1998年英语一真题翻译
1998年考研英语真题及答案
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Structure and V ocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times ________ 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ________ the last bus.[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching[D] having caught2.As it turned out to be a small house party, we ________ so formally.[A] needn’t dress up[B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up[D] needn’t have dressed up3.I apologize if I ________ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend[B] had offended[C] should have offended[D] might have offended4.Although a teenager, Fred could resist ________ what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told[D] to have been told5.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ________ avoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be[D] has been6.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ________ it comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since[D] when7.There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be re-educated no matter ________ he does.[A] how[B] where[C] what[D] when8.I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ________ twenty years ago.[A] about[B] since[C] till[D] with9.He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ________ insufficiently popular with all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered[D] having considered10.________ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.[A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11.According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’[A] ability for surviving [B] are[C] naturally selected and passed on to succeeding [D] generations.12.Neither rain nor snow keeps [A] the postman from delivering our letters which [B] we so much[C] look forward to receive [D].13.If they will not accept [A] a check, we shall have [B] to pay the cash [C], though it would be[D] much trouble for both sides.14.Having been [A] robbed off [B] economic importance, those states are not [C] likely to countfor very much [D] in international political terms.15.The message will be [A] that [B] neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their [C] uncontrollable practices [D].16.The logic of scientific development is such [A] that separates [B] groups of men working on[C] the same problem in far-scattered [D] laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.17.Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to [A] the European races, and [B] some may even have a [C] freshness and vitality that can renew the energies [D] of more advanced races.18.The [A] more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than[B] ample destroying [C] every city in the world several times over [D].19.The universe works in a way so far remove [A] from what common sense would [B] allow that[C] words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it [D].20.The integration of independent states could best be [A] brought about by first [B] creating a central organization with authorities [C] over technical [D] economic tasks.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found ________ in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21.The machine needs a complete ________ since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending[B] fitting[C] mending[D] renovating22.There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a ________ of him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look[D] sight23.I don’t think it’s wise of you to ________ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in[D] show off24.The returns in the short ________ may be small, but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid.[A] interval[B] range[C] span[D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires ________ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition[B] discrimination[C] curiosity[D] familiarity26.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ________ her long effort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify[D] verify27.I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ________ my debt in return for certain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C] write off[D] clear up28.Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ________.[A] explosion[B] sensation[C] exaggeration[D] stimulation29.According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ________ no responsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries[D] shares30.Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ________ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression[D] comprehension31.Please ________ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.[A] restrain[B] hinder[D] prohibit32.Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of ________ every business operation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely[D] presumably33.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ________ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to[D] in contrast to34.He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ________ at the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate[D] cease35.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ________ letters from their families.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate[D] sensitive36.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ________, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.[A] revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse[D] revive37.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite ________.[A] arbitrary[B] rational[C] mechanical[D] unpredictable38.The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ________ according to the weather.[A] altered[B] converted[C] fluctuated[D] modified39.The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ________ their prospect of promotion.[B] further[C] induce[D] reinforce40.In what ________ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches[D] amountsSection II: Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They __41__ that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the __42__ man. But they insisted that its __43__ results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the __44__ of the English population. __45__ contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a __46__ agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, __47__, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists __48__ history and economics, have __49__ two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was __50__ by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42.[A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43.[A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44.[A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45.[A] On[B] With[C] For46.[A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47.[A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48.[A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49.[A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50.[A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] markedSection III: Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headedNarmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51.The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52.In paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-1987 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companiesmake are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance cashing.”55.According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56.The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57.The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” whichassembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘antiscience’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscience.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “antiscience” is justifiable.62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- hasenthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C. dropping out of the top 10. Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say, Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances --■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II64.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”65.We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66.The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67.The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plates has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.。
考研英语一真题手译翻译1998
What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite - Cobe - had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
4- 34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.
31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.
1998年考研英语真题答案及精析
Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47,is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.直到最近，多数历史学家对工业革命仍持强烈的批评态度。
1998考研英语一真题及答案
1998 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].1.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time the last bus.[A] to have caught[B] to catch[C] catching[D] having caught2.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.[A] needn’t dress up[B] did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up[D] needn’t have dressed up3.I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offend[B] had offended[C] should have offended[D] might have offended4.Although a teenager, Fred could resist what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told[D] to have been told5.Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortageavoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be[D] has been6.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially trueit comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since[D] when7.There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to bereeducated no matter he does.[A] how [B]where[C]what[D]when8.I’ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school twenty years ago.[A] about[B] since[C] till[D] with9.He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, insufficiently popularwith all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered[D] having considered10. for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be sothriving as it is.[A] Had it not been[B] Were it not[C] Be it not[D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which [C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition, where they saw many new products.” So you should choose [C].11.According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’A ability for survivingBareCnaturally selected and passed on to succeedingDgenerations.12.Neither rain nor snow keepsA the postman from delivering our letters whichBwe so muchClook forward to receive.D13.If they will not accept a check, we shall have to pay the cash , though it would be muchAtrouble for both sides.B C D14.Having beenA robbed offBeconomic importance, those states are notClikely to count forvery muchDin international political terms.15.The message will beA thatBneither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with allof theirC uncontrollable practices.D16.The logic of scientific development is suchA that separatesBgroups of men working onCthesame problem in far-scatteredDlaboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.17.Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior toA the European races, andBsome may evenhave aC freshness and vitality that can renew the energiesDof more advanced races.18.TheA more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more thanBample destroyingC every city in the world several times over.D19.The universe works in a way so far removeA from what common sense wouldBallow thatCwords of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it.D20.The integration of independent states could best beA brought about by firstBcreating a centralorganization with authoritiesC over technicalDeconomic tasks.Part CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose [C].21.The machine needs a complete since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amending[B] fitting[C] mending[D] renovating22.There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught aof him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look [D]sight23.I don’t think it’s wise of you to your greater knowledge in front of the director, for itmay offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in[D] show offmay be small, but over a number of years the investment 24.The returns in the shortwill be well repaid.[A] interval[B] range[C] span[D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires with the properties of trees and plants, and thehabit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition [B]discrimination [C]curiosity[D] familiarity26.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would her longeffort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify[D] verify27.I’m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to my debt in return forcertain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C]write off [D]clear up28.Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great .[A] explosion[B] sensation[C] exaggeration[D] stimulation29.According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post noresponsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries[D] shares30.Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his to a certain book or articlethat has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression[D] comprehension31.Please yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbidsthem.[A] restrain[B] hinder[C] restrict[D] prohibit32.Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of every businessoperation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely[D] presumably33.Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, the $160 billion thePresident is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to[D] in contrast to34.He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport willat the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate[D] cease35.All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read letters from theirfamilies.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate[D] sensitive36.Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to , or at least weaken, thetrends that emerged in the 1980s.[A] revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse[D] revive37.I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was quite .[A] arbitrary[B] rational[C] mechanical[D] unpredictable38.The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longeraccording to the weather.[A] altered[B] converted[C] fluctuated[D] modified39.The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not their prospectof promotion.[A] spur [B]further [C]induce[D] reinforce40.In what to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergencyfunding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches[D] amountsSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population.45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 bygreat poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A] admitted [B] believed [C] claimed [D] predicted42.[A] plain [B] average [C] mean [D] normal43.[A] momentary [B] prompt [C] instant [D] immediate44.[A] bulk [B] host [C] gross [D] magnitude45.[A] On [B] With [C] For [D] By46.[A] broadly [B] thoroughly [C] generally [D] completely47.[A] however [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48.[A] at [B] in [C] about [D] for49.[A] manifested [B] approved [C] shown [D] speculated50.[A] noted [B] impressed [C] labeled [D] markedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.51.The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that .[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52.In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to .[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53.What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as .[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction”between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering”has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”55.According to the author, the American economic situation is .[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56.The official statistics on productivity growth .[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57.The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because .[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58.Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science”in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,”held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.“The term ‘anti-science’can lump together too many, quite different things,”notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”59.The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means .[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60.Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to .[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61.Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.62.The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is .[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and thepattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.63.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided,America in 1970s .[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II64.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s“baby boom”65.We can see from the available statistics that .[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population66.The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means .[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).67.The author believes that .[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart68.That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that .[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe69.The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining .[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans70.The passage is mainly about .[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).72) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then。
考研英语一真题手译阅读1998-Text4
1998-1Text41-Emerging from the1980census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition,as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development-and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead-has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether,the US population rose in the1970s by23.2million people-numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade.Even so,that gain adds up to only11.4percent,lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II,and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states-Florida,Texas and California-together had nearly10million more people in1980 than a decade earlier.Except for Florida and Texas,the top10in rate of growth is composed of Western states with7.5million people-about9per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do1980census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.There,California added3.7million to its population in the1970s,more than any other state.In that decade,however,large numbers also migrated from California,mostly to other parts of the West.Often they chose-and still are choosing-somewhat colder climates such as Oregon,Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog,crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result,California’s growth rate dropped during the1970s,to18.5percent-little more than two thirds the1960s’growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the1980census provided,America in1970s________.[A]enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B]witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C]underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D]brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24.The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A]it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B]it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C]it reveals the Americans’new pursuit of spacious living[D]it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s“baby boom”25.We can see from the available statistics that________.[A]California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B]the top10states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C]cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D]Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26.The word“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)most probably means________.[A]people in favor of the trend of democracy[B]advocates of migration between states[C]scientists engaged in the study of population[D]conservatives clinging to old patterns of life。
考研英语翻译1998
The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.
