复旦大学博士生入学考试人工智能题库

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人工智能导论考核试卷

2.监督学习：基于标记数据学习；无监督学习：从无标记数据中发现模式；强化学习：通过奖励与惩罚学习策略。案例：监督学习用于邮件分类，无监督学习用于客户细分，强化学习用于游戏AI。
3. CNN通过卷积和池化操作提取图像特征，降低参数数量，提高模型泛化能力，从而提高图像识别准确性。
4.伦理问题：隐私保护、算法偏见、责任归属。解决策略：制定伦理准则、透明度提升、多样化团队、责任追溯机制。
1.人工智能包括以下哪些技术领域？()
A.机器学习
B.语音识别
C.量子计算
D.数据挖掘
E.虚拟现实
2.以下哪些属于监督学习算法？()
A.支持向量机
B.决策树
C. K-均值聚类
D.线性回归
E.随机森林
3.深度学习中的卷积神经网络（CNN）主要用于哪些任务？()
A.图像分类
B.语音识别
C.自然语言处理
D.视频分析
人工智能导论考核试卷
考生姓名：__________答题日期：__________得分：__________判卷人：__________
一、单项选择题（本题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分，在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的）
1.以下哪个不是人工智能的研究领域？()
A.机器学习
B.深度学习
D.随机森林
E.支持向量回归
9.以下哪些是推荐系统中的冷启动问题？()
A.用户冷启动
B.项目冷启动
C.模型冷启动
D.数据冷启动
E.系统冷启动
10.以下哪些是迁移学习的主要挑战？()
A.数据分布差异
B.标签空间不匹配
C.模型泛化能力不足
D.源域数据不足
E.目标域数据过拟合

