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新时代舞台美术人才培养的目标及方法——中国舞台美术教育联盟系列会议综述

演艺杂谈S t a g e D e s i g n舞台美术新时代舞台美术人才培养的目标及方法——中国舞台美术教育联盟系列会议综述宋牧原（中央戏剧学院，北京 100710）【摘要】基于中国舞台美术教育联盟成立等相关会议研讨，分析新时代舞台美术人才培养目标、方法。

【关键词】舞台美术；中国舞台美术教育联盟；人才培养；教学改革；方法；目标DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1674-8239.2021.h1.021The Goal and Method of Cultivation of Stage Art Talents in the New EraSONG Mu-yuan(The Central Academy of Drama, Beijing 100710, China)【Abstract】Based on the establishment of the China Stage Art Education Alliance and other related conference discussions,this article analyzes the goals and methods of cultivation of stage art talents in the new era.【Key Words】stage art; China Stage Art Education Alliance; cultivation of stage art talents; teaching reform; method; goal中国舞台美术教育联盟（C h i n a S t a g e A r t Educational Alliance，以下简称“联盟”）是由在中国开设戏剧影视美术专业的相关院校组成的非营利性教育组织，于2020年10月成立，总部设在中央戏剧学院。

“联盟”的发展目标是增进戏剧影视美术教育方面的交流；为开设戏剧影视美术专业的院校师生搭建一个教学、创作和研究的平台；促进全国戏剧影视美术教育事业的长足发展；建立具有中国特色的戏剧影视美术教育体系。

研究生英语综合教程崔校平Unit5课文翻译

Text AWhat in the Air Causes Lung Cancer?空气中的什么东西导致了肺癌？Many have assumed that air pollution causes cancer, but proof was lacking. Until now.许多人都认为空气污染会导致癌症，但缺乏证据。

直到现在。

Last month (October 2013)the World Health Organization's cancer arm, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), declared that air pollution is a carcinogen. While physicians and others have long intuited a relationship between poor air quality and malignancy, few scientific organizations officially recognized the link. Proof was lacking.上个月（2013年10月），世界卫生组织的癌症部门--国际癌症研究机构（IARC）宣布，空气污染是一种致癌物。

虽然医生和其他人长期以来一直认为恶劣的空气质量与恶性肿瘤之间存在关系，但很少有科学组织正式承认这种联系。

证据是缺乏的。

The new designation rests on findings of a large analysis published in Lancet Oncology. The ESCAPE trial drew data from registries involving over 312,000 individuals in nine European countries followed for over 12 years, on average. The investigators used several models to evaluate possible associations between the sizes, types, and density of particles in air, or traffic patterns, and lung cancer cases. They checked for social and economic factors, like fruit consumed per person, age, sex, and education levels that might confound the data, and assessed smoking habits. A total of 2,095 lung cancer cases emerged within the study population. The researchers observed a clear, positive correlation between the amount of particulate matter in air sampled near a person's address and the odds of developing lung cancer. They also identified a weaker but statistically significant link between the volume of road traffic near an individual's home and the chances of a lung cancer diagnosis.这项新的指定基于发表在《柳叶刀肿瘤学》上的一项大型分析的结果。

研究生学术英语高原第七单元课文翻译

为什么材料的历史是真正的文化历史？1.每样东西都是由某种东西构成的。

如果把混凝土、玻璃、纺织品、金属和其他材料从我们的生活中拿走，我们就只能赤身裸体，在泥泞的田野里瑟瑟发抖。

我们生活的复杂性在很大程度上是由物质财富赋予的，如果没有我们的文明，我们将很快恢复到动物行为:使我们成为人类的是我们的衣服、我们的家、我们的城市、我们的东西，我们通过我们的习俗和语言赋予这些东西生命。

如果你去过灾区，这一点就会变得非常明显。

然而，物质世界不仅仅是我们技术和文化的展示，它是我们的一部分，我们发明它，我们创造它，它造就了我们。

2.材料的根本重要性从各个文明时代的命名——石器时代、铁器时代和青铜时代——就可以清楚地看出，每个新时代都由一种新材料带来。

钢铁是维多利亚时代的主要材料，工程师们可以充分发挥他们的梦想，建造悬索桥、铁路、蒸汽机和客轮。

Isambard Kingdom Brunel 将其作为改造世界的宣言，并播下现代主义的种子。

20世纪常被誉为硅的时代，在材料科学取得突破后，迎来了硅芯片和信息革命。

然而,其他新材料的万花筒也彻底改变了现代生活。

建筑师将大量生产的平板玻璃与结构钢结合在一起，建造摩天大楼，从而发明了一种新型的城市生活。

塑料改变了我们的家庭和衣着。

聚合物被用来制造电影胶片，并引入了一种新的视觉文化——电影。

铝合金和镍高温合金的发展使我们能够廉价飞行，并加速了文化的碰撞。

医疗陶瓷和牙科陶瓷让我们得以重建自我，重新定义残疾和衰老——正如“整形手术”一词所暗示的那样，材料往往是修复我们的功能(髋关节置换)或增强我们的特征(隆胸硅胶植入物)的新疗法的关键。