与此同时，世界银行已经贷款给印度来那个问题诸多的纳尔马达大坝。尽管世界银行的顾问说，该大坝将给平民带来苦难，而且也会不可避免地破坏那里的环境，但世界银行仍然一意孤行。大坝会给有权势的人带来巨大利益，但却不考虑任何保障。
1998年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
1998年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译但为君故但为君故 整理组TEXT 1很少有巨型技术成果像大坝那样吸引人们的想象。
也许是因为人们承受洪水和干旱的时间太长，所以驾驭洪水的想法特别具有吸引力。
但是被吸引有时也意味着盲目。
有几座巨型大坝工程将有弊大于利的危险。
大坝给人们的教训是大并不等于美。
这并没有阻止建立巨大、强劲的大坝成为国家成就的象征和人们努力去表现自己的象征。
在阿拉伯世界埃及领导曾因Aswan大坝而团结起来。
土耳其进入第一世界的理由包括了Ataturk大坝。
但是大坝往往并不按人们的意志行事。
例如，Aswan大坝阻止了尼罗河的洪水爆发，但也使埃及失去了洪水带来的肥沃的淤泥——这些损失的所有回报仅仅是一个充满了病菌的大水库，它现在沉积了如此多的淤泥，以致于只能用于发电了。
但是，控制洪水的神话仍然在延续。
这一个星期，在文明的欧洲的中心，斯洛伐克与匈牙利差点在多瑙河一座大坝问题上互动干戈。
这个巨大的工程可能将带来巨型大坝通常造成的问题。
但斯洛伐克正在争取与捷克的独立，因此需要一座大坝来证明这一点。
同时在印度，世界银行已经任何修建那座更加错误的Narmada大坝。
世界银行坚持给予认可，即使它的顾问们说大坝将造成弱者人群的生活困苦和环境的破坏。
权利阶层将获益，但获益也远没有得到保证。
对大坝造成的影响和控制洪水的利与弊进行恰当的、科学的研究才能帮助解决这些矛盾。
即使不修建这些魔鬼似的大坝，水力发电、洪水控制和农田灌溉都是可能做到的。
但是当你在与一种神话打交道，你就很难做到恰当或者科学。
世界应该从Aswan大坝吸取教训了。
你并不需要建一座只是把它保留在那儿的大坝。
51. 第一段第三句的隐含意义是（）A. 人们如果无视现实就会感到快乐B. 盲人比有眼睛的人更幸福C. 过于兴奋的人容易忽视极为重要的事情D. 兴奋使人丧失视力52. 第五段的词语"the powerless"很可能是指（）A. 缺电的地区B. 没有建发电站的大坝C. 印度周边的穷国D. 纳尔马达河大坝周围的平民百姓53. 关于大型水坝的神话是什么？（）A. 它们带来更肥沃的土地。
英语一二通用翻译1998-1 Translation
According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas.
That was just about the moment that the universe was born.
What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite - Cobe - had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).
Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.
1998年考研英语真题答案及精析
(11~20略:新大纲不再考查的部分)21.C 22.B 23.D 24.D 25.D 26.A 27.C 28.B 29.C 30.B31.A 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.C 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.D41.A 42.B 43.D 44.A 45.D 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.C 50.D51.C 52.D 53.D 54.C 55.A 56.B 57.B 58.A 59.C 60.D61.A 62.A 63.B 64.C 65.D 66.C 67.B 68.B 69.D 70.CPart Ⅰ Structure and Vocabulary Section A1.the last bus.A. to have caughtB. to catchC. catchingD. having caught【句意】昨晚我在办公室工作得太晚，差一点儿没赶上最后一趟公交车。
【答案】B【考核知识点】非谓语动词【解析】动词不定式和分词都可作后置定语，动词不定式表示将来的动作；分词表示一般容易”。
故应该选B。
2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.A. needn’t dress upB. did not need have dressed upC. did not need dress upD. needn’t have dressed up【句意】原来那只不过是一个小小的家庭聚会，我们真没有必要穿戴得那么正式。
【答案】D【考核知识点】情态动词【解析】一般情况下，“do not need to do sth.”或“need not do sth.”意为“没有必要去做某事”，表示某事还没有做；“do not need to do sth.”中的“need”是行为动词，“need not do sth.”中的“need”是情态动词；“needn’t have done sth.”意为“原本没有必要做某事”，表示某事已经做了；根据“it turned out to be(原来是)”可知，我们已经参加了那个聚会，所以A、C不对；B的表达方式明显不对，应该为“did not need to have dressedup”。
1998 (1)考研英语真题解析
[B] （was）impressed（by）被…留下深刻印象
[C] （was）labeled as被视为…，被称作…
[D] （was）marked（by）具有…的特征
[答案] D
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：动词词义和用法辨析。难度：0.41
二、试题具体解析
1.[A] admitted承认 [B] believed相信，认为
[C] claimed声称 [D] predicted预言
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义 + 动词词义辨析。难度：0.54
文章开篇指出：Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution，接着第二句又谈到，in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living。显然，后一句是对前一句的让步。第三句又以But开头，暗示与第二句有转折关系。因此可以肯定，这里要表达的意思是历史学家不得不承认既成事实。
7.[A] however然而，表转折关系 [B] meanwhile同时，表时间关系
[C] therefore因此，所以，表因果关系 [D] moreover而且，表递进关系
[答案] A
[解析] 本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。难度：0.89
两个逗号间显然要填入一个逻辑词。考生关键要判断空格所在句子This view,7, is generally thought to be wrong 和上文之间的关系。从上下文来看，句中的this view指的是上段历史学家们的观点，即大多数历史学家对工业革命仍持批判态度。而这句话指出这种观点被普遍认为是错误的，接着下文又介绍了一种完全相反的观点。因此空格处应是一种表转折关系的逻辑词，答案只能选however。
1998考研英语真题及解析
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestUntil recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10. ［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］markedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionText 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is t hat big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bi d for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In P aragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It’s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all that re-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO’s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance c h asing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen’s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake’s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meeti ngs such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science’s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term ‘anti-science’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19. The word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decl ine of science’s power[B] show the author’s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.22. The author’s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America’s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation’s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California’s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s’ growth figure a nd considerably below that of other Western states.23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Americans’ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday’s “baby boom”25. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth’s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth’s interior. It is not possible to determine whether bo th continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of the hot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth’s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that ________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationThey were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn’t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.。
考研英语1998阅读及翻译
1998 Passage 1Few creatio n s of big technol ogy c apture the im agina tion like giant dam s. 1. Perhaps it is hum anki nd's long sufferi ng at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the watersto do our bidding so fascina ting. But to be fascina ted is also, som etim es, to be blind.Several giant dam project s threate n to do mor e har m than good.在重大技术所创造的东西中很少能像大型水坝这样让人痴迷的。
可能正是因为人类长期遭受洪水和干旱灾害的摆布才迫使人们治理江河、供我驱策的理想如此令人痴迷。
但让人着迷有时也就使人盲目。
有几个巨型大坝项目就有弊大于利的危险。
The lesson fr om dams is that big is not always beautif ul. 2. It doesn't help that buildin g a big, powerfu l dam has becom ea sym bolof achieve m ent for nations and peoplestrivin g to assertthem sel ves. Egypt's leaders hip in the Ar ab world was cem ente d by the Aswan High Dam.Turkey's bid for Fir st World statusinclude s the giant Ataturk Dam.建造大坝的教训是：大的未必总是美的。
考研英语1998阅读真题解析
考研英语阅读真题解析（1998）Text 1核心词汇capture［5kAptFE］v./n.捕获,俘虏;夺得,攻占（capt+ure动词后缀→抓住毛病→逮捕）cement［si5ment］n.水泥;胶泥,胶接剂v.胶合;巩固,加强civilize［5sivilaiz］v.使文明,开化（civil市民→文明+ize动词后缀→文明化）complex［5kCmpleks］a.复杂的；综合的；联合体（com共同+plex重叠→全部重叠→复杂的）conflict［5kCnflikt9 kEn5flikt］n.战争;冲突(con共同+flict打击→共同打→冲突)deprive［di5praiv］vt.剥夺,夺去,使丧失（de去掉+prive→从个人身边拿走→剥夺），priv词根“个人的”（如private→priv+ate→私人的），使某物离开个人→剥夺drought［draut］n.旱灾,干旱go ahead n.批准，允许hydroelectric［5haidrEi5lektrik］a.水电的(hydro水+electric电→发电的)imagination［i9mAdVi5neiFEn］n.想象（力）；空想，幻觉；想象出来的事物（imagin想象+ation→想象）irrigation［9iri5geiFEn］n.灌溉；冲洗;水利mercy［5mE:si］n.仁慈,怜悯,宽恕myth［miW］n.神话;神话（总称）；想像的、虚构或不可能存在的事物、人persist［pE:5sist］v.（in）坚持,持续（per始终，完全＋sist→始终站着→坚持到底）proper［5prCpE］a.适合的;合乎体统的;固有的;有礼貌的resolve［ri5zClv］v.决心;（使）分解,溶解;决议n.解决;决心（困难）（re再+solve→再松开→解决）。
同根词：dissolve（v.溶解；解散）←dis+solvespill［spil］v.溢出,溅出n.摔下,跌下symbol［5simbEl］n.（符号；象征）即sym+bol，sym共同，bol看作ball，“共同喜欢球类运动”→这是现代人的“象征”wrong headed a. 执迷不悟的难句剖析难句1：Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.［分析］此句是一个强调句型，基本结构是“it is... that...”，强调部分的关键词是suffering，这个词就是后面that引导的从句的主语，句子的主干是“Suffering makes the ideal so fascinating”。
1998年全国考研英语真题及答案
1998年全国考研英语真题及答案1998年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案Part I Structure and VocabularySections ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A),B),C)andD).Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times _____ 1979.A)fromB)afterC)forD)sinceThe sentence should read,"I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979."Therefore, you should choose D).I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time _____ the last bus .A)to have caughtB)to catchC)catchingD)having caughtAs it turned out to be a small house party, we _____ so formally.A)needn#39;t dress upB)did not need have dressed upC)did not need dress upD)needn#39;t have dressed upI apologize if I _____ you, but I assure you it was unintentional .A)offendB)had offendedC)should have offendedD)might have offendedAlthough a teenager, Fred could resist _____ what to do and what not to do .A)to be toldB)having been toldC)being toldD)to have been toldGreater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage _____ avoided .A)is to beB)can beC)will beD)has beenDoing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true _____ it comes to classroom tests .A)beforeB)asC)sinceD)whenThere are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be re-educated no matter _____ he does .A)howB)whereC)whatD)whenI#39;ve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school _____ twenty years ago .A)aboutB)sinceC)tillD)withHe wasn#39;t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _____ insufficiently popular with all members .A)being considerdB)consideringC)to be consideredD)having considered_____ for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is .A)Had it not beenB)Were it notC)Be it notD)Should it not beSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A),B),C)and D). Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:A number of A) foreign visitors were taken B) to the industrial exhibition which C) they saw D) many new products.Part C) is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.” So you should choose C).According to Darwin,randon changes that enhance a species#39; A) ability for surviving B) are C) naturally selected and passed on to succeeding D) generations.Neither rain nor snow keeps A) the postman from delivering our letters which B)we so much C) look forward to receive D) .If they will not accept A) a check, we shall have B)to pay the cash C) , though it would be D) much trouble for both sides .Having been A) robbed off B)economic importance,those states are not C) likely to count for very much D) in international political terms.The message will be A) that B)neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of their C) uncontrollable practices D) .The logic of scientific development is such A) that separates B)groups of men working on C) the same problem in far-scattered D) laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to A) the European races, and B)some may even have a C) freshness and vitality that can renew the energies D) of more advanced races.The A) more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than B)ample destroying C) every city in the world several times over D) .The universe works in a way so far remove A) from what common sense would B)allow that C) words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain it D) .The integration of independent states could best be A) brought about by first B)creaing a central organization with authorities C) over technical D) economic tasks.Sections CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D). Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET Iby blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found _____ in the woods off the highway.A)vanishedB)scattered C)abandonedD)rejectedThe sentence should read, “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” Therefore, you should choose C).The machine needs a complete _____ since it has been in use for over ten years .A)amendingB)fittingC)mendingD)renovatingThere were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught a _____ of him .A)glanceB)glimpseC)lookD)sightI don#39;t think it#39;s wise of you to _____ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him .A)show upB)show outC)show inD)show offThe returns in the short _____ may be small,but over a number of years the investment will be well repaid .A)intervalB)rangeC)spanD)termA thorough study of biology requires _____ with the properties of trees and plants,and the habit of birds and beasts .A)acquisitionB)discriminationC)curiosityD)familiarityShe worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would _____ her long effort .A)justifyB)testifyC)rectifyD)verifyI#39;m very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to _____ my debt in return for certain services .A)take awayB)cut outC)write offD)clear upSome journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great _____ .A)explosionB)sensationC)exaggerationD)stimulationAccording to what you have just said,am I to understand that his new post _____ no responsibility with it at all? .A)shouldersB)possessesC)carriesD)sharesSometimes the student may be asked to write about his _____ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied .A)commentB)reactionC)impressionD)comprehensionPlease _____ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places,since the law fotbids them .A)restrainB)hinderC)restrictD)prohibitWithout telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of _____ every business operation in the whole country .A)practicallyB)preferablyC)preciselyD)presumablyPreliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, _____ the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress .A)in proportion toB)in reply toC)in relation toD)in contrast toHe is planning another tour abroad,yet his passport will _____at the end of this month .A)expireB)exceedC)terminateD)ceaseAll the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read _____ letters from their families .A)sentimentalB)affectionateC)intimateD)sensitiveSeveral international events in the early 1990s seem likely to _____ ,or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s .A)revoltB)revolveC)reverseD)reviveI was unaware of the critical points involved,so my choice was quite _____ .A)arbitraryB)rationalC)mechanicalD)unpredictableThe local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer _____ according to the weather .A)alteredB)convertedC)fluctuatedD)modifiedThe pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees willcertainly not _____ their prospect of promotion .A)spurB)furtherC)induceD)reinforceIn what _____ to a last minute stay of execution,a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites .A)appliesB)accountsC)attachesD)amountsPart II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A),B),C),D). Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) Until recently most histroians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47 ,is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history and economics, have 49 two things:that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.A)admitted B)believed C)claimed D)predicted42.A)plain B)average C)mean D)normal43.A)momentary B)prompt C)instant D)immediate44.A)bulk B)host C)gross D)magnitude45.A)On B)With C)For D)By46.A)broadly B)thoroughly C)generally D)completely47.A)however B)meanwhile C)therefore D)moreover48.A)at B)in C)about D)for49.A)manifested B)approved C)shown D)speculated50.A)noted B)impressed C)labeled D)markedPart III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked A),B),C) and D). Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind#39;s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascination. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn#39;t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt#39;s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey#39;s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go ahead to the even more wrong headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don#39;t need a dam to be saved.The third sentence of paragraph 1 implies that _____ .A)people would be happy if they shut their eyes to realityB)the blind could be happier than the sightedC) over?excited people tend to neglect vital things.D)fascination makes people lose their eyesightIn paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to _____ .A)areas short of electricityB)dams without power stationsC)poor counrtries around IndiaD)common people in the Narmada Dam areaWhat is the myth concerning giant dams?A)They bring in more fertile soil.B)They help defend the country.C)They strengthen international ties.D)They have univeral control of the waters.What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as _____ .A)“It#39;s no use crying over spilt milk”B)“More haste, less speed”C) “Look before you leap”D)“He who laughs last laughs best”Passage 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978 87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, thetreasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between th e mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explanied. New ways of organizing the workplace all that re engineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overalll productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity:switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficent thought to long term profitability. BBDO#39;s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re engineering consultants as mere rubbish - “the worst sort of ambulance cashing.”According to the author, the American economic situation is _____ .A)not as good as it seemsB)at its turning pointC)much better than it seemsD)near to complete recoveryThe official statistics on productivity growth _____ .A)exclude the usual rebound in a business cycleB)fall short of businessmen#39;s anticipationC)meet the expectation of business peopleD)fail to reflect the true state of economyThe author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because _____ .A)he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”B)he does not think the productivity revolution worksC)he wonders if the official statistics are misleadingD)he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businessesWhich of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A)Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.B)New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.C)The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long term profitability.D)The consultants are a bunch of good for nothigns.Passage 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo#39;s 17th century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake#39;s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between sceience and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the seientific community was so powerful thatit could affort to ignore its critics - but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have at tacked “antiscience” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Verginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon?Haunted World, by Car Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.Antiscience clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science#39;s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, those manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pretechnological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are antiscience, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question theevidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the antiscience epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term #39;antiscience#39; can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened. ”The word “schism”(Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means _____ .A)confrontationB)dissatisfactionC)separationD)contemptParagraphs 2 and 3 are written to _____ .A)discuss the cause of the decline of science#39;s powerB)show the author#39;s symphathy with scientistsC)explain