英语中六个中国特色的音译词
源自中国的十个英文单词
源自中国的十个英文单词来源于中式的英文短句,用的最多算是“long time no see”吧,可你又是否知道有些英文单词其实就是我们这边土生土长起来的,一起看看下面的内容,每个单词背后都有一段历史渊源,看看它们都是怎么演变成英文的……(一)丝绸——silk中国是养蚕大国,丝绸的故乡。
瓷器和丝绸始终是古代中国对外贸易的绝密技术和看家商品,直到鸦片战争前,英国进口到广州的钢琴,还干不过珠光宝气的丝绸。
“silk”的发音,显然是汉语的音译,这个词代表了中国高超的工艺技术和贸易强势。
即便现在,丝绸仍在现代生活中充当雍容华丽、典雅高贵的象征。
(二)茶——tea这个词,又是英国人从拗口的闽南话里偷走的。
茶,和丝绸、瓷器比肩,堪称古代中国对外贸易的拳头产品。
目前,品茶代表了一种生活方式和文化品位,中国人对人生的思考,几乎都能在袅袅茶烟里找到。
据萧乾的《茶在英国》介绍:“茶叶似乎是17世纪初由葡萄牙人最早引到欧洲的……英国的茶叶起初是东印度公司从厦门引进的,17世纪40年代,英人在印度殖民地开始试种茶叶,那时,可能就养成了在茶中加糖的习惯。
”据说,即使在“二战”那样物资困乏的时期,法国人定量配给咖啡,英国人则要的是茶,还有一点点糖。
茶成了欧洲人的“主心骨”,他们只能跟着茶香如醉如痴地行走,这不是本土的历史与遗传;而是异域文化的征服和同化。
18世纪的柴斯特顿勋爵干脆在《训子家书》里写道:“尽管茶来自东方,它毕竟是绅士气味的;而可可则是个痞子、懦夫,一头粗野的猛兽。
”(三)世外桃源——Shangrila(Xanadu)这是两个近意词。
都有“世外桃源”的意思。
“Shangrila”出自西藏的传说之地——香格里拉,“Xanadu”则是蒙古的元上都。
如果要表达“世外桃源”,通常采用“Xanadu”这个词。
看来,以出世自居的美国作家梭罗,白白地在瓦尔登湖旁边,做了那么久的“隐士”。
讲究“寄情山水、超然物外”的哲学,中国人是当之无愧的开山鼻祖。
(完整版)英语中的音译词
音译词【 1 】汉语中的英语{外来词}aids艾滋ballet芭蕾Bar酒巴Bowling保龄球bubble泡沫bulb灯泡calorie卡路里canteen餐厅carnation 康乃馨carnival 嘉年华cartoon卡通cassette 双卡录音机champaign 香槟酒cigar雪茄disco迪斯科mosaic马赛克dozen 打engine引擎fascist法西斯gene基因guitar吉他hero海洛因hormone荷尔蒙jazz爵士lymph淋巴mango芒果medium媒体modern 摩登nicotine尼古丁nylon尼龙partner拍档pickup皮卡poker扑克radar雷达sauna桑拿浴shark鲨鱼soda苏打system系统tank 坦克tire 轮胎vitamin维他命volt伏【2 】英语中的汉语{中国词}confucius 孔夫子ketchup茄汁kowtow 磕头(奉承) mahjong 麻将mandarin“满大人”-普通话mogul “蒙古人”-大人物silk 丝绸tycoon “太君”-大亨typhoon 台风引申词【 1 】地名引申Holland 荷兰-亚麻布Japan -漆器Turkey 火鸡【2 】神名引申Adam亚当-adaman坚定不移Mars 火星--Martial 好战的Mercury 水星--多变的【3 】人名引申Bill 比尔- 钞票法案Bush布什--灌木丛ambush 暗灌木丛-埋伏Jenny 珍妮--纺织机【4 】动物引申scat scatter “使猫逃”--驱散{colt 小马colt ish--放荡的} dogged --顽固的{ gull--“海鸥”--傻瓜,欺骗gullible 易受骗的} lionize “狮子”--崇拜pester "害虫”--使厌烦porcine “猪的”--卑劣的{raven 乌鸦ravenous 贪婪ravage 破坏ravish 抢劫,强奸} snaky “蛇般的”--阴险toad 懒蛤蟆般的--toady 谄媚【5 】人体器官引申arm手臂-- 武器cheek 面颊--厚颜无耻chesty 