(完整word版)复旦大学博士研究生入学考试试题及答案详解

复旦大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅰ（略）Part ⅡDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the21. SheA. missedB. budgetedC. loathed22. They tried to keep it quiet but eventually everyone learned about theA. intangibleB. sedateC. impudent23. Many citizens appealed to the city government for enacting laws to protect theA. rigorousB. equivocalC. stringent24. People who like to wear red clothes are more likely to be talkative andA. lucrativeB. introvertedC. vivacious25. This is but a of the total amountA. frictionB. fractionC. faction26. They were tired, but not any less enthusiasticA. onB. byC. for27. I think it is high time we the fact that environmental pollution in this area isA. woke up toB. must wake up toC. wake up to28. So was the mood of the meeting that an agreement was sA. resentfulB. amiableC. suffocating29. Rescue workers continued the delicate task of sifting through tons of concrete andA. scrapsB. leftoversC. debris30. When sheA. came toB. came offC. came through31. The shortage of water became more this summer with the highest temperatures in 40 yeaA. needyB. latentC. uneasy32. They tried to drive their horse into the river, but he simply couldA. budgeB. surgeC. trudge33. Even the best medical treatment can not cure all the diseases that men andA. beseechB. besetC. bewitch34. The boy's talent might have lain had it not been for his uncle'sA. extinguishedB. dormantC. malignantD.35. The two leaders made a show of unity at the press conference, though they had notablyA. discontinuousB. discreetC. discordant36. Jack admitted that he ought not to have made his mother angry,A. oughtn't heB. wasn't heC. didn't he37. An old woman was badly hurt in the police describe as an apparently motivelessA. thatB. whichC. what38. As the city has become increasingly and polluted, there has been a growingA. flourishedB. boostedC. congested39. The taxi in front of a girl, just in time to avoidA. turned inB. pulled upC. cleared up40. The doctor told him to be careful when taking sleeping pills because too manyA. lethalB. vitalC. wholesomeD. sanitaryPart ⅢDirections: There are 4 reading passages in this pall. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single lineFor my proposed journey, the first priority was clearly to start learning Arabic. I have never been a linguist. Though I had traveled widely as a journalist, I had never managed to pick up more than a smattering of phrases in any tongue other than French, and even my French, was laborious for want of lengthy practice. The prospect of tackling one of the notoriously difficult languages at the age of forty, and trying to speak it well, both deterred and excited me. It was perhaps expecting a little too much of a curiously unreceptive part of myself, yet the possibility that I might gain access to a completely alien culture and tradition by this means was enormouI enrolled as a pupil in a small school in the center of the city. It was run by a Mr Beheit, of dapper appearance and explosive temperament, who assured me that after three months of his special treatment I would speak Arabic fluently. Whereupon he drew from his desk a postcard which an old pupil had sent him from somewhere in the Middle East, expressing great gratitude and reporting the astonishment of local Arabs that he could converse with them like a native. It was written in English. Mr Beheit himself spent most of his time coaching businessmen in French, and through the thin, partitioned walls of his school one could hear him bellowing in exasperation at some confused entrepreneur:“Non, M. Jones. Jane suis pas francais. Pas, Pas, Pas!” (No Mr. Jones, I'm NOT French, I'm not, not, NOT!). I was gratified that my own tutor, whose name wasFor a couple of hours every morning we would face each other across a small table, while we discussed in meticulous detail the colour scheme of the tiny cubicle, the events in the street below and, once a week, the hair-raising progress of a window-cleaner across the wall of the building opposite. In between, bearing in mind the particular interest I had in acquiring Arabic, I would inquire the way to some imaginary oasis, anxiously demand fodder and water for my camels,wonder politely whether the sheikh was prepared to grant me audience now. It was all hard going.I frequently despaired of ever becoming anything like a fluent speaker, though Ahmed assured me that my pronunciation was above average for a Westemer. This, I suspected, was partly flattery, for there are a couple of Arabic sounds which not even a gift for mimicry allowed me to grasp for ages. There were, moreover, vast distinctions of meaning conveyed by subtle sound shifts rarely employed in English. And for me the problem was increased by the need to assimilate a vocabulary, that would vary from place to place across five essentially Arabic-speaking countries that practiced vernaculars of their own: so that the word for “people”, for instance, might be nais,Each day I was mentally exhausted by the strain of a morning in school, followed by an afternoon struggling at home with a tape recorder. Yet there was relief in the most elementary forms of understanding and progress. When merely got the drift of a torrent which Ahmed had just released, I was childishly elated. When I managed to roll a complete sentence off my tongue without apparently thinking what I was saying, and it came out right, I beamed like an idiot. And the enjoyment of reading and writing the flowing Arabic script was something that did not leave me once I had mastered it. By the end of June, no-one could have described me as anything like a fluent speaker of Arabic. I was approximately in the position of a fifteen-year old who, equipped with a modicum of schoolroom French, nervously awaits his first trip to Paris. But this was something I could reprove upon in my own time. I bade farewell to Mr Beheit, still struggling toB. He was vol42. It is known from the passage that the writerB. couldn't mak43. It can be inferred from the passage that Ahmed wasC. a44. The word “modicum” in the last paragraph can be replaced by45. Which of the following statements is FALSE according to theC. The writer found learning Arabic was a grueling experience but rewD. The writer regarded Ahmed's praise of his pronunciation as tongue-in-It is one of the world's most recognized phrases, one you might even heat in places where little English is spoken:‘The name's Bond, James Bond.’ I've heard it from a taxi driver in Ghana and a street sweeper in Paris, and I remember the thrill of hearing Sean Connery say it in the first Bond film I saw, Goldfinger. I was a Chicago schoolgirl when it was released in 1904. The image of a candy-colored London filled with witty people, stately old buildings and a gorgeous, ice-coolWhen Ian Fleming created the man with the license to kill, based on his own experiences while working for the British secret service in World War Ⅱ, he couldn't have imagined that his fictional Englishman would not only shake, but stir the entire world. Even world-weary actors are thrilled at being in a Bond movie. Christopher Walken, everyone's favorite screen psycho, who p layed mad genius Max Zorin in 1985's A View to a Kill, gushed:‘I remember first seeing DJ' No when I was 15. I remember Robert Shaw trying to strangle James Bond in From Russia with Love.Bond is the complete entertainment package: he has hot——and cold——running women on tap, dastardly villains bent on complete world domination, and America always plays second string to cool, sophisticated Britain. Bond's England only really existed in the adventures of Bulldog Drummond, the wartime speeches of Winston Churchill and the songs of Dame VelaWhen Fleming started to write his spy stories, the world knew that, while Britain was victorious in the war against Hitler, it was depleted as a result. London was bombed out, a darkIt was America that was producing such universal icons as Gary Cooper's cowboy in High Noon (‘A man's got to do what a man's got to do’); the one-man revolution that was Elvis Presley; Marilyn Monroe, the walking, male fantasy married to Joe DiMaggio, then the most famous athlete in the world. Against this reality, Fleming had the nerve and arrogance to say that, while hot dogs and popcorn were fine, other things were more iAnd those things were uniquely British: quiet competence, unsentimental ruthlessness, clear-eyed, steely determination, an ironic sense of humor and doing a job well. All qualitiesOf course, Bond was always more fairytale than fact, but what else is a film for? No expense is spared in production, the lead is suave and handsome, and the hardware is always awesome. In the latest film, the gadgets include a surfboard with concealed weapons, a combat knife with global positioning system beacon, a watch that doubles as a laser-beam cutter, an Aston Martin V12 Vanquish with all the optional extras you've come to expect, a personal jet glider... the list isThere are those who are disgusted by the Bond films' unbridled glorification of the evils of46. According to the passage each production of a Bond film isD. difficult to fin48. It is known from the passage that post-war Britain as49. Judging by the context, the word “stately” in the first paragraph means50.A. When Ian Fleming created James Bond, he believed that his fictional Englishman would shake the entire world.C. Ian Fleming began to write his spy stories before world war ⅡThe current political debate over family values, personal responsibility, and welfare takes for granted the entrenched American belief that dependence on government assistance is a recent and destructive phenomenon. Conservatives tend to blame this dependence on personal irresponsibility aggravated by a swollen selfare apparatus that saps individual initiative. Liberals are more likely to blame it on personal misfortune magnified by the harsh lot that falls to losers in our competitive market economy. But both sides believe that “winners” in America make it on their own that dependence reflects some kind of individual or family failure, and that the ideal family is the self-reliant unit of traditional lore——a family that takes care of its own, carves out a future for its children, and never asks for handouts. Politicians at both ends of the ideological spectrum have wrapped themselves in the mantle of these “family values,” arguing over why the poor have not been able to make do without assistance, or whether aid has exacerbated their situation, but never questioning the assumption that American families traditionally achieve success by establishing theThe myth of family self-reliance is so compelling that our actual national and personal histories often buckle under its emotional weight. “We always stood on our own two feet,” my grandfather used to say about his pioneer heritage, whenever he walked me to the top of the hill to survey the property in Washington State that his family had bought for next to nothing after it had been logged off in the early 1900s. Perhaps he didn't know that the land came so cheap because much of it was part of a federal subsidy originally allotted to the railroad companies, which had received 183 million acres of the public domain in the nineteenth century. These federal giveaways were the original source of most major weatem logging companies' land, and when some of these logging companies moved on to virgin stands of timber, federal lands trickled downLike my grandparents, few families in American history——whatever their “values”——have been able to rely solely on their own resources. Instead, they have depended on the legislative, judicial and social-support structures set up by governing authorities, whether thosewere the clan elders of Native American societies, the church courts and city officials of colonialAt America's inception, this was considered not a dirty little secret but the norm, one that confirmed our social and personal interdependence. The idea that the family should have the sole or even primary responsibility for educating and socializing its members, finding them suitable work, or keeping them from poverty and crime was not only ludicrous to colonial and revolutionar51. Conservatives believe that welfare services have played a certain role inB. reducing individual or family dependence on government52. It can be concluded that the writer's grandfather's family purchased their landA53. It can be inferred from the passage that in early AmericaB54. The word “parochial” in the last paragraph meansC. i55. The writer's attitude toward the idea of American family values isOne of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is the voice of the advertisers. Its strident clamour dominates our lives. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspaper; plucks at our sleeves on the escalator; signals to us from the successful man as a man no less than 20% of whose mail consistsAdvertising has been among England's biggest growth industries since the war, in terms of the ratio of money earnings to demonstrable achievement. Why all this fantastic expenditure Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the manufacturers from having to think about the customer. At the stage of designing and developing a product, there is quite enough to think about without worrying over whether anybody will want to buy it. The designer is busy enough without adding customer——appeal to all his other problems of man——hours and machine tolerances and stress factors, So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it, by pretending that it confers status, or attracts love, or signifies manliness, if the advertising agency can to thisOther manufacturers find advertising saves them changing their product. And manufacturers hate change. The ideal product is one which goes on unchanged for ever. If, therefore, for onereason or another, some alteration seems called for——how much better to change the image, the packet or tile pitch made by the product, rather than go to all the inconvenience of changing theThe advertising man has to comibine the qualities of the three most authoritative professions: Church, Bar, and Medicine. The great skill required of our priests, most highly developed in missionaries but present, indeed mandatory, in all, is the kill of getting people to believe in and contribute money to something which can never be logically proved. At the Bar, an essential ability is that of presenting the most persuasive case you can to a jury of ordinary people, with emotional appeals masquerading as logical exposition; a case you do not necessarily have to believe in yourself, just one you have studiously avoided discovering to be false. As for medicine, any doctor will confirm that a large part of his job is not clinical treatment but faith healing. His apparently scientific approach enables his patients believe that he knows exactly what is wrong with them and exactly what they need to put them right, just as advertising does——“Run down? You need...”. “No one will dance with you? A dab of * * * * will mAdvertising men use statistics rather like a drunk uses a lamp-post-for support rather than illumination. They will dress anyone up in a white coat to appear like an unimpeachable authority or, failing that, they will even be happy with the announcement, “As used by 90% of the actors who play doctors on television.” Their engaging quality is that they enjoy having their latest ruses56. It can be concluded from the passage that modern advertising is authoritative because of the way it57. According to the passage, the advertising man must have the ability to58. The word “unimpeachable” in the last paragraph can be replaced by59. The following statements are TRUE exceptA. Advertising men dress people up in white coats because it makes their advertisement more convincing.B. Some manufacturers would rather change their product's appeal than change the productD. If advertising agency does advertising authoritatively enough, the manufacturer will surely60. It can be inferred from the passage that the advertisers' attitude is usually based on the hope that customersC. are inPart ⅣDirection: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Write your answer on Answer Sheet ⅡA child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It isalways much better to tell a story than read it __61__ of a book, and, if a parent can produce __62__ in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on theA charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistie impulses. To prove the __63__, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read rairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, __64__ the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be Father a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children __65__ dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with theThere are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds __67__ they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies __68__ fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case __69__ sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick __70__ covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend. No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has everPart ⅤDirections: Put the following passage into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ根据“十五”期间的形势和任务，“十五”计划《纲要》提出今后五年经济和社会发展的主要目标是：国民经济保持较快发展速度，经济结构战略性调整取得明显成效，经济增长质量和效益显著提高，为到2010年国内生产总值比2000年翻一番奠定坚实基础：国有企业建立现代企业制度取得重大进展，社会保障制度比较健全，社会主义市场经济体制逐步完善，对外开放和国际合作进一步开展；就业渠道拓宽，城乡居民收入持续增加，物质文化生活有较大改善，生态建设和环境保护得到加强，科技、教育加快发展，国民素质进一步提高，法制建设取得明显进展。