the way in which science developsD)exemplify the division of science and the humanitiesWhich of the following is true according to the passage?A)Environmentalists were blamed for antiscience in an essay.B)Politicans are not subject to the labeling of antiscience.C)The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as antiscienceD)Tagging environmentalists as “antiscience” is justifiableThe auth or#39;s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. antiscience” is _____ .A)impartialB)subjectiveC)biasedD)puzzlingPassage 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development - and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead - has enthroned the South as America#39;s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation#39;s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people - numerically the third largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger number since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun belt states - Florida, Texas and California - together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th - with Cleveland and Washington.DC,dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say, Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too - and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday#39;s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places withmore jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances-● Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate - 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.●Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except fro Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people - about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to morebearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other parts of the West. Often they chose - and still are choosing - somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California#39;s growth rate dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent - little more than two thirds the 1960s growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, America in 1970s _____ .A)enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in historyB)witnessed a southwestern shift of populationC)underwent an unparalleled period of population growthD)brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World dWar IIThe census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that _____ .A)it stresses the climatic influence on population distributionB)it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrantsC)it reveals the Americans#39; new persuit of spacious livingD)it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday#39;s “baby boom”We can see from the available statistics that _____ .A)California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole USB)the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the WestC)cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migrationD)Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of populationThe word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means _____ .A)people infavor of the trend of democracyB)advocates of migration between statesC)scientists engaged in the studey of populationD)conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifePassage 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world#39;s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth#39;s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly,and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from eath other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth#39;s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite direcitons or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots,anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the quesiton. From an analysis of the hot spot popultion it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layer creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explanied the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability(inconstance).The author believes that _____ .A)the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth#39;s interiorB)the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be trueC)the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directionsD)the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apartThat Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that _____ .A)the two continents are still moving in opposite direcitonsB)they have been found to share certain geological featuresC)the African plates has been stable for 30 million yearsD)over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globeThe hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining _____ .A)the structure of the African platesB)the revival of dead volcanoesC)the mobility of the continentsD)the formation of new oceansThe passage is mainly about _____ .A)the features of volcanic activitiesB)the importance of the theory about drifting platesC)the significance of hot spots in geophysical studiesD)the process of the formation of volcanoesPart IV English Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET II. (15 points).They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that。
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题真题(附带详细答案解析)
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recent l y most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They1that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 2 man. But they insisted that its 3 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 4 of the English population. 5 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 6 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 7 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 8 history and economics, have 9 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 10 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. ［A］admitted ［B］believed ［C］claimed ［D］predicted2. ［A］plain ［B］average ［C］mean ［D］normal3. ［A］momentary ［B］prompt ［C］instant ［D］immediate4. ［A］bulk ［B］host ［C］gross ［D］magnitude5. ［A］On ［B］With ［C］For ［D］By6. ［A］broadly ［B］thoroughly ［C］generally ［D］completely7. ［A］however ［B］meanwhile ［C］therefore ［D］moreover8. ［A］at ［B］in ［C］about ［D］for9. ［A］manifested ［B］approved ［C］shown ［D］speculated10. ［A］noted ［B］impressed ［C］labeled ［D］markedSection ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind‟s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn‟t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt‟s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey‟s bid for Firs t World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left -- all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don‟t need a dam to be saved.11. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that ________.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight12. In Paragraph 5, “the powerless” probably refers to ________.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area13. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.14. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as ________.[A] “It‟s no use crying over spilt milk”[B] “More haste, less speed”[C] “Look before you leap”[D] “He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you go in America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturing and services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhat faster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased by about 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury sec retary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace -- all thatre-engineering and downsizing -- are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of the changes that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always mean increasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring of recent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spread much less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, a rapidly growi ng chain of bakery cafes, says that much “re-engineering” has been crude. In many cases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO‟s Al Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mere rubbish -- “the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”15. According to the author, the American economic situation is ________.[A] not as good as it seems[B] at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery16. The official statistics on productivity growth ________.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen‟s anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy17. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?” because ________.[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses18. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[B] New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo’s 17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake‟s harsh remarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore its critics -- but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked “anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as “The Flight from Science and Reason,” held in New York City in 1995, and “Science in the Age of (Mis) information,” which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find fault primarily with sociolog ists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science‟s objectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and other phenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in 1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as an essay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless. “The term …anti-science‟ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”19. Th e word “schism” (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means ________.[A] confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt20. