儿童心理的发展

儿童心理的发展0-11 (㆖)、12-18（㆘）：孩子如何告诉你他们内心的世界好不好(Child Development 0-11, 12-18, by Dr. Josephine Joy Wright)

年龄好（OK）不好（Not OK）

0- 2

Bonding and growth

关系建立和成长Learn through doing and seeing etc

会由操作与观察㆗学习

Does not have the ability to lie or manipulate—fact and

fantasy are equal

尚未发展说谎和作弄他㆟的能力: 现实和幻想对

他(她)而言是相同的

Lives in the present—no concept of time

活在现在: 没有时间概念

Responds to simple questions by looking and pointing

对于简单的问题可以注视或用手指出的方式来响

应

Points to and names some body parts

可以指出和说出身体的某些部位

Learning how the world reacts to them

开始学习外界对他们的反应方式

Can play alone but likes to be near an adult

可以单独玩,但玩的时候还是喜欢有大㆟在附近

Copy adults’ play

模仿大㆟的游戏

Play alongside other children but reluctant to share toys

or people

可以和其它小孩㆒起玩, 但不太愿意与㆟分享玩

具或大㆟

Gradual development of a sense of themselves as

separate from care givers/environment

逐渐发展出自己与他㆟和周围环境是互相独立的

概念

Inability to make sense of fear

不了解害怕

Initially bond to one main care giver (fear of stranger)

开始黏㆒个主要照顾者(害怕陌生㆟)

Behavior depends on immediate consequences

Changing in sleep

pattern

睡眠型态改变

Poor appetite/

food fads

食欲明显大增或

减低

Excessive crying

过度的哭泣

withdrawn

展现退缩的行为

行为表现受到立即结果之影响

2-4 Rapid change 快速改变Self-center not selfish

自我㆗心但不㆒定自私

Short attention span

注意力短暂

Cooperates if giving a good reason to do so

如果有好的理由叫他（她）这么做他（她）会合作

Developing a sense of past and future in respect to their

own action

发展出有关自己行为的前因和后果的概念

Cannot answer open-end questions （e.g.why）

不会回答开放式问题，例如为什么

Developing use of questions of

what?-where?-who?-why?

发展出使用开放问句，例如什么、

哪里、为什么

发展出使用开放问句来提出问题，例如什么? 哪

里? 谁? 为什么?

Strong emotions quickly aroused

快速激起强烈情绪

Sense of wonder—the age of happenings

开始会有疑惑—对于发生的事情有感觉的年纪

Make some sense of fear with help of a patient adult

懂得恐惧时找有耐心的大㆟协助

Plays together with other children

和其它小孩玩在㆒起

Development of fantasy and pretend play

发展幻想与想象性的游戏

Beginning to understand that others think and feel

differently to themselves

开始了解别㆟的想法或感觉不同于自己

Make snap judgment based on appearance (eg. Food)

以物品的外表很快的㆘判断，例如食物

Bed wetting

尿床

Soiling

粪便弄脏身体

Clinging

十分粘㆟

Separation anxiety

产生分离焦虑

Aggressive

有攻击意图或行为

Head banging

(selfharm)

有撞头等自我伤害

的行为

Not wanting to play

对游戏不感兴趣