人工智能试题及答案

人工智能试题及答案【篇一：人工智能经典试题及答案】ass=txt>2.8 设有如下语句，请用相应的谓词公式分别把他们表示出来：s(1) 有的人喜欢梅花，有的人喜欢菊花，有的人既喜欢梅花又喜欢菊花。

解：定义谓词dp(x)：x是人l(x,y)：x喜欢y其中，y的个体域是{梅花，菊花}。

将知识用谓词表示为：(?x )(p(x)→l(x, 梅花)∨l(x, 菊花)∨l(x, 梅花)∧l(x, 菊花))(2) 有人每天下午都去打篮球。

解：定义谓词p(x)：x是人b(x)：x打篮球a(y)：y是下午将知识用谓词表示为：a(?x )(?y) (a(y)→b(x)∧p(x))(3) 新型计算机速度又快，存储容量又大。

解：定义谓词nc(x)：x是新型计算机f(x)：x速度快b(x)：x容量大将知识用谓词表示为：(?x) (nc(x)→f(x)∧b(x))(4) 不是每个计算机系的学生都喜欢在计算机上编程序。

解：定义谓词s(x)：x是计算机系学生l(x, pragramming)：x喜欢编程序u(x,computer)：x使用计算机将知识用谓词表示为：? (?x) (s(x)→l(x, pragramming)∧u(x,computer))(5) 凡是喜欢编程序的人都喜欢计算机。

解：定义谓词p(x)：x是人l(x, y)：x喜欢y将知识用谓词表示为：(?x) (p(x)∧l(x,pragramming)→l(x, computer))2.9 用谓词表示法求解机器人摞积木问题。

设机器人有一只机械手，要处理的世界有一张桌子，桌上可堆放若干相同的方积木块。

机械手有4个操作积木的典型动作：从桌上拣起一块积木；将手中的积木放到桌之上；在积木上再摞上一块积木；从积木上面拣起一块积木。

积木世界的布局如下图所示。

图机器人摞积木问题解：(1) 先定义描述状态的谓词clear(x)：积木x上面是空的。

(x, y)：积木x在积木y的上面。

(完整版)人工智能(部分习题答案及解析)