3.我对材料的痴迷始于青少年时期。

我对他们的默默无闻感到困惑，尽管他们就在我们身边。

有多少人能看出铝和钢的区别?木头之间明显不同，但有多少人能说出原因?塑料是混杂的;谁知道聚乙烯和聚丙烯的区别?最终，我进入牛津大学(Oxford University)材料科学系攻读学位，接着攻读喷气发动机合金博士学位，现在是伦敦大学学院(University College London)材料与社会教授和制造研究所(Institute of Making)主任。

研究生英语综合教程下册英汉互译(熊海虹)

Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: "I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it."1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭遇恶性袭击事件，没有人想要遭遇其中。

但出人意料的是，很多人发现承受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。

他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。

”2 We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances.Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.2我们都爱听人们经历艰难困苦后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正意义的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。

文献研究法英文

文献研究法英文Literature Research MethodologyLiterature research is a type of research that involves researching and analyzing written material, such as books, journals, newspapers, websites or other sources. This type of research allows researchers to gain an understanding of a particular topic by examining existing literature on the subject. It is used in many disciplines, including sociology, psychology, economics, history, business, and education.Literature research methodology is the process of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data from various sources to draw conclusions about a particular topic. The primary goal of this type of research is to gain an understanding of how people view and interact with the world around them. Literature research is often used to inform policy decisions, advance scientific knowledge, and influence public opinion.When conducting literature research, researchers must first identify their research question and determine the best methods for gathering information. To do this, they must consider the scope of the research, the types of sources available, the type of analysis to be conducted, and any ethical considerations. Once the research question has been determined, the researcher can begin their search for relevant literature.The most common source of literature is published material, such as journal articles, books, and websites. In some cases, researchers may also access unpublished or gray literature, such as government reports or industry documents. Additionally, researchers may utilize interviews, surveys, or focus groups to collect data.Once the relevant literature has been collected, the researcher must analyze the data. This analysis can include reviewing the literature to identify patterns and trends, interpreting text, or comparing results across multiple sources.Depending on the research question, other types of analysis, such as statistical analysis, may also be conducted.After the data has been analyzed, the researcher can draw conclusions about the topic based on the evidence gathered. These conclusions should be supported by the evidence collected during the literature research process. Finally, the researcher should be able to formulate recommendations or solutions based on their findings.In conclusion, literature research is a powerful tool for gaining an understanding of the world around us. By collecting and analyzing existing literature, researchers are able to gain insights into a variety of topics that can help inform policy decisions, advance scientific knowledge, and influence public opinion. As such,it is an important part of many fields of study.。

