高中英语系动词和助动词精讲及练习
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系动词和助动词
一、动词概述
二、连系动词
系动词亦称连系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词后不可接副词,接的是形容词。大致分七种
1状态系动词
用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)
2持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall(asleep), get, go, come, run.
例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
7.使役动词:let,have,make 使,让…
Let /make somebody do sth
The teacher lets/makes them clean the classroom after school.
Make sb/sth adj.
The story makes me happy. The color makes it look beautiful.
Have somebody do sth 让某人做某事
Have sth done 让某物被
My mother haves me make the bed. I have my hair cut/washed.
有些动词它们既可以用作实义动词,又可以用作连系动词。另外be还可用作助动词。它们的用法不同,词义和句型结构也有所不同。例如:
Look at the blackboard, please.请看黑板。(look用作实义动词)
He looks a little tired.他略显疲倦。(look用作连系动词)
They are at work.他们在工作。(are用作连系动词)
They are working.他们正在工作。(are用作助动词,帮助构成现在进行时)
三、助动词
独使用,它没有对应的汉译,例如:He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
1、助动词be(am, is, are, was, were, being, been)的用法
(1)be后跟现在分词构成进行时态。
Who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴?
She was reading a book then.那时她正在读书。
(2)be后跟过去分词构成被动语态。
He was asked to d o the work.有人要他干这件工作。
You are invited to attend the meetintg.有人邀请你参加会议。
(3)be 后跟不定式作谓语,有如下几种情况:
①表示计划、安排将要发生的事。
Who are we to meet?我们要见谁呀?
I'm to have supper with John this afternoon.今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。
②表示指示、命令,否定式表禁止。
You are to see the headmaster today.今天你必须去见校长。
You are not to enter the room without permission.未经允许你不能进入房间。
③表示义务、责任等,同should。
You are to be back before 5.你得在5点钟以前回来。
What is to be d one?该干什么。
④表示可能性,与情态动词may, can同义。
Such books are to be found in any library.这种书任何图书馆都有。
Not a sound was to be heard.一点声响也没有。
⑤表示后来发生的事,可以用来表示命运或注定
They say good-bye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告别了,没想到再也不能相见了。
He was to regret the decision.他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。
⑥用于习语
Where am I to go? 我该向何处去?
What am I to do? 我该怎么办?
2、助动词have(has, had, having)的用法
(1)助动词have可以构成完成时或完成进行时
He has been a d octor for 10 years.他当医生十年了。
This is the place I have been longing to visit.这就是我一直渴望参观的地方。
(2)和不定式构成谓语,表示客观上不得不做的事情。
We've missed the train. We'll have to wait for another one.我们己经误了火车,我们只能等下一列。
-Do we have to start work?我们得立刻工作吗?
-No. We d on't have to.不,不必了。
3、do(d oes, did) 的用法
(1)构成疑问句或否定句
How did you know about it?你是怎样知道这件事的。
He does not smoke. 他不抽烟。
(2)加强语气。
He did tell that.他的确告诉了此事。
Do come and see us.一定来看我们。
(3)代替前面刚出现的动词,避免重复。
-You like popular music, d on't you?你喜欢流行音乐,是吧?
-Yes , I d o.是的,我喜欢。
He speaks French as fluently as she does.他讲法语和她讲的一样流利。