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to ________.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science‟s power[B] s how the author‟s sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities21. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened” tend to tag others as anti-science.[D] Tagging environmentalists as “anti-science” is justifiable.22. The author‟s attitude toward the issue of “science vs. anti-science” is ________.[A] impartial[B] subjective[C] biased[D] puzzlingText 4Emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competition, as population growth in the Northeast and Midwest reaches a near standstill.This development -- and its strong implications for US politics and economy in years ahead -- has enthroned the South as America‟s most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation‟s head counting.Altogether, the US population rose in the 1970s by 23.2 million people -- numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. Even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in American annual records except for the Depression years.Americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since World War II, and the pattern still prevails.Three sun-belt states -- Florida, Texas and California -- together had nearly 10 million more people in 1980 than a decade earlier. Among large cities, San Diego moved from 14th to 8th and San Antonio from 15th to 10th -- with Cleveland and Washington. D. C., dropping out of the top 10.Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt, census officials say. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too -- and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday‟s “baby boom” generation reached its child bearing years.Moreover, demographers see the continuing shift south and west as joined by a related but newer phenomenon: More and more, Americans apparently are looking not just for places with more jobs but with fewer people, too. Some instances—■Regionally, the Rocky Mountain states reported the most rapid growth rate -- 37.1 percent since 1970 in a vast area with only 5 percent of the US population.■Among states, Nevada and Arizona grew fastest of all: 63.5 and 53.1 percent respectively. Except for Florida and Texas, the top 10 in rate of growth is composed of Western states with 7.5 million people -- about 9 per square mile.The flight from overcrowdedness affects the migration from snow belt to more bearable climates.Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. There, California added 3.7 million to its population in the 1970s, more than any other state.In that decade, however, large numbers also migrated from California, mostly to other partsof the West. Often they chose -- and still are choosing -- somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog, crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State.As a result, California‟s growth rat e dropped during the 1970s, to 18.5 percent -- little more than two thirds the 1960s‟ growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states.23. Discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided,America in 1970s ________.[A] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history[B] witnessed a southwestern shift of population[C] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth[D] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since World War II24. The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that________.[A] it stresses the climatic influence on population distribution[B] it highlights the contribution of continuous waves of immigrants[C] it reveals the Ameri cans‟ new pursuit of spacious living[D] it elaborates the delayed effects of yesterday‟s “baby boom”25. We can see from the available statistics that ________.[A] California was once the most thinly populated area in the whole US[B] the top 10 states in growth rate of population were all located in the West[C] cities with better climates benefited unanimously from migration[D] Arizona ranked second of all states in its growth rate of population26. The word “demographers” (Line 1, Paragraph 8) most probably means ________.[A] people in favor of the trend of democracy[B] advocates of migration between states[C] scientists engaged in the study of population[D] conservatives clinging to old patterns of lifeText 5Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots. Unlike most of the world‟s volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth‟s surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. Most of the hot spots move only slowly, and in some cases the movement of the plates past them has left trails of dead volcanoes. The hot spots and their volcanic trails are milestones that mark the passage of the plates.That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute. Africa and South America, for example, are moving away from each other as new material is injected into the sea floor between them. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of one plate with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth‟s interior. It is not possible to determine whether both continents are moving in opposite directions or whether one continent is stationary and the other is drifting away from it. Hot spots, anchored in the deeper layers of the earth, provide the measuring instruments needed to resolve the question. From an analysis of thehot-spot population it appears that the African plate is stationary and that it has not moved during the past 30 million years.The significance of hot spots is not confined to their role as a frame of reference. It now appears that they also have an important influence on the geophysical processes that propel the plates across the globe. When a continental plate come to rest over a hot spot, the material rising from deeper layers creates a broad dome. As the dome grows, it develops deep fissures (cracks); in at least a few cases the continent may break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. Thus just as earlier theories have explained the mobility of the continents, so hot spots may explain their mutability (inconstancy).27. The author believes that ________.[A] the motion of the plates corresponds to that of the earth‟s interior[B] the geological theory about drifting plates has been proved to be true[C] the hot spots and the plates move slowly in opposite directions[D] the movement of hot spots proves the continents are moving apart28. That Africa and South America were once joined can be deduced from the fact that________.[A] the two continents are still moving in opposite directions[B] they have been found to share certain geological features[C] the African plate has been stable for 30 million years[D] over 100 hot spots are scattered all around the globe29. The hot spot theory may prove useful in explaining ________.[A] the structure of the African plates[B] the revival of dead volcanoes[C] the mobility of the continents[D] the formation of new oceans30. The passage is mainly about ________.[A] the features of volcanic activities[B] the importance of the theory about drifting plates[C] the significance of hot spots in geophysical studies[D] the process of the formation of volcanoesSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)They were, by far, the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected: a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion light-years from earth. 31) But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago. That was just about the moment that the universe was born. What the researchers found was at once both amazing and expected: the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration‟s Cosmic Background Explorer satellite -- Cobe -- had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang (the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy).32) The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. According to the theory, the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic, unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions, emitting radiation as it went, condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas. Over billions of years, the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies, stars, plants and eventually, even humans.Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures, but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well, the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies. They shouldn‟t have long to wait. 33) Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.34) If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. Inflation says that very early on, the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion trillion trillion fold in much less than a second, propelled by a sort of antigravity. 35) Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.31. ________32. ________33. ________34. ________35. ________Section V WritingDirections:[A] Study the following cartoon carefully and write an essay in no less than 150 words.[B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C] Your essay should meet the requirements below:1. Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2. Give your commentsn.1998年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. A2. B3. D4. A5. D6. D7. A8.B9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPart APassage 111. C 12. D 13.D 14. CPassage 215.A 16.B 17.B 18.APassage 319.C 20.D 21.A 22.APassage 423.B 24.C 25.D 26.CPassage 527.B 28.B 29.C 30.CPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.更为重要的是，这是科学家们能够观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
考研英语一历年翻译真题及答案
考研英语一历年翻译真题：（2016-1994）（此资料由小七i整理，请不要外传，仅用于考研学习借鉴，如有错误地方，请自行参考其他资料。