物流管理专业英文文献及翻译

2011年中国快递行业研究报告——China Express Delivery Industry Report, 2011 Enterprise wide USD $ 3300 Release Date Dec.2011AbstractIn July, 2011, in the “Twelfth Five-Year (2011-2015)” plan on the development of postal industry issued by State Post Bureau of the Peo ple’s Republic of China, the following “twelfth five-year” development indicators were put forward for the express delivery industry: the network coverage of key express delivery enterprises came up to 98% in municipalities and provincial capitals, and over 90% in provincially administered municipalities; and the key express delivery enterprises realized the 72-hour inter-provincial capital and inter-key city express delivery rate of more than 90%, express delay rate of lower than 0.8%, damage rate of lower than 0.01%, and loss rate of lower than 0.005%.The express delivery business of China has witnessed rapid growth in 2011. Up to the end of September of 2011, Chinese express delivery companies (with annual sales of over RMB5 million) had made 2.52 billion deliveries, up 53.3% year-on-year, and harvested RMB53.14 billion, a 28.9% YoY rise, of which Chinese inner-city express business revenue was RMB4.67 billion, with the year-on-year increase of 58.1%; the cross regional express business revenue rose 37% year-on-year to RMB30.73 billion; and the international and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan business revenue was RMB13.57 billion, a slight rise of 4.9% from the same period of last year.From January to September of 2011, 1.125 billion deliveries were made in Guangdong, Zhejiang and Shanghai, accounting for 44.64% of the national business volume, and achieved RMB25.697 billion with a 48.36% share of the total business revenue in China.‘Research report on the express delivery industry in China’ mainly covers the followings:The twelfth five-year plan of national express delivery industry and the twelfth five-year plan of express delivery industry in key provinces and cities;Development status, business classification,λ market structure, price and competition structure of the express delivery industry in China;Analysis on the express delivery industry in importantλprovinces and cities in Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing and Jiangsu etc.Performance of UPS, FedEx, DHL and TNT in Chinese express deliveryλ market.Development history, corporate operation, SWOT analysis and marketλstrategy of 15 local express delivery enterprises (including EMS, China Sinotrans Group, China Railway Express, Air Express, SF Express, STO Express, ZJS Express, YTO Express, Yunda Express, ZTO Express, etc.)EMS：The revenue of China Post Group footed up to RMB189.9 billion in 2010, presenting an AAGR of 18.5% during the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010); wherein, the proceeds of express business saw an average growth rate of 19.2%. Currently, EMS possesses 16 cargo aircrafts, 40 national airlines, 2 international airlines, more than 20 thousand transportation vehicles, 8 collecting and distributing centers and 31 provincial distribution centers.SF Express: its operating revenue has maintained high-speed growth since 2003, with an AAGR of over 40%; and the figure in 2010 registered RMB12 billion. In August, 2011, SF Express increased RMB400 million to reshuffle stock rights of SF Airlines whose air fleet covers two Boeing 757-200 All-Cargo Aircrafts and three Boeing 737-300 Aircrafts at present.ZJS Express: its operating performance has saw a comparatively slow rise since 2004, and it made negative growth affected by economic crisis during 2008-2009. However, the operating revenue of the company hit around RMB2 billion in 2010, soaring 66.7% from a year earlier and setting a new high record.In next a few years, e-commerce will further drive the steady and rapid growth of the express delivery industry, and the operating costs will rise ever and spur the price hike of express delivery. As the market expands, for considerable benefit, a growing number of companies in the express delivery sector will be merged and reorganized, and the businesses of express delivery firms will be increasingly differentiated.2011年中国快递行业研究报告——中国快递行业研究报告，2011企业广泛$ 3300美元的发行日期dec.2011摘要在七月，2011，在“第十二个五年（年）”计划对邮政产业发展的国家邮政局发行的中国人民共和国，以下“第十二五”发展指标提出了快递行业：网络覆盖的关键快递企业走到98%直辖市、省会城市，和90%多个省直管市；和关键快递企业实现72小时省际资本和inter-key快递率超过90%，表示延迟率低于0.8%，破损率低于0.01%，损失率低于0.005%。

Transliteration—音译

• ②Prefix+ Unit of measurement (由前缀加入计量单位构成复合词，计量单位采用音译) • megavolt 百万伏特 microampere 微安培 • kilowatt 千瓦 decibel分贝
• ③Some compound words (某些复合词意音结合译) radar-man雷达手 valve-guide阀导 • ④Some terms containing people’s names ：people’s names(sound)+the rest of the words (meaning) (有些由人名构成的术语，人名音译，其余部分意译) Ohm law欧姆定律 Curie point居里点 Morse code莫尔斯电码 Monel metal蒙乃尔合金
George Bush 乔治.布什
Albert Einstein 阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦
Transcription table P326
Angela ???
Canada 加拿大
Australia 澳大利亚
The Alps 阿尔卑斯山
The Mississippi 密西西比河
France 法郎
Pound 镑
Classifications
Complete transliteration (纯音译) Combine sound and meaning (意音结合译)
Complete transliteration (纯音译)
1.words about unit of measurement (计量单位)
celluloid赛璐珞（硝纤象牙） sonar声纳（声波导航和测距设备） morphine吗啡

