1998年英语一真题翻译
1998年考研英语真题及答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ________ the last bus.[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching[D] having caught2.As it turned out to be a small house party, we ________ so formally.[A] needn’t dress up[B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up[D] needn’t have dressed up3.I apologize if I ________ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend[B] had offended[C] should have offended[D] might have offended4.Although a teenager, Fred could resist ________ what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told[D] to have been told5.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ________ avoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be[D] has been6.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since[D] when7.There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be re-educated no matter ________ he does.[A] how[B] where[C] what[D] when8.I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ________ twenty years ago.[A] about[B] since[C] till[D] with9.He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ________ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered[D] having considered10.________ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11.According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’[A] ability for surviving [B] are[C] naturally selected and passed on to succeeding [D] generations.12.Neither rain nor snow keeps [A] the postman from delivering our letters which [B] we so much[C] look forward to receive [D].13.If they will not accept [A] a check, we shall have [B] to pay the cash [C], though it would be[D] much trouble for both sides.14.Having been [A] robbed off [B] economic importance, those states are not [C] likely to countfor very much [D] in international political terms.15.The message will be [A] that [B] neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their [C] uncontrollable practices [D].16.The logic of scientific development is such [A] that separates [B] groups of men working on[C] the same problem in far-scattered [D] laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.17.Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to [A] the European races, and [B] some may even have a [C] freshness and vitality that can renew the energies [D] of more advanced races.18.The [A] more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than[B] ample destroying [C] every city in the world several times over [D].19.The universe works in a way so far remove [A] from what common sense would [B] allow that[C] words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it [D].20.The integration of independent states could best be [A] brought about by first [B] creating a central organization with authorities [C] over technical [D] economic tasks.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21.The machine needs a complete ________ since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending[B] fitting[C] mending[D] renovating22.There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a ________ of him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look[D] sight23.I don’t think it’s wise of you to ________ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in[D] show off24.The returns in the short ________ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval[B] range[C] span[D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ________ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition[B] discrimination[C] curiosity[D] familiarity26.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ________ her long effort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify[D] verify27.I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ________ my debt in return for certain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C] write off[D] clear up28.Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ________.[A] explosion[B] sensation[C] exaggeration[D] stimulation29.According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ________ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries[D] shares30.Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ________ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression[D] comprehension31.Please ________ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain[B] hinder[D] prohibit32.Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of ________ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely[D] presumably33.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ________ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to[D] in contrast to34.He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ________ at the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate[D] cease35.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ________ letters from their families.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate[D] sensitive36.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ________, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.[A] revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse[D] revive37.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite ________.