1996-2000年考研英语真题及答案(卷一)(打印版)

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2000年考研英语真题及解析

2000年考研英语真题及解析2000年全真试题Part ⅠClose TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus.④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ［139 words］1.［A］other than ［B］as well as ［C］instead of ［D］more than2.［A］only if ［B］much as ［C］long before ［D］ever since3.［A］for ［B］against ［C］of ［D］towards4.［A］replace ［B］purchase ［C］supplement ［D］dispose5.［A］enhance ［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise6.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］paths ［D］channels7.［A］self-confident ［B］self-sufficient［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained8.［A］search ［B］save ［C］offer ［D］seek9.［A］proportion ［B］percentage ［C］rate ［D］ratio10.［A］genuinely ［B］obviously ［C］presumably ［D］frequentlyPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］,［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.②When the United States entered just such a glowingperiod after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. ⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦（12）Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domesticmarket. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③（14）Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”［429 words］11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.［A］it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal［B］its domestic market was eight times larger than before［C］the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors［D］the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.［A］TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market［B］semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises［C］machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions［D］auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13. What can be inferred from the passage?［A］It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.［B］Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.［C］The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.［D］A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.［A］turning of the business cycle ［B］restructuring of industry［C］improved business management ［D］success in educationPassage 2①（15）Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. ⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children.④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. ⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥（16）Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have⑦India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change.③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤（17）We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.［406 words］15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?［A］A lack of mates. ［B］A fierce competition.［C］A lower survival rate. ［D］A defective gene.16. What does the example of India illustrate?［A］Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.［B］Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.［C］The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.［D］India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.［A］life has been improved by technological advance［B］the number of female babies has been declining［C］our species has reached the highest stage of evolution［D］the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?［A］Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.［B］Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.［C］The Evolutionary Future of Nature.［D］Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①（20）When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be —even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. ②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. ③（21）This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five①（22）This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?［334 words］19. This passage is mainly.［A］ a survey of new approaches to art［B］ a review of Futurist poetry［C］about merits of the Futurist movement［D］about laws and requirements of literature20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.［A］determine its purposes ［B］ignore its flaws［C］follow the new fashions ［D］accept the principles21. Futurists claim that we must.［A］increase the production of literature［B］use poetry to relieve modern stress［C］develop new modes of expression［D］avoid using adjectives and verbs22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is.［A］based on reasonable principles［B］new and acceptable to ordinary people［C］indicative of a basic change in human nature［D］more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①（23）Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values.③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. ②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ②（25）“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,”says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”④Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”①（26）But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ②“In Japan,”says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.”③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes(travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.［447 words］23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.［A］under aimless development ［B］ a positive example［C］ a rival to the West ［D］on the decline24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?［A］Women’s participation in social activities is limited.［B］More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.［D］The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25. Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.［B］Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.［C］More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.［A］the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life［B］the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.［C］the Japanese endure more than ever before［D］the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①（27）If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③（28）In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. ②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③（29）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ［431 words］27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.［A］its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.［A］customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal［D］impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.［A］they think of it as immoral［B］their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.［A］secretly and vigorously ［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］easily and momentarily ［D］verbally and spirituallyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion orproblems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. ［390 words］Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.Directions:A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:1）Describe the pictures.2）Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3）Suggest counter-measures.2000年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. B8.D9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 111. C 12. D 13.B 14. APassage 215.C 16.B 17.A 18.DPassage 319.B 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.B 24.D 25.C 26.APassage 527.A 28.C 29.D 30.BPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从⽽就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。

1996年考研英语真题与答案

1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in thebrackets. (5 points)1. Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often ________, or better than an actual performance.[A] as good as[B] as good[C] good[D] good as2. My pain ________ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:“Are you feeling all right?”[A] must be[B] had[C] must have been[D] had to be3. The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me ________ she could remember who last borrowed it.[A] ever since[B] much as[C] even though[D] if only4. Observations were made ________ the children at the beginning and at the end of pre-school and first grade.[A] towards[B] of[C] on[D] with5. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ________ one major point in contrast with the other.[A] makes[B] made[C] is to make[D] making6. A safety analysis ________ the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.[A] would identify[B] will identify[C] would have identified[D] will have identified7. The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half ________.[A] of last year’ｓ[B] those of last year’ｓ[C] of those of last year8. For there ________ successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussionitself by all present.[A] is[B] to be[C] will be[D] being9. There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently ________ what he thoughtwas a reason for this American characteristic.[A] giving[B] gave[C] to give[D] given10. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything ________ going on in the world.[A] it is[B] as is[C] there is[D] what isPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part ofthe sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter inthe brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. I’d rather you would go [A] by train, because I can’t bear [B] the idea of your being [C] in an airplanein such [D] bad weather.12. It’s essential that people be [A] psychological [B] able to resist the im pact brought about [C] by the transition form planned [D] economy to market economy.13. Some bosses dislike to allow [A] people to share [B] their responsibilities; they keep all [C] important matters tightly [D] in their own hands.14. Each cigarette which a person smokes does [A] some [B] harm, and eventually you [C] may get a serious disease from its [D] effect.15. On the whole [A], ambitious students are much likely [B] to succeed in their studies than are those [C] with[D] little ambition.16. Despite [A] much research, there are still certain elements in [B] the life cycle of the insect that is [C]not fully understood [D].17. In 1921 Einstein won the Nobel Prize, and was honored [A] in Germany until the rise [B] of Nazism then [C]he was driven from [D] Germany because he was a Jew.18. The data received [A] from the two spacecrafts [B] whirling around Mars indicate [C] that there is much e vidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring [D] about the equator of the planet.19. Generally speaking, the bird flying across [A] our path is observed, and the one [B] staying on the tree near at hand [C] is passed by without any notice taking [D] of it.20. Mercury’s velocity is so much [A] greater than the Earth’s [B] that it completes more than four revoluti ons around the Sun in the time that [C] takes the Earth to complete one [D].Part C:Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one thatbrackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were ________.[A] hung up[B] hung back[C] cut down[D] cut off22. She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend ________ here so that she could learn more about thecity.[A] sometimes[B] some time[C] sometime[D] some times23. Ms. Green has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be ________ with everyone who comesto the store.[A] accepted[B] admitted[C] admired[D] acquainted24. He does not ________ as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible.[A] equal[B] match[C] qualify[D] fit25. Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been ________ the goal of a practical and economic wayto use sunlight to split water molecules.[A] pursuing[B] chasing[C] reaching[D] winning26. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that ________ the speakers stopped for refreshments.[A] at large[B] at intervals[C] at ease[D] at random27. When travelling, you are advised to take travellers’ checks, which provide a secure ________ to carrying your money in cash.[A] substitute[B] selection[C] preference[D] alternative28. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a ________ character.[A] gracious[B] suspicious[C] unique[D] particularartificial cold surrounding it.[A] absorption[B] transition[C] consumption[D] interaction30. I didn’t say anything like that at all. You are purposely ________ my ideas to prove your point.[A] revising[B] contradicting[C] distorting[D] distracting31. Language, culture, and personality may be considered ________ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.[A] indistinctly[B] separately[C] irrelevantly[D] independently32. Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn, the Irish milkmaid fought hard to ________ her laughter.[A] hold back[B] hold on[C] hold out[D] hold up33. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ________ attitude toward customers.[A] impartial[B] mild[C] hostile[D] opposing34. I ________ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.[A] express[B] confess[C] verify[D] acknowledge35. It is strictly ________ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.[A] secured[B] forbidden[C] regulated[D] determined36. The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ________ again next spring.[A] assembly[B] session[C] conference[D] convention37. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ________ the birth of Jesus Christ.[A] in accordance with[B] in terms of[D] in honor of38. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am ________ to carrying out the plan.[A] obliged[B] committed[C] engaged[D] resolved39. It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it ________ as well as we had hoped.[A] came off[B] went off[C] brought out[D] made out40. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must ________ the qualities and varietiesof products we make to the world-market demand.[A] improve[B] enhanced[C] guarantee[D] gearSection II: Close TestFor each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose thebest one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with apencil. (10 points)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance oflife of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, __41__ do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for __42__foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if __43__ is missing a deficiency disease becomes __44__.Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements -- usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and __45__nitrogen. They are different __46__ their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin __47__ one or more specific functions in the body.__48__ enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for __49__ vitamins. Manypeople, __50__, believe in being on the “safe side”　and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.41. [A] either[B] so[C] nor[D] never42. [A] shifting[B] transferring[C] altering[D] transforming43. [A] any[B] some[C] anything[D] something44. [A] serious[C] severe[D] fatal45. [A] mostly[B] partially[C] sometimes[D] rarely46. [A] in that[B] so that[C] such that[D] except that47. [A] undertakes[B] holds[C] plays[D] performs48. [A] Supplying[B] Getting[C] Providing[D] Furnishing49. [A] exceptional[B] exceeding[C] excess[D] external50. [A] nevertheless[B] therefore[C] moreover[D] meanwhileSection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A],[B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text lTight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, weplan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for anytype of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making ablueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience andreferences. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks andis extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whetheryour “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiriesas to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spenda certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is yourjob now.51. What do the elders mean when they say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”？[A] You’ll certainly get what you want.[B] It’s no use dreaming.[C] You should be dissatisfied with what you have.[D] It’s essential to set a goal for yourself.52. [A] blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as ________.[A] an illustration of how to write an application for a job[B] an indication of how to secure a good job[C] a guideline for job description[D] a principle for job evaluation53. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________.[A] that is the first step to please the employer[B] that is the requirement of the employer[C] it enables him to know when to sell his services[D] it forces him to become clearly aware of himself54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something ________.[A] definite to offer[B] imaginary to provide[C] practical to supply[D] desirable to presentText 2With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch theCorporation’s news c overage, as well as listen to it. And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tunein to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They arebrought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage,children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of 83 pounds per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years -- yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its sizeand its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC -- including ordinary listeners and viewers -- to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it wasworth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it mu st decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.Defenders of the Corporation -- of whom there are many -- are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.”　The BBC “ain’t broke,”　they say, by which they mea n it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC w ill have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels -- TV and Channel 4 -- were requi red by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellitechannels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’　subsc riptions -- which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.[A] the problem of new coverage[B] an uncertain prospect[C] inquiries by the general public[D] shrinkage of audience56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is NOT mentioned as the key issue?[A] Extension of its TV service to Far East.[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.[C] Potentials for further international co-operations.[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organization.57. The BBC’s “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) stands for ________.[A] the financial support from the royal family[B] the privileges granted by the Queen[C] a contract with the Queen[D] a unique relationship with the royal family58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.[A] the emergence of commercial TV channels[B] the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government[C] the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs[D] the challenge of new satellite channelsText 3In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracyof salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professionalelement and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalitieswent into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large,impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders asa class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties ofthe landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management o f business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement toward s industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable”　classes who h ad retired on their incomes, and who had no relationto the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’　meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom whichwas used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The “shareholders”　as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manageracting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom thatfamiliar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal systemof the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companiesstrength and understand the value of fair negotiation.59. It’s true of the old family firms that ________.[A] they were spoiled by the younger generations[B] they failed for lack of individual initiative[C] they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies[D] they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in ________.[A] the separation of capital from management[B] the ownership of capital by managers[C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes[D] the participation of shareholders in municipal business61. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that ________.[A] the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers[B] the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workers[C] the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly[D] the trade unions seemed to play a positive role62. The author is most critical of ________.[A] family film owners[B] landowners[C] managers[D] shareholdersText 4What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor forcethat welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverba l, “spatial” thinking about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the NewEngland and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home i n arithmetic and in some a spects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school dis cipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrialfairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faithin the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointe d out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mindby a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in theirminds dev ices that as yet do not exist.”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote,“The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of theWhen all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking --interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation.Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving forfame and excellence.63. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to________.[A] elementary schools[B] enthusiastic workers[C] the attractive premium system[D] a special way of thinking64. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge[B] shed light on disciplined school management[C] was brought about by privileged home training[D] owed a lot to the technological development65. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.[A] they are both winners of awards[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking[C] they both abandon verbal description[D] they both use various instruments66. The best title for this passage might be ________.[A] Inventive Mind[B] Effective Schooling[B] Ways of Thinking[D] Outpouring of InventionsText 5Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that thereare not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving acco unt of what happened. “Scientific”　creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time”　in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfun damentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific”　creationism as bad science and bad religion. The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places,he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes offhis gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for thoseunfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this finebook, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does -- and all would be wellwere reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.67. “Creationism” in the passage refers to ________.[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe68. Kitcher’s book is intended to ________.[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists[B] expose the true features of creationists[C] curse bitterly at this opponents[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists69. From the passage we can infer that ________.[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings70. This passage appears to be a digest of ________.[A] a book review[B] a scientific paper[C] a magazine feature[D] a newspaper editorialSection IV: English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 71) Some o f these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some e xtent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter thegrowth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frighteningtrend. 72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion thatthe specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource ormachine to be kept in functional order. 73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amountof research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But decision among projects noneof which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one ofsupporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally,the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of theworld’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thoughtmust arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Section V: Writing76. DIRECTIONS:[A] Title: GOOD HEALTH[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE b elow and should start with the given opening sentence: “The. . .。