海棉城市,森林城市英语作文

海棉城市,森林城市英语作文Sponge City, Forest City: Innovative Urban Design for a Sustainable FutureAs the world's population continues to grow and urbanization accelerates, cities are facing unprecedented challenges in managing environmental resources and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Traditional urban planning approaches have often led to the creation of concrete jungles, with vast expanses of impermeable surfaces that exacerbate issues such as urban flooding, heat island effects, and limited green spaces. However, a new paradigm of urban design is emerging that offers a more sustainable and resilient vision for the cities of the future – the concepts of Sponge City and Forest City.The Sponge City ConceptThe Sponge City concept is a holistic approach to urban water management that aims to mimic the natural water cycle. The key principle of a Sponge City is to capture, store, and reuse rainwater, rather than relying solely on traditional drainage systems that quicklychannel water away. By incorporating permeable surfaces, green infrastructure, and advanced stormwater management techniques, Sponge Cities can absorb, filter, and gradually release water, reducing the risk of urban flooding and replenishing groundwater supplies.One of the primary benefits of the Sponge City model is its ability to alleviate the impact of extreme weather events, which are becoming more frequent and severe due to climate change. In traditional cities, heavy rainfall can overwhelm drainage systems, leading to widespread flooding and damage to infrastructure and property. Sponge Cities, on the other hand, are designed to act like a natural sponge, absorbing and storing excess water during heavy storms and gradually releasing it over time, reducing the risk of flooding and minimizing the need for expensive and energy-intensive flood control measures.Moreover, the Sponge City approach promotes the integration of green spaces and natural features into the urban landscape. This includes the use of permeable pavements, green roofs, urban wetlands, and other nature-based solutions that not only enhance water management but also provide valuable ecosystem services, such as air purification, temperature regulation, and habitat for urban wildlife.The Forest City ConceptComplementing the Sponge City concept is the idea of the Forest City, which envisions urban areas that are seamlessly integrated with nature and prioritize the preservation and expansion of green spaces. The Forest City concept aims to create a harmonious balance between the built environment and the natural world, with the ultimate goal of improving the overall quality of life for urban residents.At the heart of the Forest City concept is the recognition that urban areas can and should be designed to mimic the structure and function of natural ecosystems. This involves incorporating a diverse range of plant species, creating interconnected green corridors, and integrating urban agriculture and forestry into the urban fabric. By doing so, Forest Cities can provide a range of ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, urban cooling, and habitat for wildlife, while also enhancing the aesthetic and recreational value of the urban environment.One of the key features of a Forest City is the extensive use of vertical and roof-top greenery, including green walls, green roofs, and urban forests. These elements not only contribute to the overall green infrastructure of the city but also help to mitigate the urban heat island effect, improve air quality, and provide valuable habitats for urban biodiversity.Moreover, the Forest City concept emphasizes the integration of urban agriculture and food production into the urban landscape. This can take the form of community gardens, urban farms, and even large-scale agricultural zones within the city limits. By incorporating food production into the urban fabric, Forest Cities can enhance food security, reduce the environmental impact of food transportation, and provide opportunities for community engagement and education.The Convergence of Sponge City and Forest CityWhile the Sponge City and Forest City concepts are distinct in their focus, they share a common goal of creating more sustainable and resilient urban environments. In fact, the two approaches are highly complementary and can be integrated to create even more comprehensive and effective solutions for urban challenges.By combining the water management strategies of the Sponge City with the green infrastructure and ecosystem services of the Forest City, cities can address a wide range of environmental, social, and economic challenges. For example, the integration of green spaces, urban forests, and natural water features can not only improve stormwater management but also enhance urban cooling, air quality, and biodiversity. Similarly, the use of permeable surfaces and nature-based solutions can help to recharge groundwater supplies, reducethe risk of urban flooding, and create more attractive and livable urban environments.Moreover, the convergence of Sponge City and Forest City principles can also contribute to the creation of more sustainable and resilient urban food systems. By incorporating urban agriculture and food production into the urban landscape, cities can reduce their reliance on distant food sources, enhance food security, and promote community engagement and education around sustainable food systems.Implementing Sponge City and Forest City ApproachesWhile the concepts of Sponge City and Forest City offer a promising vision for the cities of the future, their successful implementation requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach that involves a range of stakeholders, including policymakers, urban planners, architects, engineers, and community members.One of the key challenges in implementing these approaches is the need for significant investment in infrastructure and green spaces. However, the long-term benefits of Sponge City and Forest City approaches, in terms of reduced environmental impact, improved public health, and enhanced resilience to climate change, can often outweigh the initial costs.To support the implementation of these approaches, many cities around the world are developing policies and regulations that encourage or mandate the use of Sponge City and Forest City principles in urban planning and development. This can include incentives for the use of permeable surfaces, green roofs, and other nature-based solutions, as well as requirements for the integration of urban agriculture and green spaces into new developments.In addition to policy and regulatory support, the successful implementation of Sponge City and Forest City approaches also requires ongoing collaboration and engagement with local communities. By involving residents in the planning and design process, cities can ensure that the solutions developed are responsive to the needs and preferences of the people who will ultimately live and work in these urban environments.ConclusionAs the world continues to urbanize and the impacts of climate change become more pronounced, the need for innovative and sustainable urban design solutions has never been more pressing. The concepts of Sponge City and Forest City offer a compelling vision for the cities of the future, one that prioritizes the integration of natural systems, the enhancement of environmental resilience, and the improvement of overall quality of life for urban residents.By embracing these approaches, cities can not only address pressing environmental challenges but also create more livable, vibrant, and equitable urban environments that serve as models for sustainable development. As we look to the future, the convergence of Sponge City and Forest City principles offers a pathway towards a more sustainable and resilient urban future, one that can inspire and guide cities around the world.。

