the problem.Treat the path of the leader vehicle as an elastic band that is subjected to repelling forces of obstacles in the surroundings.This elastic-band framework offers the necessary features to cover dynamic driving situations.Simulation results show the power of this approach.Real-world results obtained with our demonstrator validate the simulation results.Page(s):233-244Digital Object Identifier10.1109/TITS.2006.888594AbstractPlus—Full Text:PDF(530KB)Rights and Permissions。
阿尔法拉瓦尔公司薯芽传播和存储说明书
Yeast propagation An introductionYeast propagationWhat is yeast?↖It is a single-celled organism thatbelongs to the fungus kingdom↖It multiplies through cell divisionor ‘budding’↖It is aerobic and anaerobic,so it is able to live with andwithout oxygen↖It undergoes anaerobic reactionswhen deprived of oxygen andproduces alcoholYeast in the breweryYeast is the most important microorganism in the production of beer ↖Yeast metabolizes sugar from wort,producing alcohol and carbon dioxidethereby turning wort into beer.↖It ferments beer and influences itscharacter and flavor; however, there mustbe no oxygen present.↖In the presence of oxygen, yeast multiplieswhich is important for propagation and thebaking industry. This can spoil the long-term stability of beer flavour and clarity.Yeast propagation and storageWhat is propagation and what is storage?Yeast propagationNew yeast is required from time to time, asold yeast becomes unable to produce goodbeer with age. Growing new yeast is calledyeast propagation.Yeast storageAfter the yeast has been used to produce beerit should be stored in comfortable surroundingsin order not to loose its ability to produce goodbeer next time. This is yeast storage.Yeast management ↖Yeast propagation↖Yeast cropping↖Yeast storage↖Yeast pitching↖Beer recovery fromcropped yeast↖Waste yeast handling↖Cleaning-in-Place plantCIP stationCleaning-in-placeHSSBeer separationand recoveryYeast systemsPropagation and storageDynapitchYeast pitchingRotary jet headsCleaningCoolersYeast and beer coolingYeast screenStorageYeast plant Propagation CarlsbergFlaskThermolyzerYeast autolyzationLobe pumps Cropping Top tank systems Yeast andfermentation managementFive breweries produce 50% of the world’s beer todayDesigned for the future↖Bottom-fermented lager strains↖Top-fermented ale strains↖Rehydration of dried yeast↖Yeast inoculation fromCarlsberg Flask↖Yeast inoculation fromre-hydrator↖Craft brewers combinepropagation and storageRespiration in the yeast cellC6H12O6(glucose) + 6O2≥ 6CO2+ 6H2O↖Energy gain: 28 moles of ATP per mole ofmonosaccharide↖Energy conservation: 29%↖Heat loss: 71%↖Yield factor: 0.54 g dry solids yeast per gcarbohydrate = 54%Fermentation in the yeast cellC6H12O6(glucose) ≥ 2CO2+ 2C2H5OH (ethanol)↖Energy gain: 2 mole of ATP per mole ofmonosaccharide↖Energy conservation: 26%↖Heat loss: 74%↖Yield factor: 0.075 g dry solids yeast per gcarbohydrate = 7.5%Crabtree effect versus Pasteur effect Crabtree effectThe inhibiting effect of respiration, or the useof oxygen, caused by the presence of certaincarbohydrates in concentrations above certainlevels. The yeast will not use oxygen whenthere is an abundant supply of food.Pasteur effectThe inhibiting effect of oxygen on the processof fermentation. Yeast will use oxygen, whenavailable, to better utilize the food available.Yeast propagation to increase cell numbersHow much will yeast grow in a propagator? Typical cell numbers at the end oflogarithmic growth:↖Lager strains: 80–120 million cells/ml↖Ale strains: 150–200 million cells/ml↖Aerobic growth: Max. 40 million cells/mlper degree Plato consumedDefinition of “end of logarithmic growth”: Less than 20 million cells/ml per degree Plato consumed Anaerobic growth (Balling’s formula): About 14 million cells/ml per degree Plato consumed(at 40 million cells/ml = 1 g dry matter/litre)What will stress the yeast ? Stress factors affecting yeast vitality, reproductivity and fermentation capability↖Shear and turbulent forces↖Oxidative stress↖Carbon dioxide toxicity↖Alcohol toxicityAeration equipmentYeast mixing and aerationYeast agitator and Cleaning-in-Place (CIP) system↖For propagation and storage plants↖With aeration or acid washing facilityScandi Brew®agitatorAgitatorOff centre↖Mixing↖Aeration/acid wash↖CIPMixing Aeration/acid washing CleaningAgitator or pump circulation loop? Agitation mixing more effectively↖Our agitator homogenizes the tank (100 hl)within 60–120 seconds with a 2.2 kW motorwhilst a repumping loop with an 11 kW motorcirculates at a flow rate of 700 hl/h↖This test clearly shows how little effect arepumping loop has on tank mixing↖We can conclude that our agitator providesmore effective tank mixing than therepumping loopAerationCIP test with cold water at 3 bar3-in-1 agitator↖Gentle agitation↖No stratification↖In-tank process↖Homogeneous after one minute of agitation ↖100% hygienic↖Steam sterilized High vitality≥ 99% viability100% sterile conditions↖High shear stress ↖Stratification↖Cleanability↖Venturi pipe↖High powerconsumption Low viability (≥ 95 %) Stressed yeastLow vitalityPump circulation loopSlide 21ComparisonPump circulation loopHigh shear stressStratification Cleanability Venturi pipeHigh power consumption3-in-1 agitator Gentle agitationNo stratification In-tank processHomogeneous after one minute100% hygienic Steam sterilized Low power consumptionWhy a 3-in-1 agitator versus a pump circulation loop?Pump circulation loop Low viability (≥ 95 %)Stressed yeast Low vitality3-in-1 agitator ≥ 99% viability High vitality100% sterile conditionsTotal cost of ownership: Agitators versus repumping2.2 kW99% homogenizedin 1–2 minutes 11 kW99% homogenizedin 1–2 hours/kWStress factors:agitator test for propagation plant ↖Viability methylene blue and acridine orange:Dead cells < 1%↖Proteinase activity:No detectable proteinase activity↖Concentration of medium-chain fatty acids:No correlation with agitator speed↖Carbon dioxide concentration:Less than 1 g/lYeast vitality / viabilityYeast viabilityDefine the number of living cells Measuring if cells are dead or alive, or if cells have the ability to divide or grow.Method of measuring methylene blue or acridine orange:↖Viability of fresh propagatedyeast ≥ 99% ↖Cropped yeast ≥ 97%Yeast vitalityDefine the health of your yeast Measuring yeast vitality is very difficult (intracellular pH measurement). Only very few labs in the world can do so.Yeast vitality can be evaluated in the fermentative capacity. Stressed yeast with low vitality leads to:↖Longer lag phase↖Slow extract utilization andslow fermentationPropagation equipmentCarlsberg Flask↖Since the first single yeast cell was isolatedat Carlsberg Laboratories, propagation hasbegun in the laboratory↖The last step before the propagation plant isthe Carlsberg Flask↖In the Carlsberg Flask, wort can be sterilized,inoculated and transferred out again understerile conditionsFunction of the Carlsberg FlaskOperation rangeNet volume25 l (6.6 gal)Total volume33 l (8.7 gal)Recommended transfer pressure2–3 bar (29–44 psi)Allowable pressure PS 6 bar (87 psi)Single or multiple vessel plantsBatch production in a single vessel in a yeastpropagation plantContinuous production in a multiple vessel inyeast propagation plantChoice depends on propagation philosophy,frequency and investmentCell counts are typically about 100 million/ml(sometimes higher for ale strains)Difference in laboratory