[A] arbitrary[B] rational[C] mechanical[D] unpredictable38.The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ________ according to the weather.[A] altered[B] converted[C] fluctuated[D] modified39.The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ________ their prospect of promotion.[B] further[C] induce[D] reinforce40.In what ________ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches[D] amountsSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They __41__ that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the __42__ man. But they insisted that its __43__ results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the __44__ of the English population. __45__ contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a __46__ agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, __47__, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists __48__ history and economics, have __49__ two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was __50__ by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42.[A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43.[A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44.[A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45.[A] On[B] With[C] For46.[A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47.[A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48.[A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49.[A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50.[A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] markedSection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headedNarmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51.The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52.In paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companiesmake are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance cashing.”55.According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56.The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57.The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” whichassembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘antiscience’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscience.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “antiscience” is justifiable.62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- hasenthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C. dropping out of the top 10. Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say, Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances --■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II64.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”65.We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66.The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67.The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.。
考研英语一真题手译翻译1998
What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite - Cobe - had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
4- 34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
1998年考研英语真题答案及精析
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47,is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.直到最近，多数历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。
1998考研英语一真题及答案
1998 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time the last bus.[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching[D] having caught2.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.[A] needn’t dress up[B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up[D] needn’t have dressed up3.I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend[B] had offended[C] should have offended[D] might have offended4.Although a teenager, Fred could resist what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told[D] to have been told5.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortageavoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be[D] has been6.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially trueit comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since[D] when7.There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to bereeducated no matter he does.[A] how [B]where[C]what[D]when8.I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school twenty years ago.[A] about[B] since[C] till[D] with9.He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, insufficiently popularwith all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered[D] having considered10. for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be sothriving as it is.[A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11.According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’A ability for survivingBareCnaturally selected and passed on to succeedingDgenerations.12.Neither rain nor snow keepsA the postman from delivering our letters whichBwe so muchClook forward to receive.D13.If they will not accept a check, we shall have to pay the cash , though it would be muchAtrouble for both sides.B C D14.Having beenA robbed offBeconomic importance, those states are notClikely to count forvery muchDin international political terms.15.The message will beA thatBneither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with allof theirC uncontrollable practices.D16.The logic of scientific development is suchA that separatesBgroups of men working onCthesame problem in far-scatteredDlaboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.17.Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior toA the European races, andBsome may evenhave aC freshness and vitality that can renew the energiesDof more advanced races.18.TheA more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more thanBample destroyingC every city in the world several times over.D19.The universe works in a way so far removeA from what common sense wouldBallow thatCwords of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it.D20.The integration of independent states could best beA brought about by firstBcreating a centralorganization with authoritiesC over technicalDeconomic tasks.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21.The machine needs a complete since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending[B] fitting[C] mending[D] renovating22.There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught aof him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look [D]sight23.I don’t think it’s wise of you to your greater knowledge in front of the director, for itmay offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in[D] show offmay be small, but over a number of years the investment 24.The returns in the shortwill be well repaid.[A] interval[B] range[C] span[D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires with the properties of trees and plants, and thehabit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition [B]discrimination [C]curiosity[D] familiarity26.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would her longeffort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify[D] verify27.I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to my debt in return forcertain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C]write off [D]clear up28.Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great .[A] explosion[B] sensation[C] exaggeration[D] stimulation29.According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post noresponsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries[D] shares30.Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his to a certain book or articlethat has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression[D] comprehension31.Please yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbidsthem.[A] restrain[B] hinder[C] restrict[D] prohibit32.Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of every businessoperation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely[D] presumably33.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, the $160 billion thePresident is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to[D] in contrast to34.He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport willat the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate[D] cease35.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read letters from theirfamilies.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate[D] sensitive36.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to , or at least weaken, thetrends that emerged in the 1980s.[A] revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse[D] revive37.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite .[A] arbitrary[B] rational[C] mechanical[D] unpredictable38.The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longeraccording to the weather.[A] altered[B] converted[C] fluctuated[D] modified39.The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not their prospectof promotion.[A] spur [B]further [C]induce[D] reinforce40.In what to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergencyfunding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches[D] amountsSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population.45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 bygreat poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted42.[A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal43.[A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate44.[A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude45.[A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46.[A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely47.[A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48.[A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for49.[A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated50.[A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] markedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51.The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that .[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52.In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to .[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as .[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering”has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”55.According to the author, the American economic situation is .[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56.The official statistics on productivity growth .[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57.The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because .