外文文献翻译原文+译文

外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。

研究生综合英语第二版曾建彬主编课文翻译Unit5

Unit Five一个小时的故事凯特·肖班马拉德太太有心脏病，要告知她丈夫意外身亡，得格外小心才是。

她姐姐约瑟芬来亲口转告，吞吞吐吐，年遮半掩。

马拉德先生的好友理查兹也在场，就坐在马拉德太太身边。

火车事故的消息传来时，他正好在报馆，发现布伦特利马拉德先生的名字就是“遇难者”名单上的第一个。

他只来得及根据接下来的一份电报确认了一下使匆匆赶了过来，唯恐那些不那么细心体贴的人说漏了嘴，冒冒失失地把噩耗告诉马拉德夫人。

马拉德太太听到这一噩耗，并没有像大多数女人那样手足无措，无法接受这个事实，她一头栽进姐姐的怀里，号啕痛哭。

当悲伤的风暴平息之后，她独自走进房间，不让任何人进来。

房间的窗户敞开着，对面放了张舒适、宽大的沙发。

身体的疲惫令她精疲力竭这种疲惫感似乎浸透到她的灵魂处，让她一下子瘫倒进沙发里。

她看得见房前开阔的广场上大树的树梢，树梢上洋溢着初春的勃勃生机。

空气中散发着春雨的醉人气息，楼下有个小贩吆喝着，远处隐约传来阵阵歌声，屋檐下成群的麻雀叽叽喳喳地闹个不停。

窗外西边的天际，浮云相聚后重叠在一起，只露出几处依稀可辨的蓝天。

她头靠着沙发坐着，几乎一动不动，喉咙里偶尔抽泣一声，身体会随之微微颤动。

就像个哭睡着的小孩，睡梦中仍在啜泣。

她还年轻，面色白皙，显得从容自若，脸上的皱纹述说着生活的压抑，透露出生命的力量。

可是此刻，她目光呆滞，双眼直勾勾的凝望着远方的一片蓝天。

这种眼神不是沉思的眼神，而像是经过一番理性思考后，随之产生的一种忐忑不安的眼神。

有件事正在降临到她身上，她期盼着，又有点惧怕。

那是什么事呢?她不理解。

这件事情太微妙，太难以名状了，可是她能够感觉得到，它正从空中悄然而下，穿过弥漫在空气中的声音、气味和色彩降落到她身上。

此刻，她胸口剧烈起伏，开始意识到这种莫名的事情慢慢通近，慢慢将她吞噬，她挣扎着用意志力抗拒它——可她的意志力却如同她那白皙纤弱的双手一样绵软乏力。

就在她稍有懈怠之际，从微微张开的嘴唇间喃喃地蹦出一句话来。

研究生英文文献汇报

研究生英文文献汇报Please note that I am an AI language model and I cannot write a report for you, but I can provide you with a sample structure for a 700-word research article report. You will need to fill in the details and content based on your own research. Here is a suggested structure:Title: [Title of the Research Article]Introduction (Approximately 150 words):- Provide an overview of the research topic and its significance.- Introduce the purpose of the study and its objectives.- Briefly discuss the rationale behind the research.Literature Review (Approximately 200 words):- Review existing literature related to your research topic.- Identify key theories, concepts, and gaps in knowledge.- Highlight the significance of your study in filling these gaps. Methodology (Approximately 150 words):- Describe the research design and methodology you used.- Provide details about the participants/sample, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.Results (Approximately 100 words):- Present the key findings of your study.- Use appropriate graphs, tables, or charts to present the data. Discussion (Approximately 200 words):- Interpret the results and relate them to the research objectives.- Discuss the implications of your findings and their relevance to the research field.- Highlight any limitations or constraints of the study.- Suggest potential directions for future research.Conclusion (Approximately 50 words):- Summarize the key findings and contributions of your study. - Highlight the significance and relevance of your research.- Provide a closing statement.References:- List all the references cited in your article using the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, etc.).。