1996年考研英语真题及解析

1996年全真试题Part ⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 1 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 3 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 4 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 7 one or more specific functions in the body.8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9 vitamins. Many people, 10 , believe in being on the “safe side”and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.1.［A］either ［B］so ［C］nor ［D］never2.［A］shifting ［B］transferring ［C］altering ［D］transforming3.［A］any ［B］some ［C］anything ［D］something4.［A］serious ［B］apparent ［C］severe ［D］fatal5.［A］mostly ［B］partially ［C］sometimes ［D］rarely6.［A］in that ［B］so that ［C］such that ［D］except that7.［A］undertakes ［B］holds ［C］plays ［D］performs8.［A］Supplying ［B］Getting ［C］Providing ［D］Furnishing9.［A］exceptional ［B］exceeding ［C］excess ［D］external10.［A］nevertheless ［B］therefore ［C］moreover ［D］meanwhilePart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Tight lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.11. What do the elders mean when they say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”?［A］You’ll certainly get what you want.［B］It’s no use dreaming.［C］You should be dissatisfied with what you have.［D］It’s essential to set a goal for yourself.12. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as .［A］an illustration of how to write an application for a job［B］an indication of how to secure a good job［C］ a guideline for job description［D］ a principle for job evaluation13. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because .［A］that is the first step to please the employer［B］that is the requirement of the employer［C］it enables him to know when to sell his services［D］it forces him to become clearly aware of himself14. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something .［A］definite to offer ［B］imaginary to provide［C］practical to supply ［D］desirable to presentPassage 2With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it.And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of ￡83 per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years —yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC —including ordinary listeners and viewers —to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.Defenders of the Corporation —of whom there are many —are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels ——ITV and Channel 4 ——were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Ac t to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels —funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’subscriptions —which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.15. The world famous BBC now faces .［A］the problem of news coverage ［B］an uncertain prospect［C］inquiries by the general public ［D］shrinkage of audience16. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?［A］Extension of its TV service to Far East.［B］Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.［C］Potentials for further international co-operations.［D］Its existence as a broadcasting organization.17. The BBC’s “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) stands for.［A］the financial support from the royal family.［B］the privileges granted by the Queen.［C］ a contract with the Queen.［D］ a unique relationship with the royal family.18. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than .［A］the emergence of commercial TV channels.［B］the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government.［C］the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs.［D］the challenge of new satellite channels.Passage 3In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bo urnemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate th eir orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or n eeds of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.19. It’s true of the old family firms that.［A］they were spoiled by the younger generations［B］they failed for lack of individual initiative［C］they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies［D］they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers20. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .［A］the separation of capital from management［B］the ownership of capital by managers［C］the emergence of capital and labour as two classes［D］the participation of shareholders in municipal business21. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that .［A］the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers［B］the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers［C］the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly［D］the trade unions seemed to play a positive role22. The author is most critical of .［A］family firm owners ［B］landowners［C］managers ［D］shareholdersPassage 4What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America— breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinki ng about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technolog ist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process … The designer and the inventor … are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do n ot exist.”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius forspatial thinking —interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.23. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to .［A］elementary schools ［B］enthusiastic workers［C］the attractive premium system ［D］ a special way of thinking24. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics .［A］benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge.［B］shed light on disciplined school management.［C］was brought about by privileged home training.［D］owed a lot to the technological development.25. A technologist can be compared to an artist because .［A］they are both winners of awards.［B］they are both experts in spatial thinking.［C］they both abandon verbal description［D］they both use various instruments26. The best title for this passage might be .［A］Inventive Mind ［B］Effective Schooling［C］Ways of Thinking ［D］Outpouring of InventionsPassage 5Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of wha t happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalis t religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapters on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.”And so it does -and all would be well were reason the only judge in thecreationism/evolution debate.27. “Creationism” in the passage refers to .［A］evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe［B］a notion of the creation of religion［C］the scientific explanation of the earth formation［D］the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe28. Kitcher’s book is intended to.［A］recommend the views of the evolutionists［B］expose the true features of creationists［C］curse bitterly at his opponents［D］launch a surprise attack on creationists29. From the passage we can infer that .［A］reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate［B］creationists do not base their argument on reasoning［C］evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists［D］creationism is supported by scientific findings30. This passage appears to be a digest of .［A］ a book review ［B］ a scientific paper［C］ a magazine feature ［D］ a newspaper editorialPart ⅢEnglish—Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 31）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 32）This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 33）This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but avalid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 34）However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 35）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Section ⅣWriting36. Directions:A. Title: GOOD HEALTHB. Time limit: 40minutesC. Word limit: 120—150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the “OUTLINE” below and should start with the given open ing sentence: “The desire for good health is universal”.E. Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1. Importance of good health.2. Ways to keep fit.3. My own practices.1996年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. D3. A4. B5. C6. A7. D8.B9. C 10. APart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. B 12. A 13.D 14. APassage 215.B 16.C 17.C 18.DPassage 319.C 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.D 24.A 25.B 26.APassage 527.D 28.B 29.B 30.APart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.在这些原因中，有些纯属社会需求；另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。

2000年考研英语真题及答案

2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D]Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [■]1.As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate ________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.[A] hearing[B] to hear[C] to be hearing[D] having heard2.Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, ________ to find it locked.[A] just[B] only[C] hence[D] thus3.Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent ________ and the increased number of cases of skin cancer.[A] to sunbathe[B] to have sunbathed[C] having sunbathed[D] sunbathing4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled ________ a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.[A] to[B] with[C] for[D] on5.On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont ________ I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.[A] which[B] where[C] when[D] that6.Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though ________ out of the office.[A] went[B] gone[C] to go[D] would go7.The roles expected ________ old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness.[A] of[B] on[C] to[D] with8.Talk to anyone in the drug industry, ________ you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.[A] or[B] and[C] for[D] so9.It wasn’t so much that I disliked her ________ that I just wasn’t interested in the whole business.[A] rather[B] so[C] than[D] as10.Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone ________ one.[A] getting[B] to get[C] gotten[D] getPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Answer [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].Sample Answer[A] [B] [■] [D]11.Having isolated [A] on a remote island, with [B] little work to occupy [C] them, the soldierssuffered from boredom and low spirits [D].12.If the letter to be mailed [A] was placed [B] on the writing table an hour ago, it is [C] certain being [D] there now.13.The ruling [A] party could even lose its [B] majority in the lower house of parliament, started[C] a period of prolonged struggling [D].14.The mechanisms at [A] work are manifest [B] in the tendency for such physical activity to [C] utilize the potential [D] harmful constituents of the stress response.15.In [A] the long run, however, this hurry to shed [B] full-time staff may be more [C] harmful to industry as it is to [D] the workforce.16.See to it [A] that you include in [B] the examination paper whatever [C] questions they didn’t know the answer [D] last time.17.Most newspapers, while devoting [A] the major part of its [B] space to recent events, usually manage to find room [C] on the inside pages for articles on [D] some interesting topics.18.One sign by which [A] you are making progress in an art [B] such as painting or photography is that [C] you begin to realize how much there is [D] to learn.19.The ideal listener stays both inside and outside [A] the music at the moment it is played and enjoying [B] it almost as much as [C] the composer at the moment he composes [D].20.Continued [A] exposure to stress has been linked to worsened [B] functioning of the immune system, leaving [C] a person more liable for [D] infection.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].Sample Answer[A] [B] [■][D]21.He spoke so ________ that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.[A] bluntly[B] convincingly[C] emphatically[D] determinedly22.France’s ________ of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.[A] assumption[B] consumption[C] presumption[D] resumption23.The 215-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October, ________ an outburst of interest.[A] flared[B] glittered[C] sparked[D] flashed24.His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties ________.[A] came off[B] came on[C] came round[D] came down25.The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually ________ it in a profitable direction.[A] adapt[B] control[C] install[D] steer26.The capital intended to broaden the export base and ________ efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution.[A] secure[B] extend[C] defend[D] possess27.It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be ________ at the manager’s office.[A] declared[B] obtained[C] reclaimed[D] recognized28.When I ________ my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me.[A] woke up[B] took to[C] picked up[D] came to29.The American society is ________ an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.[A] established on[B] affiliated to[C] originated from[D] incorporated with30.I am not ________ with my roommate but I have to share the room with her, because I have nowhere else to live.[A] concerned[B] compatible[C] considerate[D] complied31.At first, the ________ of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible, but, with painstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality.[A] transaction[B] transmission[C] transformation[D] transition32.When the committee ________ to details, the proposed plan seemed impractical.[A] got down[B] set about[C] went off[D] came up33.________ to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests.[A] Orientation[B] Access[C] Procession[D] V oyage34.Mr. Smith had an unusual ________: he was first an office clerk, then a sailor, and ended up as a school teacher.[A] profession[B] occupation[C] position[D] career35.The mayor is a woman with great ________ and therefore deserves our political and financial support.[A] intention[B] instinct[C] integrity[D] intensity36.The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest ________ to everyone.[A] speculation[B] attribution[C] utilization[D] proposition37.The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs ________ it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.[A] renders[B] reckons[C] regards[D] relates38.To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly, be ________, and display interest in the job.[A] swift[B] instant[C] timely[D] punctual39.You don’t have to install this radio in your new car, it’s an ________ extra.[A] excessive[B] optional[C] additional[D] arbitrary40.We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn’t ________ to the traffic jam of the busy city.[A] aid[B] amount[C] add[D] attributeSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain __41__ consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family __42__ he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance __43__ the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to __44__ old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to __45__ the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation __46__ and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be __47__. He must either sell some of his property or __48__ extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low __49__ of interest, but loans of this kind are not __50__ obtainable.41.[A] other than[B] as well as[C] instead of[D] more than42.[A] only if[B] much as[C] long before[D] ever since43.[A] for[B] against[C] supplement[D] dispose44.[A] replace[B] purchase[C] supplement[D] dispose45.[A] enhance[B] mix[C] feed[D] raise46.[A] vessels[B] routes[C] paths[D] channels47.[A] self-confident[B] self-sufficient[C] self-satisfied[D] self-restrained48.[A] search[B] save[C] offer[D] seek49.[A] proportion[B] percentage[C] rate[D] ratio50.[A] genuinely[B] obviously[C] presumably[D] frequentlySection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”51.The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52.The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53.What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pried.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ________.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in educationText 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twiceas many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes. For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years -- even the pass 100 years -- our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.55.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates.[B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate.[D] A defective gene.56.What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ________.[A] life has been improved by technological advance[B] the number of female babies has been declining[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing58.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ration Changes in Human Evolution[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature[D] Human Evolution Going NowhereText 3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be -- even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right -- it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -- and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?59.This passage is mainly ________.[A] a survey of new approaches to art[B] a review of Futurist poetry[C] about merits of the Futurist movement[D] about laws and requirements of literature60.When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to ________.[A] determine its purposes[B] ignore its flaws[C] follow the new fashions[D] accept the principles61.Futurists claim that we must ________.[A] increase the production of literature[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress[C] develop new modes of expression[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs62.The author believes that Futurist poetry is ________.[A] based on reasonable principles[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people[C] indicative of basic change in human nature[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literatureText 4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline ofthe traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores -- personality, ability, courage or humanity -- are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.63.In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was ________.[A] under aimless development[B] a positive example[C] a rival to the West[D] on the decline64.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C] Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65.Which of the following is true according to the author?[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66.The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that ________.[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before[D] the Japanese appreciate their present lifeText 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition -- health, distinction, control over one’s destiny -- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs -- the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________.[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous68.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is ________.[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition69.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ________.。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案1996年