）【每年的题目单独编译成页是为了便于打印后直接在上面进行书写】翻译主题分析：1994年:天才、技术与科学发展的关系 1995年:标准化教育与心理评估（364词）1996年:科学发展的动力（331词） 1997年:动物的权利（417词）1998年:宇宙起源（376词） 1999年:史学研究方法（326词）2000年:科学家与政府（381词） 2001年:计算机与未来生活展望（405词）2002年:行为科学发展的困难 2003年:人类学简介（371词）2004年:语言与思维（357词） 2005年：电视媒体2006年：美国的知识分子 2007年：法学研究的意义2008年：达尔文的思想观点 2009年：正规教育的地位2010年：经济与生态 2011年：能动意识的作用2012年：普遍性真理 2013年：人类状况2014年：贝多芬的一生 2015年：历史学方面2016年：心理健康46） We don't have to learn how to be mentally healthy， it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend， a broken bone. 47） Our mental health doesn't go anywhere； like the sun behind a cloud， it can be temporarily hidden from view， but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.48） Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles， with kindness if they are in pain， and with unconditional love no matter who they are.49） Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives， it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions.50） As you will come to see， knowing that mental health is always available and knowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.46） This movement， driven by powerful and diverse motivations， built a nation out of a wilderness and， by its nature， shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47） The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas， customs， and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. 48） But， the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America， the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another， and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw， new continent caused significant changes.49） The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after thefifteenth- and sixteenth-century explorations of North America.50） The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia in the south. Here was abundant fuel and lumber.46) It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.47)By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.48) Beethoven’s habit of increasing the volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.49) Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.50)One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.46) Yet when one looks at the photographs of the garden created by the homeless, it strikes one that , for all their diversity of styles, these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges, beyond that of decoration and creative expression.47) A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be, is a distinctly human need, as opposed to shelter, which is a distinctly animal need.48)The gardens of the homeless which are in effect homeless gardens introduce from into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such. In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.49) Most of us give into a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions, until one day we find ourselves in garden and feel the expression vanish as if by magic.50) It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden though in a “liberated” sense, to describe these synthetic constructions.46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.47) Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.48) To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.50) Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it.46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.47) While we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.49) Circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.47) But we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling.46)He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics.48)On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully."50)Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear preps of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.49)But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.50)They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served to much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe.47) In Europe, as elsewhere multi-media groups have been increasingly successful groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another.48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.49) Crea ting a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe.50)In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.”61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society.61) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.62) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.63) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.64) Tylor defined culture as “...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”65) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on.62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.63) The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century."75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder--kitchen rage.71)There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools relaxation will be in front of smell-television and digital age will have arrived.73）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications，people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas，while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage.71） While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.72） Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.73） During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.74） There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.75） It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources. And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.71） But even more important，it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past，for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.72） The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，first put forward in the 1920s，to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.73） Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures，and may report their findings soon.74） If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.75） Odd though it sounds，cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics，and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.71） Actually，it isn’t，because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights，which is something the world does not have.72） Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract，as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.73） It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans，or with no consideration at all.74） Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect，extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.75） When that happens，it is not a mistake: it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action，an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.71） Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.72 ）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 73） This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.74） However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world more fascinating and delightful aspects.75） New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.1995年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） The target is wrong，for in attacking the tests，critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.72） How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.73） Whether to use tests，other kinds of information，or both in a particular situation depends，therefore，upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74） In general，the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicated can not be well defined.75） For example，they do not compensate for gross social inequality，and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.1994年考研英语(一)翻译真题71） Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.72）“In short”，a leader of the new school contends，“the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”73） Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 74） Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.75） Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving for。
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语全文翻译
1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语全文翻译P a r t I I C l o z eT e s t直到最近,大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍然颇有微词㊂尽管他们承认从长远角度讲,工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平㊂然而他们坚持认为,工业革命在1750和1850年间引起的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难㊂相比之下,他们把在此之前从1650到1750的一百年看成是一个繁荣富足的时期㊂尽管那个时候英国还是一个完全意义上的农业国家㊂然而,人们通常认为这种观点是错误的㊂历史和经济学专家已指出两件事情:一是1650至1750年间以显著的贫困为特征;二是工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困,反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善㊂P a r t I I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a s s a g e1很少有像巨型大坝那样的伟大成果如此吸引人们㊂也许是因为人们倍受洪水和干旱的摆布,所以驾驭洪水的想法特别地强烈㊂但是被吸引有时也意味着盲目,有几个巨型大坝工程就有弊大于利的危险㊂大坝给人们的教训是大的不一定就是好的㊂但这个教训并没有阻止建立巨大而强劲的大坝,它们已经成为国家成就和人们努力表现自己的象征㊂埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界中的领导地位土耳其在力图进人第一世界的努力中也包括了修建A t a t u r k大坝㊂但是大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果㊂例如,阿斯旺大坝阻止了尼罗河的洪水泛滥,但也使埃及失去了洪水带来的肥沃的淤泥 这些损失的所有回报仅仅是一个充满了病患的大水库,它现在沉积了如此多的淤泥,以致于发不出电了㊂但是,控制洪水的神话仍在继续㊂本周,在文明的欧洲的中心,斯洛伐克与匈牙利就是为了多瑙河上的一座大坝引起争端,差点动用了军队㊂这个巨大的工程可能会带来其他大坝通常造成的问题㊂但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立,因此需要建一座大坝来证明自己的实力㊂与此同时,尽管银行的顾问们说大坝将给普通大众的生活带来困苦和环境的破坏,但世界银行还是贷款给印度修建N a r m a d a大坝,这事后被证明是个大错㊂受益的是权力阶层,但也无法保证㊂对大坝造成的影响和控制洪水的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究才能帮助解决这些冲突㊂即使不修建这些巨型大坝,水利发电㊁洪水控制和农田灌溉也都是可能做到的,但是当你相信神话的时候,你就很难做到合理和科学,世界应该从阿斯旺大坝吸取教训了㊂你不需要一座大坝来拯救自己㊂P a s s a g e2人们常说不劳则无获㊂但是有劳而无获那又会怎么样呢?