1.什么是人类智能？它有哪些特征或特点？定义：人类所具有的智力和行为能力。

特点：主要体现为感知能力、记忆与思维能力、归纳与演绎能力、学习能力以及行为能力。

2.人工智能是何时、何地、怎样诞生的？解：人工智能于1956年夏季在美国Dartmouth大学诞生。

此时此地举办的关于用机器模拟人类智能问题的研讨会，第一次使用“人工智能”这一术语，标志着人工智能学科的诞生。

3.什么是人工智能？它的研究目标是？定义：用机器模拟人类智能。

研究目标：用计算机模仿人脑思维活动，解决复杂问题；从实用的观点来看，以知识为对象，研究知识的获取、知识的表示方法和知识的使用。

4.人工智能的发展经历了哪几个阶段？解：第一阶段：孕育期（1956年以前）；第二阶段：人工智能基础技术的研究和形成（1956~1970年）；第三阶段：发展和实用化阶段（1971~1980年）；第四阶段：知识工程和专家系统（1980年至今）。

5.人工智能研究的基本内容有哪些？解：知识的获取、表示和使用。

6.人工智能有哪些主要研究领域？解：问题求解、专家系统、机器学习、模式识别、自动定论证明、自动程序设计、自然语言理解、机器人学、人工神经网络和智能检索等。

7.人工智能有哪几个主要学派？各自的特点是什么？主要学派：符号主义和联结主义。

特点：符号主义认为人类智能的基本单元是符号，认识过程就是符号表示下的符号计算，从而思维就是符号计算；联结主义认为人类智能的基本单元是神经元，认识过程是由神经元构成的网络的信息传递，这种传递是并行分布进行的。

8.人工智能的近期发展趋势有哪些？解：专家系统、机器人学、人工神经网络和智能检索。

9.什么是以符号处理为核心的方法？它有什么特征？解：通过符号处理来模拟人类求解问题的心理过程。

特征：基于数学逻辑对知识进行表示和推理。

11.什么是以网络连接为主的连接机制方法？它有什么特征？解：用硬件模拟人类神经网络，实现人类智能在机器上的模拟。

特征：研究神经网络。

人工智能(部分习题答案及解析)

1.什么是人类智能它有哪些特色或特色定义：人类所拥有的智力和行为能力。

特色：主要表现为感知能力、记忆与思想能力、概括与演绎能力、学习能力以及行为能力。

2.人工智能是何时、何地、如何出生的解：人工智能于 1956 年夏季在美国 Dartmouth 大学出生。

此时此地举办的对于用机器模拟人类智能问题的商讨会，第一次使用“人工智能”这一术语，标记着人工智能学科的出生。

3.什么是人工智能它的研究目标是定义：用机器模拟人类智能。

研究目标：用计算机模拟人脑思想活动，解决复杂问题；从适用的看法来看，以知识为对象，研究知识的获得、知识的表示方法和知识的使用。

4.人工智能的发展经历了哪几个阶段年）；第解：第一阶段：孕育期（1956 年从前）；第二阶段：人工智能基础技术的研究和形成（1956~1970三阶段：发展和适用化阶段（1971~1980 年）；第四阶段：知识工程和专家系统（1980 年到现在）。

5.人工智能研究的基本内容有哪些解：知识的获得、表示和使用。

6.人工智能有哪些主要研究领域解：问题求解、专家系统、机器学习、模式辨别、自动定论证明、自动程序设计、自然语言理解、机器人学、人工神经网络和智能检索等。

7.人工智能有哪几个主要学派各自的特色是什么主要学派：符号主义和联络主义。

特色：符号主义以为人类智能的基本单元是符号，认识过程就是符号表示下的符号计算，进而思想就是符号计算；联络主义以为人类智能的基本单元是神经元，认识过程是由神经元组成的网络的信息传达，这类传达是并行散布进行的。

8.人工智能的近期发展趋向有哪些解：专家系统、机器人学、人工神经网络和智能检索。

9.什么是以符号办理为中心的方法它有什么特色解：经过符号办理来模拟人类求解问题的心理过程。

特色：鉴于数学逻辑对知识进行表示和推理。

11.什么是以网络连结为主的连结体制方法它有什么特色解：用硬件模拟人类神经网络，实现人类智能在机器上的模拟。

特色：研究神经网络。

人工智能经典试题及答案.doc

第2章知识表示方法部分参考答案2.8 设有如下语句，请用相应的谓词公式分别把他们表示出来：s(1) 有的人喜欢梅花，有的人喜欢菊花，有的人既喜欢梅花又喜欢菊花。

解：定义谓词 dP(x)：x 是人L(x,y) ： x 喜欢 y其中， y 的个体域是 { 梅花，菊花 } 。

将知识用谓词表示为：( x )(P(x) →L(x, 梅花 )∨L(x, 菊花 )∨ L(x, 梅花 )∧L(x, 菊花 ))(2)有人每天下午都去打篮球。

解：定义谓词P(x)：x 是人B(x) ： x 打篮球A(y) ： y 是下午将知识用谓词表示为： a( x )(y) (A(y) →B(x) ∧ P(x))(3)新型计算机速度又快，存储容量又大。

解：定义谓词NC(x) ： x 是新型计算机F(x)： x 速度快B(x) ： x 容量大将知识用谓词表示为：( x) (NC(x) →F(x) ∧B(x))(4)不是每个计算机系的学生都喜欢在计算机上编程序。

解：定义谓词S(x)：x 是计算机系学生L(x, pragramming) ： x 喜欢编程序U(x,computer) ：x 使用计算机将知识用谓词表示为：? (x) (S(x) → L(x, pragramming) ∧U(x,computer))(5)凡是喜欢编程序的人都喜欢计算机。