1996年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)Part B (5 points)Part C (10 points)Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

72. 这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

73. 给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这个问题。

74. 然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。

75. 同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。

Section V: Writing (15 points)76. 参考范文GOOD HEALTHWherever you are and whatever you do, staying healthy is always important. With the improvement of our living standards, people are attaching more and more importance to their health. We students can’t keep the high study efficiency without good health. The same thing is true with workers, scientists and doctors.In my opinion, good diet and exercises are two major ways to keep healthy. The food we eat every day must be rational and should include meat, vegetables, eggs, and fruit. It is important to drink water every day and not to get addicted to drinking coffee or some other soft drinks. Exercising every day is also essential for us to stay healthy. We can ride bicycles, play tennis or swim. Of course we don’t need to exhaust ourselves. We should plan our physical exercises according to our actual condition. An hour a day is enough.As a university student, I have much free time to do exercises. I usually play badminton and tennis. But sometimes I am lazy and do not exercise for all kinds of excuses, such as cold weather and exams. I must correct it. I am also careful with my diet. In a way, keeping healthy is not very hard, if you just take it seriously.3。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题1996

1996年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 1 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 2 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 3 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 4 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 5 nitrogen. They are different 6 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 7 one or more specific functions in the body.8 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for 9 vitamins. Many people, 10 , believe in being on the “safe side”and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.1.［A］either ［B］so ［C］nor ［D］never2.［A］shifting ［B］transferring ［C］altering ［D］transforming3.［A］any ［B］some ［C］anything ［D］something4.［A］serious ［B］apparent ［C］severe ［D］fatal5.［A］mostly ［B］partially ［C］sometimes ［D］rarely6.［A］in that ［B］so that ［C］such that ［D］except that7.［A］undertakes ［B］holds ［C］plays ［D］performs8.［A］Supplying ［B］Getting ［C］Providing ［D］Furnishing9.［A］exceptional ［B］exceeding ［C］excess ［D］external10.［A］nevertheless ［B］therefore ［C］moreover ［D］meanwhilePart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Tight lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.11. What do the elders mean when they say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”?［A］You’ll certainly get what you want.［B］It’s no use dreaming.［C］You should be dissatisfied with what you have.［D］It’s essential to set a goal for yourself.12. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as .［A］an illustration of how to write an application for a job［B］an indication of how to secure a good job［C］a guideline for job description［D］a principle for job evaluation13. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because .［A］that is the first step to please the employer［B］that is the requirement of the employer［C］it enables him to know when to sell his services［D］it forces him to become clearly aware of himself14. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something .［A］definite to offer ［B］imaginary to provide［C］practical to supply ［D］desirable to presentPassage 2With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as liste n to it.And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of￡83 per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years —yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC — including ordinary listeners and viewers —to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.Defenders of the Corporation — of whom there are many —are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct fro m the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels —— ITV and Channel 4 ——were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels —funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.15. The world famous BBC now faces .［A］the problem of news coverage ［B］an uncertain prospect［C］inquiries by the general public ［D］shrinkage of audience16. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?［A］Extension of its TV service to Far East.［B］Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.［C］Potentials for further international co-operations.［D］Its existence as a broadcasting organization.17. The BBC’s “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) stands for.［A］the financial support from the royal family.［B］the privileges granted by the Queen.［C］a contract with the Queen.［D］a unique relationship with the royal family.18. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than .［A］the emergence of commercial TV channels.［B］the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government.［C］the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs.［D］the challenge of new satellite channels.Passage 3In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private businessmanaged for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meetin g to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.19. It’s true of the old family firms that.［A］they were spoiled by the younger generations［B］they failed for lack of individual initiative［C］they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies［D］they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers20. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .［A］the separation of capital from management［B］the ownership of capital by managers［C］the emergence of capital and labour as two classes［D］the participation of shareholders in municipal business21. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that .［A］the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers［B］the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers［C］the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly［D］the trade unions seemed to play a positive role22. The author is most critical of .［A］family firm owners ［B］landowners［C］managers ［D］shareholdersPassage 4What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America—breakthroughs such as thetelegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipl ine, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed ou t, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process … The designer and the inventor … are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices t hat as yet do not exist.”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, c onsidering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”When all these shaping forces—schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking —interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.23. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to .［A］elementary schools ［B］enthusiastic workers［C］the attractive premium system ［D］ a special way of thinking24. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics .［A］benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge.［B］shed light on disciplined school management.［C］was brought about by privileged home training.［D］owed a lot to the technological development.25. A technologist can be compared to an artist because .［A］they are both winners of awards.［B］they are both experts in spatial thinking.［C］they both abandon verbal description［D］they both use various instruments26. The best title for this passage might be .［A］Inventive Mind ［B］Effective Schooling［C］Ways of Thinking ［D］Outpouring of InventionsPassage 5Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapters on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.”And so it does - and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.27. “Creationism” in the passage refers to .［A］evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe［B］a notion of the creation of religion［C］the scientific explanation of the earth formation［D］the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe28. Kitcher’s book is intended to.［A］recommend the views of the evolutionists［B］expose the true features of creationists［C］curse bitterly at his opponents［D］launch a surprise attack on creationists29. From the passage we can infer that .［A］reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate［B］creationists do not base their argument on reasoning［C］evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists［D］creationism is supported by scientific findings30. This passage appears to be a digest of .［A］a book review ［B］ a scientific paper［C］a magazine feature ［D］ a newspaper editorialPart ⅢEnglish—Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 31）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 32）This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 33）This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 34）However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 35）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Section ⅣWriting36. Directions:A. Title: GOOD HEALTHB. Time limit: 40minutesC. Word limit: 120—150 words (not including the given opening sentence)D. Your composition should be based on the “OUTLINE” below and should start with the given opening sentence: “The desire for good health is universal”.E. Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1. Importance of good health.2. Ways to keep fit.3. My own practices.1996年答案及解析Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. D3. A4. B5. C6. A7. D8.B9. C 10. APart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. B 12. A 13.D 14. APassage 215.B 16.C 17.C 18.DPassage 319.C 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.D 24.A 25.B 26.APassage 527.D 28.B 29.B 30.APart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.在这些原因中，有些纯属社会需求；另一些则是由于科学上某些特定发展在一定程度上自我加速而产生的必然结果。

1996年考研英语真题及答案

1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)1. Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often ________, or better than an actual performance.[A] as good as[B] as good[C] good[D] good as2. My pain ________ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”[A] must be[B] had[C] must have been[D] had to be3. The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me ________ she could remember who last borrowed it.[A] ever since[B] much as[C] even though[D] if only4. Observations were made ________ the children at the beginning and at the end of pre-school and first grade.[A] towards[B] of[C] on[D] with5. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each ________ one major point in contrast with the other.[A] makes[B] made[C] is to make[D] making6. A safety analysis ________ the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.[A] would identify[B] will identify[C] would have identified[D] will have identified7. The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half ________.[A] of last year’s[B] those of last year’s[C] of those of last year[D] that of la st year’s8. For there ________ successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.[A] is[B] to be[C] will be[D] being9. There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently ________ what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.[A] giving[B] gave[C] to give[D] given10. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything ________ going on in the world.[A] it is[B] as is[C] there is[D] what isPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. I’d rather you would go [A] by train, because I can’t bear [B] the idea of your being [C] in an airplane in such [D] bad weather.12. It’s essential that people be [A] psychological [B] able to resist the im pact brought about [C] by the transition form planned [D] economy to market economy.13. Some bosses dislike to allow [A] people to share [B] their responsibilities; they keep all [C] important matters tightly [D] in their own hands.14. Each cigarette which a person smokes does [A] some [B] harm, and eventually you [C] may get a serious disease from its [D] effect.15. On the whole [A], ambitious students are much likely [B] to succeed in their studies than are those [C] with [D] little ambition.16. Despite [A] much research, there are still certain elements in [B] the life cycle of the insect that is[C]not fully understood [D].17. In 1921 Einstein won the Nobel Prize, and was honored [A] in Germany until the rise [B] of Nazism then[C] he was driven from [D] Germany because he was a Jew.18. The data received [A] from the two spacecrafts [B] whirling around Mars indicate [C] that there is much evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring [D] about the equator of the planet.19. Generally speaking, the bird flying across [A] our path is observed, and the one [B] staying on the tree near at hand [C] is passed by without any notice taking [D] of it.20. Mercury’s velocity is so much [A] greater than the Earth’s [B] that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time that [C] takes the Earth to complete one [D].Part C:Directions:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the onethat best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were ________.[A] hung up[B] hung back[C] cut down[D] cut off22. She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend ________ here so that she could learn more about the city.[A] sometimes[B] some time[C] sometime[D] some times23. Ms. Green has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to be ________ with everyone who comes to the store.[A] accepted[B] admitted[C] admired[D] acquainted24. He does not ________ as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible.[A] equal[B] match[C] qualify[D] fit25. Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been ________ the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.[A] pursuing[B] chasing[C] reaching[D] winning26. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that ________ the speakers stopped for refreshments.[A] at large[B] at intervals[C] at ease[D] at random27. When travelling, you are advised to take travellers’ checks, which provide a secure ________ to carrying your money in cash.[A] substitute[B] selection[C] preference[D] alternative28. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a ________ character.[A] gracious[B] suspicious[C] unique[D] particular29. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this ________ produces artificial cold surrounding it.[A] absorption[B] transition[C] consumption[D] interaction30. I didn’t say anything like that at all. You are purposely ________ my ideas to prove your point.[A] revising[B] contradicting[C] distorting[D] distracting31. Language, culture, and personality may be considered ________ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.[A] indistinctly[B] separately[C] irrelevantly[D] independently32. Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn, the Irish milkmaid fought hard to ________ her laughter.[A] hold back[B] hold on[C] hold out[D] hold up33. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ________ attitude toward customers.[A] impartial[B] mild[C] hostile[D] opposing34. I ________ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.[A] express[B] confess[C] verify[D] acknowledge35. It is strictly ________ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.[A] secured[B] forbidden[C] regulated[D] determined36. The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ________ again next spring.[A] assembly[B] session[C] conference[D] convention37. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ________ the birth of Jesus Christ.[A] in accordance with[B] in terms of[C] in favor of[D] in honor of38. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am ________ to carrying out the plan.[A] obliged[B] committed[C] engaged[D] resolved39. It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it ________ as well as we had hoped.[A] came off[B] went off[C] brought out[D] made out40. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must ________ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.[A] improve[B] enhanced[C] guarantee[D] gearSection II: Close TestFor each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, __41__ do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for __42__ foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if __43__ is missing a deficiency disease becomes __44__.Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements -- usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and __45__ nitrogen. They are different __46__ their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin __47__ one or more specific functions in the body.__48__ enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for __49__ vitamins. Many people, __50__, believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.41. [A] either[B] so[C] nor[D] never42. [A] shifting[B] transferring[C] altering[D] transforming43. [A] any[B] some[C] anything[D] something44. [A] serious[B] apparent[C] severe[D] fatal45. [A] mostly[B] partially[C] sometimes[D] rarely46. [A] in that[B] so that[C] such that[D] except that47. [A] undertakes[B] holds[C] plays[D] performs48. [A] Supplying[B] Getting[C] Providing[D] Furnishing49. [A] exceptional[B] exceeding[C] excess[D] external50. [A] nevertheless[B] therefore[C] moreover[D] meanwhileSection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points) Text lTight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.51. What do the elders mean when they say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”?[A] You’ll certainly get what you want.[B] It’s no use dreaming.[C] You should be dissatisfied with what you have.[D] It’s essential to set a goal for yourself.52. [A] blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as ________.[A] an illustration of how to write an application for a job[B] an indication of how to secure a good job[C] a guideline for job description[D] a principle for job evaluation53. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________.[A] that is the first step to please the employer[B] that is the requirement of the employer[C] it enables him to know when to sell his services[D] it forces him to become clearly aware of himself54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something ________.[A] definite to offer[B] imaginary to provide[C] practical to supply[D] desirable to presentText 2With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news c overage, as well as listen to it. And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of 83 pounds per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years -- yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC -- including ordinary listeners and viewers -- to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it mu st decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.Defenders of the Corporation -- of whom there are many -- are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke,” they say, by which they mea n it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels -- TV and Channel 4 -- were requi red by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’ subsc riptions -- which will bring about the biggestchanges in the long term.55. The world famous BBC now faces ________.[A] the problem of new coverage[B] an uncertain prospect[C] inquiries by the general public[D] shrinkage of audience56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is NOT mentioned as the key issue?[A] Extension of its TV service to Far East.[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.[C] Potentials for further international co-operations.[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organization.57. The BBC’s “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) stands for ________.[A] the financial support from the royal family[B] the privileges granted by the Queen[C] a contract with the Queen[D] a unique relationship with the royal family58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.[A] the emergence of commercial TV channels[B] the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government[C] the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs[D] the challenge of new satellite channelsText 3In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement toward s industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a s hareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The “shareholders” as such had no kno wledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of thetrade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who emplo yed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.59. It’s true of the old family firms that ________.[A] they were spoiled by the younger generations[B] they failed for lack of individual initiative[C] they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies[D] they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in ________.[A] the separation of capital from management[B] the ownership of capital by managers[C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes[D] the participation of shareholders in municipal business61. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that ________.[A] the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers[B] the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workers[C] the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly[D] the trade unions seemed to play a positive role62. The author is most critical of ________.[A] family film owners[B] landowners[C] managers[D] shareholdersText 4What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverba l, “spatial” thinking about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school dis cipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointe d out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds dev ices that as yet do not exist.”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alph abet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.63. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.[A] elementary schools[B] enthusiastic workers[C] the attractive premium system[D] a special way of thinking64. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge[B] shed light on disciplined school management[C] was brought about by privileged home training[D] owed a lot to the technological development65. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.[A] they are both winners of awards[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking[C] they both abandon verbal description[D] they both use various instruments66. The best title for this passage might be ________.[A] Inventive Mind[B] Effective Schooling[B] Ways of Thinking[D] Outpouring of InventionsText 5Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfun damentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does -- and all wouldbe well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.67. “Creationism” in the passage refers to ________.[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe[B] a notion of the creation of religion[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe68. Kitcher’s book is intended to ________.[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists[B] expose the true features of creationists[C] curse bitterly at this opponents[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists69. From the passage we can infer that ________.[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings70. This passage appears to be a digest of ________.[A] a book review[B] a scientific paper[C] a magazine feature[D] a newspaper editorialSection IV: English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Section V: Writing76. DIRECTIONS:。