熊海虹《高等学校研究生英语综合教程》译文

Unit Ten普林斯顿大学校长在其任职演说中提到：与接受高等教育这项权利相伴的是各种义务。

危机时代，大学该扮演的角色雪莉·M．泰夫曼1今天，由于长期以来美国人对教育价值的共识，大学在美国社会中占有得天独厚的地位。

一位前任校长哈罗德·多兹1933年在就职演说中曾提到，“没有哪个国家像美国这样，不论对公立教育还是私立教育的投入都是如此地慷慨大方。

美国人民对正规教育所能起到的作用抱有一种近乎天真的信念。

”这一信念是在这样一个深信不疑的基础上确立的，即美国的活力、它富有创造性和多样化的文化生活、它具有惊人独创力的经济、它的国家安全以及它健全的民主制度——极大地依赖于其高等教育机构的质量。

2我国社会对高等教育机构的信心通过以下几点表现出来：联邦政府和州政府对基础研究和应用研究给予大量投资，这些投资明智地将对研究的支持与对研究生教育的支持结合起来；联邦政府和州政府对无力负担高等教育学费的学生给予资助；一些私人基金会和慈善机构给予投资，他们认为高等院校是达成其战略目标的最佳途径；一些个人和私人部门给予投资，他们认为高等院校是未来健康发展和富裕繁荣的孵化器。

社会当然期望我们能有所作为以回报这种广泛的支持。

社会期望我们产生新思想，开发新知识，以一种开放和共同协作的方式探索复杂的问题，培养未来一代公民和领导者。

当处于困境的时候，我们不辜负这些期望就尤为重要。

3中世纪大学的形象是一座象牙塔，学者们远离社会进行孤独的沉思，不关心窗外之事——这一形象已被现代大学所取代——现代大学不是象牙构筑的，而是高度开放的机构，允许内外自由交流。

高校是属于社会的，而不是游离于社会之外的。

高校的理想，经由多少代人的铸造，旨在渗入国民意识之中。

学者和教师必定要周旋于学院内外以寻觅运用他们的才能为公众服务的机会，寻觅能给我们带来启发和见识的创造性工作，寻觅把实验室的研究发现转化为实际应用的途径。

我们的学生在从事社会活动时怀有一种强烈的公民责任意识，并且当他们毕业若干年后成为老校友时仍然会这样做。

英文文献全文翻译

英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：English literature has a long and rich history, with countless works that have been translated into various languages around the world. From ancient epics like Beowulf and The Odyssey to modern classics like To Kill a Mockingbird and Harry Potter, English literature has captured the hearts and minds of readers for centuries.第二篇示例：The world of academic research is vast and ever-growing, with a wealth of knowledge and information being produced every day. One important aspect of this research is the publication of English-language academic articles. These articles cover a wide range of topics across various fields, from science and technology to social sciences and humanities.第三篇示例：English literature is a treasure trove of human culture and knowledge. The literary works of great writers from around theworld offer insights into the human experience, emotions, and imagination. Through the process of translation, these literary masterpieces are made accessible to a global audience, allowing people from different cultures and backgrounds to connect and appreciate the beauty of language and storytelling.第四篇示例：Abstract:Introduction:English literature holds a prominent position in the field of international academia, with a vast number of research articles, books, and journals being published in English. For researchers and scholars in non-English speaking countries, access to English literature is essential for staying up-to-date with the latest developments in their respective fields. However, understanding and interpreting English texts can present significant challenges due to linguistic, cultural, and contextual differences.Challenges in Translating English Literature:。