[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science”in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,”held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.“The term ‘anti-science’can lump together too many, quite different things,”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means .[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to .[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is .[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and thepattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided,America in 1970s .[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II64.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s“baby boom”65.We can see from the available statistics that .[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66.The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means .[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67.The author believes that .[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that .[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining .[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70.The passage is mainly about .[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then。
考研英语一真题手译阅读1998-Text4
1998-1Text41-Emerging from the1980census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development-and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead-has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether,the US population rose in the1970s by23.2million people-numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade.Even so,that gain adds up to only11.4percent,lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II,and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states-Florida,Texas and California-together had nearly10million more people in1980 than a decade earlier.Except for Florida and Texas,the top10in rate of growth is composed of Western states with7.5million people-about9per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do1980census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.There,California added3.7million to its population in the1970s,more than any other state.In that decade,however,large numbers also migrated from California,mostly to other parts of the West.Often they chose-and still are choosing-somewhat colder climates such as Oregon,Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog,crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result,California’s growth rate dropped during the1970s,to18.5percent-little more than two thirds the1960s’growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the1980census provided,America in1970s________.[A]enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B]witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C]underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D]brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A]it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B]it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C]it reveals the Americans’new pursuit of spacious living[D]it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s“baby boom”25.We can see from the available statistics that________.[A]California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B]the top10states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C]cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D]Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26.The word“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)most probably means________.[A]people in favor of the trend of democracy[B]advocates of migration between states[C]scientists engaged in the study of population[D]conservatives clinging to old patterns of life。
考研英语翻译1998
The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来那个问题诸多的纳尔马达大坝。尽管世界银行的顾问说，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且也会不可避免地破坏那里的环境，但世界银行仍然一意孤行。大坝会给有权势的人带来巨大利益，但却不考虑任何保障。
1998年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
1998年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译但为君故但为君故 整理组TEXT 1很少有巨型技术成果像大坝那样吸引人们的想象。
也许是因为人们承受洪水和干旱的时间太长，所以驾驭洪水的想法特别具有吸引力。
但是被吸引有时也意味着盲目。
有几座巨型大坝工程将有弊大于利的危险。
大坝给人们的教训是大并不等于美。
这并没有阻止建立巨大、强劲的大坝成为国家成就的象征和人们努力去表现自己的象征。
在阿拉伯世界埃及领导曾因Aswan大坝而团结起来。
土耳其进入第一世界的理由包括了Ataturk大坝。
但是大坝往往并不按人们的意志行事。
例如，Aswan大坝阻止了尼罗河的洪水爆发，但也使埃及失去了洪水带来的肥沃的淤泥——这些损失的所有回报仅仅是一个充满了病菌的大水库，它现在沉积了如此多的淤泥，以致于只能用于发电了。
但是，控制洪水的神话仍然在延续。
这一个星期，在文明的欧洲的中心，斯洛伐克与匈牙利差点在多瑙河一座大坝问题上互动干戈。
这个巨大的工程可能将带来巨型大坝通常造成的问题。
但斯洛伐克正在争取与捷克的独立，因此需要一座大坝来证明这一点。
同时在印度，世界银行已经任何修建那座更加错误的Narmada大坝。
世界银行坚持给予认可，即使它的顾问们说大坝将造成弱者人群的生活困苦和环境的破坏。
权利阶层将获益，但获益也远没有得到保证。
对大坝造成的影响和控制洪水的利与弊进行恰当的、科学的研究才能帮助解决这些矛盾。
即使不修建这些魔鬼似的大坝，水力发电、洪水控制和农田灌溉都是可能做到的。
但是当你在与一种神话打交道，你就很难做到恰当或者科学。
世界应该从Aswan大坝吸取教训了。
你并不需要建一座只是把它保留在那儿的大坝。
51. 第一段第三句的隐含意义是（）A. 人们如果无视现实就会感到快乐B. 盲人比有眼睛的人更幸福C. 过于兴奋的人容易忽视极为重要的事情D. 兴奋使人丧失视力52. 第五段的词语"the powerless"很可能是指（）A. 缺电的地区B. 没有建发电站的大坝C. 印度周边的穷国D. 纳尔马达河大坝周围的平民百姓53. 关于大型水坝的神话是什么？（）A. 它们带来更肥沃的土地。
英语一二通用翻译1998-1 Translation
According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas.
That was just about the moment that the universe was born.
What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite - Cobe - had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.
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1998 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译Part I (略)Part II Cloze Test直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍然颇有微词。