2000年考研英语真题及解析

2000年全真试题Part ⅠClose TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus.④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ［139 words］1.［A］other than ［B］as well as ［C］instead of ［D］more than2.［A］only if ［B］much as ［C］long before ［D］ever since3.［A］for ［B］against ［C］of ［D］towards4.［A］replace ［B］purchase ［C］supplement ［D］dispose5.［A］enhance ［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise6.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］paths ［D］channels7.［A］self-confident ［B］self-sufficient［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained8.［A］search ［B］save ［C］offer ［D］seek9.［A］proportion ［B］percentage ［C］rate ［D］ratio10.［A］genuinely ［B］obviously ［C］presumably ［D］frequentlyPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowingperiod after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. ⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦（12）Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③（14）Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”［429 words］11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.［A］it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal［B］its domestic market was eight times larger than before［C］the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors［D］the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.［A］TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market［B］semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises［C］machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions［D］auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13. What can be inferred from the passage?［A］It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.［B］Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.［C］The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.［D］A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.［A］turning of the business cycle ［B］restructuring of industry［C］improved business management ［D］success in educationPassage 2①（15）Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. ⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. ④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. ⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥（16）Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.⑦India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤（17）We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.［406 words］15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?［A］A lack of mates. ［B］A fierce competition.［C］A lower survival rate. ［D］A defective gene.16. What does the example of India illustrate?［A］Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.［B］Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.［C］The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.［D］India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.［A］life has been improved by technological advance［B］the number of female babies has been declining［C］our species has reached the highest stage of evolution［D］the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?［A］Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.［B］Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.［C］The Evolutionary Future of Nature.［D］Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①（20）When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. ②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. ③（21）This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”①（22）This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?［334 words］19. This passage is mainly.［A］ a survey of new approaches to art［B］ a review of Futurist poetry［C］about merits of the Futurist movement［D］about laws and requirements of literature20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.［A］determine its purposes ［B］ignore its flaws［C］follow the new fashions ［D］accept the principles21. Futurists claim that we must.［A］increase the production of literature［B］use poetry to relieve modern stress［C］develop new modes of expression［D］avoid using adjectives and verbs22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is.［A］based on reasonable principles［B］new and acceptable to ordinary people［C］indicative of a basic change in human nature［D］more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①（23）Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. ③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. ②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ②（25）“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,”says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”④Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”①（26）But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ②“In Japan,”says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.”③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.［447 words］23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.［A］under aimless development ［B］ a positive example［C］ a rival to the West ［D］on the decline24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?［A］Women’s participation in social activities is limited.［B］More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.［D］The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25. Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.［B］Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.［C］More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.［A］the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life［B］the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.［C］the Japanese endure more than ever before［D］the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①（27）If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③（28）In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. ④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. ②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③（29）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ［431 words］27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.［A］its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.［A］customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal［D］impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.［A］they think of it as immoral［B］their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.［A］secretly and vigorously ［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］easily and momentarily ［D］verbally and spirituallyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion orproblems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. ［390 words］Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.Directions:A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:1）Describe the pictures.2）Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3）Suggest counter-measures.2000年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. B8.D9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 111. C 12. D 13.B 14. APassage 215.C 16.B 17.A 18.DPassage 319.B 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.B 24.D 25.C 26.APassage 527.A 28.C 29.D 30.BPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。

2000年考研英语真题答案及解析

2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析PartⅠCloze Test1.C2.A3.B4.A5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C10.DPartⅡReading ComprehensionPassage111.C12.D13.B14.APassage215.C16.B17.A18.DPassage319.B20.A21.C22.DPassage423.B24.D25.C26.APassage527.A28.C29.D30.BPartⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。

32.再者，显而易见的是一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。

33.大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想。

由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。

34.在先期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。

35.由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

SectionⅣWriting(15points)36.见分析PartⅠClose Test一、文章总体分析本文是一篇短小的论证性文章，其主题是强调农民储存余粮的必要性。

文章①句提出论点：农民想成功，就必须努力保持消费和生产之间有较大的差距。

②句对①句进行具体的解释：即他必须存储大量的粮食。

③④⑤从正面论述储存余粮的必要性：③句总说可以养家糊口；④⑤句具体说可以留作播种、应对恶劣天气影响及作为商品卖掉以满足农业再生产等需要。

⑥⑦⑧句论述没有余粮的危害:不能自给自足，从反面论证储存余粮的必要性。

二、试题具体解析1.\[A\]other than不同于，除了……[B]as well as也，又（表示附加）[C]instead of而不是……（表选择）[D]more than比……更多（表比较）本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。