英语文献常用词及缩写翻译

英语文献常用词及缩写翻译Abstracts Abstr 文摘Abbreviation 缩语和略语Acta 学报Advances 进展Annals Anna. 纪事Annual Annu. 年鉴，年度Semi-Annual 半年度Annual Review 年评Appendix Appx 附录Archives 文献集Association Assn 协会Author 作者Bibliography 书目，题录Biological Abstract BA 生物学文摘Bulletin 通报，公告Chemical Abstract CA 化学文摘Citation Cit 引文，题录Classification 分类，分类表College Coll. 学会，学院Compact Disc-Read Only Memory CD-ROM 只读光盘Company Co. 公司Content 目次Co-term 配合词，共同词Cross-references 相互参见Digest 辑要，文摘Directory 名录，指南Dissertations Diss. 学位论文Edition Ed. 版次Editor Ed. 编者、编辑Excerpta Medica EM 荷兰《医学文摘》Encyclopedia 百科全书The Engineering Index Ei 工程索引Et al 等等European Patent Convertion EPC 欧洲专利协定Federation 联合会Gazette 报，公报Guide 指南Handbook 手册Heading 标题词Illustration Illus. 插图Index 索引Cumulative Index 累积索引Index Medicus IM 医学索引Institute Inst. 学会、研究所International Patent Classification IPC 国际专利分类法International Standard Book Number ISBN 国际标准书号International Standard Series Number ISSN 国际标准刊号Journal J. 杂志、刊Issue 期（次）Keyword 关键词Letter Let. 通讯、读者来信List 目录、一览表Manual 手册Medical Literature Analysis and MADLARS 医学文献分析与检索系统Retrieval SystemMedical Subject Headings MeSH 医学主题词表Note 札记Papers 论文Patent Cooperation Treaty PCT 国际专利合作条约Precision Ratio 查准率Press 出版社Procceedings Proc. 会报、会议录Progress 进展Publication Publ. 出版物Recall Ratio 查全率Record 记录、记事Report 报告、报导Review 评论、综述Sciences Abstracts SA 科学文摘Section Sec. 部分、辑、分册See also 参见Selective Dissemination of Information SDI 定题服务Seminars 专家讨论会文集Series Ser. 丛书、辑Society 学会Source 来源、出处Subheadings 副主题词Stop term 禁用词Subject 主题Summary 提要Supplement Suppl. 附刊、增刊Survey 概览Symposium Symp. 专题学术讨论会Thesaurus 叙词表、词库Title 篇名、刊名、题目Topics 论题、主题Transactions 汇报、汇刊Volume Vol. 卷World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO 世界知识产权World Patent Index WPI 世界专利索引Yearbook 年鉴。