解：定义谓词P(x)：x 是人L(x, y) ： x 喜欢 y将知识用谓词表示为：.2.9 用谓词表示法求解机器人摞积木问题。

设机器人有一只机械手，要处理的世界有一张桌子，桌上可堆放若干相同的方积木块。

机械手有 4 个操作积木的典型动作：从桌上拣起一块积木；将手中的积木放到桌之上；在积木上再摞上一块积木；从积木上面拣起一块积木。

积木世界的布局如下图所示。

ABCA B C图机器人摞积木问题解： (1) 先定义描述状态的谓词CLEAR(x) ：积木 x 上面是空的。

ON(x, y) ：积木 x 在积木 y 的上面。

人工智能测试题库一(共100题)

人工智能测试题库一〔共100题〕一、判断题〔共75题〕1. 人工智能〔Artificial Intelligence〕，英文缩写为AI。

〔√〕2. 人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支。

〔√〕3. 人工智能不是人的智能，但能像人那样思考，也可能超过人的智能。

〔√〕4. 人脸识别不是人工智能。

〔×〕5. 图灵的猜测在2000年时就已经实现了！〔×〕6. 计算机科学家艾兹赫尔·戴克斯特拉认为机器人可以思考，相当于“潜水艇能不克不及游泳〞一样，但这个答复争议很大。

〔√〕7. 图灵是德国著名的计算机科学家。

〔×〕8. 与其说计算机在思考，不如说它在计算。

〔√〕9. 当你交给计算机一个任务的时候，不单要告诉它做什么，还要告诉它怎么做。

关于“怎么做〞的一系列指令就叫做算法。

〔√〕10. 为了完成更加复杂的任务，工程师必需让计算机变得再聪明一些，能够自动“学习〞，从已有的历史数据和经验中自动阐发，总结出规律，并操纵本身总结出来的规律，对新输入的数据进行预测，这就是机器学习算法。

〔√〕11. 有些规律虽然你本身能够领悟，但你却无法翻译成机器能理解的算法，这个时候就要靠机器学习来解决。

〔√〕12. 自动驾驶只是一种简单的模拟人类驾驶的技术，不属于人工智能。

〔×〕13. 机器也能“思考〞，只不外不是我们所设想的那种思考。

机器可以通过计算机程序模拟人类的思考，使得本身在某些具体的任务中，像人类一样能看、能听、能想、能说、能动。

〔√〕提出了图灵测试。

15. 特斯拉的电动汽车的自动驾驶技术，采用的并不是人工智智能技术。

〔×〕16. 为了让机器能够通过某种计算机程序学会“思考〞，人类科学家测验考试了各种各样的方法，付出了几代人的努力，熬过了两次低谷，经历了三次高潮。

〔√〕17. 1956年，艾伦艾伦·纽厄尔和赫伯特·西蒙研发了一个程序，拥有逻辑推理能力，能够证明《数学道理》中的38个定理，有些证明比原著更加巧妙。

人工智能试卷及答案

《人工智能》试卷一、是非题（本大题共15小题，每空2分，共30分）1、（√）亚里士多德是第一个把支配意识的理性部分的法则形式化为精确的法则集合的人。

2、（√）图灵测试是阿兰.图灵1950年提出的，设计的目的是为智能提供一个满足可操作的要求的定义。

3、（√）“通用问题求解器（General Problem Solver）”是艾伦.纽厄尔（Allen Newell）、肖（J.C. Shaw）赫伯特.西蒙(HerbertA. Simon) 设计的。