1996 考研英语真题及答案

wmwls@1996年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Part One:1.Do you enjoy listening to records?I find records are often_____,of better than an actual performance.A.as good as Bas good C.good D.good as2.My pain_____apparent the moment I walked into the room.for the first man I met asked sympathetically:"Are you feeling all right?"A.must beB.hadC.must have beenD.had to be3.The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me____she could remember who last borrowed it.A.ever sinceB.much asC.even though.D if only4.Observations were made____the children at the beginning and at the end of pre-school and first grade.A.towardsB.ofC.onD.with5.The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports,each____one major point in contrast with the other.A.makesB.madeC.is to makeD.making6.A safety analysis___the target as a potential danger.Unfortunately,it was never done.A.would identifyB.will identifyC.would have identifiedD.will have identified7.The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half_____.A.of last year'sB.those of last year'sC.of those of last yearD.that of last year's8.For there____successful communication,there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.A.isB.to beC.will beD.being9.There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently_____what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.A.givingB.gaveC.to giveD.given10.No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything____going on in the world.A.it isB.as isC.there isD.what isSection B(改错):ll.I'd rather you would go by train,because I can't bear the idea of your being in an airplane A B Cin such bad weather.D12.It's essential that people be psychological able to resist the impact brought about by the tran-A B Csition form planned economy to market economy.D13.Some bosses dislike to allow people to share their responsibllities;they keep all importantA B Cmatters tightly in their own hands.D14.Each cigarette whlch a person smokes does some harm,and eventually you may get a seriousA B C disease from its effect.D15.On the whole,ambitious students are much likely to succeed in their studies than are thoseA B Cwith little ambition.D16.Despite much research,there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that isA B Cnot fully understood.D17.In1921Einstein won the Nobel Prize,and was honored in Germany until the rise of NazismABthen he was driven from Germany because he was a Jew.C D18.The data received from the two spacecrafts whirling around Mars indicate that there is muchA B C evidence that huge thunderstorms are occuning about the equator of the planet.D19.Generally speaking,the bird flying across our path is observed,and the one staying on theABtree near at hand is passed by without any notice taking of it.C D20.Mercury's velocity is so much greater than the Earth's that it completes more than four rev-A Bolutions around the Sun in the time that takes the Earth to complete one.C D Section C:21.I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were___.A.hung upB.hung backC.cut downD.cut off22.She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend_____here so that she could learn more about the city.A.sometimesB.some timeC.sometimeD.some times23.Ms.Green has been living in town for only one year,yet she seems to be____with everyonewho comes to the store.A.acceptedB.admittedC.admiredD.acquainted24.He does not___as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible.A.equalB.matchC.qualifyD.fit25.Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been____the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.A.pursuingB.chasingC.reachingD.winning26.The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that____the speakers stopped for refreshments.A.at largeB.at intervalsC.at easeD.at random27.When travelling,you are advised to take travellers'checks,which provide a secure____to carrying your money in cash.A.substituteB.selection C preference D.alternative28.I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a______character.A.graciousB.suspiciousC.uniqueD.particular29.Changing from solid to liquid,water takes in heat from all substances near it,and this_____ produces artificial cold surrounding it.A.absorptionB.transitionC.consumptionD.interaction30.I didn't say anything like that at all.You are purposely____my ideas to prove your point.A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distractingnguage culture,and personality may be considered____of each other in thought,but they are inseparable in fact.A.indistinctlyB.separatelyC.irrelevantlyD.independently32.Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn,the Irish milkmaid fought hard to____ her laughter.A.hold backB.hold onC.hold outD.hold up33.The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her____attitude toward customers.A.impartialdC.hostileD.opposing34.I____with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.A.express B confess C.verify D.acknowledge35.It is strictly____that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.A.securedB.forbidden D.regulated D determined36.The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in____again next spring.A.assemblyB.sessionC.conferenceD.convention37.Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December25th____the birth of Jesus Christ.A.in accordance withB.in terms ofC.in favor ofD.in honor of38.Since it is too late to change my mind now,I am_____to carrying out the plan.A.obligedmittedC.engagedD.resolved39.It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley,but it____as well as we had hoped.A.came offB.Went offC.brought OutD.made out40.To survive in the intense trade competition between countries,we must____the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world---market demand.A.improveB.enhanced C guarantee D.gearPart Two:Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals,including man.They do not provide energy,41do they construct or build any part of the body.They are needed for42foods into energy and body maintenance.There are thirteen or more of them, and if43is missing a deficiency disease becomes44.Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements-usually carbon, hydrogen,oxygen,and45nitrogen.They are different46their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin47one or more specific functions in the body.48enough vitamins is essential to life,although the body has no nutritional use for49 vitamins.Many people,50,believe in being on the"safe side"and thus take extra vitamins. However,a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body's vitamin needs.41.(A)either(B)so(C)nor(D)never42.(A)shifting(B)transfening(C)altering(D)transforming43.(A)any(B)some(C)anything(D)something44.(A)serious(B)apparent(C)severe(D)fatal45.(A)mostly(B)partially(C)sometimes(D)rarely46.(A)in that(B)so that(C)such that(D)except that47.(A)undertakes(B)holds(C)plays(D)performs48.(A)Supplying(B)Getting(C)Providing(D)Furnishing49.(A)exceptional(B)exceeding(C)excess(D)external50.(A)nevertheless(B)therefore(C)moreover(D)meanwhilePartⅢReading ComprehensionPassage lTight-lipped elders used to say,"It's not what you want in this world,but what you get. "Psych-ology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.If we intend to have friends to dinner,we plan the menu,make a shopping list,decide which food to cook first,and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise,If you want to find a job,take a sheet of paper,and write a brief account of yourself.In making a blueprint for a job,begin with yourself,for when you know exactly what you have to offer,you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This acoount of yourself is actuaLly a sketch of your working life and should include alucation,experience and references.Such an account is valuable.It can be referred to in fillingout standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews.While talking to you,your could-be employer is deciding whether your"wares"and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires,you have something tangible to sell.Then you are ready to hunt for a job.Get all the possible information about your could-be job.Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm.Keep your eyes and ears open,and use your own judgement.Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for,and keep in mind:Securing a job is your job now.51.What do the elders mean when they say,"It's not what yau want in this world,but whatyou get."?(A)You'll certainly get what you want.(B)It's no use dreaming.(C)You should be dissatisfied with what you have.(D)It's essential to set a goal for yourself.52.A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as__.(A)an illustration of how to write an application for a job(B)an indication of how to secure a good job(C)a guideline for job description(D)a principle for job evaluation53.According to the passage,one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because__.(A)that is the first step to please the employer(B)that is the requirement of the employer(C)it enables him to know when to sell his services(D)it forces him to become clearly aware of himself54.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires,you have some-thing__.(A)definite to offer(B)imaginary to provide(C)practical to supply(D)desirable to presentPassage2With the start of BBC World Service Television,millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage,as well as listen to it.And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels,five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio station.They are brought sport,comedy,drama,music,news and current affairs,education,religion,parliamentary coverage,children's pragrammes and films for an annual licence fee of83pounds per household.It is a remarkable record,stretching back over70years--yet the BBC's future is now in doubt.The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization,at least for the time being,but its role,its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by the Government,which invited anyone with an opinion of theBBC-including ordinary listeners and viewers--to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC's royal charter runs out in1996and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is,or to make changes.Defenders of the Corporation-of whom there are many---are fond of quoting the American slogan"If it ain't broke,don't fix it."The BBC"ain't broke",they say,by which they mean it is not broken(as distinct from the word'broke',meaning having no money),so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change,because the broadcasting world around it is changing. Thecommercial TV channels---TV and Channel4-were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial,competing with each other for advertisers,and cutting costs and jobs.But it is the anival of new satellite channels--funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers'subscriptions-which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.55.The world famous BBC now faces__.(A)the problem of new coverage(B)an uncertain prospect(C)inquiries by the general public(D)shrinkage of audience56.In the passage,which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?(A)Extension of its TV service to Far East.(B)Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.(C)Potentials for further intemational co-operations.(D)Its existence as a broadcasting organization.57.The BBC's"royal charter"(Llne4,Paragraph3)stands for__(A)the financial support from the roval family(B)the privileges granted by the Queen(C)a contract with the Queen(D)a unique relationship with the royal family58.The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than__(A)the emergence of commercial TV channels(B)the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government(C)the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs(D)the challenge of new satellite channelsPassage3In the last half of the nineteenth century"capital"and"labour"were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines.Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business.The railway companies,though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders,were very unlike old family business.At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting,trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had importantconsequences.Such large,impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class,an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners;and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.All through the nineteenth century, America,Africa,India,Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital,and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboume sprang up to house large."comfonable"classes who had retired on their incomes,and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders'meeting to dictate their orders to the management.On the other hand"shareholding"meant leisure and freedom which was used by many ofthe later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilisation.The"shareholders"as such had no knowledge of the lives,thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares,and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands,but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible.Fortunately,however,the increasing power and organization of the trade unions,at least in all skilled trades,enabLed the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them.The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.59.It's true of the old family finns that__.(A)they were spoiled by the younger generations(B)they failed for lack of individual initiative(C)they lacked efficiency compared with modem companies(D)they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers60.The growth of limited liability companies resulted in__.(A)the separation of capital from management(B)the ownership of capital by managers(C)the emergence of capital and labour as two classes(D)the participation of shareholders in municipal business61.According to the passage,all of the following are true except that__.(A)the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers(B)the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workers(C)the limited liability Qompanies were too large to run smoothly(D)the trade unions seemed to play a positive role62.The author is most critical of___.(A)family film owners(B)landowners(C)managers(D)shareholdersPassage4What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in earlyAmerica-breakthroughs such as the telegraph,the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors,I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools;a labor force that welcomed the new technology;the practice of giving premiums to inventors;and above all the American genius for nonverbal,"spatial"thinking about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools?Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics,especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states,were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and invelltiveness to this educationaladvantage.As a member of a British commission visiting here in1853reported,"With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline,the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman."A further stimulus to invention came from the"premium"system,which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it."fhis approach,originated abroad,offered inventors medals,cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States,multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities.Americans flocked to thess fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation,the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinklng required in mechanical technology.As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out,"A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions;they are dealt with in his mind by a visual,nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor...are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist."This nonverbal"spatial"thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing.Robert Fulton once wrote,"The mechanic should sit down among levers,screws,wedges,wheels, etc.,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet,considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts,in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea."When all these shaping forces--schools,open attitudes,the premium system,a genius for spatial thinking--interacted with one another on the rich U.S.mainland,they produced that American characteristic,emulation.Today that word implies mere imitation.But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.63.According to the author,the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in alarge part due to__(A)elemental'y schools(B)enthusiastic workers(C)the attractive premium system(D)a special way of thinking64.It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics__(A)benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge(B)shed light on disciplined school management(C)was brought about by privileged home training(D)owed a lot to the technological development65.A technologist can be compared to an artist because__(A)they are both winners of awards(B)they are both experts in spatial thinking(C)they both abandon verbal description(D)they both use various instruments66.The best title for this passage might be__(A)Inventive Mind(B)Effective Schooling(B)Ways of Thinking(D)Outpouring of InventionsPassage5Rumor has it that more than20books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher's pipelines.A few have already appeared.The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.Cosmology,geology,and biology have provided a consistent, unified,and constantly improving account of what happened."Scientific"creationism,which is being pushed by some for"equal time"in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are eivel,is based on religion,not science.Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard"scientific"creationism as bad science and bad religion.The first four chapters of Kitcher's book give a very brief introduction to evolution.At ap-propriate places,he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers.In the last three chapters,he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating.He describes their programmes and tactics,and,for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists,the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.When their basic motivation is religious,one might have expected more Christian behavior.Kitcher is a philosopher,and this may account,in part,for the clarity and effectiveness ofhis arguments.The non-specialist wiU be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory.The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all.On the dust jacket of this fine book,Stephen Jay Gould says:"This book stands for reason itself."And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creation-ism/evolution debate.67."Creationism"in the passage refers to__(A)evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe(B)a notion of the creation of religion(C)the scientific explanation of the earth formation(D)the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe68.Kitcher's book is intended to__.(A)recommend the views of the evolutionists(B)expose the true features of creationists(C)curse bitterly at this opponents(D)launch a surprise attack on creationists69From the passage we can infer that__(A)reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate(B)creationists do not base their argument on reasoning(C)evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists(D)creationism is supported by scientific findings70.This passage appears to be a digest of__(A)a book review(B)a scientific paper(C)a magazine feature(D)a newspaper editorialPartⅣEnglish-Chinese TranslationThe differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.71)Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.Some, how-ever,are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientif-ic theory ought to take,by persons in authority,act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable;but it is a frightening trend.72)This trend began during the Second World War,when several govemments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.It can be predicted,however,that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scien-tific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.73)This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support,like all government support,requires decisions about the appropriaterecipients of funds.Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward.But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting"good"as opposed to"bad"science,but a valid determination is difficult to make.Generally,the idea of good science tends to become con-fused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.74)However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.75)New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new standards of elegance.Part V Writing(15points)76.DIRECTIONS:A.Title:GOOD HEALTHB.Time limit:40minutesC.Word limit:120-150words(not including the given opening sentence)D.Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence:"The desire for good health is universal."E.YOur composition should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.OUTLINE:1.Importance of good health2.Ways to keep fit3.My own practices1996年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题答案答案:l.A3.D5.D7.D9.A2.C4.B6.C8.B IO.C11.A,went12.B,psychologically13.A,allowing14.C,he15.B,are more likely16.C,are17.C,when18.B,two spacecraft19.D,taken20.C,it21.D23.D25.A27.D29.A22.B24.C26.B28.B30.C31.D33.C35.C37.D39.A32.A34.D36.B38.B40.D41.C43.A45.C47.D49.C42.D44.B46.A48.B50.A51.B53.D55.B57.C59.C52.A54.A56.C58.D60.A61.C63.D65.B67.D69.B62.D64.A66.A68.B70.A71．在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。

1996年考研英语真题答案及解析

33.给某些与当前目标无关而将来则可能产生影响的科研予以支持，看来能够有效地解决这个问题。 34.然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。 35.同过去一样，将来必然出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准。
Section ⅣWriting(15 points)
空格所在句子是一个由 and 连接的并列句，前一个分句 There are thirteen or more of them 中的 them 指的是
vitamins，后一个分句是一个由 if 引导的条件状语从句，意为“如果…缺乏，（会出现）维生素缺乏症。”由于 if 引导
的从句中谓语动词 is 是单数，因而，只能由一个表示单数意义的不定代词作为被选项。
的功能，发挥…的作用），如：The brain performs a very important function: it controls the nervous system of the body.（大
脑具有非常重要的功能，它控制着身体内的神经系统）。在文中，它意为“每种元素在人体内承担一种或多种特殊的
判, 处理），transatlantic（横渡大西洋的），trans-national（跨越国界的），transplant（移植），transport（运输）。
3.［A］ any 任何一个
［B］ some 一些
［C］ anything 任何事物
［D］ something 某事物
［精解］本题考核的知识点是：不定代词的用法。
动，程度较轻，如：These clothes are too large; they must be altered.（这些衣服太大，得修改）。因此以上三个词都不

