The westword movement(美国西进运动)
西进运动
Effect
Transportation:From the 19th century,the government had built 5 railway
lines across the west and east.
Politics and Democracy:The government made laws to establish the ralationship between the western states and federal government.
Effect
Population:
Also,the westward Movement is a large-scale immigration.These immigrate helped to build a lot of cities such as San Francisco, Los Angeles and so on.
Effect
Industrialization:
The development of agriculture in the western region provided for industrial development a large amount of food,raw materials,exports and domestic markets.With abundant natural resources there,such as coal,iron ore,oil and water,its industry developed very fast.
West Expansion
美国西进运动
Content
Brief introduction Effect
西进运动)
美国西进运动开放分类：美国政治西进运动（Westward Movement）是美国人民由北美东部向西部地区开发、移居的过程。
它始自美国建国后，当初移民越过阿巴拉契亚山脉，进入密西西比河以东地区，从19世纪20年代起，移民开始越过密西西比河，进入美国新扩张的地区，40年代，加利福尼亚发现金矿，形成移民的“加利福尼亚热”，19世纪末，西进运动结束。
编辑摘要目录美国西进运动是19世纪美国人口向西部迁移而引起一系列社会活动和社会变革的总称，是美国人对西部的开发过程，也是美国城市化、工业化和美利坚民族大融合的过程。
西进运动彻底改变了美国的面貌：大片荒地被开垦出来，大批的资本主义农场建立起来，西部农业的发展为工业的发展提供了大量的粮食、原料、出口产品和国内市场；使美国的劳动力布局有所改变：促进了国内统一大市场的形成，东西部互补性贸易迅速发展；西部资源的开发和利用还满足了工业发展的需要，交通运输业也飞速发展。
美国的西进运动激发了美国人的创造力和经济活力，提高了美国的综合国力和国际地位，对美国整个国民经济的起飞具有重要的意义，对美国的经济、政治、文化、思想、军事等社会各方面产生了重大影响，同时也是美国文化本土化的发展历程。
美国西进运动 - 历史背景早在北美殖民地时期，向西移民的活动就开始了。
南部的奴隶主、北部的土地投机商和贫苦的老百姓，都希望在西部获得土地。
英国政府为了把殖民地人民限制在能够控制的地方，于1763年颁布了禁止移民越过阿巴拉契亚山脉以西的公告令。
独立革命粉碎了这一规定。
178 3年英美议定了和平解决方案，英国把阿巴拉契亚山以西至密西西比河这一大片印第安人所有的土地，开放给了美国。
1830年5月，A．杰克逊总统通过了《印第安人迁移法》，把印第安人迁到密西西比河以西。
这之后，派军队把印第安人押送出密西西比河以东地区，殖民事业在这一地区迅速发展。
“旧西南部”（包括今肯塔基、田纳西、亚拉巴马、密苏里、密西西比、阿肯色、路易斯安那诸州）的土地，主要被种植园奴隶主占有，成为棉花的主要产地。
Westward movement 西进运动解析
Positive effects Agriculture: After the Westward Movement , the Midwest quickly became a well-known “grain base”. This movement helped to bring mechanization, regionalization and specialization to America’s agriculture. Population: Also, the Westward Movement is a largescale immigration. These immigrates helped to build a lot of cities such as San Francisco, Los Angeles and so on.
Industrialization: The development of agriculture in the western region provided for industrial development a large amount of food, raw materials, exports and domestic markets. With abundant natural resources there, such as coal, iron ore, oil and water, its industry developed very fast.
Background
1.The constant expansion of America from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast , more and more people immigrated to Americia . 2.In the west region, there is a vast land and rich resources, but a few people in there. 3.The constant expansion of Amercia capitalism.