workWort sterilizationFlush and steamWort coolingFlush and steamAeration and inoculationFlush and steamCarlsberg FlaskPropagation and sterilization Propagation in yeast propagation vessel 1Sterilization of yeast propagation vessel 2Flush and steamPropagation and coolingPropagation in yeast propagation vessel 1Cooling of yeast propagation vessel 2Flush and steamTransfer of yeast propagation vessel 1 to yeast propagation vessel 2CIP of yeast propagation vessel 1 –Propagation in yeast propagation vessel 2CIP and steamFlush and steamTransfer of yeast from yeast propagation vessel 2 to yeast propagation vessel 1 The rest of yeast propagation vessel to fermenterCIP and steamWort sterilizationYeast propagation vessel 2Flush and steamWort coolingYeast propagation vessel 2Flush and steamInoculationInoculation from yeast propagation vessel 1 to yeast propagation vessel 2 Propagation in yeast propagation vessel 2CIP and steamFlush and steamSpecial features of Alfa Laval Scandi Brew®plant↖Separate heating and cooling jackets on all vessels↖Possibility for in-vessel sterilization of wort↖All process and sterile air pipes and valves must beeasily cleanable and designed for steam sterilization ↖Aeration facility must be fully integrated in the CIPand sterilization systemSpecial design features of Alfa Laval Scandi Brew®↖Special outlet valve with no dead space↖Automatic controlled pressure regulation↖Unique aeration control↖Unique top plate design –100% CIP-able ↖Sterilizable aeration aggregate/CIP system for improved plant efficiency, depending on the tank volumeModular design↖Easy installation↖Short commissioning↖Well-proven technology↖Optimized tanks↖Comprehensive documentation−User manual−Commissioning reports−Drawings−Recommended list of spare parts−Maintenance manualYeast propagationRequest for quotationContact usHenning and our global sales team are delighted to help you with your yeast management needs.Let us help you by contacting us here.More information↖Yeast managementsystems↖Yeast cooler↖Yeast propagation plant ↖Aeropitch↖Dynapitch↖Beer production↖Commercial brewing ↖Craft brewing。
Talanta
Operator care and eco-concerned development of a fast,facile andeconomical assay for basic nitrogenous drugs based on simplified ion-pairmini-scale extraction using safer solvent combined withdrop-based spectrophotometrySamarwadee Plianwong,Areerut Sripattanaporn,Kwanrutai Waewsa-nga,Parin Buacheen,Praneet Opanasopit,Tanasait Ngawhirunpat,Theerasak Rojanarata nPharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group(PDGIG),Faculty of Pharmacy,Silpakorn University,Nakhon Pathom73000,Thailanda r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received5June2012Received in revised form22June2012Accepted25June2012Available online1July2012Keywords:Mini-scale extractionIon-pairDrop-based spectrophotometryBasic nitrogenous drugsChlorpheniramine maleatea b s t r a c tA fast,facile,and economical assay for basic nitrogenous drugs has been developed based on the mini-scale extraction of the drug–dye ion pair complex combined with the use of safe-for-analyst and eco-friendlier organic extractant and drop-based micro-spectrophotometry.Instead of using large volumedevices,the extraction was simply carried out in typical1.5mL microcentrifuge tubes along with theuse of micropipettes for accurate transfer of liquids,vortex mixer for efficient partitioning of solutesand benchtop centrifuge for rapid phase separation.In the last step,back-extraction was performed byusing the microvolume of acidic solution in order to concentrate the colored species into a confinedaqueous microdrop and to keep the analyst away from unwanted contact and inhalation of organicsolvents during the quantitation step which was achieved by using cuvetteless UV–vis micro-spectro-photometry without any prior ing chlorpheniramine maleate as a representative analyteand n-butyl acetate as a less toxic and non-ozone depleting extractant,the miniaturized method wasless laborious and much faster.It was accurate,precise and insensitive to the interferences fromcommon excipients.Notably,it gave the assay results of drug in tablets and oral solution comparable tothe large-scale pharmacopeial method while the consumption of organic solvents and the release ofwastes were lowered by200–400folds.&2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionLiquid–liquid extraction is one of the methods used in thepharmaceutical analysis for the separation of the analyte from theformulation matrix.Because of simple equipment requirement,thistechnique is still used even though some substitute methods such aschromatography and solid phase extraction have emerged.In theBritish Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopeia(USP),solvent extraction remains a standard method for the assay of saltsof organic nitrogenous basic drugs e.g.chlorpheniramine maleate(CPM)and brompheniramine maleate in the pharmaceutical pre-parations[1,2].The principle is based on the extraction of drugsupon the pH adjustment into either aqueous or organic phase,followed by conventional UV spectrophotometry.Although themethod is straightforward,the extraction procedures are conductedin the large volume using separatory funnels,thus requiring costlyand massive amounts of organic solvents such as probably carcino-genic chloroform or highlyflammable hexane.Moreover,it islaborious for a large number of samples and sometimes repeatedextractions are required;thereby further increasing the analysistime,undesirable exposure to toxic solvents and the release of wasteinto the environment.In the last decades,the global trend in chemical analysis hasshifted towards simplifying,downsizing and greening samplepreparation and analysis.Novel miniaturized liquid phase extrac-tion has evolved from the more classical techniques and becomeattractive alternatives because of the simplicity,high extractionefficiency,short operation time and decreased volume of organicsolvents consumed as well as wastes released[3].Examples ofthese microextraction techniques include single-drop microextrac-tion(SDME)[4–7],hollow-fiber microextraction(HF-LPME)[8–10],directly-suspended droplet microextraction(DSDME)[11–13]anddispersive liquid–liquid microextraction(DLLME)[14–17].None-theless,some limitations exist in these methods.For instance,microdrop in SDME or DSDME is sensitive to gravity,shear force orspeedy stirring and easily dislodged from the tip of microsyringeContents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectjournal homepage:/locate/talantaTalanta0039-9140/$-see front matter&2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved./10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.075n Corresponding author.Tel.:þ6634255800;fax:þ6634255801.E-mail addresses:teerasak@su.ac.th,rtheerasak@(T.Rojanarata).Talanta98(2012)220–225needle;air bubbles are often formed and hydrophobic substances can be adsorbed on the surface of HF,reducing the transport rate and reproducibility of the extraction;at least two miscible organic solvents e.g.chloroform together with methanol are prerequisite for DLLME as the extraction solvents and disperser solvents [18,19].In the aspect of operator safety and environmental compatibility,many previously reported microextraction methods still involved the use of unsafe,carcinogenic or ozone-depleting solvents such as chloroform and carbon