4、（×）每个神经元由一个细胞体组成，包含一个细胞核，从细胞体伸展出一定数量的神经纤维称为树突，伸展出一根长的神经纤维称为轴突。

5、（√）把大脑当作信息处理装置的观点是认知心理学的首要特征。

6、（√）1956年夏天由约翰.麦卡锡、明斯基、香农等发起的，在达特茅斯举行的为期两个月的研讨会标志着人工智能学科的诞生。

7、（×）简单反射型智能体是基于效用的智能体。

8、（×）广度优先搜索算法的时间复杂度是O(b d+1),其中b是分支因子，d是解的深度。

9、（×）贪婪最佳优先搜索采用的是盲目搜索策略。

10、（√）一个松弛问题的最优解的耗散是原问题的一个可采纳的启发式。

11、（√）模拟退火算法结合了爬山法和随机行走方法的优点。

12、（×）对抗搜索中的极大极小值算法使用的是一个宽度优先搜索方法。

13、（×）霍恩子句是最多只有一个负文字的文字合取式。

14、（×）前向链接算法是目标指导的推理的一种形式，后向链接算法是数据驱动的推理。

15、（×）总的来说，一阶谓词逻辑的知识表达能力比命题逻辑弱。

二、选择题（本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分）1、如果一个智能体的传感器每个时间点上都能让它访问获取环境的完整状态，那么我们就说这个任务环境是（ B ）A.随机的B.完全可观察的C.离散的D.以上都不对2、关于基于模型的反射型智能体的下面的描述，哪个是正确的？（ A ）A.智能体维持了某种取决于感知历史的内部状态B.智能体不关心世界如何演变C.智能体不需要有关自身行动如何影响世界的信息D.智能体不需要产生式（条件行动规则）3、智能体的性能度量用来（ D ）A.进行正确感知B.评价智能体在环境中的行为表现C.财务分析D.进行自我学习与自我优化4、一个智能体有多个评价未知的直接选项的时候，可以首先检验各个不同的能导致已知评价的状态的可能行动序列，然后选择最佳序列，寻找这样的序列的这种过程被称为（ B ）A.学习B.感知C.搜索D.执行5、用搜索法对问题求解时，一个问题可以形式化地定义为四个组成部分，即：智能体的初始状态、后继函数、目标测试和（ B ）A.功率B.路径代价C.算法D.完备性6、A*搜索算法何时是最优的？（ A ）A.到目标结点的耗散是一个可采纳启发式B.到目标结点的耗散可任意选择C.不存在求解问题的最优的A*搜索算法D.以上描述都不对7、无监督学习需要（ A ）A.学习程序自己形成和评价概念，没有教师B.学习程序在教师监督下形成和评价概念C.学习程序有时需要教师，有时不需要教师，以形成和评价概念D.以上说法都不对8、人工智能的主要学派有：符号主义、连接主义和（ B ）A.语义网络B.行为主义C.逻辑主义D. 以上没有正确答案9、语义网络、框架和剧本等知识表示方法，均是对知识和事实的一种静止的表达方法，称这类知识表达方法为（ B ）A.过程式知识表示方法B.陈述式知识表示方法C.隐藏式知识表示方法E.以上没有正确答案10、机械学习是最简单的机器学习方法，机械学习就是（ A ）A.记忆B.计算和推理C.规划D. 以上都不对三、名词解释（本大题共10小题，每题3分，共30分）1、状态空间答：状态空间(State Space)是利用状态变量和操作符号，表示系统或问题的有关知识的符号体系，状态空间是一个四元组（S，O，S0，G），状态空间一解是一有限操作算子序列，它使初始状态转换为目标状态。

复旦大学直博试题及答案

复旦大学直博试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10分）1. 下列哪项不是复旦大学直博项目的特点？A. 直接攻读博士学位B. 无需硕士学位C. 需要先获得硕士学位D. 学术研究导向2. 复旦大学直博项目通常要求申请者具备哪些条件？A. 优秀的本科成绩B. 良好的科研潜力C. 丰富的社会实践经验D. 以上都是3. 直博生在复旦大学的培养模式是什么？A. 导师制B. 学分制C. 项目制D. 混合制4. 复旦大学直博项目通常涵盖哪些学科领域？A. 人文学科B. 社会科学C. 自然科学D. 以上都是5. 直博生在复旦大学的学术研究中，通常需要达到哪些要求？A. 发表学术论文B. 参加学术会议C. 完成学位论文D. 以上都是二、填空题（每题2分，共10分）1. 复旦大学直博项目的申请截止日期通常是每年的_________月。

2. 申请复旦大学直博项目需要提交的材料包括个人陈述、推荐信、_________等。

3. 直博生在复旦大学的培养过程中，导师将提供_________和职业发展指导。

4. 复旦大学直博项目的学生在学术研究中，需要遵守学校的_________和学术道德规范。

5. 直博生在复旦大学的学术成果，通常需要通过_________进行审核。

三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 请简述复旦大学直博项目的选拔流程。

答：复旦大学直博项目的选拔流程通常包括材料审核、面试、学术评估等环节。

首先，申请者需要提交完整的申请材料，包括成绩单、个人陈述、推荐信等。

然后，通过材料审核的申请者将被邀请参加面试，面试过程中将评估申请者的学术背景、研究潜力和沟通能力。

最后，根据面试结果和学术评估，选拔委员会将决定最终的录取名单。

2. 请描述直博生在复旦大学的学术研究环境。

答：直博生在复旦大学的学术研究环境是多元化和国际化的。

学校提供了丰富的学术资源，包括图书馆、实验室、研究中心等，为直博生的学术研究提供了良好的硬件支持。

人工智能复习题库

一、填空：1.人工智能的研究途径有心理模拟、生理模拟和行为模拟。

2.任意列举人工智能的四个应用性领域难题求解、定理证明、智能控制、机器翻译。

3.人工智能的基本技术包括搜索技术、推理技术、知识表示和知识库技术归纳技术、联想技术。

4.谓词逻辑是一种表达能力很强的形式语言，其真值的特点和命题逻辑的区别是（10）。

5.谓词逻辑中，重言式（tautlogy）的值是真。

6.设P是谓词公式，对于P的任何论域，存在P为真的情况，则称P为（12）。

7.在著名的医疗专家系统MYCIN中规定，若证据A的可信度CF（A）=0，则意味着13 ，CF（A）=-1，则意味着（14），CF（A）=1，则意味着（15）。

8.谓词公式G是不可满足的，当且仅当对所有的解释G都为假。

9.谓词公式与其子句集的关系是包含。

10.利用归结原理证明定理时，若得到的归结式为空集，则结论成立。

11.若C1=┐P∨Q，C2=P∨┐Q，则C1和C2的归结式R（C1，C2）= ┐P∨P或┐Q∨Q。

12.若C1=P(x) ∨Q(x)，C2=┐P(a) ∨R(y)，则C1和C2的归结式R（C1，C2）= （20）Q（a）∨R（y）13.有谓词公式G，置换δ，则G·ε= （21），δ·ε= （22）。

14.有子句集S=｛P(x),P(y)｝，其MGU= {y/x} 。

15.在归结原理中，几种常见的归结策略并且具有完备性的是删除策略支持集策略线性归结策略16.状态图启发式搜索算法的特点是（27）。

17.广度优先搜索算法中，OPEN表的数据结构实际是一个二叉树，深度优先搜索算法中，OPEN表的数据结构实际是一个单链表。

18.产生式系统有三部分组成综合数据库，知识库和推理机。

其中推理可分为正向推理和反向推理。

19.专家系统的结构包含人机界面、知识库，推理机，动态数据库，知识库答理系统和解释模块。

20.在MYCIN推理中，对证据的可信度CF（A）、CF（A1）、CF（A2）之间，规定如下关系：CF（~A）= ~CF（A），CF（A1∧A2 ）= min{CF（A1），CF（A2）} ，CF（A1∨A2 ）= max{CF（A1），CF（A2）} 。