谈美国西进运动
谈美国西进运动摘要：美国西进运动是美国国内的一次大规模移民拓殖运动,是美国人对西部的开发过程。
美国联邦政府为开发西部，在土地分配、鼓励移民、吸引外资和生态保护等方面采取了一系列政策措施。
在一百余年的时间里，美国不仅将西部建设成为采矿业、畜牧业和农业的生产基地，而且促进了美国农业和工业的现代化，为美国成为世界大国奠定基础。
西部大开发对美国政治、经济社会思想等产生了重大而深远的影响。
关键词：西进运动；西部大开发；土地政策；交通革命；生态保护在美国历史上，“西部”其实是一个很不确定的概念。
它最初只是指从阿巴拉契亚山到密西西比河之间的地带，以后，由于美国领土的扩张才扩大其范围，以至包括太平洋沿岸的整个领域，同时也就有了“旧西部”、“新西部”和“远西部”之别。
①西部东接平原，落基山的几处山口为西部与东部发达地区之间的联系提供了通道，西临太平洋，它像纽带一样把西部与环太平洋国家连在一起。
这里有辽阔的土地和牧场，太平洋沿岸有大面积的森林，西南地区有丰富的光热资源，落基山脉等山区蕴藏大量有色金属、煤和油页岩等矿藏，山地高原的河流水能资源极为丰沛。
不足之处是大部分地区气候千燥，降水稀少，发展经济所需的水资源多来自河流。
美国西进运动是美国国内的一次大规模移民拓殖运动,是美国人对西部的开发过程。
对待西进运动,要一分为二地看待,在看到它的积极意义的同时也要看到它所产生的负面影响。
1.美国西进运动产生的历史背景和推动力美国西进运动作为一个大规模的移民运动,它的历史背景可以追溯到殖民时代。
②从英国人在北美大陆第一个殖民地詹姆斯教的建立,到美国独立时的十三个州,它本身就是一个由东到西的拓展过程。
事实上从18世纪中叶就已经开始了向阿巴拉契亚山以西的扩张活动,后来的西进运动就是以此为起源的。
推动西进运动的社会力量主要有三种:其一是土地投机者,他们是形成于18世纪的特殊商人集团,也有不少是军官、议员或官员。
他们把所抢占的大量公共土地分成小块高价转卖给后来的移民,或者直接组织移民前往他所有的土地上定居。
Presentation--- Westward Movement西进运动
Democracy
Opportunities American characteristics
Negative Influences
• Aboriginal Indians • Loss of natural sources
Conclusion
• American Westward Movement is on the one hand a great history, on the other hand a miserable history.
All told, the news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad.
Homestead Act
The first of the acts, the Homestead Act of 1862, was signed into law by President Abra The two opposite and related sides of Westward Movement are one of the most influential forces to shape North American history.
Monument----西进之门
That’s all. Thank you!
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Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition by the United States of America in 1803 of 828,000 square miles of France's claim to the territory of Louisiana. The U.S. paid 15 million dollars (less than 3 cents per acre) for the Louisiana territory. The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the young nation , changing its borders from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky mountains.
美国西进运动英文版
The Rise of Middle Class
LOGO
In Jacksonian era, the majority of common men found opportunities in the relatively fluid society to achieve material success, as in those that preceded and followed it, established “middle class” respectability. ”
Page 10
The Start of Spoil System
LOGO
When Jackson became President, many wealthy Easterners held federal government offices. Jackson dismissed many of these people from office, replacing them with his supporters. The spoil system is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity.
Westward movement 西进运动
Westward movementWestward Expansion is a movement of people from the settled regions of the United States to lands farther west. Since the late 18th centuries to the late 19th centuries, Anglo-American people and their society expanded from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. This westward expansion crossed what was often called the American frontier. As one frontier area was settled, people began moving farther west into the next unsettled area, sweeping aside Native Americans as they went.It took Americans a century and a half to expand as far west as the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. By 1850, pioneers had pushed the edge of settlement all the way to Texas, the Rocky Mountain and the Pacific Ocean. During the movement rush, a new powerful and fascinating conviction had been shaped which is called the “manifest destiny” later. People believed that it was US destiny to expand towards the Pacific, perhaps further and to spread its ideas of democracy and freedom.In order to pioneer more frontiers, America intrigued the independence of Texas, which finally led to the War between Mexico and America in 1846.America won the war in the end and therefore gained a vast area of land. West movement is also called as Trail of Tears, which is given to the forced relocation and movement of nativeAmerican from southeastern parts of the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830. It caused millions of death because of hunger, diseases and cold,which was known as Death March.This is a historical tragedy and also ainerasable reproach in American history.The Gold Rush was one of the most significant events in westward movement. It began in 