tetrachloride,leading to the undesirable exposure to the analyst and possible release into the environment especially during the detection step where the analyte present in or diluted by such volatile solvents was manually measured by spectrophotometry.From the aforementioned disadvantages of pharmacopeial large-scale extraction and some limitations of new modes of microextrac-tion,a simplified mini-scale extraction has been developed as an alternative assay for basic nitrogenous drugs.Not only aiming to obtain a fast,facile and economical method with satisfactory analytical performance,the method design has deliberately empha-sized on the use of procedures and reagents which were safe for the operator and friendly to the environment.Here,an extraction-spectrophotometric assay for a representative drug CPM in the pharmaceutical formulations has been proposed.The method was based on the downscaled extraction of the ion pair complex formed between the drug and anionic dye methyl orange(MO)using less toxic and non-ozone depleting n-butyl acetate as an extraction solvent and common laboratory equipments.After the colored species wasfinally back-extracted into a safer aqueous phase as a microdrop,the measurement was done by using commercial microvolume drop-and-measure UV–vis specrophotometer.2.Experimental2.1.Reagents and apparatusCPM standard with99.8%purity was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich(USA).All other chemicals were of analytical grade from Merck(Germany).Distilled water was used to prepare all solu-tions.A stock solution of MO was prepared at the concentration of 0.6mg mLÀ1.The commercial samples of CPM oral solution (2mg mLÀ1)and CPM tablets(4mg per tablet)were supplied by local drug stores in Thailand.For the absorbance measurement in microvolume($3m L), NanoVue Plus s cuvetteless drop-and-measure spectrophotometer (GE Healthcare,UK)was used.The optical path length was set at 0.5mm.Micropipettes and Lo-retention s tips were of Eppendorf (Hamburg,Germany).Microfuge s16(Beckman Coulter)was used for the centrifugation.2.2.Methods2.2.1.Simplified mini-scale extraction-spectrophotometric methodInto a series of1.5mL microcentrifuge tubes,100m L of standard CPM solutions(5,10,20,30,40,50m g mLÀ1in water)or sample solution($20m g mLÀ1CPM in water)and50m L of0.6mg mLÀ1 MO in50mM potassium hydrogen phthalate/NaOH buffer,pH 5.0were accurately added by micropipettes and vortexed for 1min.Two hundred andfifty microlitres of n-butyl acetate was added,and the mixture was then vortexed for2min and centrifuged at12,000rpm for1min to separate into two phases.The upper organic phase portion in the volume of230m L was transferred by using micropipette to a new tube.The remaining mixture was extracted again with another250m L of n-butyl acetate in the same manner and250m L of organic phase was transferred to combine with thefirst portion.To the collected organic phase,20m L of2M hydrochloric acid was added and the mixture was vortexed for 2min and centrifuged at12,000rpm for1min to separate into two phases.This resulted in the formation of a red microdrop at the bottom of the tube which could be transferred by the aid of micropipette and tip for the absorbance determination.The mea-surement was done by placing a drop of about3m L of the red aqueous solution on a pedestal of a cuvetteless drop-based spectro-photometer and reading the absorbance values at510nm,against a reagent blank similarly prepared without drug.A standard calibra-tion curve was constructed or regression equation was derived to calculate the amount of analyte drug in the unknown samples.2.2.2.Sample preparation for the proposed methodFor tablets,the content of twenty tablets were weighed and ground intofine powder.An accurately weighed portion of the powder equivalent to4mg CPM was transferred into a100mL volumetricflask and dissolved with distilled water.Theflask was subjected to sonication for5min and the volume was made up to 100mL with water and mixed.Then,an aliquot of sample solution was centrifuged to precipitate the insoluble excipients and a clear supernatant was collected and further diluted to get a working concentration of about20m g mLÀ1.For oral solution, a stock solution of sample was directly prepared by pipeting a suitable volume of the oral solution and diluting with water to the concentration of about20m g mLÀ1.2.2.3.Method validationThe analytical performance characteristics of the proposed method were validated according to ICH Q2guideline[20] including the linearity,limit of detection(LOD),limit of quantita-tion(LOQ),accuracy,precision and specificity.3.Results and discussion3.1.Method development3.1.1.Principle and characteristics of the reactionIn the proposed method,the assay lies in the ion-associated reaction between CPM and the anionic dye MO.Under the assay condition where the pH was set at5.0,the nitrogenous CPM drug was protonated and present in a positively charged form while MO that contained the sulphonphthalein group was mainly negatively charged.The ionic charge interaction resulted in the formation of yellow lipophilic ion-pair complex with the maximum absorption at 415nm which was extractable by a suitable organic solvent.Upon the addition of acid,MO in the complex was further protonated at N atom and the ion-pair complex turned into red polar species.Thus,it could be back-extracted into the aqueous phase and its color intensity which related to the initial CPM concentration in the sample and could be determined spectrophotometrically at510nm.A conceptual principle of the proposed assay is illustrated in Fig.1.In the studies, the stoichiometry of the ion-associates between CPM and MO was investigated by preparing the reaction solutions containing CPM and MO in varied molar ratio according to Job’s method of continuous variation[21].The results indicated that drug formed the complex with dye at the ratio of1:1(Fig.2).In terms of the stability of red complex formed in the aqueous acid solution,it was found that the color remained constant for more than24h at the ambient condition, thus it was an appropriate species to be measured in the analysis.3.1.2.Incorporation of operator care and eco-concernTo overcome the drawbacks of the pharmacopeial large-scale extraction and aforementioned limitations of microextraction techni-ques,a fast,simplified and cost-effective alternative method was developed with the incorporation of the operator care andS.Plianwong et al./Talanta98(2012)220–225221eco-concerned basis.This emphasized on the use of procedures and reagents which were safe for the analysts and friendly to the environment at the minimized quantities.In place of using large-volume separatory funnels,the extraction was simply carried out in inexpensive commercial microcentrifuge tubes along with the use of micropipettes for accurate measurement and transfer of liquids.While most previously reported microextraction methods used screw-capped vials or conical tubes with the size ranging from 4to 50mL,we found that 1.5mL microcentrifuge tubes were efficient and appropriate devices for mini-scale extraction since they not only fitted the reagent-saving purpose and lessened the work space,but also provided the ease of vigorous shaking for efficient partitioning of solutes by the use of vortex mixer and fast phase separation between the organic and aqueous layers by the use of