1996年考研英语一真题

1996年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题PartⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked［A］,［B］,［C］and[D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.(10points)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals,including man.They do not provide energy,1do they construct or build any part of the body.They are needed for2foods into energy and body maintenance.There are thirteen or more of them, and if3is missing a deficiency disease becomes4.Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements—usually carbon,hydrogen, oxygen,and5nitrogen.They are different6their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin7one or more specific functions in the body.8enough vitamins is essential to life,although the body has no nutritional use for9 vitamins.Many people,10,believe in being on the“safe side”and thus take extra vitamins. However,a well balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.1.［A］either［B］so［C］nor［D］never2.［A］shifting［B］transferring［C］altering［D］transforming3.［A］any［B］some［C］anything［D］something4.［A］serious［B］apparent［C］severe［D］fatal5.［A］mostly［B］partially［C］sometimes［D］rarely6.［A］in that［B］so that［C］such that［D］except that7.［A］undertakes［B］holds［C］plays［D］performs8.［A］Supplying［B］Getting［C］Providing［D］Furnishing9.［A］exceptional［B］exceeding［C］excess［D］external10.［A］nevertheless［B］therefore［C］moreover［D］meanwhilePartⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each questions there are four answers marked［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40points)Passage1Tight lipped elders used to say,“It’s not what you want in this world,but what you get.”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the right things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house,and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living.If we intend to have friends to dinner,we plan the menu,make a shopping list,decide which food to cook first,and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise,if you want to find a job,take a sheet of paper,and write a brief account of yourself.In making a blueprint for a job,begin with yourself,for when you know exactly what you have to offer,you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education,experience and references.Such an account is valuable.It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews.While talking to you,your could be employer is deciding whether your education,your experience,and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your“wares”and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires,you have something tangible to sell.Then you are ready to hunt for a job.Get all the possible information about your could be job.Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm.Keep your eyes and ears open,and use your own judgment.Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for,and keep in mind:Securing a job is your job now.11.What do the elders mean when they say,“It’s not what you want in this world,but what you get.”?［A］You’ll certainly get what you want.［B］It’s no use dreaming.［C］You should be dissatisfied with what you have.［D］It’s essential to set a goal for yourself.12.A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as.［A］an illustration of how to write an application for a job［B］an indication of how to secure a good job［C］a guideline for job description［D］a principle for job evaluation13.According to the passage,one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because.［A］that is the first step to please the employer［B］that is the requirement of the employer［C］it enables him to know when to sell his services［D］it forces him to become clearly aware of himself14.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires,you have something.［A］definite to offer［B］imaginary to provide［C］practical to supply［D］desirable to presentPassage2With the start of BBC World Service Television,millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage,as well as listen to it.And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations.They are brought sport, comedy,drama,music,news and current affairs,education,religion,parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual licence fee of￡83per household.It is a remarkable record,stretching back over70years—yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt.The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization,at least for the time being,but its role,its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by the Government,which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC—including ordinary listeners and viewers—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation,and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in1996and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is,or to make changes.Defenders of the Corporation—of whom there are many—are fond of quoting the American slogan“If it ain’t broke,don’t fix it.”The BBC“ain’t broke”,they say,by which they mean it is not broken(as distinct from the word‘broke’,meaning having no money),so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change,because the broadcasting world around it is changing.The commercial TV channels——ITV and Channel4——were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial,competing with each other for advertisers,and cutting costs and jobs.But it is the arrival of new satellite channels—funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers’subscriptions—which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.15.The world famous BBC now faces.［A］the problem of news coverage［B］an uncertain prospect［C］inquiries by the general public［D］shrinkage of audience16.In the passage,which of the following about the BBC is not mentioned as the key issue?［A］Extension of its TV service to Far East.［B］Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.［C］Potentials for further international co-operations.［D］Its existence as a broadcasting organization.17.The BBC’s“royal charter”(Line4,Paragraph4)stands for.［A］the financial support from the royal family.［B］the privileges granted by the Queen.［C］a contract with the Queen.［D］a unique relationship with the royal family.18.The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than.［A］the emergence of commercial TV channels.［B］the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government.［C］the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs.［D］the challenge of new satellite channels.Passage3In the last half of the nineteenth century“capital”and“labour”were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines.Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.It was moreover a step away from individual initiative,towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business.The railway companies,though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders,were very unlike old family business.At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting,trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences.Such large,impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class,an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners;and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.All through the nineteenth century, America,Africa,India,Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital,and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large“comfortable”classes who had retired on their incomes,and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’meeting to dictate their orders to the management.On the other hand“shareholding”meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The“shareholders”as such had no knowledge of the lives,thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares,and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands,but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible.Fortunately,however,the increasing power and organization of the trade unions,at least in all skilled trades,enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them.The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.19.It’s true of the old family firms that.［A］they were spoiled by the younger generations［B］they failed for lack of individual initiative［C］they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies［D］they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers20.The growth of limited liability companies resulted in.［A］the separation of capital from management［B］the ownership of capital by managers［C］the emergence of capital and labour as two classes［D］the participation of shareholders in municipal business21.According to the passage,all of the following are true except that.［A］the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers［B］the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers［C］the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly［D］the trade unions seemed to play a positive role22.The author is most critical of.［A］family firm owners［B］landowners［C］managers［D］shareholdersPassage4What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America—breakthroughs such as the telegraph,the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors,I would single out the country’s excellent elementary schools;a labor force that welcomed the new technology;the practice of giving premiums to inventors;and above all the American genius for nonverbal,“spatial”thinking about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools?Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states,were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage.As a member of a British commission visiting here in1853reported,“With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline,the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”A further stimulus to invention came from the“premium”system,which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it.This approach,originated abroad,offered inventors medals,cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States,multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities.Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation,the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology.As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out,“A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions;they are dealt with in his mind by a visual,nonverbal process…The designer and the inventor…are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”This nonverbal“spatial”thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing.Robert Fulton once wrote,“The mechanic should sit down among levers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet,considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts,in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”When all these shaping forces—schools,open attitudes,the premium system,a genius for spatial thinking—interacted with one another on the rich U.S.mainland,they produced that American characteristic emulation.Today that word implies mere imitation.But in earlier times itmeant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.23.According to the author,the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to.［A］elementary schools［B］enthusiastic workers［C］the attractive premium system［D］a special way of thinking24.It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics.［A］benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge.［B］shed light on disciplined school management.［C］was brought about by privileged home training.［D］owed a lot to the technological development.25.A technologist can be compared to an artist because.［A］they are both winners of awards.［B］they are both experts in spatial thinking.［C］they both abandon verbal description［D］they both use various instruments26.The best title for this passage might be.［A］Inventive Mind［B］Effective Schooling［C］Ways of Thinking［D］Outpouring of InventionsPassage5Rumor has it that more than20books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines.A few have already appeared.The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life.Cosmology,geology,and biology have provided a consistent, unified,and constantly improving account of what happened.“Scientific”creationism,which is being pushed by some for“equal time”in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given,is based on religion,not science.Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard“scientific”creationism as bad science and bad religion.The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution.At appropriate places,he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers.In the last three chapters,he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating.He describes their programmes and tactics,and,for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists,the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.When their basic motivation is religious,one might have expected more Christian behavior.Kitcher is a philosopher,and this may account,in part,for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments.The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory.The final chapters on the creationists will be extremely clear to all.On the dust jacket of this fine book,Stephen Jay Gould says:“This book stands for reason itself.”And so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.27.“Creationism”in the passage refers to.［A］evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe［B］a notion of the creation of religion［C］the scientific explanation of the earth formation［D］the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe28.Kitcher’s book is intended to.［A］recommend the views of the evolutionists［B］expose the true features of creationists［C］curse bitterly at his opponents［D］launch a surprise attack on creationists29.From the passage we can infer that.［A］reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate［B］creationists do not base their argument on reasoning［C］evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists［D］creationism is supported by scientific findings30.This passage appears to be a digest of.［A］a book review［B］a scientific paper［C］a magazine feature［D］a newspaper editorialPartⅢEnglish—Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 31）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.Some, however,are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take,by persons in authority,act to alter the growth pattern of different areas.This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable;but it is a frightening trend.32）This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.It can be predicted,however,that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.33）This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support,like all government support,requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds.Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward.But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult.The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting“good”as opposed to“bad”science,but a valid determination is difficult to make.Generally,the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.34）However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects.35）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past,giving rise to new standards of elegance.SectionⅣWriting36.Directions:A.Title:GOOD HEALTHB.Time limit:40minutesC.Word limit:120—150words(not including the given opening sentence)D.Your composition should be based on the“OUTLINE”below and should start with the given opening sentence:“The desire for good health is universal”.E.Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outline:1.Importance of good health.2.Ways to keep fit.3.My own practices.。

2000年考研英语真题(含答案解析)

2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Part ⅠClose TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］.Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately.③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus.④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil.⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways.⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 .⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans.⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable.［139 words］1.［A］ other than ［B］ as well as［C］ instead of ［D］ more than2.［A］ only if ［B］ much as［C］ long before ［D］ ever since3.［A］ for ［B］ against［C］ of ［D］ towards4.［A］ replace ［B］ purchase［C］ supplement ［D］ dispose5.［A］ enhance ［B］ mix［C］ feed ［D］ raise6.［A］ vessels ［B］ routes［C］ paths ［D］ channels7.［A］ self-confident ［B］ self-sufficient［C］ self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained8.［A］ search ［B］ save［C］ offer ［D］ seek9.［A］ proportion ［B］ percentage［C］ rate ［D］ ratio10.［A］ genuinely ［B］ obviously［C］ presumably ［D］ frequentlyPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.②When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.③Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled.④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer.②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful.③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness.④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition.⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦（12）Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market.America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes.⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence.②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted.③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well.④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline.⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling.③（14）Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government.⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC.⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”［429 words］11.The U.S.achieved its predominance after World War II because.［A］it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal［B］its domestic market was eight times larger than before［C］the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors ［D］the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12.The loss of U.S.predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.［A］TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market［B］semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises ［C］machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions ［D］auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13.What can be inferred from the passage?［A］It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.［B］Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.［C］ The revival of the economy depends on international cooperate ［D］A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14.The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S.economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.［A］turning of the business cycle［B］ restructuring of industry［C］ improved business management［D］ success in educationPassage 2①（15）Being a man has always been dangerous.②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed.④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do.⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate.⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed.⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death.⑧Today it makes almost no difference.Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.②Few people are as fertile as in the past.③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children.④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average.⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring.⑥（16）Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.⑦India shows what is happening.The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples.⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived.②Strangely, it has involved little physical change.③No other species fills so many places in nature.④But in the past 100, 000 years —even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not.⑤（17）We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us.⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.［406 words］15.What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?［A］ A lack of mates. ［B］ A fierce competition.［C］ A lower survival rate. ［D］ A defective gene.16.What does the example of India illustrate?［A］ Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.［B］ Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.［C］ The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.［D］ India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17.The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.［A］ life has been improved by technological advance［B］ the number of female babies has been declining［C］ our species has reached the highest stage of evolution［D］ the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?［A］ Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.［B］ Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.［C］ The Evolutionary Future of Nature.［D］ Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①（20）When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.③（21）This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression.④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress.⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused.②But it isa little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”①（22）This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature.②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?［334 words］19.This passage is mainly.［A］ a survey of new approaches to art［B］ a review of Futurist poetry［C］ about merits of the Futurist movement［D］ about laws and requirements of literature20.When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.［A］ determine its purposes ［B］ ignore its flaws［C］ follow the new fashions ［D］ accept the principles21.Futurists claim that we must.［A］ increase the production of literature［B］ use poetry to relieve modern stress［C］ develop new modes of expression［D］ avoid using adjectives and verbs22.The author believes that Futurist poetry is.［A］ based on reasonable principles［B］ new and acceptable to ordinary people［C］ indicative of a basic change in human nature［D］ more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①（23）Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values.③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States.③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression.②（25）“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee.③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”④Last year Japan experienced 2, 125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers.⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education.⑥Last year MitsuoSetoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”①（26）But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles.②“In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.”③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.④Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell.⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.［447 words］23.In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.［A］ under aimless development ［B］ a positive example［C］ a rival to the West ［D］ on the decline24.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?［A］ Women’s participation in social activities is limited.［B］ More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］ Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.［D］ The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25.Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］ Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.［B］ Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.［C］ More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］ Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26.The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.［A］ the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life［B］ the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.［C］ the Japanese endure more than ever before［D］ the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①（27）If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition —wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf.②If the tradition of ambitionis to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.③（28）In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents.⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③（29）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar.④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive.②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States.③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed.④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly.⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.［431 words］27.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.［A］ its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］ it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］ its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］ it is shared by the rich and the famous28.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.［A］ customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］ too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］ dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal ［D］ impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.［A］ they think of it as immoral［B］ their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］ they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.［A］ secretly and vigorously ［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］ easily and momentarily ［D］ verbally and spirituallyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage.For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry.In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past.For example, 34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned.35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.［390 words］Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.Directions:A.Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B.Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C.Your essay should meet the requirements below:1）Describe the pictures.2）Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3）Suggest counter-measures.2000年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1.C2.A3.B4.A5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 111.C 12.D 13.B 14.APassage 215.C 16.B 17.A 18.DPassage 319.B 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.B 24.D 25.C 26.APassage 527.A 28.C 29.D 30.BPart Ⅲ English-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下, 这需要程度不同的集中控制措施, 从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。