1848, when gold was discovered in California. The New York Herald was the first major newspaper on the East Coast to report the discovery of gold.President James Polk confirmed the discovery of gold in an address to Congress. News of the discovery soon spread, resulting in some 300,000 men, women, and children coming to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. It brought a lot of workers and vastly promoted the development of society, agriculture, transportation and economy in the west.Looking back to the Westward Movement, many common American values were exactly developed from it such as self-reliance, the rugged individualism, inventiveness, the can-do spirit and equality of opportunity. That’s all should be reserved forever. But we also must not forget those persecuted Native Americans and destroyed environment.。
American_Westward_Movement(美国西进运动)
American Westward MovementU.S. Westward Movement is a long and sustained process of development. Back in the United States prior to independence, the Americans began to expand to the western North American continent, but until the United States after independence, the United States westward movement was more active and planned, and continues to the present.Throughout the American West in the history of westward movement can be divided into the following period.Agriculture is the main period of initial developmentFrom the War of Independence to the Civil War is the American West during the first period, mainly agriculture-based initial development period. Land on the western economic development after independence the United States has a special significance, not open to the west is not today's America. Seven years after the war ended, Britain and France, the United Kingdom from France won the west of the Appalachian Mountains of Canada and the east bank of the Mississippi River until the vast area; the same time, the United Kingdom announced that the Appalachian Mountains to the west of all land belongs to the British royal family, which be triggered anti-British colonists in North America one of the factors. Bourgeois desire for expansion of the national territory, land speculators attempt to derive profits, farmers, artisans, and put the western land of immigrants, as from oppression, the only hope for a new life.Integrated development of the industrial periodFrom the Civil War to World War II is the American West in the second period, mainly based on industry-based, integrated development period. The end of the Civil War, especially after the reconstruction of the South, the South won the largest capitalist economy, the development of plantations in northern and southern main bourgeois compromise, there have been relatively stable political situation. At the same time, the second industrial revolution is rapidly rising, the United States began the country from an agricultural to an industrial transformation. Thus, the westward movement of this period, based on industry-based, integrated development.Development of high-tech times the depth of the mainFrom the end of World War II to the present is the American West in the third period, mainly in the depth of the main development of science and technology development period. After the end of World War II, the United States first occurred in a computer network technology, nuclear technology, biotechnology, space technology, space and an important symbol of the third technological revolution. Western United States full use of its scientific and technological revolution in the hotbed of the geographical advantages, to science and technology development as the main use of advanced technology to transform traditional industries, develop new industries, greatly promoted the development of the western United States and the prosperity of the entireU.S. economy and strong support for development of knowledge economy of the United States.Sport natureA constant migration to the west, the process of territorial expansion American Westward Movement, is a constant migration to the west, the process of territorial expansion, and migration to the west, only a prelude to the United States territorial expansion, was the result. First, illegal immigration into the west, and then, the government will map these areas into the U.S., then followed that the influx of large numbers of Reclamation. Independent United States of America, the region is very small, only 13 states Atlantic coast. After independence, large numbers of people flocked to the Wild West. Initially, immigrants mainly settled in areas to the east of the Mississippi. Early 19th century, the United States through the purchase of armed subversion and means of waging war for territorial expansion. In 1803, while Napoleon was busy with the U.S. government war machine in Europe, bought Louisiana from France. 