在美国,无论你走到那里,都会听到关于企业复苏的故事㊂很难证实的是,工商界所认为的他们正在进行的一场生产力革命是否确有其事㊂官方的统计并不乐观㊂统计数字表明,如果将制造业和服务业合起来计算,从1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2%,这个速度比前10年的平均增长速度要快㊂1991年以来,生产力的增长约每年2%,这是l978 1987年平均增长速度的两倍㊂问题是,近来发生的生产力快速增长现象部分是经济发展周期的反弹,因而不应被看作是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势这一结论的证据㊂正如财政部长R o b e r tR u b i n所说,在工商业界有关生产力增长的传闻和统计数字所反映的情况之间有一个 脱节 ㊂这其中的一些原因很容易解释㊂企业的新组织方法 重组和缩小规模 只是一个国家生产力提高的部分原因㊂很多其他因素也在起作用,如:对机器设备的投资㊁新技术以及对教育和培训的投人㊂再有,公司所进行的大多数改革都是为了能够赢利,这种需求并不总是意味着生产力的提高:转入新的市场和提高质量同样重要㊂其他两种解释也值得推敲㊂第一,近年来进行的一些企业重组并不恰当㊂第二,即使重组很恰当,也并不像人们认为的那样规模巨大㊂L e o n a r dS c h l e s i n g e r是哈佛的学者,也是快速发展的面包咖啡连锁店A uB o nP a i n的前任总裁,他说许多 重组 是粗糙的㊂他认为在多数情况下,收益的损失超过了对成本的降低㊂他的同事M i c h a e l B e e r说,许多公司都只是机械地进行重组,虽然降低了成本,但并没有充分考虑长期赢利的能力㊂B B D O的A l R o s e n s h i n e则更坦率㊂他把重组咨询专家所做的许多工作视为 垃圾 最坏的怂恿者㊂P a s s a g e3科学与文化其他方面的关系一直都不协调㊂想想伽利略在17世纪因叛逆的信仰被天主教会审判,诗人W i l l i a m B l a k e针对牛顿机械的世界观所作的尖刻评论㊂本世纪科学与人文学科之间的分歧有所加深㊂以前,科学界的力量一直很强大,可以不理睬别人的批评 但现在不行了㊂由于对科学的资助有所减少,科学家在好几本著作中都对 反科学 进行了攻击,其中最值得注意的是‘更高级的迷信“,作者是V i r g i n i a大学的生物学家P a u l R.G r o s s和R u t g e r s大学的数学家N o r m a nL e v-i t t,此外还有C o r n e l l大学的C a r l S a g a n所著的‘魔鬼出没的世界“㊂科学的捍卫者也在一些会议上表示了他们的关注,如1995年在纽约市举行的 逃离科学与理性 的会议和去年6月在B u f f a l o附近召开的 (伪)信息时代的科学 会议㊂显然,反科学对不同的人有不同的含义㊂G r o s s和L e v i t t争论的对象主要是社会学家,哲学家和其他对科学客观性提质疑的学者㊂S a g a n主要关注的是那些相信幽灵㊁上帝造物论和其他违背科学世界观的现象的人㊂对1996年新闻报道的调查表明,反科学的标签也被贴到了许多其他人群身上,包括主张彻底消除天花病菌的权威机构和主张减少基础研究经费的共和党人㊂很少有人会反对将这个词用在环境恐怖主义协会头上,他们1995年发表的宣言蔑视科学,并希望回到技术革命之前的乌托邦社会㊂但这并不是说那些关注无节制的工业发展的环保主义者也是反科学的,正如‘美国新闻和世界报道“去年5月发表的一篇文章所暗示的那样㊂环保主义者当然会对这种批评做出回应㊂S t a n f o r d大学的P a u lE h r l i c h是一位环境研究的先驱,他认为,科学的真正敌人是那些对全球变暖㊁臭氧层损耗和工业发展带来的其他后果表示怀疑的人㊂的确,有些观察家担心反科学一词面临着失去意义的危险㊂ 反科学这个词所包容的东西太多,太不相同, 哈佛大学哲学家杰拉法㊃霍尔登在1993年出版的‘科学和反科学“中说道㊂ 它们的共同点是它们往往激怒或威胁那些自认为更加开明的人们㊂P a s s a g e41980年美国人口普查出现的情形是:随着东北部与中西部人口增长趋于几乎静止的状态,地区间的竞争越来越激烈了㊂这个发展变化 以及它对随后几年美国政治经济的影响 已经使南方第一次在全国人口统计史上成为美国人口最稠密的地区㊂总体上说,美国人口在上个世纪70年代增长了2320万 从数字上来看这是有史以来十年期间内增长第三高㊂即使如此,这次增长只形成了11. 4%的增长率,除了经济大萧条年代,这是美国人口年度记录中最低的㊂第二次世界大战以来,美国人口一直在向南部和西部大量流动㊂这个趋势现在仍在继续㊂弗罗里达㊁德克萨斯和加利福尼亚是三个 阳光地带 ,它们在1980年时比十年前的人口增加了1,000万㊂在大城市中,圣地亚哥从第14位升到第8位,圣安东尼从第15位升到第10位 而克利夫兰和华盛顿区则降到前十名以外㊂人口普查官员说,并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带㊂不断的移民潮也是原因之一,还有一个因素是过去的 生育高峰 那一代人已到了生育年龄,他们导致了婴儿数目的大幅度增长㊂再者,人口统计专家认为人口向西或向南的不断流动又与一个相关的新的现象联系在一起:越来越多的美国人显然不再只是寻找工作机会更多的地方,而是人口更少的地方㊂以下是几个例子:从地区上讲,落基山脉各州上报了自1970年以来最高的人口增长率 37.1%,而以前这片广阔地域的人口仅占美国总人口的5%㊂在各个州中,内华达和亚利桑的增长率最高,分别为63.5%和53.1%㊂除了弗洛里达和德克萨斯,增长率最高的十个州都是西部各州,共有750万人 每平方英里约9个人㊂逃离人口稠密的地区这一现象影响了以前那种从冰雪地带向气候宜人地区的迁移趋势㊂1980年人口普查显示美国人更愿意去边远的西部寻找宽敞的生存空间㊂加利福尼亚在1970年人口就增长了370万,比其他任何州都多㊂然而在那十年中,大量的人口也从加利福尼亚流出,主要是流向西部其他地区㊂他们常会选择 而且现在仍然选择 较为寒冷的州,如俄勒冈㊁爱达荷和阿拉斯加,为了逃离 金色之州 的烟雾㊁犯罪和其他城市化所带来的弊病㊂结果,加利福尼亚的人口增长率在上个世纪70年代降到了18.5% 略高于60年代增长率的三分之二,但大大低于西部其他各州㊂P a s s a g e5地球上散落分布着100多个独立的小的火山活动区,地质学家称它们为 热点 ㊂与世界上大多数火山不同的是,它们(热点)并不都是位于构成地球表面的大陆活动板块的边缘,相反,它们常常位于板块的内部㊂大多数 热点 只缓慢地移动,有时板块从 热点 上通过,从而留下一连串死火山的痕迹㊂ 热点 和这些痕迹是板块经过的标志㊂板块在移动,现在已经是毋庸置疑的事实㊂例如,非洲与南美洲正在向相反方向移动,因为它们之间的海底注人了新的物质㊂它们互相吻合的海岸线和某些横跨海洋的地质特征可以告诉我们这两个大洲的连接处㊂承载这些大洲的板块运动已被详细地解释,但是一个板块与另一个板块之间的相对运动尚不能用其相对于地球内部的运动来描述㊂人们无法断定,两个大洲是向相反的方向移动,还是一个大洲静止不动,另一个大洲在离它而去㊂位于地球深层的 热点 也提供了解决这个问题的测量手段㊂据对热点总体的分析表明,非洲大陆板块是静止的,在过去的3,000万年里都没有移动过㊂热点的重要性不仅在于作为参照体系这一作用㊂现在看来,它们仿佛也对推动板块移动的地球物理过程有着重大的影响㊂当一个大陆板块移到一个 热点 之上后,从地球深层喷出的物质就形成了一个宽广的穹隆地形㊂随着这个穹隆地形的增长,就会出现深深的裂缝;在某些情况下,大陆可能沿着这些裂缝完全断开,因此,这个 热点 就促成新的海洋的形成㊂以前的理论解释了大陆的移动,那么 热点 也可以解释大陆的不规则运动㊂P a r t I V E n g l i s h-C h i n e s eT r a n s l a t i o n迄今为止,科学家所发现的最大㊁最遥远的物体是:离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系㊂(71)但更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象㊂因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构㊂那大约就是宇宙形成的时候㊂研究人员所发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶,又在人们的意料之中:美国国家航空航天局的C o b e号(宇宙背景探测器)已经发现了划时代的证据,表明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸,人们称之为 大爆炸 (此理论认为宇宙起源于一次巨大能量的大暴炸)㊂(72)巨大的宇宙云的存在,实际上是使20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源的主导地位所不可缺少的㊂按照这一理论,宇宙形成于一团亚微观的㊁密度相当大的纯能量团,它在向四面八方发散的过程中放出辐射线,浓缩成粒子,然后形成气体原子㊂数十亿年来,这种气体在引力的压缩下形成星系㊁恒星㊁行星,甚至最终产生人类㊂设计C o b e卫星就是要观察这些最大的物体结构,但天文学家还想看到更小的热点,即,像星系中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子㊂他们不必等待很长时间㊂(73)天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器,正在越来越近地观测这些云系,也许不久会报告他们的观测结果㊂(74)假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致,那就意味着又一种科学论说的胜利,这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论,亦称宇宙膨胀说㊂膨胀说认为,很久以前,在一种反引力的驱动下,宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内膨胀了无数倍㊂(75)宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特,但是它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来似乎可信的推论㊂许多天体物理学家近十年来一直确信这一论说是正确的㊂。
1998年考研外语考试真题及答案
1998年考研外语考试真题及答案一、Use of English1、Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They 【B1】 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the 【B2】 man. But they insisted that its 【B3】 results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 【B4】 of the English population. 【B5】 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a 【B6】 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 【B7】 is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 【B8】 history and economics, have 【B9】 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 【B10】 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.【B1】A.admittedB.believedC.claimedD.predicted2、【B2】A．plainB．average C．meanD．normal3、【B3】A．momentary B．promptC．instant D．immediate 4、【B4】A．bulkB．hostC．grossD．magnitude 5、【B5】A．OnB．WithC．ForD．By6、【B6】A．broadlyB．thoroughly C．generally D．completely 7、【B7】A．howeverB．meanwhile C．therefore D．moreover 8、【B8】A．atB．inC．aboutD．for9、【B9】A．manifestedB．approvedC．shownD．speculated10、【B10】A．notedB．impressedC．labeledD．marked11、 I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time ______ the last bus.A.to have caughtB.to catchC.catchingD.having caught12、 As it turned out to be a small house party, we ______ so formally.A.needn't dress upB.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress upD.needn't have dressed up13、 I apologize if I ______ you, but I assure you it was unintentional.A.offendB.had offendedC.should have offendedD.might have offended14、 Although a teenager, Fred could resist ______ what to do and what not to do.A.to be toldB.having been toldC.being toldD.to have been told15、 Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ______ avoided.A.is to beB.can beC.will beD.has been16、 Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ______ it comes to classroomtests.A.beforeB.asC.sinceD.when17、 There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter ______ he does.A.howB.whereC.whatD.when18、 I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school ______ twenty years ago.A.aboutB.sinceC.tillD.with19、 He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, ______ insufficiently popular with all members.A.being consideredB.consideringC.to be consideredD.having considered20、 ______ for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.A．Had it not beenB．Were it notC．Be it notD．Should it not be21、 The machine needs a complete ______ since it has been in use for over ten years.A．amendingB．fittingC．mendingD．renovating22、There were many people present and he appeared only fora few seconds， so I only caught a __________of him.A.glanceB.glimpseC.lookD.sight23、 I don't think it's wise of you to ______ your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.A．show upB．show outC．show inD．show off24、 The returns in the short ______ may be small, but overa number of years the investment will be well repaid.A．intervalB．rangeC．spanD．term25、 A thorough study of biology requires ______ with the properties of trees and plants, and the habit of birds and beasts.A．acquisitionB．discriminationC．curiosityD．familiarity26、 She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would ______ her long effort.A．justifyB．testifyC．rectify27、 I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to ______ my debt in return for certain services.A．take awayB．cut outC．write offD．clear up28、 Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a great ______.A．explosionB．sensationC．exaggerationD．stimulation29、 According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post ______ no responsibility with it at all? A．shouldersB．possessesC．carriesD．shares30、 Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his ______ to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.B．reactionC．impressionD．comprehension31、 Please ______ yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.A．restrainB．hinderC．restrictD．prohibit32、 Without telephone it would be impossible on carry on the functions of ______ every business operation in the whole country.A.practicallyB.preferablyC.preciselyD.presumably33、 Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, ______ file $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.A.in proportion toB.in reply toC.in relation toD.in contrast to34、 He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will ______ at the end of this month.A．expireB．exceedC．terminateD．cease35、 All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read ______ letters from their families.A.sentimentalB.affectionateC.intimateD.sensitive36、 Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to ______, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.A．revoltB．revolveC．reverseD．revive37、 I was unaware of the critical points involved so my choicewas quite ______.A.arbitraryB.rationalC.mechanicalD.unpredictable38、 The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the weather.A.alteredB.convertedC.fluctuatedD.modified39、 The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not ______ their prospect of promotion.A．spurB．furtherC．induceD．