benchtop centrifuge.Moreover,their tightly closed lids well prevented the organic solvent and its vapor from leaking to the environment.Compared to DLLME,the most similar mode of microextraction where the analyte is finally extracted into the sedimented phase,the proposed method was simpler as single organic solvent is needed as an extractant.Here,n -butyl acetate was chosen because it is not too volatile and it has acceptable extraction capability.From our study,the distribution of more than 95%of the CPM–MO complex from aqueous into n -butyl acetate was achieved after tworounds of extraction.For the safety issues,n -butyl acetate is not a potential or probable carcinogen like chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.Brief contact with skin is essentially non-irritating.Although liquid and vapor may cause mild discomfort,it has very low toxicity if swallowed.In the view of environmental concern,n -butyl acetate is not ozone-depleting and not classified as ‘‘danger-ous to the environment’’substance.The bioconcentration potential is low and it is readily biodegradable [22].Unlike most previously reported microextraction methods where the analyte were still in or further diluted by organic solvents for the detection,the proposed method has been deliberately designed to back-extract the target species into an aqueous phase in order to keep the analysts away from unwanted contact of the organic solvent and inhalation of its vapor.In addition,the back-extraction step by using a microvolume of aqueous solution assisted to concentrate the colored species in a resulting confined microdrop of which the absorbance could be determined with ease by modern drop-and-measure spectrophotometer.This was easily done by adding diluted HCl to transform the lipophilic complex into a polar complex which was extractable into the aqueous phase.Since the concentration of CPM and MO used as well as the volume of HCl extractant added were elegantly chosen,the red microdrop formed after the last extraction step had an optimal color intensity which could be immediately measured by using cuvetteless microvolume spectrophotometer without any dilutions.3.1.3.Optimization of the mini-scale methodExperimental parameters that can affect the formation and extractability of the ion-pair were optimized independently.These studies aimed to obtain the assay method with satisfactory analy-tical performance along with the reagent-and time-saving features.3.1.3.1.Optimal pH.The pH influence on the formation of CPM–MO ion-pair complex was studied by setting up the reactions consisting of 20m g mL À1CPM solutions and 0.6mg mL À1MO in various buffers i.e.KCl–HCl (pH 1.5,2),potassium hydrogen phthalate–HCl (pH 3,4),potassium hydrogen phthalate–NaOH (pH4.5,5)and potassium hydrogen phosphate–NaOH (pH 6,7.5).After the yellow ion-pair complex was formed,it was extracted into n -butyl acetate and measured for the absorbance at 415nm.From the results,the maximum absorbance value which indicated the most favorable pH condition was observed over the rangeofFig.1.Schematic representation of the proposed simplified ion-pair mini-scale extraction for the quantitative analysis of salt of basic nitrogenous drugs.The assay starts with the formation of the ion-pair complex between the drug and anionic dye (a)which is then extracted by the organic solvent (b).After the organic phase is collected in a new tube (c),microvolume of acid solution is added to back-extract the complex into the aqueous phase as a sedimented microdrop (d)which is then subjected to the absorbance measurement using drop-base spectrophotometer (e)with nodilution.Fig.2.Job’s method of continuous variations plot for CPM–MO ion-pair complex formation.The absorbance values were measured in n -butyl acetate phase at 415nm.Fig. 3.Effect of pH on the ion-pair formation.The absorbance values were measured in n -butyl acetate phase at 415nm.S.Plianwong et al./Talanta 98(2012)220–225222pH 4–6(Fig.3).Therefore,the potassium hydrogen phthalate–NaOH buffer,pH 5.0was used throughout the experiments.3.1.3.2.Optimal quantity of MO solution.To investigate the optimal amount of MO,different volumes of 0.6mg mL À1dye solution were used in the reactions for the construction of the standard curves over the CPM concentration range of 5–50m g mL À1.It was observed that the use of 50m L of MO solution gave the standard curves with the steepest slope which represented the highest sensitivity of the method.The use of double or triple amount of this level slightly gave higher absorbance values but did not further increase the slope or sensitivity (Fig.4).Thus,50m L of 0.6mg mL À1MO was effective and sufficient amount required for the assay.3.1.3.3.Optimal numbers of n-butyl acetate extraction.After the CPM–MO complex was formed under the optimal condition,it was extracted with a number of 250m L portions of n -butyl acetate and the extraction efficiency in each step was evaluated by the absorbance measurement of yellow lipophilic complex at 415nm.It was found that,after two rounds of extraction,more than 95%of the complex could be distributed from aqueous into the combined organic phase (data not shown).Hence,the extraction of ion-pair complex using two portions of 250m L of n -butyl acetate was adequate and used in the standard procedure.3.1.3.4.Optimal quantity of HCl for back-extraction.Since HCl was used to extract the ion-pair complex back into the aqueous phase and the resulting microdrop was supposed to have the appropriate color intensity for direct absorbance measurement without any prior dilutions using drop-and-measure UV–vis micro-spectrophotometry,the optimal concentration and volume of HCl were examined.It was found that the use of 0.25–1M HCl in a volume of 20m L gave non-linear standard curves,especially in the range of high concentrations of CPM,probably due to inadequate amount of acid for the complete protonation and thus reduced the extractability of ion-pair complex into the aqueous phase (Fig.5).However,using 20m L of 2N HCl was sufficient for the complete extraction of the complex as seen from the negligibly small absorbance value of the aqueous microdrop obtained after the remaining organic phase was re-extracted with another quantity of acid.In addition,the absorbance of the red microdrop formed fell within the linear range of the NanoVue Plus s spectro-photometer.3.2.Analytical performance and reagent-saving featureOnce the optimal method protocols were established,a set of assays to verify its overall performance was carried out.As shown in Table 1,an excellent linear response of absorbance in relation to the concentration of CPM was found over the range of 5–50m g mL À1with the regression coefficient of 0.9998.The linear equation relating A (absorbance)to C (concentration,m g mL À1)was A ¼0.0116C þ0.0037.LOD and LOQ of proposed method as determined from calibration curve were 0.76and 2.32m g mL À1,respectively.The accuracy of the proposed method was determined by spiking three different levels of standard CPM into the sample solution which were prepared at the concentration of 20m g mL À1from tablets or oral solution.It was found that the percentage of recovery values were satisfactory in the range of 98.05–101.70%(Table 2).The precision of the proposed method,expressed as %RSD was found to be 0.87–0.94%for the repeatablility (intra-day