20 years since the 19th century, immigrants migrated to the west of the Mississippi River, a large number of Americans who moved to Texas a division of Mexico, a pioneer of Texas annexation. 40 Americans over the age of the Rocky Mountains, along the Pacific region flocked in groups, setting off the "Oregon Fever" and "California fever" and led to the U.S. territory of coverage of these areas.The same period, the Eurasian region of the shortage of large disaster and war, a large number of European and Asian immigrants flock to the United States. 1857 The first global economic crisis in the eastern U.S. large numbers of workers facing unemployment, a large number of hungry people wandering in the country, many people with great desire to flock to the western land. In 1862, Lincoln government promulgated the "Homestead Act", the Westward Movement to a new climax. According to statistics, from 1815 to 1860, immigration has 500 thousand people; from 1861 to 1914 half-century, migration of more than 2,700 people. A large number of European and Asian immigrants, many come to seek a way out gold or laborers. In human history, like the U.S., scale, scope, length of time, the deep social impact of immigration movement is rare, making the United States as the world's most typical, dynamic nation of immigrants. The contribution of immigrants is apparentAn economic development processAmerican Westward Movement, is an industrial revolution go hand in hand, the coordinated development of industrial and agricultural economic development process. The vast expanse of the western region is rich in mineral resources, water resources and forest resources, has a long coastline and excellent harbor, has the right climate, suitable for agriculture Yi Mu. It provides a superior American industrial conditions and broad market prospects, but also for the development of U.S. agriculture provides the vast world. The 19th century, 60 years, the Ohio River and the Mississippi River north of the development of a "kingdom of wheat", the Mississippi River as "CottonKingdom." The rise of agriculture as the economic prosperity of the United States provides a good foundation for the eastern industrial and urban population with ample raw materials, food.The American Industrial Revolution of the unique characteristics of Western development means the expansion of the domestic market. Tens of millions of immigrants gradually came to settle in Western business, production and labor required for the basic necessities of life are required to purchase materials, market capacity of large, unprecedented. This promoted the development of manufacturing industry in eastern, but also to keep them westward. Large land area, the need to improve traffic conditions in the 19th century built 20 to 30 years and the Ohio Erie Canal - Erie Canal, the Mississippi River, the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean linked together. In particular, from 30 years onwards, the government encouraged and funded the construction of railways in the country set off a boom in decades has built a transcontinental railway lines 5, formed the backbone of the national railway land and water transport system. Accelerate the development of the transport industry the process of industrial revolution in the United States, while it is also an important result of the industrial revolution the United States to promote the mechanization of agriculture production.The process of pioneering the American peopleWestward Movement is the process of pioneering the American people. To face various difficulties and obstacles, the United States abandoned the