英文文献volume和issue

在英文文献中，“volume”和“issue”具有不同的含义和用法。

“volume”通常指的是一套书中的一卷或一册，有时也指较大的书。

它所表示的是某物所占空间的体积或某容器的容积，还可以约定俗成地用来表达其他任何东西的度量。

而“issue”则通常用来表示“问题”“争论点”，多指所思、所说及所写的主要事件或观点，引申可作“要点”“争吵原因”解，一般只用单数形式。

此外，“issue”也可以表示“期号”，通常用于定期发行的刊物，如报纸或杂志等。

因此，“volume”和“issue”在英文文献中具有不同的含义和用法，需要根据上下文来判断其具体含义。

《《春归库布其》(1-2章)汉英翻译实践报告》范文

《《春归库布其》（1-2章）汉英翻译实践报告》篇一标题：春归库布其——汉英翻译实践报告一、引言随着全球化的深入发展，翻译实践的重要性日益凸显。

本报告以《春归库布其》的汉英翻译实践为例，探讨了翻译过程中的主要步骤、策略及注意事项。

通过详细分析翻译案例，展示在处理中文文化负载词和句法结构等时，应采取的有效方法，以达到文化信息的有效传递和表达的准确性。

二、项目介绍本实践项目涉及将一部反映库布其地区春季景色的中文文章翻译成英文。

通过本实践，我们希望能够传达原文的文化背景、意境及表达方式，确保译文的准确性和可读性。

三、翻译过程1. 预备阶段在翻译之前，我们首先对原文进行了仔细的阅读和分析，理解其整体结构和语境。

针对文章中的专业术语和文化背景，我们进行了相关的研究和查询，以确保准确理解原文含义。

此外，我们还制定了详细的翻译计划，明确时间节点和任务分配。

2. 翻译阶段在翻译过程中，我们采用了逐句翻译的方法，注重保持原文的语调和表达方式。

对于中文文化负载词和特殊句式结构，我们进行了深入的研究和探讨，采用适当的翻译策略和方法，确保译文的准确性和流畅性。

同时，我们还对译文进行了多次修改和润色，以提高其可读性和吸引力。

3. 校对与审稿完成初稿后，我们对译文进行了仔细的校对和审稿。

校对过程中，我们重点关注译文的语法、拼写、标点等方面，确保译文的无误。

审稿阶段，我们邀请了母语为英语的专家对译文进行审查，以检查是否存在文化差异、语义不准确等问题。

经过多次修改和完善，最终形成定稿。

四、翻译策略与案例分析1. 翻译策略在翻译过程中，我们采用了直译和意译相结合的策略。

对于一些具有特定含义的词汇和表达方式，我们采用了直译的方法，以保留原文的文化特色和语言风格。

对于一些难以直译的内容，我们则采用了意译的方法，以更符合英文表达习惯的方式进行翻译。

2. 案例分析以“春天的脚步悄然而至”一句为例，我们在翻译时采用了意译的策略，将其翻译为“The spring is coming quietly”。

祁连山英语-基础词汇

祁连山英语-基础词汇In the realm of language learning, the Qilian Mountains serve as a symbol of natural beauty and cultural diversity. As we embark on the journey of exploring the fundamental vocabulary of Qilian Shan English, we are not only delving into the linguistic nuances of a unique geographical region, but also embracing a cultural heritage that is deeplyrooted in this majestic mountain range.The Qilian Mountains, a majestic chain of peaks that span across northwestern China, are renowned for their scenic landscapes and rich biodiversity. Their name,derived from the ancient Qiang ethnic group, carries a profound cultural significance that is reflected in thelocal dialects and vocabulary. As we delve into the worldof Qilian Shan English, we encounter a blend of traditional and modern terms that capture the essence of thisremarkable region.At the core of our exploration lies the foundation of basic vocabulary. Terms like "mountain range," "peak," and "valley" form the bedrock of our understanding of theQilian Mountains' geographical features. We learn about thediverse ecosystems that thrive in these mountains, with vocabulary such as "forest," "grassland," and "wildlife" providing insights into the natural beauty of this region. Moreover, the cultural aspects of the Qilian Mountains are equally fascinating. Terms like "ethnic group," "tradition," and "festival" introduce us to the rich cultural heritage of the people who have inhabited these mountains for centuries. We discover the unique customs and traditions that have been passed down through generations, shaping the identity and way of life of the local communities.In addition to the basic vocabulary, we also explore the use of adjectives and adverbs to describe the Qilian Mountains. Words like "majestic," "soaring," and "lush" bring to life the grandeur and vitality of these mountains. We learn how to use these descriptive terms to create vivid imagery and convey the emotional impact of the landscapes we encounter.Furthermore, the study of Qilian Shan English also involves an understanding of the local dialects and their influence on the vocabulary. The unique pronunciation andusage of certain words reflect the distinct cultural characteristics of the region. By exploring these dialects, we gain a deeper understanding of the cultural identity and linguistic diversity of the Qilian Mountains.In conclusion, the exploration of Qilian Shan English-basic vocabulary is not just a linguistic exercise; it is a journey that takes us through the heart of a cultural and natural landscape. Through this exploration, we not only enhance our language skills but also deepen our understanding and appreciation of the rich cultural heritage and natural beauty of the Qilian Mountains.**祁连山英语-基础词汇学习与探索**在语言学习的领域中，祁连山不仅象征着自然之美，还代表着文化的多样性。

4.外文翻译译文美国自然主义的社会历史研究

温州医学院本科毕业论文外文翻译资料( 2010届 )译文题目1A Social-historical Study of American Naturalism（中文）美国自然主义的社会历史研究译文题目2Life and love: Thoreau’s life philosophy on man andnature in the age of industrialization（中文）生活和爱：工业化时期梭罗对人与自然的人生哲学译文总字数4301学院仁济学院专业英语班级06英语2班学号0606041049作者姓名赵玖玫完稿时间__ 2010-04-27_ __指导老师王晓丹合作老师无美国自然主义的社会历史研究崔少元(南京大学外国语学院)自然主义在《不列颠百科全书》中的解释是19世纪出现的一种通过文学创作追求超然科学客观的文学批判。

它是根据生态决定论分支中的达尔文“适者生存”理论和马克思的经济决定论得出的。

自然主义发源于法国，早期代表为左拉、福楼拜。

后来自然主义在别国兴盛起来，比如俄国和美国。

目前它是一门被现当代评论家读者及小说家普遍接受的学术。

自然主义作为一种文学学派，通常具有三点体征。

第一，自然主义者信仰人类的命运，其他生物的生物学命运一样，已经被不受个人意愿和选择控制的因素决定。

人类只是高等动物，他的天性被定期的遗传特性和环境控制。

第二，自然主义倡导者中文艺类作家对作品都是精雕细琢，很少有直白。

它比现实主义少了特指而多了包容性。

第三，自然主义作家很少作关于种族和道德的评论。

他们总是把自己隐藏起来，以旁白的方式表达他们对人类可怜的生活环境的悲观思想。

美国自然主义几乎继承了上述特点的所有内容，在这个世纪的转折时得到了发展。

在美国，自然主义跟现实主义一样来源于欧洲。

它在早期慰藉的信仰下成型于内战以及工业制度引起社会大变革时期。

从内战到第一次世界大战的半个世纪是动力改变美国人生活和文学得到相应发展的新纪元。