人工智能考试试卷及答案

人工智能考试试卷及答案___考试试卷2011年第2学期，考试时间110分钟一、选择题（共20分，每题2分）1、消解原理是一种用于表达式变换的推理规则。

2、下列哪个系统属于新型专家系统？答案为D，即分布式专家系统。

3、示例研究属于归纳研究方法。

4、不属于神经网络常用研究算法的是观察与发现研究。

5、人工智能应用研究的两个最重要最广泛领域为专家系统、机器研究。

6、下列搜索方法中不属于盲目搜索的是有序搜索。

7、被认为是人工智能“元年”的时间应为1956年。

8、被誉为国际“人工智能之父”的是___（___）。

9、语义网络的组成部分为节点和链、槽和值。

10、尽管人工智能学术界出现“百家争鸣”的局面，但是，当前国际人工智能的主流派仍属于符号主义。

二、填空题（共20分，每一填空处1分）1、机器研究系统由数据集、研究算法、模型和预测器几部分构成。

2、人工智能是计算机科学中涉及研究、设计和应用人类智能的一个分支，它的近期目标在于研究用机器来模拟实现某些智力功能。

3、规则演绎系统根据推理方向可分为正向推理、反向推理以及双向推理等。

4、计算智能是人工智能研究的新内容，涉及神经网络、进化计算和模糊系统等。

5、启发式搜索是一种利用启发式信息的搜索，估价函数在搜索过程中起的作用是评估当前状态与目标状态之间的距离。

3）P(qian)->P(sun)目标：P(sun)消解反演证明过程：1.用条件（2）进行消解，得到P(sun)∨P(zhao)∨P(qian)2.用条件（3）进行消解，得到P(sun)∨P(zhao)3.用条件（1）进行消解，得到P(sun)因此，一定会派___。

6、按照题目要求，对于第一问，需要进行A*搜索，列出头三步搜索中的OPEN、CLOSED表的内容和当前扩展节点的f值。

具体的搜索过程和结果如下：步骤。

OPEN表。

CLOSED表。

当前扩展节点f值1.S(5)。

-。

52.A(5)+B(6)。

S(5)。

63.C(6)+A(7)+B(8)。

复旦大学博士生入学考试人工智能题库

中南大学智能控制题库第一章概论1. 试从学科和能力两个方面说明什么是人工智能。

2. 哪些思想、思潮、时间和人物在人工智能发展过程中起了重要作用?3. 近年来人工智能研究取得哪些重要进展?4. 为什么能够用计算机模拟人类智能?5. 目前人工智能学界有哪些学派?它们的认知观为何?6. 自动控制存在什么机遇与挑战?为什么要提出智能控制?7. 简述智能控制的发展过程,并说明人工智能对自动控制的影响。

8. 傅京孙对智能控制有哪些贡献?9. 什么是智能控制?它具有哪些特点?10. 智能控制器的一般结构和各部分的作用为何?它与传统控制器有何异同?11. 智能控制学科有哪几种结构理论?这些理论的内容是什么?12. 为什么要把信息论引入智能控制学科结构?13. 人工智能不同学派的思想在智能控制上有何反映?第二章知识表示方法1. 状态空间法、问题归约法、谓词逻辑法和语义网络法的要点是什么?它们有何本质上的联系及异同点?2. 设有3个传教士和3个野人来到河边,打算乘一只船从右岸渡到左岸去。

该船的负载能力为两人。

在任何时候,如果野人人数超过传教士人数,那么野人就会把传教士吃掉。

他们怎样才能用这条船安全地把所有人都渡过河去?3. 利用下图,用状态空间法规划一个最短的旅行路程:此旅程从城市A开始,访问其他城市不多于一次,并返回A。

选择一个状态表示,表示出所求得的状态空间的节点及弧线,标出适当的代价,并指明图中从起始节点到目标节点的最佳路径。

4. 试说明怎样把一棵与或解树用来表达下图所示的电网络阻抗的计算。

单独的R、L或C 可分别用R、jωL或1/jωC来计算,这个事实用作本原问题。

后继算符应以复合并联和串联阻抗的规则为基础。

5. 试用四元数列结构表示四圆盘梵塔问题,并画出求解该问题的与或图。

6. 用谓词演算公式表示下列英文句子(多用而不是省用不同谓词和项。

例如不要用单一的谓词字母来表示每个句子)。

A computer system is intelligent if it can perform a task which,if performed by a human, requires intelligence.7. 把下列语句表示成语义网络描述:(1) All man are mortal.(2) Every cloud has a silver lining.(3) All branch managers of DEC participate in a profit-sharing plan.8. 作为一个电影观众,请你编写一个去电影院看电影的剧本。

复旦大学博士生入学考试人工智能真题及答案

Slot6:国际命名： default ：Carla If added ：
check
if_added:check 四、(10 分)对结论做假设 H，有证据 E1，E2，规则 R1，R2：
R1： E1 一 H， LS＝20， LN＝1； R2： E2 一 H， LS＝300， LN＝1。已知 H 的先验概率 P(H)＝0.03。若证据 E1，E2 依次出观，按主观 Bayes 推理，求 H 在此条件下的概率 P(H|E1、E2)。 (注意：每步应列出计算式，计算结果可取近似值)。答案：考虑规则 R1
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2000 年人工智能原理答案
一、选择与填空(共 10 分，每空 0．5 分) 1.命题逻辑下，可以归结(消解、resolution)的子句 C1，C2，在某解释下
C1、C2 为真。则其归结式(消解式、resolvent)C 在该解释下( A )。 A．必真 B.必假 C.真假不能断言 2．表达式 G 是不可满足的，当且仅当对所有的解释(B )。 A．G 为真 B。G 为假 C．G 为非永真(invaIid)。 3．MYCIN 系统中规定，证据 A 的可信度 CF(A)的取值为(C)。 A．CF(A)＞0 B.0≤CF(A)≤1 C．-1≤CF(A)≤1。 4．主观 Bayes 推理中，规定似然比(Likelihood)LS、LN 应(A)。 A．.≥0 B. ≤0 C．＞0。
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1983年 IntelliCorp 公司推出 KEE（结合多样知识表现与推论方法的专家系统建构工具），随后大量的专家系统建构工具问世。如：ART，Knowledge Craft。 1984年欧洲共同市场订定欧洲信息技术研究发展策略计画。 1988年 Gallant 提出以类神经网络为基础的专家系统架构。 1989年日本宣布人类领域科学计画（第六代计算机计画），希望藉由类神经网路突破人工智慧的许多瓶颈。 5. 成熟期（1990～）： 1990 以后，进入商业竞争时代，大量专家系统被广泛应用于各行业。]