people of all stereotypes, overcome difficulties and forge ahead, thereby fostering the formation of the American nation reality, optimism and courage of the national character, which is an inexhaustible wealth of a life time.Flooding also killed the movement of indigenous IndianAmerican Westward Movement, is also a drive to kill the movement of indigenous Indians, the Indians a history of hardship. But from the perspective of the evolution of human civilization, it is the United States, the process of capital accumulation, in the form of modern civilization. Advanced capitalist mode of production extended to the western region, making it the capitalist world-system components.Rating:For the American Westward Movement, which is in a free market economy and the territorial expansion against the backdrop of large-scale population movements as the basis for the pilot transport, industry, agriculture and animal husbandry as the main point, in order to promote regional development in growth centers socio-economic development process. The results of the American West, complete the east and west between U.S. political and economic integration, promoting the development of capitalist industrialization, modern agriculture led to the American Revolution, the industrial revolution and the knowledge revolution, foster the pioneering spiritof the American people, especially the United States in the western development embodied in the esteem, fear no sacrifice, high-spirited, constantly finding new lands, new wealth of the cowboy spirit of the frontier spirit, the Americans became indomitable, heroic optimism, courage, to explore more than the spirit of the entire nation. In short, the United States through the Westward Movement, in the hundred millions of years in the development of square kilometers of land. And established in these lands of modern agriculture, animal husbandry, industry, and this growth is the U.S. number one economic power in the world had a decisive impact. So, no westward movement, there is no United States today.。
美国西进运动的全过程介绍
美国西进运动的全过程介绍西进运动也称为血泪之路，是指在北美殖民地时期开始的向西移民的活动和对西部的开发，始于18世纪末，终于19世纪末20世纪初，下面是由店铺为你提供的美国西进运动的全过程介绍，让我们一起来了解。
美国西进运动的全过程介绍美国西进运动的全过程开始于18世纪末，这次运动长达一个世纪之久。
随着西进运动的进行，无数土著居民遭到屠杀与驱赶。
早在美国独立之前，美利坚人就开始了大规模向北美大陆西部的领土扩张，包括奴隶主、土地投机商、工业资本金、高利贷者跟老百姓都希望获得西部的土地。
英国为了把殖民地人民控制在可控制的范围内，于1763年颁布了禁止移民超越阿巴拉契亚山脉的法令。
直到美国独立以后，美国西进运动全过程加快了步伐，变得更加有计划性。
废除了英国颁布的禁止移民向西进的禁令，许多来自东部地区和欧洲的移民纷纷加入到西进的队伍中。
1810年，阿巴拉契亚以西的人口只占美国总人口的1/7，后面10年快速增长为总人口的1/4。
这些移民多为矿工、牧民跟农民。
美国西进运动的全过程出现了三次移民高潮。
第一次出现在18世纪末到19世纪初期，美国政府颁布了一系列的条令并从法国手中购买了路易斯安那，移民们纷纷涌向西部。
第二次出现在1815年，两股移民朝着不用的方向移动，一股朝着大湖平原区迁徙，开拓俄亥俄河以北，建立谷物和牧畜业生产基地。
一股朝着濒临墨西哥湾的平原地区，开拓土地，建立以生产和销售棉花为主的种植园。
第三次出现在19世纪中叶，于1845年兼并德克萨斯。
1848年美墨战争中夺得墨西哥领土的一半，1846年经过与英国的谈判，争取到了俄勒冈大片土地。
西进运动和二战之间有着非常密切的关系。
美国西进运动主要划分为三个阶段，而二战发生时间处于美国西进运动的第二个阶段。
根据美国的发展史可知，西进运动的第二阶段指的是美国内战结束到二战结束这段时间，即西进运动和二战在时间跨度上属于包含关系。
美国南北战争结束后，南方开始了一系列的重建工作，资本主义经济获得了很大的发展空间，北方的大资产阶级和南方的农场主之间的相互妥协，使得美国的政治开始日渐稳定，第二次工业革命由此迅速兴起，美国由农业国开始向工业国转变。
美国的西进运动与土地占有
美国的西进运动与土地占有19世纪中叶以后，美国农业大规模发展，成为了美国社会和经济生活的主要来源，而随着农业的发展，对土地的需求也越来越快速增长。
这促进了人们对大西部地区的进一步探索和占有，这就是著名的“西进运动”。
西进运动在美国历史上具有重要的地位，它是美国向西扩张的标志，形成了西方荒野的框架。
在美国历史上，许多重要的事件都与西进运动紧密相关，如《定居西部法案》（Homestead Act）、俄勒冈州迁移、印第安战争等。
19世纪，美国人逐渐开始认识到自己的竞争优势在于土地和自然资源的丰富，这也促使了美国开始向西扩张。
当时，西部地区还是一个广袤而神秘的荒野，那里的土地肥沃、资源丰富、气候宜人，足以满足美国不断增长的需要。
西进运动的主要目的是在这片广阔的土地上进行农业开发，建立自己的家园。
西进运动的美国人（无论是农民、牧民还是采矿者）都认为，这片广阔的土地是属于他们的。
与此同时，这些人也比较容易接受关于印第安人是拥有这片土地的人的观点。
在美国传统中，印第安人是被视为原始的、野蛮的人民，其所居住的土地和资源是可以任意占有的。
这种思想不仅直接促进了美国人继续向西扩张，还鼓励了他们进行针对印第安人的侵略。
但是，西进运动与土地占有也带来了许多问题和争议。
在西进运动中，美国政府通过定居西部法案为民众提供了充足的土地，但同时也使得这些土地拥有者极度分散，土地主权严重缺乏，这就产生了很多问题，如土地的过度开垦、土地的过度耗损、土地的丧失等。
此外，美国政府和印第安人之间的关系也有很多争议。
印第安人不仅被撵走，甚至被枪杀，这些都让人深刻反思美国西进运动所带来的后果。
总之，美国的西进运动与土地占有是美国历史中的重要篇章。
虽然它给美国的人口和经济发展带来了很大的影响，但同时也带来了很多问题。
对于今天的我们来说，需要从多个角度去看待它，做出更加全面客观的评价。
美国历史上的～西进运动
美国历史上的～西进运动1847年2月18日，当救援队翻越山谷到达唐纳所在的营地后，一个女人从洞中爬了出来，目光呆滞地问：“你们是来自加利福尼亚还是来自天堂？”救援队员环顾四周，他们被眼前的景象惊呆了，只见洞内到处是残缺不全的尸体，有的还正在火上烤着……营地中的人来自美国东部，他们是在移民西部的途中，因大雪封山而被困在内华达山脚下的。
这起骇人听闻的食人惨案震惊了整个美国，也使得“西进运动”再一次成为人们关注的焦点。
所谓的“西进运动”就是当时的美国人从东部前往西部进行拓荒和定居，这一过程也许能带来财富和梦想，但同时也充满了未知和风险。
当时前往西部的固定路线是沿着俄勒冈小径，一路穿过大平原，在翻过洛基山、绕过大盐湖后，越过内华达山脉，最终抵达加利福尼亚。
整个路程大约耗时5-6个月，其中最艰难的部分就是翻越内华达山脉，那里不仅海拔高而且降雪量大。
因此，整个西进路途中最关键的就是务必要在冬季大雪封山前穿越内华达山脉。