precion)and 0.16–0.46%for the intermediate precision (inter-day precision)(Table 3).Since both %RSD values were less than 2%,the method was acceptably precise.To investigate the specificity of the proposed method,the interference liabilities were carried out to explore the effect of common excipients that might be added during formulations.Samples were prepared by mixing known amount (20m g mL À1)of the drug and the excipients:sucrose,saccharin sodium,citric acid,methyl paraben,propyl paraben and sodium benzoate at the level commonly used in syrups and the recovery values were determined.As shown in Table 4,no interference was foundfromFig.4.Effect of volume of methyl orange solution (0.6mg/ml):10m L (K ),25m L (J ),50m L (.),100m L (D )and 150m L (’).Fig.5.Effect of concentration of HCl used to add in the back-extraction step at the fixed volume of 20m L:0.25M (K ),0.5M (.),1M (m )and 2M (’).Table 1Linearity,LOD and LOQ of the proposed method.ParametersProposed method Linearity range (m g mL À1)5–50Regression equation A ¼0.0116C þ0.0037Regression coefficient 0.9998Slope (a )0.0116Y-intercept (b)0.0037LOD (m g mL À1)0.76LOQ (m g mL À1)2.32S.Plianwong et al./Talanta 98(2012)220–225223these excipients and the recovery values were99.0–100.2%.This indicated the specificity of the method and the absence of interference from these excipients.Besides the verification of the analytical performance,the reagent-saving feature and environmental compatibility of the proposed method was evaluted from the consumption of organic solvents.As determined per one sample extraction,only0.5mL of n-butyl acetate was used in the mini-scale method.This amount was dramatically lower than that consumed by the USP large-scale methods which employed120or240mL of hexane and chloroform for the assay of tablets or oral solution,respectively. Furthermore,as previously discussed,the solvent used in the proposed method was safer for health and eco-friendlier.There-fore,the mini-scale method not only offered the benefits in saving costs on chemical purchase and waste management,but it was also benign to the operators and the environment.3.3.Application to the analysis of CPM in real samplesTo demonstrate the applicability of the mini-scale extraction approach,the proposed method was tested for the assay of CPM in commercial tablets and syrups and the USP method[2]was used as a reference method for the comparison.As seen from the results in Table5and confirmed by statistical analysis(t-test)at 95%confidence level,there was no significant difference of the% labeled amount obtained from the proposed and the reference method.4.ConclusionThis paper presents a fast,facile and economical alternative assay for salts of basic nitrogenous drugs using CPM as a model analyte.The method was delicately designed based on the use of unsophisticated and inexpensive equipments in parallel with the operator care and eco-concern to overcome the drawbacks of the pharmacopeial large-scale extraction and some limitations of modern microextraction techniques.Lying in the ion-pair extrac-tion in a mini-scale with safer solvent,followed by drop-based micro-spectrophotometry,the developed method showed not only elegant analytical performance,but also satisfactory reagent-saving,safe-for-analyst and environmentally friendly features.Hence,this approach is an applicable alternative for routine quality control of basic nitrogenous drugs and considered as a green paradigm for the development of sustainable pharma-ceutical and chemical assays.AcknowledgmentsFinancial support from Department of Environmental Quality Promotion,Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,Thailand Toray Science Foundation,New Charoen Pharm Co.,Ltd.and Faculty of Pharmacy,Silpakorn University are gratefully acknowledged.Also, the authors are very thankful to Eugene Kilayco for his valuable help in editing the language of the manuscript.References[1]The British Pharmacopoeia2012,The Stationary Office(TSO),Health Minis-try,London,2012.[2]The United States Pharmacopoeia,33Reissue,The National Formulary28,USP Convention,INC.Rockville,MD,2010.[3]F.Pena-Pereira,villa,C.Bendicho,Trends Anal.Chem.29(2010)617–628.[4]villa,F.Pena-pereira,S.Gill,M.Costas,C.Bendicho,Anal.Chim.Acta647(2009)112–116.[5]F.Pena-Pereira,villa,C.Bendicho,Anal.Chim.Acta631(2009)223–228.[6]A.K.K.V.Pillai,A.Jain,K.K.Verma,Talanta80(2010)1816–1822.[7]F.Pena-Pereira,S.Senra-Ferreiro,villa,C.Bendicho,Talanta81(2010)625–629.[8]S.Pedersen-Bjergaard,K.E.Rasmussen,Anal.Chem.71(1999)2650–2656.[9]A.Saleh,rsson,Y.Yamini,J.˚A.J¨onsson,J.Chromatogr.A1218(2011)1331–1339.[10]Z.Es’haghi,R.Azmoodeh,Arabian J.Chem.3(2010)21–26.[11]A.Sarafraz-Yazdi, F.Mofazzeli,Z.Es’haghi,Chromatographia67(2008)49–53.[12]A.Sarafraz-Yazdi,A.H.Amiri,Z.Es’haghi,Talanta78(2009)936–941.Table2Accuracy of proposed method.Formulation CPM spiked(m g mLÀ1)CPM recovered(m g mLÀ1)Recovery(%)RSD(%)Tables15202515.06100.370.94 20.03100.16 1.42 25.15100.06 1.13Syrups1515.07100.47 1.23 2019.7998.970.942524.7799.07 1.14 Number of measurements(n)in each concentration level was equal to3.Table3Precision of proposed method.Parameter Tablets SyrupsLabeled amount(%)RSD(%)Labeled amount(%)RSD(%)Intra-day a100.330.94100.830.87 Inter-day b100.430.16100.390.46a Number of measurements(n)was equal to6.b Number of measurements(n)was equal to3.Table4Interference studies of the excipients in pharmaceutical formulation. Excipients Concentration added(m g mLÀ1)%RecoveryMagnesium stearate699.8 Lactose50099.4Talc6099.6 Sucrose500099.8 Methyl paraben60100.2 Propyl paraben6099.0 Citric acid60100.2 Sodium benzoate60100.0 Saccharin sodium6099.8Number of measurements(n)in each concentration level was equal to3.Table5Results of CPM assay in pharmaceutical formulations obtained from the proposed and USP method.Formulation Proposed method USP methodCPM tabletsLabeled amount(%)100.66100.76RSD(%) 1.20 1.66CPM syrupsLabeled amount(%)101.35101.81RSD(%) 1.220.48Number of measurements(n)was equal to6.S.Plianwong et al./Talanta98(2012)220–225 224[13]M.R.K.Zanjani,Y.Yamini,S.Shariati,J.A.Jonsson,Anal.Chim.Acta585(2007)286–293.[14]Z.Q.Ding,G.D.Liu,J.Chin.,Anal.Chem.37(2009)119–122.[15]M.Zeeb,M.R.Ganjali,P.Norouzi,Microchim.Acta168(2010)317–324.[16]L.Kocu´rova´,I.S.Balogh,J.ˇSkrlı´kova´,J.Posta,V.Andruch,Talanta82(2010)1958–1964.[17]L.Rusna´kova´,V.Andruch,I.S.Balogh,J.ˇSkrlı´kova´,Talanta85(2011)541–545.[18]V.Andruch,L.Kocu´rova´,I.S.Balogh,J.ˇSkrlı´kova´,Microchem.J.102(2012)1–10.[19]A.Sarafraz-Yazdi,A.Amiri,Trends Anal.Chem.29(2010)1–14.[20]Validation of analytical procedures:text and methodology,ICH HarmonisedTripartite Guideline Q2(R1),November1996.[21]A.S.Douglas,M.W.Donald,Principles of Instrumental Analysis,Holt,Rinhartand Winston,New York,1971,pp.104.[22]Product Safety Assessment:n-Butyl Acetate.Available from:/http:///PublishedLiteratureDOWCOM/dh_01aa/0901b803801aa36e.pdf?filepath=productsafety/pdfs/noreg/233-00414.pdf&fromPage=GetDoc S.S.Plianwong et al./Talanta98(2012)220–225225。
Mags|文学杂志《格兰塔》的前世今生,和它的撰稿作家们
Mags|文学杂志《格兰塔》的前世今生,和它的撰稿作家们坚信故事的力量和紧要性,无论小说或非小说;坚信故事描述、照亮、创建真实的最高能力。
——没有政治宣言,没有文学宣言,但它成立之初确有自己的信仰。
格兰塔格兰塔是英国的一本文学杂志。
从诺贝尔奖得主到新手小说家,从翻译文学到新闻调查,Granta 的每个题材,都引领世界一流作家的注意力,聚焦于当代生活中的某个方面。
(左)《格兰塔》2009年136期:父亲;(右)《格兰塔》2016年136期:爱的遗产一、《格兰塔》的前身杂志于1889年由剑桥大学的学生R. C. Lehmann创立,初命名为“The Granta”杂志是一份集校园政治、调侃性和文学性的期刊,以流经城市的河流命名。
1912到1913年,杂志编辑是英国诗人、作家和评论家爱德华·谢克斯(Edward Shanks)。
