新世纪商务英语综合教程第二册复习资料

Unit11. Truly, the tongue spoken back in the 1300s only by the "low people" of England has come a long way.Paraphrase: Indeed, the language spoken as early as 1300s by the native people in England has developed for a long time2. But however accommodating English might be the real reason for the latter day triumph of English is the triumph of the English-speaking United States as a world power.Paraphrase: Adaptable, as English might be, the English owes its success to the victory of the English-speaking United States as a world power.3. As the 20th century drew on, however, and English continued to encroach, French was driven on to the defensive.Paraphrase: As the 20th century was approaching, and English kept on expanding beyond limits, French was put in a cornered position, having to fight for protection. 4. In India some people see English as an oppressive legacy of colonialism that should be exterminated.Paraphrase: India was once regarded as the Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire. People in India would think the English language reminds them of the period of colonialism, which should be wiped out.5. But for many peoples the triumph of English is the defeat, if not outright destruction, of their own language.Paraphrase: But for many peoples, the success or the wide spread of English means the defeat, perhaps even a complete extinction, of their own language.6. Thus the triumph of English not only destroys the tongues of others; it also isolates native English-speakers from the literature, history and ideas of other peoples. Paraphrase: Therefore, the success of English not only defeats other languages, but separates native English speakers from the literature, history and ideas of other ethnic groups.Unit21. Sometimes it seems as if a tidal wave of the worst Western culture is creeping across the globe like a giant strawberry milkshake oozing over the planet, with a flavor that is distinctly sweet, sickly and manifestly homogenousParaphrase: Sometimes the Western culture seems to permeate the whole world like spilt milkshake, with a strong smell, sweet but obviously devoid of diversity.2. Production and consumption of cultural goods and services have become commodities, along with the essentials of social life (marriage and family life, religion, work and leisure), that are the crucibles of cultural creation.Paraphrase: Cultural creation is facing great challenge posed by the commercialization of culture.3. Obviously, it would be an excessive form of cultural fundamentalism to suggest that Africans should try to keep everything exactly as it is, rather than allowing culture to develop. Paraphrase: Obviously, it would be too culturally radical to suggest that Africans should conduct rigid adherence to their current life and refuse to allow culture to develop.4. Justified initially as a civilizing mission and subsequently dubbed modernization, in practice it was wholesale Westernization with very little room for any viable middle ground.Paraphrase: In the beginning it justified itself as a civilizing mission and later on it honored itself as modernization. However, in fact it was a process of extensive and complete Westernization which left other countries no other choice.5. Such a radical undermining of people's existing values and cultures has a corrosive impact on their sense of who they are, what they want and what they respect.Paraphrase: The severe damage of people's existing values and cultures has a destructive effect. It makes those people confused about who they are, what they want and what they respect.6. One major reason is the structural change in the world economy: globalization and the flood of goods dumped in poor countries that are marketed by mass seductive advertising which is blatantly superficial but nonetheless successful in creating fresh desires in peoples of traditional societies. Paraphrase: One major reason of this fast and large-scale westernization is the change of overall structure in the world economy. Because of globalization, western countries use marketing strategies such as advertising to create fresh desires in consumers from less developed countries and get rid of products by selling them at a low price.7. However, there is genuine cause for concern about the rate at which cultures (African andnon-African) are being undermined in a world that is bound together by ever-stronger economic ties.Paraphrase: However, people indeed have a reason to worry that African and non-African cultures are gradually encroached by western culture due to the ever-growing strong interdependence of trade and business among countries.8. More importantly, colonialism paved the way for today's cultural globalization by leaving the colonized in a state of cultural disorientation and consequently vulnerable to continuing cultural invasion.Paraphrase: More importantly, colonialism provided the necessary condition for today's cultural globalization since it left the colonized countries unable to recognize its own cultural heritage. As a result, these countries are easily susceptible to long-lasting cultural invasion.Unit31.The task of a university is to weld together imagination and experience. Paraphrase: A university should aim at joining or integrating imagination and experience of the teachers and students into a single, meaningful whole.2. We need not flinch from the assertion that the main function of such a school is to produce men with a greater zest for business.Paraphrase: There is no shame in claiming/declaring that the function of such a school is to produce business people with great enthusiasm.3. It requires an imaginative grasp of the interlocking interests of great organizations, and of the reactions of the whole complex to any change in one of its elements. Paraphrase: Today in order to run a business successfully, one has to develop a good understanding of the adaptations made by the large corporation as a whole to meet the new conditions in one of its branches.4. It requires that discipline of character which can say "yes" and "no" to other men, not by reason of blind obstinacy, but with firmness derived from a conscious evaluation of relevant alternatives.Paraphrase: There is a need for character training so that when they make decisions, they have determination and strong belief which come from a sober consideration of related choices and possibilities, and they are not giving consent or negation simply out of unreasonable stubbornness.5. The conduct of business now requires intellectual imagination of the same type as that which in former times has mainly passed into those other occupations Paraphrase: The management of a modern business demands its employees to acquire the capacity to apply their knowledge imaginatively, which used to be the ability cultivated in other professions.6. There is one great difficulty which hampers all the higher types of human endeavor. Paraphrase: One great difficulty can restrict human beings from making progress, or achievements.7. There can be no criticism of the custom, but there may be an unfortunate effect — prolonged routine work dulls the imagination.Paraphrase: The continuing usual or normal way of working in a corporation tends to blunt, or suffocate the imaginative power / make the imagination less sharp and clear.Unit41. The modern variation reads: "Man is born free and is everywhere in chain stores," and perfectly sums up the negative light in which supermarkets are seen by the community, environmental and "small is beautiful" campsParaphrase: The modified sentence in modern times describes perfectly the negative attitude towards supermarkets held by the public, environmentalists and those who advocate "small is beautiful".2. And while supermarkets have been accused by the Competition Commission of loss-leading and squeezing suppliers, such behaviour is bullish rather than illegal Paraphrase: The Competition Commission accused supermarkets of adopting low pricing to gain competitive edge and minimizing profits of suppliers, but these strategies are boosting their own profit and are not illegal competition means.3. The key to delivering both low prices and high quality as well as thriving and sustainable communities is to ensure that retail activity is present in all communities of any size that want it, and for it to be present in sufficient numbers for there to be a degree of competition.Paraphrase: In order to make sure goods are of high quality and are sold at low prices, and in order to maintain a well-developed and sustainable community, the important element is to provide retail services to all the communities in need, whether large or small. To realize this, a sufficient number of retail shops should be open so that there is some competition.4. In poor areas, environmental improvements and security measures can help level the playing field with wealthier areas, while avoiding direct subsidy to firms. Paraphrase: In poor areas, there are measures to improve their environment and security so that they are more or less the same as the wealthier areas to attract customers. However, the shops do not receive any fund to aid their competition with those in wealthier neighbourhoods.5. In the poorest areas, it may not be that people don't value having a local shop, but rather that they simply cannot afford to ignore the lower prices available through a short bus ride to a supermarket.Paraphrase: In the poorest areas, people prefer supermarket to local shop not because they don't value having a local shop, but because their financial situation makes them choose the lower prices available through a short bus ride to a supermarket.6. Tesco is promising bespoke shop fronts for new Express convenience stores and to step up its efforts to consult communities about new outlets.Paraphrase: Tesco is promising bespoke shop fronts for new Express convenience stores and to take more efforts to consult communities about new outlets.Unit51. The Renaissance "... went from Columbus to Copernicus, from Copernicus to Galileo, from the discovery of the earth to that of the heavens. Man re-found himself", according to Michelet. Paraphrase: According to Michelet, the Renaissance went from the European exploration into the unknown world — the American Continent, Africa, and Asia — to the scientific finding that the earth was not the center of the world.2. For Burckhardt, the Renaissance was a specifically Italian phenomenon, nurtured in thecity-states of the 15th century, where the artistic talents of the likes of Leonardo, Botticelli, Mantegna and Brunelleschi flourished.Paraphrase: For Burckhardt, the Renaissance was a historical event occurred in Italy in particular, during which many talented people such as Leonardo, Botticelli, Mantegna and Brunelleschi became successful.3. Until very recently, this invention of the European Renaissance has remained a powerful and seductive myth, which has ignored much of what was truly revolutionary about this extraordinary period in European history.Paraphrase: Till now, the idea that the European Renaissance was mostly a "rebirth" of the classical Greek and Roman values of literary purity and aesthetic beauty, remained so influential and attractive that people have long taken it for granted, ignoring that it was actually trade and finance that brought the great revolution in this extraordinary period in European history.4. What underpinned all the great artistic, literary and architectural achievements that we now see as quintessentially "Renaissance" was an equally momentous revolution in trade and finance. Paraphrase: The commercial and financial developments during the Renaissance laid the foundation for the cultural accomplishments in this period and they have brought about as equally significant changes to the European society as the arts did.5. Only now, in our more complex and interdependent global world, has it become possible to piece together a much more complex and dynamic picture of what really drove the cultural accomplishments of this remarkable period.Paraphrase: As the contemporary world becomes more globalized and complex, it is now possible to form a comprehensive and vivid view of the driving force of the cultural developments during the Renaissance.6. Neither of these writers explored how trade, finance, science and exchange with other cultures decisively shaped what they saw as the cultural flowering of the European