1846年4月，由乔治‧唐纳一家、乔治的弟弟雅各布‧唐纳一家以及詹姆斯‧瑞德一家组成的队伍，带着全部财产和家当，驾驶着共9辆大篷车向着西部浩浩荡荡地进发了。
在途中，又有一些人加入进来，这支队伍最终达到87人，由乔治‧唐纳担任队伍的领导者，因此又被称为“唐纳大队”。
起初的几个月一切正常，几家人一路上有说有笑地向着目的地进发。
直到有一天，詹姆斯‧瑞德搞到一本小册子，里面介绍了一条名叫“黑斯廷小路”的近路。
在瑞德的怂恿下，本着抄近路的想法，“唐纳大队”离开大部队走上了这条令他们后悔终生的道路。
这条路看似直线距离近，但实则特别难走，沿途不但要经过干旱缺水的沙漠，而且路况极差，根本不适合马车通行。
整个路途中，“唐纳大队”消耗了大量物资和牲畜，最后不得不再次并入原来的路线。
而此时已经是9月末了，大部队早已远去，天气已经转凉，“唐纳大队”成为了当年西行大军中最后一支队伍。
10月16日，“唐纳大队”终于来到了内华达山脉脚下，翻过这座山，他们依旧能赶在雪季到来前抵达加利福尼亚，可老天没有再次给他们机会。
american westward movement
西进运动是美国历史上一个影响全局的事件，它涉及美国社会的各个方面，不仅对经济、政治、社结构产生了前所未有的影响，而且孕育出了美利民族所特有的性格。
一、西进运动使美国人崇尚民主、渴求自由平等的性格得到了充分发展。
西进运动发展了美国的民主政治与公平社会的自由意识，培植了美国式的自由、平等和竞争。
富饶开放的大西部是演示民主制度的巨大场所,“边疆是美国民主得以扩大和加深的广阔而深厚的土壤”。
[1]在西进程中，移民所到之处尽是荒野，根本不存在政府和管理机构。
只是为了维持居民点最起码的安全和秩序，才由大家一起选举一个管理公共事务的人员或机构来行使大家赋予他们的职权。
凡是重大事件要经全体居民讨论才能决定。
正如雷•艾伦•比林顿在他的书中所说：“他们对于西部地区存在的落后的奴隶制产生了很大的反感，并形成了群体性的意识形态”。
[2]西部新建各州的宪法借用了东部诸州宪法最自由化的内容从而表明他们比东部制宪人物更为民主。
艾伦•比林顿在他书中指出:“几乎所有新州的宪法都赋予立法机构非同一般的权力。
”[3]据说，立法机构更关心的是社会舆论，而不是州长的意见，并且大都规定较短的官职任期以便迅速轮换立法人员。
尤为明显的倾向是边疆社区把掌权职位交给了出身于各阶层的普通公民。
“西部没有开创政治民主，但是向西部的扩张扩大了对人民政治的信念”。
[4]美国人民渴求自由与平等的观念在西部更是得到了充分的发展与进一步的巩固。
西部体现了19世纪使美国社会充满活力的对自由的向往。
梭罗曾在他的书中写道:“朝东我不自由，西行则感到自由。
”[5]塞缪尔•龚帕斯回忆过一首在当时有着广泛影响的民谣，开头便是:“到西部去，到西部去，到自由的土地去，密苏里在那里浩荡入海。
”[6]西进既是摆脱东部思想堕落和精神束缚的出路，是许多当时美国人“纯洁心灵的精神寄托”，也是改变自己社会经济地位的一个机会。
边疆社会给人们提供了一个追求平等地位的大舞台。
在那里，一个穷光蛋有可能因为发现了某个矿藏而一夜之间变成人人艳羡的富翁;而一个衣着光鲜的有钱人也会因为投机失败而转眼之间身无分文。
Westwardmovement（西进运动）
Westwardmovement（西进运动）Westward expansionAfter 1815 the United States shifted its attention away from foreign policy to internal development. With the end of the wartime British alliance with Native Americans east of the Mississippi River, American settlers moved in great numbers into the rich farmlands of the Midwest. In the 1830s, the federal government forcibly deported the southeastern tribes to the Indian territory (now Oklahoma) via the "Trail of Tears".[50] The steady expansion and rapid population growth of the United States after 1815 contrasted sharply with static European societies, as visitors described the rough, sometimes violent, but on the whole hugely optimistic and forward-looking attitude of most Americans. While land ownership was something most Europeans could only dream of, contemporary accounts show that the average American farmer owned his land, fed his family afar more than European peasants, and could make provisions for land for his children. Europeans commonly talked of the egalitarianism of American society, which had no landed nobility and which theoretically allowed anyone regardless of birth to become successful. For example in Germany, the universities, the bureaucracy and the army officers required high family status; in Britain rich families purchased commissions in the army for their sons for tens of thousands of pounds. Rich merchants and factory owners did emerge in Europe, but they seldom had social prestige of political power. By contrast the US had more millionaires than any country in Europe by 1850. Most rich Americans had well-to-do fathers, but their grandfathers were of average wealth. Poor boys of the 1850s like Andrew Carnegie andJohn D. Rockefeller were two of the richest men in the world by 1900. Historians have emphasized that upward social mobility came in small steps over time, and over generations, with the Carnegie-like rags-to-riches scenario a rare one. Some ethnic groups (like Yankees, Irish and Jews) prized upward mobility, and emphasized education as the fastest route; other groups (such as Germans, Poles and Italians) emphasized family stability and home ownership more. Stagnant cities offered less mobility opportunities, leading the more ambitious young men to head to growth centers, often out west.