1919年后是英国学者R·P·凯格温(R. P. Keigwin)。
R·C·Lehmann《格兰塔》创始编辑,英国作家、自由党政客杂志初步创立后,一些作家开始在上面发表作品,如A.A.米尔恩,迈克尔·弗兰,史蒂夫·史密斯等。
二、停刊到重生直到1970年,《格兰塔》因资金等原因停刊。
一些对其仍有兴趣的剑桥研究生准备拯救这份刊物。
1979年,在世界各地作家和读者帮助下,《格兰塔》以“新杂志”的新形象再次出版。
新杂志面世的前16年,一直由比尔·布福德(Bill Buford)任编辑,将其从一个学生出版物转变为季刊。
十年之后,格兰塔书籍迅速成为英国最具独立思想和最为著名的文学出版社之一。
影响范围延伸至世界。
《格兰塔》 2014年127期:日本《格兰塔》·葡萄牙语2013年1期: 欧洲共同体《格兰塔》中文版2013年1期:不列颠《格兰塔》2009年108期:芝加哥1995年到2007年,英国记者、作家伊恩·杰克(Ian Jack)成为《格兰塔》的主要编辑。
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TALANTAThe International Journal of Pure and Applied Analytical ChemistryAUTHOR INFORMATION PACK TABLE OF CONTENTS• Description• Audience• Impact Factor• Abstracting and Indexing • Editorial Board• Guide for Authors p.1p.2p.2p.2p.2p.4ISSN: 0039-9140DESCRIPTIONTalanta provides a forum for the publication of original research papers, preliminary communications, and critical reviews in all branches of pure and applied analytical chemistry. Papers are evaluated based on established guidelines, including the fundamental nature of the study, scientific novelty, substantial improvement or advantage over existing technology or methods, and demonstrated analytical applicability. Original research papers on fundamental studies, and novel sensor and instrumentation development, are especially encouraged. Novel or improved applications in areas such as clinical and biological chemistry, environmental analysis, geochemistry, and materials science and engineering are welcome.Analytical performance of methods should be determined, including interference and matrix effects, and methods should be validated by comparison with a standard method, or analysis of a certified reference material. The developed method should especially comprise information on selectivity, sensitivity, detection limits, accuracy, and reliability. However, applying official validation or robustness studies to a routine method or technique does not necessarily constitute novelty. Proper statistical treatment of the data should be provided. Relevant literature should be cited, including related publications by the authors, and authors should discuss how their proposed methodology compares with previously reported methods.Since classical spectrophotometric measurements and applications (including derivative spectrophometry), fluorimetry, solvent extraction, titrimetry, chemometrics, etc. are well established and are considered routine analytical methods, studies in such areas should demonstrate a unique and substantial advantage over presently known systems. New reagents or systems should demonstrate clear advantage, and their presentation should be comprehensive rather than generating a series of similar papers for several analytes or similar reagents. Modifications of reagents should demonstrate significant improvements. Obvious application of known chemistries or methods to established instrumental techniques are discouraged.Application of established analytical approaches to relatively simple matrices having no major interferences, such as pharmaceutical preparations, are discouraged unless considerable improvements over other methods in the literature are demonstrated. Papers dealing with analytical data such as stability constants, pKa values, etc. should be submitted to more specific journals, unless novel analytical methodology is demonstrated, or important analytical data are provided which could be useful in the development of analytical procedures.AUDIENCEAnalytical Chemists.IMPACT FACTOR2009: 3.290 © Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports 2010ABSTRACTING AND INDEXINGAnalytical AbstractsAqualine AbstractsBIOSISChemical AbstractsCurr Cont ASCA/Phy Chem & Earth SciEIC/IntelligenceElsevier BIOBASEResearch AlertSCISEARCHScience Citation IndexScopusEDITORIAL BOARDEditors in ChiefG.D. Christian, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Washington, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA, Fax: +1 206 685 3478, Email: christian@J-.M. Kauffmann, Inst. de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Campus Plaine CP 205/6, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium, Fax: +32 2 650 5187, Email: talanta@ulb.ac.beAssociate Editor, South America, Africa and the Middle-EastJ.L. Burguera, Universidad de Los Andes, Merida, VenezuelaAssociate Editor ChinaJ-H. Wang, Research Ctr. for Analytical Sciences Northeastern University, Wenhua Road 3 -1 1, Box 332, 110006 Shenyang, ChinaAssistant EditorsR.E. Synovec, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USAJ.C. Viré, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, BelgiumAdvisory BoardR. Apak, Istanbul, TurkeyE. Bakker, Geneva, SwitzerlandB.J. Birch, Luton, UKZ. Cai, Hong Kong, ChinaJ-L. Capelo-Martinez, Ourense, SpainO. Chailapakul, Bangkok, ThailandS. Cosnier, Grenoble Cedex 9, FranceW. Frenzel, Berlin, GermanyA.G. González, Sevilla, SpainA. Ho, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROCP. Hubert, Sart-Tilman Liège 1, BelgiumJ. Kalivas, Moscow, ID, USAB. Karlberg, Stockholm, SwedenA.A. Karyakin, Moscow, Russian FederationS.D. Kolev, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaJ-M. Lin, Beijing, ChinaA.C. Olivieri, Rosario, ArgentinaY. Lin, Richland, WA, USAS. Motomizu, Okayama, JapanS.A. Ozkan, Ankara, TurkeyJ.M. Pingarrón, Madrid, SpainE. Pretsch, Zürich, SwitzerlandV. Remcho, Corvallis, OR, USAM. Shamsipur, Kermanshah, IranM.M. Silva, Porto Alegre, BrazilP. Solich, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic D.G. Themelis, Thessaloniki, GreeceK. Thurbide, Calgary, CanadaD.L. Tsalev, Sofia, BulgariaB. Walczak, Katowice, PolandJ. Wang, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USAJ.D. Winefordner, Gainsville, FL, USAX-P. Yan, Tianjin, ChinaE.A.G. Zagatto, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil X.R. Zhang, Beijing, ChinaD. Barceló, Barcelona, SpainJ.S. Becker, Jülich, GermanyS. Daniele, Venezia, ItalyM. del Valle, Barcelona, SpainGUIDE FOR AUTHORSINTRODUCTIONTalanta provides a forum for the publication of original research papers, preliminary communications, and critical reviews in all branches of pure and applied analytical chemistry. Papers are evaluated based on established guidelines, including the fundamental nature of the study, scientific novelty, substantial improvement or advantage over existing technology or methods, and demonstrated analytical applicability. Original research papers on fundamental studies, and novel sensor and instrumentation development, are especially encouraged. Novel or improved applications in areas such as clinical and biological chemistry, environmental analysis, geochemistry, and materials science and engineering are welcome.Analytical performance of methods should be determined, including interference and matrix effects, and methods should be validated by comparison with a standard method, or analysis of a certified reference material. The developed method should especially comprise information on selectivity, sensitivity, detection limits, accuracy, and reliability. However, applying official validation or robustness studies to a routine method or technique does not necessarily constitute novelty. Proper statistical treatment of the data should be provided. Relevant literature should be cited, including related publications by the authors, and authors should discuss how their proposed methodology compares with