1996年一2000年英语试题01

1996 对外汉语教师资格考试英语试题I. The following questions are based on the story you have just heard. Y ou are to circle the correct answer A,B, C or D shown in the following multiple choice questions on your examination sheet. (15%)1. If Rita came home too late, her parents ____A. would not allow her to use the car again.B. would not allow her to get in.C. would not allow Joe to see her again.D. would not allow her to go out with Joe again.2. Rita and Joe had been to ____A. a movie.B. a disco dance.C. a concert.D. a theatre.3. On their way back to Rita's house, they saw ____A. an old classmate.B. a spacecraft.C. a broken car.D. a strange photograph.4. The two creatures wanted Rita and Joe to ____A. give their car to them.B. come to the spaceship.C. have a picture taken.D. show them their way home.5. If Rita was to tell her parents what she had seen on the road, ____A. they would believe them.B. they would not believe them.C. they would be surprised.D. they would ask them to prove it.Y ou are to write " T" or " F" for each of the following True or False Statements;( ) 1. Rita enjoyed the night with Joe.( ) 2. The taller creature came to Rita's window.( ) 3. The two creatures spoke to them friendly.( ) 4. The two creatures come to the earth by mistake.( ) 5. At last the two creatures left in the spaceship.II. Multiple Choice Questions. (40%)(I) Circle one of the given words or word groups as the significant and grammatical equivalent to the underlined part inthe sentence above them.Example:September, October and November make the autumn season.A. equalB. constituteC. estimateD. add up to1. I thought it was the perfect answer. Also, Tony and I had never done a historical subject.A. AlthoughB. ButC. BesidesD. So2. He spent the evening sewing on buttons and mending socks.A. studyingB. repairingC. breakingD. meeting3. They had many ideas on how films should be made.A. waysB. methodsC. opinionsD. items4. How nice of the children to remember her and pick her some flowers!A. takeB. packC. askD. show5. She is the person who loves people and enjoys life.A. looks forward toB. is interested inC. gets pleasure fromD. takes use of6. The house Tony was living in was located in the heart of the city.A. taken B, lockedC. managedD. built7. It looks almost like frost in those fields, but I guess it is just dew.A. thinkB. hopeC. meanD. notice8. When we reached the top of the hill, a church tower appeared.A. came to be trueB. came throughC. came overD. came into view9. The effect of noise on people in the factories make people have high blood pressure.A. factB. resultC. elementD. efficiency10. I was able to read a whole page and learn it by heart in under three minutes.A. solve itB. translate itC. memorize itD. understand it11. There is a general talk that Mangel is coming here to give a speech about world business.A. resolutionB. reportC. reasonD. rumour12. He realized he was talking more freely than he usually did with strangers.A. carefullyB. oftenC. sometimeD. casually13. The little boy can already do simple problems in addition and subtraction.A. examsB. worksC. questionsD. answers14. It's unrealistic to stop smoking to save money now.A. give offB. give inC. give outD. give up15. We asked high school students to take part in an anti-drugs campaign.A. participateB. presentC. persistD. place(II) Complete the following sentences with an appropriate word or word groups from the list given. Circle your answers on the sheet.Example:One day when we were climbing a mountain. I got ____ tired that I just couldn't move a step further.A. suchB. soC. extremelyD. very1. We ____a play group here which, of course, is there for the children of staff and students.A. haveB. hasC. have beenD. are2. Because light ____ faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.A. is travellingB. has been travellingC. travelsD. has travelled3. I ____ my breakfast when the morning post came.A. hadB. was havingC. have been havingD. had been having4. ____ was the correct distance from the earth to the moon.A. Newton did not know at first whatB. Newton did not know what at firstC. What Newton did not know at firstD. What did Newton not know at first5. They arrived at 3 p. m. but the class ____long before that.A. startedB. was startingC. had been startingD. had started6. Last Sunday an old man was crossing the street when he suddenly ____down.A. was fallingB. had fallenC. fallD. fell7. Although she is very popular, she is not ____her sister.A. pretty asB. as prettyC. prettier thanD. more pretty than8. I would like the test ____ by everybody before 5 o'clock.A. finishingB. finishC. to be finishedD. to be finishing9. Since he came here last December, we ____happy.A. have beenB. have to beC. wereD. had been10. ____in the 1970's that America's steel industry was suffering from a number of structural disadvantages.A. It became obviousB. There was obviousC. Became it was obviousD. An obvious problem11. These compounds could not have been formed if the chemical reaction ____ stopped.A. have beenB. has beenC. had beenD. were12. A man ____does not learn from others can't make great progress in his studies.A. whoB. thatC. whichD. he13. Her father told her that Tom was ____honest man.A. aB. anC. theD. other14. We had to eat standing because we hadn't anything ____.A. to be sitting onB. sitting onC. to sit onD. sat on15. The swimmer was very tired but be ____ reach the shore before he collapsed.A. wouldB. shouldC. couldD. must(III) In each of the following sentence, one of the underlined words or word groups is grammatically wrong. Y ou are to circle it on your examination sheet.Example;When our part of the earth face the sun, we see sunlight and have day.A B C D1. There was times when we wish to transmit mechanical force from one point to another.A B C D2. A wet Sunday can be put to good use by doing all the things that we have been putting off doing.A B C D3. I will consider to see the Dean tomorrow morning, but I am not sure if I have the time.A B C D4. He deserves his riches because he has worked very hardly all his life.A B C D5. Nowhere else in the world you can find more attractive scenery than in Guilin.A B C D6. Some educators claim that more of the money that is spent oneducation should be earmarked for mathematics andA B Cscience that is spent now.D7. Rhode Island, located in New England and the smallest state in the United States, achieved statehood in May 29,A B C D1790.8. " Twelfth Night" was wrote by Shakespeare in ten days after he was invited to write a play for Queen Elizabeth.A B C D9. The car began making an extraordinary noise so I stopped seeing what it was.A B C D10. When I was younger, I was used to walk long distances,but now, I am out of practice.A B C DIII. Read the following passage and then answer the comprehension questions by circling the correct choice. (15%)A BudgetA budget is a spending plan. It can help you spend money wisely. It can do this by cutting out wasteful spending. Of course; preparing a budget takes planning, and following a budget takes willpower. Y our budget should be tailored to your family's needs and income.The first step in creating a budget is to set your goals. What does your family need and want? Y ou must know this to work out the details of the budget, Keep goals realistic, in term of income available. Then decide which goals are the most important.Goals change, of course. For example? a young couple works to furnish its home. A family with growing children tries to provide food, clothing, housing, and some extras. After children leave home, the parents work towards their retirement years.The next step is estimating family income. Before you can plan wisely, you need to know how much money you have to spend! Write down all the funds you expect to receive (wages, savings interest, etc.) during the planned budget period. When your earnings vary, found your estimate on previous income.After you have figure out how much money will be available, it's time to estimate expenses. List all of your family expenses. Include fixed payments, contributions, and other predictable expenses like the amount spent for food. Check stubs, receipts, and old bills can serve as reminders.Use this information to help you decide whether to continue your present spending pattern or to make changes. If you are satisfied with what your dollars have bought in the past, allow similar amounts in your budget estimate. If you are not satisfied with what you got for your money, look carefully at your spending. Studying your records will show where overspending has occurred. It will also point out poor buying habits.Be realistic in cutting your expenses. Promise yourself to cut out shopping sprees, bargains you don't need, and overuse of credit. Cutting unnecessary items will leave money available in the budget. Then you can plan to set this money aside for savings or for a special purchase.If you are unable to balance your budget by cutting expenses, you may need to increase the family's income. A spouse might take a full or part-time job, or children might babysit, deliver newspapers, or do odd jobs.Multiple choice questions:1. To keep a budget is _______A. to estimate family income.B. not an easy thing.C. a shopping pattern.D. to cut your family's need.2. To set up your budget, you should first _______A. increase income.B. estimate expenses.C. set goals.D. change spending patterns.3. Y ou estimate family income by ____A. planning wisely.B. listing expenses.C. writing down money you expect.D. setting money aside for special purchases.4. According to the article, goals change because ____A. people plan wisely.B. following a budget takes willpower.C. family size and needs change.D. many families waste money.5. If you are not satisfied with what your dollars have purchased in the past, when you set up your budget you should ____A. deliver papers or do odds jobs.B. study spending to find poor buying habits.C. be realistic.D. balance your budget.6. Family expenses include ____A. goals.B. wages.C. check stubs.D. food, money.7. Y ou estimate expenses ____A. when you find out the amount of money available.B. by changing your spending pattern.C. by cutting out shopping sprees.D. babysitting.8. When your income changes, you should ____A. take a full-time or part-time job.B. put some money aside for a special purchase.C. base your estimate on previous income.D. check stubs, receipts and old bills.9. In your budget, money for special purchase can be put aside byA. cutting bargains you need.B. cutting items you don't need.C. planning to set the money aside.D. overusing credit.10. Which statement is NOT TRUE?A. Before you can plan wisely, you should know how much money you have to spend.B. Y our budget should be adapted to your family's needs and income.C. Stubs, receipts and old bills should not be thrown away.D. Goals change because your income changes.IV. Translate the following passage into Chinese on your sheet. (15%)There is an increasing tendency in formal education to place more emphases on written work as part of normal course requirements and for purposes of student assessment. This tendency is particularly true at the college and university level where students hate to rely on the yearly examinations as the major means of evaluating their performance. At many colleges and universities, considerable weight is now being given to evidence of student progress throughout the year measured by regular tests and assignments rather than an end of year, do-or-die examination. The good points of continuous assessment to the student and the teacher hardly need further explanation here. It is necessary to note and recognise the fact that if students are required to submit essays, assignments, reports or theses as evidence of independent study? it is important that they be well written. Therefore many students need guidance in how to write their assignments and theses. This book presents just such a guide.IV.汉译英1、这堂课的作业必须在星期三以前交上来。

2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题及解析

2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 46and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47. He must either sell some of his property or 48extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 49of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable.41. [A] other than [B] as well as [C] instead of [D] more than42. [A] only if [B] much as [C] long before [D] ever since43. [A] for [B] against [C] of [D] towards44. [A] replace [B] purchase [C] supplement [D] dispose45. [A] enhance [B] mix [C] feed [D] raise46. [A] vessels [B] routes [C] paths [D] channels47. [A] self-confident [B] self-sufficient [C] self-satisfied [D] self-restrained48. [A] search [B] save [C] offer [D] seek49. [A] proportion [B] percentage [C] rate [D] ratio50. [A] genuinely [B] obviously [C] presumably [D] frequentlySection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world’s best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South K orea’s LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on fiveyears of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifestedin the fact that the American ________.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s canbe attributed to the ________.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in educationText 2Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, andamong 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are as fertile as in the past. Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today -- everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring -- means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, it has involved little physical change. No other species fills so many places in nature. But in the pass 100,000 years -- even the pass 100 years -- our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.” No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.55. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?[A] A lack of mates.[B] A fierce competition.[C] A lower survival rate.[D] A defective gene.56. What does the example of India illustrate?[A] Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.[B] Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.[C] The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.[D] India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.57. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because ________.[A] life has been improved by technological advance[B] the number of female babies has been declining[C] our species has reached the highest stage of evolution[D] the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing58. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution[B] Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution[C] The Evolutionary Future of Nature[D] Human Evolution Going NowhereText 3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be -- even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right -- it can hardly be classed as Literature.This, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -- and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?59. This passage is mainly ________.[A] a survey of new approaches to art[B] a review of Futurist poetry[C] about merits of the Futurist movement[D] about laws and requirements of literature60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to ________.[A] determine its purposes[B] ignore its flaws[C] follow the new fashions[D] accept the principles61. Futurists claim that we must ________.[A] increase the production of literature[B] use poetry to relieve modern stress[C] develop new modes of expression[D] avoid using adjectives and verbs62. The author believes that Futurist poetry is ________.[A] based on reasonable principles[B] new and acceptable to ordinary people[C] indicative of basic change in human nature[D] more of a transient phenomenon than literatureText 4Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores -- personality, ability, courage or humanity -- are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers.Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”But that may have more to do with Japanese life-sty les. “In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a q uestion of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.63. In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was ________.[A] under aimless development[B] a positive example[C] a rival to the West[D] on the decline64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral declineof Japanese society?[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65. Which of the following is true according to the author?[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well ascreativity.[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that ________.[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before[D] the Japanese appreciate their present lifeText 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition -- wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny-- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitali ty, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition -- if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped -- with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs -- the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ________.[A] its returns well compensate for the sacrifices[B] it is rewarded with money, fame and power[C] its goals are spiritual rather than material[D] it is shared by the rich and the famous68. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is________.[A] customary of the educated to discard ambition in words[B] too late to check ambition once it has been let out[C] dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal[D] impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because ________.[A] they think of it as immoral[B] their pursuits are not fame or wealth[C] ambition is not closely related to material benefits[D] they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible70. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should bemaintained ________.[A] secretly and vigorously[B] openly and enthusiastically[C] easily and momentarily[D] verbally and spirituallySection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technologicalmanpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization -- with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed -- was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements -- themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.Section V Writing76. Directions:[A] Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150words.[B] Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Describe the pictures.2. Deduce the purpose of the drawer in the pictures.3. Suggest counter-measures.。

1996年考研真题解析(英一)