[51][52]Westward expansion was mostly undertaken by groups of young families. Daniel Boone was one frontiersman who pioneered the settlement of Kentucky. This pattern was followed throughout the West as American hunters and trappers traded with the Indians and explored the land. As skilled fighters and hunters, these Mountain Men trapped beaver in small groups throughout the Rocky Mountains. After the demise of the fur trade, they established trading posts throughout the west, continued trade with the Indians and served as guides and hunters for the western migration of settlers to Utah, Oregon and California.Americans asserted a right to colonize vast expanses of North America beyond their country's borders, especially into Oregon, California, and Texas. By the mid-1840s, U.S. expansionism was articulated in the ideology of "Manifest Destiny". The Oregon Territory had been jointly administered by the US and Great Britain since 1819, but the two nations fell into disputes over the territory. President Polk (Democrat) negotiated a compromise that gave half the area to the US, along the line of the current border with Canada.American annexation of the Republic of Texas in 1845 was unacceptable to Mexico and led to war. In May 1846, Congress declared war on Mexico after a border incident. Troops under the command of General Zachary Taylor defeated Santa Anna's army in northern Mexico while other American troops took possession of New Mexico and California. Mexico continued to resist despite a chaotic political situation, and so Polk launched an invasion of the country's heartland.An army led by Winfield Scott occupied the port of Veracruz, and pressed inland amid bloody fighting. Santa Anna offered to cede Texas and California north of Monterrey Bay, but negotiations broke down and the fighting resumed. In September 1847, Scott's army captured Mexico City. Santa Anna was forced to flee and a provisional government began the task of negotiating peace. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed on February 2, 1848. It recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary of Texas and ceded what is now the states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico to the United States, while also paying Mexico $15,000,000 for the territory. The war was opposed by Whigs in the US (including Congressman Abraham Lincoln) who considered it a European-style war of conquest and imperialism. In the presidential election of 1848, Zachary T aylor ran as a Whig and won easily when the Democrats became split, even though he was an apolitical military man who never voted in his life.With Texas and Florida having been admitted to the union as slave states in 1845, California was made a free state in 1850.Major events in the western movement of the U.S. population were the Homestead Act, a law by which, for a nominal price, a settler was given title to 160 acres (65 ha) of landto farm; the opening of the Oregon Territory to settlement; the Texas Revolution; the opening of the Oregon Trail; the Mormon Emigration to Utah in 1846–47; the California Gold Rush of 1849; the Colorado Gold Rush of 1859; and the completion of the nation's First Transcontinental Railroad on May 10, 1869.。
美国西进运动简介
西进运动
西进运动 - 简介
• 西进运动（Westward Movement）是 指美国东部居民向西部地区迁移和进 行开发的群众性运动，它始于18世纪 末，结束于19世纪末20世纪初
西进运动
• • • • • 历史背景 运动主体 运动历程及措施 运动本质 影响
西进运动 - 历史背景
西进运动 - 种族灭绝
• 随着疆土的大踏步向西扩展，资产阶级当 权派对印第安人的征讨和屠杀进一步加强 了。从1803年一直持续到1892年，差不多 进行了整整一个世纪。特别是在19世纪60 年代到90年代，集中发起了1000多次不同 规模的军事行动，基本上完成了消灭印第 安人的作战任务。
西进运动 - 影响
• 。这一时期的西进运动，是以工业为主的 综合开发。美国政府为了更好地促进西进 运动，采取优惠政策吸引外商投资基础设施
铁 路公司还可得到沿线两侧宽各十公里的土地所有权
（2）采取开放的政策吸引国外优秀劳动力
• 数以百计的梦想者不辞劳苦漂洋过海，来到他们神往的美 国“西部花园”，创造了一系列西部文化
• 是美国工业革命所独具的特点
• 与西进运动密切联系、互相促进、同步发展是美国 工业革命所独具的特点。西部开发意味着国内市场 的扩大。几千万移民陆续来到西部安家创业，衣食 住行所需生产劳作之物都须购置，市场容量之大， 前所未有。这就推动了东部制造业的发展，也使之 不断西移。 • 国土面积大了，需要改善交通条件，19世纪20至 3O年代建成的伊利运河和俄亥俄——伊利运河， 把密西西比河、五大湖和大西洋连成一体。尤其 是，从30年代起，在政府的鼓励和资助下，全国 掀起修筑铁路的热潮，在几十年内便建成了横贯 大陆的5条铁路干线，形成了以铁路为骨干的全 国水陆交通体系。交通运输业的发展加速了美国 工业革命的进程，同时，它又是美国工业革命的 重要成果。西部地广人稀，劳动力较缺乏，平坦 广袤的草原，促进了农业机械化生产。
Westward movement 西进运动
大批移民纷纷涌向西部，开拓俄亥俄、肯塔基和田纳西等地区，为后来日益扩大的中
西部产粮区奠定了基础；第二次是1815年以后，移民们在大湖区开拓，建立了美国谷 物生产和畜牧业的基地，同时在南方的濒临墨西哥湾介于佐治亚南部与路易斯安那之 间的平原地区，建立棉花种植园，扩大了南部的奴隶制种植园经济；第三次高潮是19 世纪中期，开拓了俄勒冈、加利福尼亚等地。到1890年，西进运动正式结束。西进运 动和领土扩张是交织在一起的，在西进运动过程中，西部得到开发，大大促进了美国 经济的发展；但是，随着西进运动的进行，大批印第安人遭到屠杀，幸存者被强行赶 到更为荒凉的“保留地”，他们的被迫迁徙之路也被称为印第安人的“眼泪之路”。
淘金热（Gold Rush)
• • 淘金热是美国西进运动的产物，也是其中极为重要的一个环节。对美国18-19 世纪的经济开发，农业扩张交通革命，工商业发展具有重要的意义。 淘金热是由于西进运动的发展引发的人口迁移为开端的。在人口第三次大规 模的浪潮来临之际，美国移民萨特在加利福尼亚的萨克拉门托附近发现了金 矿，并有冒险商人、操纵者、土地投机家布兰那使金矿发现的消息扩大到全 世界。 西进运动的发展首先是由于布兰那在加利福尼亚的企业中首次与顾客用金沙 交换商品并从中捕获商机开始的，由于他的宣传在一定程度上产生了经济效 应。 更为重要的是美国政府的支持和引导。美国政府支持西部牛仔向西部披荆斩 棘，并在淘金热兴起前后准备正式兼并加利福尼亚，即便在加利福尼亚商品 匮乏之时也设法调剂和统筹商品货源。 初期 金矿被发现后，美国沸腾，世界震撼。近在咫尺的圣弗朗西斯科首先感受到 了淘金热的冲击，几乎所有的企业停止了营业，海员把船只抛弃在了圣弗朗 西斯科湾，士兵离开了营房，仆人离开了主人，涌向金矿发源地，农民典押 田宅，拓荒者卡垦荒地，工人扔下工具，公务员离开写字台，甚至连传教士 也离开了布道所。这股热潮一直席卷到圣弗朗西斯科北部的俄勒冈及南部的 墨西哥。成千上万的淘金者使加利福尼亚人口猛增。并且许多新近出现的城 镇很快成为国际性的城市。