previously reported methods.Since classical spectrophotometric measurements and applications (including derivative spectrophometry), fluorimety, solvent extraction, titrimetry, chemometrics, etc. are well established and are considered routine analytical methods, studies in such areas should demonstrate a unique and substantial advantage over presently known systems. New reagents or systems should demonstrate clear advantage, and their presentation should be comprehensive rather than generating a series of similar papers for several analytes or similar reagents. Modifications of reagents should demonstrate significant improvements. Obvious application of known chemistries or methods to established instrumental techniques are discouraged.Application of established analytical approaches to relatively simple matrices having no major interferences, such as pharmaceutical preparations, are discouraged unless considerable improvements over other methods in the literature are demonstrated. Papers dealing with analytical data such as stability constants, pKa values, etc. should be submitted to more specific journals, unless novel analytical methodology is demonstrated, or important analytical data are provided which could be useful in the development of analytical procedures.Types of paperTalanta provides a forum for the publication of original research papers, preliminary communications and reviews in all branches of pure and applied analytical chemistry. Letters to the Editors will be considered for publication. Data should be submitted only if they are clearly related to analytical measurements.BEFORE YOU BEGINEthics in PublishingFor information on Ethics in Publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication see /publishingethics and /ethicalguidelines.Conflict of interestAll authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. See also /conflictsofinterest.Submission declaration and verificationSubmission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any otherlanguage, including electronically without the written consent of the copyright-holder. To verify originality, your article may be checked by the originality detection software iThenticate. See also /editors/plagdetect.Changes to authorshipThis policy concerns the addition, deletion, or rearrangement of author names in the authorship of accepted manuscripts:Before the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Requests to add or remove an author, or to rearrange the author names, must be sent to the Journal Manager from the corresponding author of the accepted manuscript and must include: (a) the reason the name should be added or removed, or the author names rearranged and (b) written confirmation (e-mail, fax, letter) from all authors that they agree with the addition, removal or rearrangement. In the case of addition or removal of authors, this includes confirmation from the author being added or removed. Requests that are not sent by the corresponding author will be forwarded by the Journal Manager to the corresponding author, who must follow the procedure as described above. Note that: (1) Journal Managers will inform the Journal Editors of any such requests and (2) publication of the accepted manuscript in an online issue is suspended until authorship has been agreed.After the accepted manuscript is published in an online issue: Any requests to add, delete, or rearrange author names in an article published in an online issue will follow the same policies as noted above and result in a corrigendum.CopyrightUpon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' (for more information on this and copyright see /copyright). Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this agreement.Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations (please consult /permissions). If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases: please consult /permissions.Retained author rightsAs an author you (or your employer or institution) retain certain rights; for details you are referred to: /authorsrights.Role of the funding sourceYou are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement then this should be stated. Please see /funding.Funding body agreements and policiesElsevier has established agreements and developed policies to allow authors whose articles appear in journals published by Elsevier, to comply with potential manuscript archiving requirements as specified as conditions of their grant awards. To learn more about existing agreements and policies please visit /fundingbodies.Language and language servicesPlease write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Authors who require information about language editing and copyediting services pre- and post-submission please visit /languageediting or our customer support site at for more information.SubmissionSubmission to this journal proceeds totally online and you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of your files. The system automatically converts source files to a single PDF file of the article, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript sourcefiles are converted to PDF files at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail removing the need for a paper trail.Please note that a Novelty Statement is required for submission. This statement should provide information in one or two sentences as to what is new and novel in the manuscript in relation to prior related work, including the authors' own.Please submit your article via /locate/talantaRefereesRefereeing of PapersAll papers submitted are refereed by experts who advise the Editors-in-Chief on the matter of acceptance in accordance with the high standards required and on the understanding that the subject matter has not been previously published and that the authors accept full responsibility for the factual accuracy of the data presented and have obtained any necessary authority to publish. Referees will be encouraged to present critical and unbiased reports which are designed to assist the author in presenting material in the clearest and most unequivocal way possible. At the discretion of the Editors-in-Chief, and if referees agree, the names of referees may be disclosed if thereby agreement between author and referee is likely to result. Authors should appreciate that the comments of referees are presented in a constructive spirit, and that agreement between the views of author and referee must result in a higher standard of publication.When submitting their paper authors are requested to provide names and addresses (including e-mail addresses) of three competent but independent referees, although the choice of referees used will be made by the Editor.Preliminary communications will be refereed urgently and will be accorded priority in publication. Letters to the editors will not be refereed, but will be published at the discretion of the Editors-in-Chief. If accepted, they will also be given priority. All papers accepted are subject to editorial amendment if necessary.PREPARATIONUse of wordprocessing softwareIt is important that the file be saved in the native format of the wordprocessor used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the wordprocessor's options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier: /guidepublication). Note that source files of figures, tables and text graphics