人工智能模拟考试题+参考答案

人工智能模拟考试题+参考答案一、单选题（共103题，每题1分，共103分）1.神经网络研究属于下列哪个学派?A、符号主义B、连接主义C、行为主义D、以上都不是正确答案：B2.下列不是知识表示法的是（）A、计算机表示法B、状态空间表示法C、“与/或”图表示法D、产生式规则表示法正确答案：A3.或图通常称为（）。

A、状态图B、博亦图C、框架网络D、语义图正确答案：A4.下列选项中，不属于生物特征识别技术的是（）A、声纹识别B、文本识别C、步态识别D、虹膜识别正确答案：B5.（）是利用计算机将一种自然语言（源语言）转换为另一种自然语言（目标语言）的过程。

A、文本分类B、问答系统C、文本识别D、机器翻译正确答案：D6.根据numpy数组中ndim属性的含义确定程序的输出（）。

array=np.array（[[1,2,3],[4,5,6],[7,8,9],[10,11,12]]）;print（array.ndim）A、$4B、（3,4）C、（4,3）D、2正确答案：D7.下面哪项操作能实现跟神经网络中Dropout的类似效果？A、BoostingB、BaggingC、StackingD、Mapping正确答案：B8.我们想在大数据集上训练决策树, 为了减少训练时间, 我们可以A、增大学习率(Learnin Rate)B、增加树的深度C、对决策树模型进行预剪枝D、减少树的数量正确答案：C9.深度学习中神经网络类型很多，以下神经网络信息是单向传播的是:A、LSTMB、GRUC、循环神经网络D、卷积神经网络正确答案：D10.在处理序列数据时，较容易出现梯度消失现象的模型是（）A、CNNC、GRUD、LSTM正确答案：B11.人工智能发展历程大致分为三个阶段。

符号主义（Symbolism）是在人工智能发展历程的哪个阶段发展起来的？A、20世纪70年代-90年代B、20世纪50年代-80年代C、20世纪60年代-90年代正确答案：B12.在人脸检测算法中，不属于该算法难点的是（）A、需要检测不同性别的人脸B、人脸角度变化大C、需要检测分辨率很小的人脸D、出现人脸遮挡正确答案：A13.深度学习神经网络的隐藏层数对网络的性能有一定的影响，以下关于其影响说法正确的是:A、隐藏层数适当增加，神经网络的分辨能力越弱B、隐藏层数适当减少，神经网络的分辨能力不变C、隐藏层数适当减少，神经网络的分辨能力越强D、隐藏层数适当增加，神经网络的分辨能力越强正确答案：D14.Inception模块采用（）的设计形式，每个支路使用（）大小的卷积核。

智能笔试题目及答案

智能笔试题目及答案一、单选题（每题2分，共10题，满分20分）1. 人工智能的英文缩写是？A. AIB. IAC. CID. II答案：A2. 以下哪个不是人工智能的应用领域？A. 医疗B. 教育C. 交通D. 农业答案：D3. 深度学习是人工智能中的哪种技术？A. 机器学习B. 神经网络C. 遗传算法D. 规则引擎答案：B4. 以下哪个算法不是监督学习算法？A. 决策树B. 支持向量机C. 随机森林D. 聚类答案：D5. 在人工智能中，NLP代表什么？A. 自然语言处理B. 新型学习平台C. 网络逻辑编程D. 神经语言编程答案：A6. 以下哪个是人工智能的伦理问题？A. 数据隐私B. 算法偏见C. 能源消耗D. 以上都是答案：D7. 人工智能中的“强化学习”主要关注什么？A. 预测未来B. 决策优化C. 模式识别D. 知识表示答案：B8. 以下哪个不是人工智能硬件的关键组件？A. 处理器B. 存储器C. 传感器D. 显示器答案：D9. 以下哪个是人工智能领域的国际顶级会议？A. AAAIB. IJCAIC. CVPRD. 以上都是答案：D10. 人工智能的发展历程中，哪个阶段被称为“认知革命”？A. 1950s-1960sB. 1970s-1980sC. 1980s-1990sD. 2000s-2010s答案：B二、多选题（每题3分，共5题，满分15分）11. 以下哪些是人工智能的关键技术？A. 机器学习B. 自然语言处理C. 计算机视觉D. 数据库管理答案：A, B, C12. 人工智能在医疗领域的应用包括哪些？A. 疾病诊断B. 药物研发C. 患者监护D. 医院管理答案：A, B, C, D13. 以下哪些是人工智能面临的挑战？A. 技术发展不平衡B. 数据隐私和安全C. 伦理和法律问题D. 环境影响答案：A, B, C, D14. 人工智能在教育领域的应用包括哪些？A. 个性化学习B. 智能辅导C. 学生评估D. 课程设计答案：A, B, C, D15. 以下哪些是人工智能的发展趋势？A. 自动化和智能化B. 人机协作C. 跨学科融合D. 伦理和法规的制定答案：A, B, C, D三、判断题（每题1分，共10题，满分10分）16. 人工智能可以完全替代人类工作。