尽管他们承认从长远角度讲，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。
然而他们坚持认为，工业革命在1750和1850年间引起的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
相比之下，他们把在此之前从1650到1750的一百年看成是一个繁荣富足的时期。
尽管那个时候英国还是一个完全意义上的农业国家。
然而，人们通常认为这种观点是错误的。
历史和经济学专家已指出两件事情：一是1650至1750年间以显著的贫困为特征；二是工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
Part ⅢReading ComprehensionPassage 1很少有像巨型大坝那样的伟大成果如此吸引人们。
也许是因为人们倍受洪水和干旱的摆布，所以驾驭洪水的想法特别地强烈。
但是被吸引有时也意味着盲目，有几个巨型大坝工程就有弊大于利的危险。
大坝给人们的教训是大的不一定就是好的。
但这个教训并没有阻止建立巨大而强劲的大坝，它们已经成为国家成就和人们努力表现自己的象征。
埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界中的领导地位。
土耳其在力图进人第一世界的努力中也包括了修建Ataturk大坝。
但是大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。
例如，阿斯旺大坝阻止了尼罗河的洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水带来的肥沃的淤泥——这些损失的所有回报仅仅是一个充满了病患的大水库，它现在沉积了如此多的淤泥，以致于发不出电了。
但是，控制洪水的神话仍在继续。
本周，在文明的欧洲的中心，斯洛伐克与匈牙利就是为了多瑙河上的一座大坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。
这个巨大的工程可能会带来其他大坝通常造成的问题。
但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，因此需要建一座大坝来证明自己的实力。
与此同时，尽管银行的顾问们说大坝将给普通大众的生活带来困苦和环境的破坏，但世界银行还是贷款给印度修建Narmada大坝，这事后被证明是个大错。
受益的是权力阶层，但也无法保证。
对大坝造成的影响和控制洪水的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究才能帮助解决这些冲突。
即使不修建这些巨型大坝，水利发电、洪水控制和农田灌溉也都是可能做到的，但是当你相信神话的时候，你就很难做到合理和科学，世界应该从阿斯旺大坝吸取教训了。
你不需要一座大坝来拯救自己。
Passage 2人们常说不劳则无获。
但是有劳而无获那又会怎么样呢?在美国，无论你走到那里，都会听到关于企业复苏的故事。
很难证实的是，工商界所认为的他们正在进行的一场生产力革命是否确有其事。
官方的统计并不乐观。
统计数字表明，如果将制造业和服务业合起来计算，从1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2%，这个速度比前10年的平均增长速度要快。
1991年以来，生产力的增长约每年2%，这是l978—1987年平均增长速度的两倍。
问题是，近来发生的生产力快速增长现象部分是经济发展周期的反弹，因而不应被看作是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势这一结论的证据。
正如财政部长Robert Rubin 所说，在工商业界有关生产力增长的传闻和统计数字所反映的情况之间有一个“脱节”。
这其中的一些原因很容易解释。
企业的新组织方法——重组和缩小规模——只是一个国家生产力提高的部分原因。
很多其他因素也在起作用，如：对机器设备的投资、新技术以及对教育和培训的投人。
再有，公司所进行的大多数改革都是为了能够赢利，这种需求并不总是意味着生产力的提高：转入新的市场和提高质量同样重要。
其他两种解释也值得推敲。
第一，近年来进行的一些企业重组并不恰当。
第二，即使重组很恰当，也并不像人们认为的那样规模巨大。
Leonard Schlesinger是哈佛的学者，也是快速发展的面包咖啡连锁店Au Bon Pain的前任总裁，他说许多“重组”是粗糙的。
他认为在多数情况下，收益的损失超过了对成本的降低。
他的同事Michael Beer说，许多公司都只是机械地进行重组，虽然降低了成本，但并没有充分考虑长期赢利的能力。
BBDO的Al Rosenshine则更坦率。
他把重组咨询专家所做的许多工作视为“垃圾”——“最坏的怂恿者。
”Passage 3科学与文化其他方面的关系一直都不协调。
想想伽利略在17世纪因叛逆的信仰被天主教会审判，诗人William Blake针对牛顿机械的世界观所作的尖刻评论。
本世纪科学与人文学科之间的分歧有所加深。
以前，科学界的力量一直很强大，可以不理睬别人的批评——但现在不行了。
由于对科学的资助有所减少，科学家在好几本著作中都对“反科学”进行了攻击，其中最值得注意的是《更高级的迷信》，作者是Virginia大学的生物学家Paul R. Gross和Rutgers大学的数学家Norman Levitt，此外还有Cornell大学的Carl Sagan 所著的《魔鬼出没的世界》。
科学的捍卫者也在一些会议上表示了他们的关注，如1995年在纽约市举行的“逃离科学与理性”的会议和去年6月在Buffalo附近召开的“(伪)信息时代的科学”会议。
显然，反科学对不同的人有不同的含义。
Gross和Levitt争论的对象主要是社会学家，哲学家和其他对科学客观性提质疑的学者。
Sagan主要关注的是那些相信幽灵、上帝造物论和其他违背科学世界观的现象的人。
对1996年新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也被贴到了许多其他人群身上，包括主张彻底消除天花病菌的权威机构和主张减少基础研究经费的共和党人。
很少有人会反对将这个词用在环境恐怖主义协会头上，他们1995年发表的宣言蔑视科学，并希望回到技术革命之前的乌托邦社会。
但这并不是说那些关注无节制的工业发展的环保主义者也是反科学的，正如《美国新闻和世界报道》去年5月发表的一篇文章所暗示的那样。
环保主义者当然会对这种批评做出回应。
Stanford大学的Paul Ehrlich是一位环境研究的先驱，他认为，科学的真正敌人是那些对全球变暖、臭氧层损耗和工业发展带来的其他后果表示怀疑的人。
的确，有些观察家担心反科学一词面临着失去意义的危险。
“反科学这个词所包容的东西太多，太不相同，”哈佛大学哲学家杰拉法·霍尔登在1993年出版的《科学和反科学》中说道。
“它们的共同点是它们往往激怒或威胁那些自认为更加开明的人们。
”Passage 41980年美国人口普查出现的情形是：随着东北部与中西部人口增长趋于几乎静止的状态，地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。
这个发展变化——以及它对随后几年美国政治经济的影响——已经使南方第一次在全国人口统计史上成为美国人口最稠密的地区。
总体上说，美国人口在上个世纪70年代增长了2320万——从数字上来看这是有史以来十年期间内增长第三高。
即使如此，这次增长只形成了11.4%的增长率，除了经济大萧条年代，这是美国人口年度记录中最低的。
第二次世界大战以来，美国人口一直在向南部和西部大量流动。
这个趋势现在仍在继续。
弗罗里达、德克萨斯和加利福尼亚是三个“阳光地带”，它们在1980年时比十年前的人口增加了1，000万。
在大城市中，圣地亚哥从第14位升到第8位，圣安东尼从第15位升到第10位——而克利夫兰和华盛顿区则降到前十名以外。
人口普查官员说，并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带。
不断的移民潮也是原因之一，还有一个因素是过去的“生育高峰”那一代人已到了生育年龄，他们导致了婴儿数目的大幅度增长。
再者，人口统计专家认为人口向西或向南的不断流动又与一个相关的新的现象联系在一起：越来越多的美国人显然不再只是寻找工作机会更多的地方，而是人口更少的地方。
以下是几个例子:从地区上讲，落基山脉各州上报了自1970年以来最高的人口增长率——37.1%，而以前这片广阔地域的人口仅占美国总人口的5%。
在各个州中，内华达和亚利桑的增长率最高，分别为63.5%和53.1%。
除了弗洛里达和德克萨斯，增长率最高的十个州都是西部各州，共有750万人——每平方英里约9个人。
逃离人口稠密的地区这一现象影响了以前那种从冰雪地带向气候宜人地区的迁移趋势。
1980年人口普查显示美国人更愿意去边远的西部寻找宽敞的生存空间。
加利福尼亚在1970年人口就增长了370万，比其他任何州都多。
然而在那十年中，大量的人口也从加利福尼亚流出，主要是流向西部其他地区。
他们常会选择——而且现在仍然选择——较为寒冷的州，如俄勒冈、爱达荷和阿拉斯加，为了逃离“金色之州”的烟雾、犯罪和其他城市化所带来的弊病。
结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在上个世纪70年代降到了18.5%——略高于60年代增长率的三分之二，但大大低于西部其他各州。
Passage 5地球上散落分布着100多个独立的小的火山活动区，地质学家称它们为“热点”。
与世界上大多数火山不同的是，它们(热点)并不都是位于构成地球表面的大陆活动板块的边缘，相反，它们常常位于板块的内部。
大多数“热点”只缓慢地移动，有时板块从“热点”上通过，从而留下一连串死火山的痕迹。
“热点”和这些痕迹是板块经过的标志。
板块在移动，现在已经是毋庸置疑的事实。
例如，非洲与南美洲正在向相反方向移动，因为它们之间的海底注人了新的物质。
它们互相吻合的海岸线和某些横跨海洋的地质特征可以告诉我们这两个大洲的连接处。
承载这些大洲的板块运动已被详细地解释，但是一个板块与另一个板块之间的相对运动尚不能用其相对于地球内部的运动来描述。
人们无法断定，两个大洲是向相反的方向移动，还是一个大洲静止不动，另一个大洲在离它而去。
位于地球深层的“热点”也提供了解决这个问题的测量手段。
据对热点总体的分析表明，非洲大陆板块是静止的，在过去的3，000万年里都没有移动过。
热点的重要性不仅在于作为参照体系这一作用。
现在看来，它们仿佛也对推动板块移动的地球物理过程有着重大的影响。
当一个大陆板块移到一个“热点”之上后，从地球深层喷出的物质就形成了一个宽广的穹隆地形。
随着这个穹隆地形的增长，就会出现深深的裂缝；在某些情况下，大陆可能沿着这些裂缝完全断开，因此，这个“热点”就促成新的海洋的形成。
以前的理论解释了大陆的移动，那么“热点”也可以解释大陆的不规则运动。
Part ⅣEnglish-Chinese Translation迄今为止，科学家所发现的最大、最遥远的物体是：离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系。
(71) 但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象。
因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。
研究人员所发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶，又在人们的意料之中：美国国家航空航天局的Cobe号(宇宙背景探测器)已经发现了划时代的证据，表明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸，人们称之为“大爆炸”(此理论认为宇宙起源于一次巨大能量的大暴炸)。