1995年试题答案与解析SectionⅠUse of English一、文章结构总体分析睡眠分为浅睡阶段和较长时间的深睡阶段。

虽然人们对两个阶段的睡眠都不是十分了解，但是人们推测浅睡对大脑起修复作用。

深睡的作用更令人难以理解。

在最近睡眠研究协会的会议上，专家们首次描述的新实验，对非快眼动睡眠的作用进行了吸引人的阐释。

因剥夺睡眠而死亡的老鼠的尸体检查发现，其免疫系统似乎已崩溃了。

二、试题解析1.[答案]B[解析]本题考核的知识点是：不定代词的用法。

空格上文提到，睡眠分为浅睡阶段和深睡阶段。

因此空格处____kind of sleep指的就是这两种睡眠。

四个备选项中，首先排除[D]项。

any指“任何一个”，如：You can buy sugar at any big store.你可以在任何一家大商店里买到糖。

余下的选项中，each指两个或多个中的每一个，例如：Each of them thinks different thoughts.他们中的每一个人都有不同的想法。

either表示两者之一，表示肯定，如：You can park on either side of the street.在街道的哪边停车都可以。

neither表否定含义，表示“两者都不”。

如：Neither of us could understand German.我们两个谁也不懂德语。

空格所在的分句里出现的关键词at all一般与否定词连用，即not…at all，意为“一点也不，根本不”，因而这里应填表否定含义的词，[B]正确，意为“人们对两类睡眠都没有完全了解”。

2.[答案]C[解析]本题考核的知识点是：动词词义辨析。

intend意为“想要，打算，企图”，intend to do sth.(=mean to do sth.)意为“打算做某事”，主语一般是有生命的事物。

如：I hear they intend to marry.我听说他们要结婚了。

2000年考研英语试题及参考答案（1）

Part I Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked［A］，［B］，［C］and ［D］,Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by black-Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times____1979.[A］from ［B］after ［C］for ［D］sinceThe sentence should read,"I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979." Therefore, you should choose ［D］Sample Answer[A］［B］［C］［■］　1.As I'll be away for at least a year, I'd appreciate____from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along.［A］hearing ［B］to hear ［C］to be hearing ［D］having heard2.Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, ___ to find it locked.［A］just ［B］only ［C］hence ［D］thus3.Doctors see a connection between increase amounts of leisure time spent___ and the increased number of cases of skin cancer.［A］to sunbathe ［B］to have sunbathed［C］having sunbathed ［D］sunbathing4.Unless you sign a contract with the insurance company for your goods, you are not entitled____ a repayment for the goods damaged in delivery.［A］to ［B］with ［C］for ［D］on5.On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont____ I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading "Boston".［A］which ［B］where ［C］when ［D］that6.Christie stared angrily at her boos and turned away, as though____ out of the office.［A］went ［B］gone ［C］to go ［D］would go7.The roles expected___ old people in such a setting give too few psychological satisfactions for normal happiness.［A］of ［B］on ［C］to ［D］ with8.Talk to anyone in the drug industry,____ you'll soon discover that the science of genetics is the biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.［A］or ［B］and ［C］for ［D］so9.It wasn't so much that I disliked her___ that I just wasn't interested in the whole business.［A］rather ［B］so ［C］than ［D］as10.Countless divouced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divouce, let alone___ one.［A］getting ［B］to get ［C］gotten ［D］getSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked［A］，［B］［C］，and［D］.Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(5points)Sorry, this section has to be shown in GIF format. We'll complete it soon. Please pay attention to our website:Section CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there four choices marked［A］，［B］，［C］and［D］.Choose the one that best completes the sentenec. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found____ in the woods off the highway.［A］vanished ［B］scattered ［C］abandoned ［D］rejectedThe sentence should read," The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway."Therefore, you should choose［C］.Sample Answer［A］［B］［■］［D］21.He spoke so___ that even his opponents were won over by his arguments.［A］bluntly ［B］convincingly［C］emphatically ［D］determinedly22.France's ____of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.［A］assumption ［B］consumption［C］presumption ［D］resumption23.The 215-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October,____ an outburst of interest.［A］flared ［B］glittered ［C］sparked ［D］flashed24.His efforts to bring about a reconciliation between the two Parties_____.［A］came off ［B］came on ［C］came round ［D］came down25.The system was redesigned to embrace the network and eventually____ it in a profitable direction.［A］adapt ［B］control ［C］install ［D］steer26.The capital intended to broaden the export base and ____efficiency gains from international trade was channeled instead into uneconomic import substitution.［A］secure ［B］extend ［C］defend ［D］possess27.It is announced that a wallet has been found and can be____ at the manager's office.［A］declared ［B］obtained ［C］reclaimed ［D］recognized28.When I___ my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me.［A］woke up ［B］took to ［C］picked up ［D］came to29.The American society is___ an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources, which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.［A］established on ［B］affiliated to［C］originated from ［D］incorporated with30.I am not_____ with my roommate but I have to share the room with her, because I have nowhere else to live.［A］concerned ［B］compatible ［C］considerate ［D］complied31.At first, the____ of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible, but, with painstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality.［A］transaction ［B］transmission［C］transformation ［D］transition32.When the committee_____ to details, the proposed plan seemed impractical.［A］got down ［B］set about ［C］went off ［D］came up33.____to some parts of South America is still difficult, because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests.［A］Orientation ［B］Access ［C］Procession ［D］Voyage34.Mr Smith had an unusual_____: he was first an office clerk, the a sailor, and ended up as a school teacher.［A］profession ［B］occupation ［C］position ［D］career35.The mayor is a woman with great____ and therefore deserves our political and financial support.［A］intention ［B］instinct ［C］integrity ［D］intensity36.The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest____ to everyone.［A］speculation ［B］attribution ［C］utilization ［D］proposition37.The fact that the golden eagle usually builds its nest on some high cliffs___ it almost impossible to obtain the eggs or the young birds.［A］renders ［B］reckons ［C］regards ［D］relates38.To impress a future employer, one should dress neatly be____, and display in the job.［A］swift ［B］instant ［C］timely ［D］punctual39.You don't have to install this radio in your new car, it's an_____ extra.［A］excessive ［B］optional ［C］additional ［D］arbitrary40.We were pleased to note that the early morning delivery didn't______ to the traffic jam of the busy city.［A］aid ［B］amount ［C］add ［D］attributePartⅡ Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in following passage, there are four choices marked［A］,［B］,［C］and［D］.Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10 points)If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grain immediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces a surplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45 the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 46 and improve his farm in other ways. If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 47 . He must either sell some of his loans. Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50 obtainable.41.［A］other than ［B］as well as ［C］instead of ［D］more than　42.［A］only if ［B］much as ［C］long before ［D］ever since 43.［A］for ［B］against［C］supplement ［D］dispose　44.［A］replace ［B］purchase ［C］supplement ［D］dispose45.［A］enhance ［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise　46.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］paths ［D］channels 47.［A］self-confident ［B］self-sufficient　［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained　48.［A］search ［B］save ［C］offer ［D］seek49.［A］proportion ［B］percentage　［C］rate ［D］ratio 50.［A］genuinely ［B］obviously　［C］presumably ［D］frequentlyPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked［A］，［B］［C］and［D］.Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40points)Passage 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight ties larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.　It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith.(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had w h i c h s a t a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e n e w c o m p u t e r a g e , w a s g o i n g t o b e t h e n e x t c a s u a l t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 1 " > / p > / d i v > d i v i d = " f l o a t _ b t n " c l a s s = " " b d s f i d = " 1 9 2 " > b u t t o n c l a s s = " f l o a t _ b t n l e f t _ b t n " i d = " c o p y _ b u t t o n " d a t a - c l i p b o a r d - a c t i o n = " c o p y " d a t a - c l i p b o a r d - t a r g e t = " # c o n t e n t - t x t " o n c l i c k = " d o _ c o p y ( ) ; " b d s f i d = " 1 9 3 " > e m c l a s s = " i c o n " b d s f i d = " 1 9 4 " >。

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考研资料1996-2000年全国研究生入学考试试卷及参考答案（打印版）英语2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Part ⅠClose TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production.②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus. ④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 .⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ［139 words］1.［A］other than ［B］as well as ［C］instead of ［D］more than2.［A］only if ［B］much as ［C］long before ［D］ever since3.［A］for ［B］against ［C］of ［D］towards4.［A］replace ［B］purchase ［C］supplement ［D］dispose5.［A］enhance ［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise6.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］paths ［D］channels7.［A］self-confident ［B］self-sufficient［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained8.［A］search ［B］save ［C］offer ［D］seek9.［A］proportion ［B］percentage ［C］rate ［D］ratio10.［A］genuinely ［B］obviously ［C］presumably ［D］frequentlyPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may becomea driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.③Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ②Just as inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. ⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦（12）Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③（14）Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”［429 words］11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.［A］it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal［B］its domestic market was eight times larger than before［C］the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors［D］the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.［A］TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market［B］semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises［C］machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions［D］auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13. What can be inferred from the passage?［A］It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.［B］Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.［C］The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.［D］A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.［A］turning of the business cycle ［B］restructuring of industry［C］improved business management ［D］success in educationPassage 2①（15）Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. ⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago,the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. ②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. ④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. ⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥（16）Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. ⑦India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤（17）We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.［406 words］15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?［A］A lack of mates. ［B］A fierce competition.［C］A lower survival rate. ［D］A defective gene.16. What does the example of India illustrate?［A］Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.［B］Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.［C］The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.［D］India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.［A］life has been improved by technological advance［B］the number of female babies has been declining［C］our species has reached the highest stage of evolution［D］the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?［A］Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.［B］Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.［C］The Evolutionary Future of Nature.［D］Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①（20）When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. ②Consequently, our feelings, thoughtsand emotions have undergone a corresponding change. ③（21）This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”①（22）This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature.②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?［334 words］19. This passage is mainly.［A］a survey of new approaches to art［B］a review of Futurist poetry［C］about merits of the Futurist movement［D］about laws and requirements of literature20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.［A］determine its purposes ［B］ignore its flaws［C］follow the new fashions ［D］accept the principles21. Futurists claim that we must.［A］increase the production of literature［B］use poetry to relieve modern stress［C］develop new modes of expression［D］avoid using adjectives and verbs22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is.［A］based on reasonable principles［B］new and acceptable to ordinary people［C］indicative of a basic change in human nature［D］more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①（23）Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. ③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. ②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress testtaking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ②（25）“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,”says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”④Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”①（26）But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ②“In Japan,”says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.”③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.［447 words］23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.［A］under aimless development ［B］ a positive example［C］a rival to the West ［D］on the decline24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?［A］Women’s participation in social activities is limited.［B］More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.［D］The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25. Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.［B］Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.［C］More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.［A］the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life［B］the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.［C］the Japanese endure more than ever before［D］the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①（27）If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③（28）In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. ④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. ②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seemless in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③（29）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ［431 words］27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.［A］its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.［A］customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal［D］impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.［A］they think of it as immoral［B］their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.［A］secretly and vigorously ［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］easily and momentarily ［D］verbally and spirituallyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with theefficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. ［390 words］Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.Directions:A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:1）Describe the pictures.2）Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3）Suggest counter-measures.1999年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠCloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 1 low accident rates plan their safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 2 and active. When the work is well done, a 3 of accident free operations is established 4 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 5 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe work practices by 6 rules or regulations. 7 others depend on an emotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpoint alone, safety 8 . The fewer the injury 9 , the better the workman’s insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 10 or at a loss.1.［A］at ［B］in ［C］on ［D］with2.［A］alive ［B］vivid ［C］mobile ［D］diverse3.［A］regulation ［B］climate ［C］circumstance ［D］requirement4.［A］where ［B］how ［C］what ［D］unless5.［A］alter ［B］differ ［C］shift ［D］distinguish6.［A］constituting ［B］aggravating ［C］observing ［D］justifying7.［A］Some ［B］Many ［C］Even ［D］Still8.［A］comes off ［B］turns up ［C］pays off ［D］holds up9.［A］claims ［B］reports ［C］declarations ［D］proclamations10.［A］an advantage ［B］a benefit ［C］an interest ［D］a profitPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1It’s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might —surprise!—fall off. The label on a child’s Batman cape cautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly”.While warnings are often appropriate and necessary—the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn’t clear that they actually protec t the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn’t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. “We’re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren’t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries, ” says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete’s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute—a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight—issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. “Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities, ” says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.11. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?［A］Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.［B］Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.［C］Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.［D］Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.12. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to.［A］satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products［B］become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products［C］make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability［D］feel obliged to view customers’safety as their first concern13. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that.［A］some injury claims were no longer supported by law［B］helmets were not designed to prevent injuries［C］product labels would eventually be discarded［D］some sports games might lose popularity with athletes14. The author’s attitude towards the issue seems to be.［A］biased ［B］indifferent ［C］puzzling ［D］objectivePassage 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,” says senior analyst Blane Erwin of。

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