will be required whether or not you embed your figures in the text. See also the section on Electronic illustrations.To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the "spell-check" and "grammar-check" functions of your wordprocessor.Article structureSubdivision - unnumbered sectionsDivide your article into clearly defined sections. Each subsection is given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line. Subsections should be used as much as possible when cross-referencing text: refer to the subsection by heading as opposed to simply "the text".IntroductionState the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.Material and methodsProvide sufficient detail to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should be described.ResultsResults should be clear and concise.DiscussionThis should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published literature.AppendicesIf there is more than one appendix, they should be identified as A, B, etc. Formulae and equations in appendices should be given separate numbering: Eq. (A.1), Eq. (A.2), etc.; in a subsequent appendix, Eq. (B.1) and so on. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.Essential title page information• Title.Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.• Author names and affiliations.Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name, and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.• Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address. Contact details must be kept up to date by the corresponding author.• Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a "Present address" (or "Permanent address") may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes. AbstractA concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself. KeywordsImmediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 6 keywords, using American spelling and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, "and", "of"). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.AbbreviationsDefine abbreviations that are not standard in this field in a footnote to be placed on the first page of the article. Such abbreviations that are unavoidable in the abstract must be defined at their first mention there, as well as in the footnote. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article. AcknowledgementsCollate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references and do not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. List here those individuals who provided help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, etc.).NomenclatureAll nomenclature, abbreviation, and units should conform as closely as possible to the rules established by IUPAC (available online at /.)Math formulaePresent simple formulae in the line of normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line for small fractional terms, e.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics. Powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text).FootnotesFootnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article, using superscript Arabic numbers. Many wordprocessors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference list.Table footnotesIndicate each footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.ArtworkElectronic artworkGeneral points• Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.• Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font.• Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times, Symbol.• Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.• Provide captions to illustrations separately.• Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.• Submit each figure as a separate file.A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website:/artworkinstructionsYou are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here. 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Please indicate your preference for color in print or on the Web only. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see /artworkinstructions.Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting color figures to "gray scale" (for the printed version should you not opt for color in print) please submit in addition usable black and white versions of all the color illustrations.Figure captionsEnsure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. TablesNumber tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text. Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.ReferencesCitation in textPlease ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style of the journal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either "Unpublished results" or "Personal communication" Citation of a reference as "in press" implies that the item has been accepted for publication.Web referencesAs a minimum, the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.References in a special issuePlease ensure that the words 'this issue' are added to any references in the list (and any citations in the text) to other articles in the same Special Issue.Reference management softwareThis journal has standard templates available in key reference management packages EndNote (/support/enstyles.asp) and Reference Manager (/support/rmstyles.asp). Using plug-ins to wordprocessing packages, authors only need to select the appropriate journal template when preparing their article and the list of references and citations to these will be formatted according to the journal style which is described below. Reference styleText: Indicate references by number(s) in square brackets in line with the text. The actual authors can be referred to, but the reference number(s) must always be given.Example: "..... as demonstrated [3,6]. Barnaby and Jones [8] obtained a different result ...."List: Number the references (numbers in square brackets) in the list in the order in which they appear in the text.Examples:Reference to a journal publication:[1] J. van der Geer, J.A.J. Hanraads, R.A. Lupton, J. Sci. Commun. 163 (2000) 51–59.Reference to a book:[2] W. Strunk Jr., E.B. White, The Elements of Style, third ed., Macmillan, New York, 1979. Reference to a chapter in an edited book:[3] G.R. Mettam, L.B. Adams, in: B.S. Jones, R.Z. Smith (Eds.), Introduction to the Electronic Age, E-Publishing, Inc. New York, 1994, pp. 281–304.Journal abbreviations sourceJournal names should be abbreviated according toIndex Medicus journal abbreviations: /tsd/serials/lji.html;List of serial title word abbreviations: /2-22661-LTWA-online.php;CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service): /sent.html.Video dataElsevier accepts video material and animation sequences to support and enhance your scientific research. Authors who have video or animation files that they wish to submit with their article are strongly encouraged to include these within the body of the article. This can be done in the same way as a figure or table by referring to the video or animation content and noting in the body text where it should be placed. All submitted files should be properly labeled so that they directly relate to the video file's content. In order to ensure that your video or animation material is directly usable, please provide the files in one of our recommended file formats with a preferred maximum size of 50 MB. 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