West movement
West movement Introduction介绍American Westward Movement美国西进运动, movement of people from the settled regions of the United States to lands farther west. 、运动的人,来自定居在美国部分地区进一步向西涉足。
Between the early 17th and late 19th centuries, Anglo-American peoples and their societies expanded from the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. 早期和晚期的17th之间19th世纪,英美民族和社会从大西洋海岸扩展到太平洋海岸。
This westward movement, across what was often called the American frontier, was of enormous significance. 这在西进运动是什么,通常被称为美国边境的巨大意义。
By expanding the nation’s borders to include more than three million square miles, the United States became one of the most powerful nations of the 20th century. 通过扩大这个国家的边界,包括超过三百万平方英里,美国成为其中一个最强大的国家的20th世纪。
However, this expansion also resulted in great suffering, destruction, and cultural loss for the Native Americans of North America.然而,这种扩张也导致了极大的痛苦、破坏及文化损失北美本土的美国人。
美国西进运动
Manifest Destiny 天定命运论
阴谋吞并德克萨斯
• 1836年3月2日，德克萨斯人举行全体代表 大会，宣布脱离墨西哥，成立“孤星共和 国” （得克萨斯共和国） • In 1845 it joined the United States as the 28th state, which led to the War between Mexico and America in 1846. • 其领土范围涵盖现今美国得克萨斯州以及 部份的新墨西哥州、科罗拉多州、怀俄明 州、奥克拉荷马州、堪萨斯州。
The Gold Rush淘金热
(GOLD RUSH,英语里意为对金子的向往）淘金热是美国西进 运动的产物，也是其中极为重要的一个环节。对美国18-19世 纪的经济开发，农业扩张，交通革命，工商业发展具有重要的 意义。
It began on January 24, 1848, when gold was discovered by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California, a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter, found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River.
影响： 自1854年起，加利福尼亚的淘金热成下降趋势，黄金产值下降，但整个采金业取向 深度和广度发展。 其影响在于：1）人口的急剧增长，社会财富剧增。 2）带动了加利福尼亚地区工业及相关产业的发展。 3）大量移民的涌入，加快了农业、牧业的发展。 4）采矿业带动西部交通运输业的发展。 第二次采金热是50年代在科罗拉多发现金矿至70年代在内华达发现金矿。这时采集 矿种增多，并因此使美国作为最大的产金国的地位一直保持到1898年。同时，由于 技术的发展使得商人、工业、企业家纷纷形成采矿公司，并逐步控制了采矿区。
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• The Westward Movement of the U.S. have had a significant and far-reaching impact on economic, political and social.
• The development of agriculture in the western region provided for industrial development a large amount of food, raw materials, exports and domestic markets.
• The western development and utilization of resources also met the needs of industrial development and the rapid development of the transport industry is also ... ... the American Westward Movement inspired American creativity and economic vitality, and the United States improved the national comprehensive strength and international status; It was of great significance for the United States that took off the entire national economy
The Westward Movement
----美国பைடு நூலகம்进运动
The Reasons for the Movement
• As early as in North America in the colonial era, the westward migration activities began. His master's in the southern and northern land speculators and poor people, want access to land in the west. The British Government in order to be able to control colonized people in the restricted areas, in 1763 promulgated a ban on immigrants to cross the Appalachian Mountains to the west of the announcement made. Revolution crushed the independence of this provision. Britain and the United States in 1783 agreed on a peace settlement, the United Kingdom to the Appalachian west of the Mississippi River all the large Indian land, open to the United States. In May 1830, A. Jackson, the president passed the "Indian migration law," the Indian move to the west of the Mississippi River. And after that, to send Indian troops to escort the area to the east of the Mississippi River, the colonial cause of the rapid development in the region.
• 早在北美殖民地时期，向西移民的活动就开始了。 南部的奴隶主、北部的土地投机商和贫苦的老百姓， 都希望在西部获得土地。英国政府为了把殖民地人 民限制在能够控制的地方，于1763年颁布了禁止移 民越过阿巴拉契亚山脉以西的公告令。独立革命粉 碎了这一规定。1783年英美议定了和平解决方案， 英国把阿巴拉契亚山以西至密西西比河这一大片印 第安人所有的土地，开放给了美国。1830年5月， A．杰克逊总统通过了《印第安人迁移法》，把印 第安人迁到密西西比河以西。这之后，派军队把印 第安人押送出密西西比河以东地区，殖民事业在这 一地区迅速发展。
Thank you!
California Gold Rush
• Indians • Buffalo
The victims
The effects
• The Westward Movement is a large-scale immigration, which developed the processes of the American west and the urbanization, industrialization and the national integration of United States.