reinforce40、 In what ______ to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.A.appliesB.accountsC.attachesD.amounts41、 According to Darwin, random changes that enhance (a species') ability (for surviving) (are) naturally selected and passed on (to succeeding) generations.A.a species'B.for survivingC.areD.to succeeding42、 Neither rain nor snow (keeps) the postman from delivering our letters (which) we (so much) look forward (to receive).A.keepsB.whichC.so muchD.to receive43、 If they (will not accept) a check, we (shall have) to pay (the cash), though it (would be) much trouble for both sides.A.will not acceptB.shall haveC.the cashD.would be44、 (Having been) robbed (off) economic importance, thosestates are (not) likely to count for (very much) in international political terms.A.Having beenB.offC.notD.very much45、 The message (will be) (that) neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing with all of (their) uncontrollable (practices).A.will beB.thatC.theirD.practices46、 The logic of scientific development is (such) that (separates) groups of men working (on) the same problem in (far-scattered) laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the same time.A.suchB.separatesC.onD.far-scattered47、 Yet not all of these races are (intellectual inferior)to the European races, (and) some may even have (a) freshness and vitality that can renew the 9energies) of more advanced race.A.intellectual inferiorB.andC.aD.energies48、 (The) (more than) 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more than ample (destroying) every city in the world several times (over).A.TheB.more thanC.destroyingD.over49、 The universe works in a way so far (remove) from what common sense (would) allow (that) words of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain (it).A.removeB.wouldC.thatD.it50、 The integration of independent states (could best be) brought about by (first) creating a central organization (withauthorities) over (technical) economic tasks.A.could best beB.firstC.with authoritiesD.technical参考答案：【一、Use of English】1~5ABDAD6~10DABCD11~50点击下载查看答案。
98年考研英语一真题
98年考研英语一真题The 1998 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination English Test (Year One)IntroductionThe 1998 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English (Year One) was a pivotal moment for many aspiring postgraduate students in China. This exam, which aimed to assess their proficiency in English, consisted of four sections: Listening Comprehension, Vocabulary and Structure, Reading Comprehension, and Writing. In this article, we will explore each section in detail, providing insights into the content and requirements of the exam.Section 1: Listening ComprehensionThe Listening Comprehension section aimed to evaluate candidates' ability to understand spoken English in various contexts. It consisted of multiple-choice questions, and examinees were required to select the correct answer based on the content of the audio recordings. The topics covered a wide range of subjects, including everyday conversations, news reports, and academic lectures. This section aimed to test candidates' listening comprehension skills and their ability to extract information accurately from spoken English.Section 2: Vocabulary and StructureThe Vocabulary and Structure section aimed to assess candidates' knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar. It consisted of multiple-choice questions that required examinees to choose the most appropriate word or phrase to complete a sentence, or to identify the grammatically correct option. This section aimed to evaluate candidates' understanding of English vocabulary, sentence structure, and grammar rules.Section 3: Reading ComprehensionThe Reading Comprehension section aimed to evaluate candidates' reading skills and their ability to understand and analyze English texts. It consisted of several passages, each followed by a set of questions. Examinees were required to answer questions based on the information provided in the passages, demonstrating their ability to comprehend and interpret written English. The passages covered a variety of topics, including science, literature, social sciences, and humanities.Section 4: WritingThe Writing section aimed to assess candidates' ability to express themselves in written English effectively. It consisted of two tasks: an essay and a translation exercise. In the essay task, examinees were given a specific topic or question and required to write a well-structured, coherent essay presenting arguments or opinions. The translation exercise involved translating a passage from Chinese to English, testing candidates' translation skills and proficiency in both languages.ConclusionThe 1998 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English (Year One) played a significant role in evaluating candidates' English proficiency and determining their eligibility for pursuing postgraduate studies in China.Through the Listening Comprehension, Vocabulary and Structure, Reading Comprehension, and Writing sections, the exam tested candidates' abilities to understand spoken and written English, as well as their knowledge of vocabulary, grammar, and translation. Chinese students who aspired to continue their academic journey in English-speaking environments faced this rigorous examination as a crucial step towards their goals.。
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1998 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译Part I (略)Part II Cloze Test直到最近，大多数的历史学家对工业革命仍然颇有微词。
尽管他们承认从长远角度讲，工业革命已大大地提高了一般人的生活水平。
然而他们坚持认为，工业革命在1750和1850年间引起的直接结果是给英国大多数人民带来了普遍的贫穷和苦难。
相比之下，他们把在此之前从1650到1750的一百年看成是一个繁荣富足的时期。
尽管那个时候英国还是一个完全意义上的农业国家。
然而，人们通常认为这种观点是错误的。
历史和经济学专家已指出两件事情：一是1650至1750年间以显著的贫困为特征；二是工业革命不但没有加重这种贫困，反而使绝大多数人的生活得到了改善。
Part ⅢReading ComprehensionPassage 1很少有像巨型大坝那样的伟大成果如此吸引人们。
也许是因为人们倍受洪水和干旱的摆布，所以驾驭洪水的想法特别地强烈。
但是被吸引有时也意味着盲目，有几个巨型大坝工程就有弊大于利的危险。
大坝给人们的教训是大的不一定就是好的。
但这个教训并没有阻止建立巨大而强劲的大坝，它们已经成为国家成就和人们努力表现自己的象征。
埃及由于建造了阿斯旺大坝而巩固了在阿拉伯世界中的领导地位。
土耳其在力图进人第一世界的努力中也包括了修建Ataturk大坝。
但是大坝不会像预期的那样产生效果。
例如，阿斯旺大坝阻止了尼罗河的洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水带来的肥沃的淤泥——这些损失的所有回报仅仅是一个充满了病患的大水库，它现在沉积了如此多的淤泥，以致于发不出电了。
但是，控制洪水的神话仍在继续。
本周，在文明的欧洲的中心，斯洛伐克与匈牙利就是为了多瑙河上的一座大坝引起争端，差点动用了军队。
这个巨大的工程可能会带来其他大坝通常造成的问题。
但斯洛伐克正在要求脱离捷克而独立，因此需要建一座大坝来证明自己的实力。
与此同时，尽管银行的顾问们说大坝将给普通大众的生活带来困苦和环境的破坏，但世界银行还是贷款给印度修建Narmada大坝，这事后被证明是个大错。
受益的是权力阶层，但也无法保证。
对大坝造成的影响和控制洪水的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究才能帮助解决这些冲突。
即使不修建这些巨型大坝，水利发电、洪水控制和农田灌溉也都是可能做到的，但是当你相信神话的时候，你就很难做到合理和科学，世界应该从阿斯旺大坝吸取教训了。
你不需要一座大坝来拯救自己。
Passage 2人们常说不劳则无获。
但是有劳而无获那又会怎么样呢?在美国，无论你走到那里，都会听到关于企业复苏的故事。
很难证实的是，工商界所认为的他们正在进行的一场生产力革命是否确有其事。
官方的统计并不乐观。
统计数字表明，如果将制造业和服务业合起来计算，从1987年以来生产力平均增长1.2%，这个速度比前10年的平均增长速度要快。
1991年以来，生产力的增长约每年2%，这是l978—1987年平均增长速度的两倍。
问题是，近来发生的生产力快速增长现象部分是经济发展周期的反弹，因而不应被看作是经济复苏已经是潜在趋势这一结论的证据。
正如财政部长Robert Rubin 所说，在工商业界有关生产力增长的传闻和统计数字所反映的情况之间有一个“脱节”。
这其中的一些原因很容易解释。
企业的新组织方法——重组和缩小规模——只是一个国家生产力提高的部分原因。
很多其他因素也在起作用，如：对机器设备的投资、新技术以及对教育和培训的投人。
再有，公司所进行的大多数改革都是为了能够赢利，这种需求并不总是意味着生产力的提高：转入新的市场和提高质量同样重要。
其他两种解释也值得推敲。
第一，近年来进行的一些企业重组并不恰当。
第二，即使重组很恰当，也并不像人们认为的那样规模巨大。
Leonard Schlesinger是哈佛的学者，也是快速发展的面包咖啡连锁店Au Bon Pain的前任总裁，他说许多“重组”是粗糙的。
他认为在多数情况下，收益的损失超过了对成本的降低。
他的同事Michael Beer说，许多公司都只是机械地进行重组，虽然降低了成本，但并没有充分考虑长期赢利的能力。
BBDO的Al Rosenshine则更坦率。
他把重组咨询专家所做的许多工作视为“垃圾”——“最坏的怂恿者。
”Passage 3科学与文化其他方面的关系一直都不协调。
想想伽利略在17世纪因叛逆的信仰被天主教会审判，诗人William Blake针对牛顿机械的世界观所作的尖刻评论。
本世纪科学与人文学科之间的分歧有所加深。
以前，科学界的力量一直很强大，可以不理睬别人的批评——但现在不行了。
由于对科学的资助有所减少，科学家在好几本著作中都对“反科学”进行了攻击，其中最值得注意的是《更高级的迷信》，作者是Virginia大学的生物学家Paul R. Gross和Rutgers大学的数学家Norman Levitt，此外还有Cornell大学的Carl Sagan 所著的《魔鬼出没的世界》。
科学的捍卫者也在一些会议上表示了他们的关注，如1995年在纽约市举行的“逃离科学与理性”的会议和去年6月在Buffalo附近召开的“(伪)信息时代的科学”会议。
显然，反科学对不同的人有不同的含义。
Gross和Levitt争论的对象主要是社会学家，哲学家和其他对科学客观性提质疑的学者。
Sagan主要关注的是那些相信幽灵、上帝造物论和其他违背科学世界观的现象的人。
对1996年新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也被贴到了许多其他人群身上，包括主张彻底消除天花病菌的权威机构和主张减少基础研究经费的共和党人。
很少有人会反对将这个词用在环境恐怖主义协会头上，他们1995年发表的宣言蔑视科学，并希望回到技术革命之前的乌托邦社会。
但这并不是说那些关注无节制的工业发展的环保主义者也是反科学的，正如《美国新闻和世界报道》去年5月发表的一篇文章所暗示的那样。
环保主义者当然会对这种批评做出回应。
Stanford大学的Paul Ehrlich是一位环境研究的先驱，他认为，科学的真正敌人是那些对全球变暖、臭氧层损耗和工业发展带来的其他后果表示怀疑的人。
的确，有些观察家担心反科学一词面临着失去意义的危险。
“反科学这个词所包容的东西太多，太不相同，”哈佛大学哲学家杰拉法·霍尔登在1993年出版的《科学和反科学》中说道。
“它们的共同点是它们往往激怒或威胁那些自认为更加开明的人们。
”Passage 41980年美国人口普查出现的情形是：随着东北部与中西部人口增长趋于几乎静止的状态，地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。
这个发展变化——以及它对随后几年美国政治经济的影响——已经使南方第一次在全国人口统计史上成为美国人口最稠密的地区。
总体上说，美国人口在上个世纪70年代增长了2320万——从数字上来看这是有史以来十年期间内增长第三高。
即使如此，这次增长只形成了11.4%的增长率，除了经济大萧条年代，这是美国人口年度记录中最低的。
第二次世界大战以来，美国人口一直在向南部和西部大量流动。
这个趋势现在仍在继续。
弗罗里达、德克萨斯和加利福尼亚是三个“阳光地带”，它们在1980年时比十年前的人口增加了1，000万。
在大城市中，圣地亚哥从第14位升到第8位，圣安东尼从第15位升到第10位——而克利夫兰和华盛顿区则降到前十名以外。
人口普查官员说，并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带。
不断的移民潮也是原因之一，还有一个因素是过去的“生育高峰”那一代人已到了生育年龄，他们导致了婴儿数目的大幅度增长。
再者，人口统计专家认为人口向西或向南的不断流动又与一个相关的新的现象联系在一起：越来越多的美国人显然不再只是寻找工作机会更多的地方，而是人口更少的地方。
以下是几个例子:从地区上讲，落基山脉各州上报了自1970年以来最高的人口增长率——37.1%，而以前这片广阔地域的人口仅占美国总人口的5%。
在各个州中，内华达和亚利桑的增长率最高，分别为63.5%和53.1%。
除了弗洛里达和德克萨斯，增长率最高的十个州都是西部各州，共有750万人——每平方英里约9个人。
逃离人口稠密的地区这一现象影响了以前那种从冰雪地带向气候宜人地区的迁移趋势。
1980年人口普查显示美国人更愿意去边远的西部寻找宽敞的生存空间。
加利福尼亚在1970年人口就增长了370万，比其他任何州都多。
然而在那十年中，大量的人口也从加利福尼亚流出，主要是流向西部其他地区。
他们常会选择——而且现在仍然选择——较为寒冷的州，如俄勒冈、爱达荷和阿拉斯加，为了逃离“金色之州”的烟雾、犯罪和其他城市化所带来的弊病。
结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在上个世纪70年代降到了18.5%——略高于60年代增长率的三分之二，但大大低于西部其他各州。
Passage 5地球上散落分布着100多个独立的小的火山活动区，地质学家称它们为“热点”。
与世界上大多数火山不同的是，它们(热点)并不都是位于构成地球表面的大陆活动板块的边缘，相反，它们常常位于板块的内部。
大多数“热点”只缓慢地移动，有时板块从“热点”上通过，从而留下一连串死火山的痕迹。
“热点”和这些痕迹是板块经过的标志。
板块在移动，现在已经是毋庸置疑的事实。
例如，非洲与南美洲正在向相反方向移动，因为它们之间的海底注人了新的物质。
它们互相吻合的海岸线和某些横跨海洋的地质特征可以告诉我们这两个大洲的连接处。
承载这些大洲的板块运动已被详细地解释，但是一个板块与另一个板块之间的相对运动尚不能用其相对于地球内部的运动来描述。
人们无法断定，两个大洲是向相反的方向移动，还是一个大洲静止不动，另一个大洲在离它而去。
位于地球深层的“热点”也提供了解决这个问题的测量手段。
据对热点总体的分析表明，非洲大陆板块是静止的，在过去的3，000万年里都没有移动过。
热点的重要性不仅在于作为参照体系这一作用。
现在看来，它们仿佛也对推动板块移动的地球物理过程有着重大的影响。
当一个大陆板块移到一个“热点”之上后，从地球深层喷出的物质就形成了一个宽广的穹隆地形。
随着这个穹隆地形的增长，就会出现深深的裂缝；在某些情况下，大陆可能沿着这些裂缝完全断开，因此，这个“热点”就促成新的海洋的形成。
以前的理论解释了大陆的移动，那么“热点”也可以解释大陆的不规则运动。
Part ⅣEnglish-Chinese Translation迄今为止，科学家所发现的最大、最遥远的物体是：离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系。
(71) 但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象。
因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。
研究人员所发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶，又在人们的意料之中：美国国家航空航天局的Cobe号(宇宙背景探测器)已经发现了划时代的证据，表明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸，人们称之为“大爆炸”(此理论认为宇宙起源于一次巨大能量的大暴炸)。