Renaissance. Paraphrase: Both of these writers neglected the fact that trade, finance, science and exchange with other cultures had significantly influenced the cultural development of the European Renaissance.7. The result of this increasingly international trade revolutionised taste in Europe. Paraphrase: The result of this increasingly international trade caused fundamental changes in the cultural style in Europe.8. What we're left with is a vision of the Renaissance as a much dirtier, more worldly place than Michelet and Burckhardt believed, but this only adds to its singular importance in the history of western cultural life.Paraphrase: Quite different from what Michelet and Burckhardt believed, we are now presented with a more materialistic, less idealized vision of the Renaissance, but this realization makes it all the more important in the western cultural history.Unit81. Ticket scalping has been very good to Kevin Thomas, and he makes no apologies. Paraphrase: He considers scalping a decent way to make a living, so there is no need to feel guilty about selling at higher prices.2. Undercover officers are enforcing new restrictions on reselling tickets at marked-up prices, and the attorneys general of the two states are pressing well-publicized cases against more than a dozen ticket brokers.Paraphrase: Police in plain clothes are now implementing the new rules to restrict selling tickets at higher prices than the face value. The court of the two states, New York (where New York City is located) and New Jersey, are undergoing legal proceedings against more than 12 ticket brokers. The cases are much reported by the media.3. It's always good politics to pose as the defender of the poor by declaring high prices illegal.Paraphrase: It is always a wise political strategy to declare selling at higher prices illegal with the excuse of defending the poor people.4. But the owners have profited by finding a new clientele for tickets that would have gone unsold, an illustration of the free-market tenet that both buyers and sellers ultimately benefit when price is adjusted to meet demand.Paraphrase: The box-office owners benefited from the suggestion by Dr. Baumol because those tickets won't get stuck in their hands. This is a good example to show the buyers and sellers are able to adjust their preferences so that each will satisfy their own needs.5. The restrictions, which were strengthened last year, have sent most scalpers to two refuges: the black market and the suburbs beyond the state line.Paraphrase: The regulation implemented last year caused most scalpers to seek two ways to secure their profit: one is to sell tickets in the black market; the other is to sell them outside the state border where scalping is not prohibited.6. And as much as scalpers would like to inflate prices, only a limited number of people are willing to pay $100 a ticket.Paraphrase: Even though the scalpers would like to raise the prices, not many people are ready to pay as much as $100 for a ticket.Unit61. We also know that otherwise beneficial technologies can open up troubling ethical questions. Paraphrase: Certain uses of technologies may give rise to ethical questions that causes people a lot of worries, even though the technologies can benefit humanities in many other aspects.2. If the debasement of the arts and sciences to purposes of wickedness, luxury, and the like, be made a ground of objection, … let no one be moved thereby, for the same may be said of all earthly goods; of wit, courage, strength, beauty, wealth, light itself and the rest.Paraphrase: If it is considered an argument against their further development that the arts and sciences may be used for purposes of wickedness, luxury as well as some other similarly bad intentions, then progress should not be pursued in any other good and valuable things on the earth either, including wit, courage, strength, beauty, wealth, and even light itself, because any of them can be reduced to evil purposes, just as the arts and sciences do.3. Science is inherently progressive, and so gives us the sense that all other means of understanding must strive to catch up.Paraphrase: Science, by nature, moves forward continuously, that is, it always knows more today than yesterday. This fact makes people believe that other means of understanding, such as philosophy and ethics, etc. should make every effort to progress in the same way and at the same pace so as to meet the ever developing need of science.4. The ethical framework we need to deal with the challenges (and to make the most of the promise) of science and technology need not be developed in light of the latest scientific journal article. Paraphrase: In developing the particular system of moral principles essential for dealing with the challenges of science and technology (and gaining the maximum potential benefit of them), we need not take into consideration the latest developments in science, which are reflected in articles published in the recent issues of scientific journals.5. Those other sources serve to ground our moral judgment, while science avoids or flattens moral questions …Paraphrase: The array of non-scientific wisdom (including philosophy, ethics and religion) provides a basis on which we judge whether a behavior is morally correct or not; science, in contrast, avoids questions related to moral issues or makes them seem less important…6. …we might describe the modern ascendancy of the scientific worldview as morally neutralizing, crowding out our means of moral reasoning and sources of moral authority …Paraphrase: The growing power of scientific worldview in modern society might be considered as replacing the influence of non-scientific wisdom on moral issues, by dominating our thoughts to the exclusion of traditional ways of moral reasoning and other modes of thinking that should be of supreme importance in moral judgments.7. …we allude to the "Brave New World" as shorthand for the inhuman technological dystopia …Paraphrase: We use "Brave New World" as a quick and simple way to indirectly refer to a futuristic world resulting from misapplications of technologies, in which the conditions of life are miserable.Unit11. 近年来，人们用精确的经济计量技术来计算需求弹性。