胸膛--自负的chinless 无下颌-- 胆小的face脸--表面handy 手的-- 方便的liverish 肝的-- 怒的nosey -- 鼻子-- 好管事的sinew 腱-- 能力,加强【 6 】其他引申narcissus 水仙花--- narcissism自恋拟声词bomb 炸弹bump 碰chicken小鸡chop 劈cock 公鸡crush 拥挤dump 倒垃圾horn 号角pang 剧痛pound 猛砸yell 呼喊其他引申a拟形词anti cipate预料antibody抗体f镰刀状的{ fork fall fetch force farm }G大肚子mono gam y 一夫一妻制bi gam ist 重婚者poly gamy 多婚制geo grapher 地理学家geo logy 地质学geologist 地质学家gen生,种gender 性别congenital 天生的degenerate 退化engine 发动机generate 产生generation 一代人genetics 遗传学genius 天才genuine 真正的ingenious 机灵的ingenuous 天真的ingenuity 巧妙origin 起源original 天真的,坦白的【c】形洞形Camel 骆驼camp 露营canoe 独木舟cargo 货cave 洞capsul抓capital 资本capable 能够captive 俘虏capture 抓获Capsule 胶囊circular 圆形circumference 圆周circumscribe 限制circumspect 小心翼翼C代表心Com merce商业con noiss eur 鉴赏con sensus 共识con stellation 星座cor roborate 加强Ac cord 一致card iac 兴奋剂card inal 基础的card io gram心电图Card iolog ist 心脏科医生dis card 抛弃cord ial亲切ec centr ic 古怪的Con centr ate 集中courage 勇气。
英语中的音译词
音译词【1】汉语中的英语{外来词} aids艾滋ballet芭蕾Bar酒巴Bowling保龄球bubble泡沫bulb灯泡calorie卡路里canteen餐厅carnation 康乃馨carnival 嘉年华cartoon卡通cassette 双卡录音机champaign 香槟酒cigar雪茄disco迪斯科mosaic马赛克dozen 打engine引擎fascist法西斯gene基因guitar吉他hero海洛因hormone荷尔蒙jazz爵士lymph淋巴mango芒果medium媒体modern 摩登nicotine尼古丁nylon尼龙partner拍档pickup皮卡poker扑克radar雷达sauna桑拿浴shark鲨鱼soda苏打system系统tank 坦克tire 轮胎vitamin维他命volt伏【2 】英语中的汉语{中国词}confucius 孔夫子ketchup茄汁kowtow 磕头(奉承) mahjong 麻将mandarin“满大人”-普通话mogul “蒙古人”-大人物silk 丝绸tycoon “太君”-大亨typhoon 台风引申词【 1 】地名引申Holland 荷兰-亚麻布Japan -漆器Turkey 火鸡【2 】神名引申Adam亚当-adaman坚定不移Mars 火星--Martial 好战的Mercury 水星--多变的【3 】人名引申Bill 比尔- 钞票法案Bush布什--灌木丛ambush 暗灌木丛-埋伏Jenny 珍妮--纺织机【4 】动物引申scat scatter “使猫逃”--驱散{colt 小马colt ish--放荡的} dogged --顽固的{ gull--“海鸥”--傻瓜,欺骗gullible 易受骗的} lionize “狮子”--崇拜pester "害虫”--使厌烦porcine “猪的”--卑劣的{raven 乌鸦ravenous 贪婪ravage 破坏ravish 抢劫,强奸} snaky “蛇般的”--阴险toad 懒蛤蟆般的--toady 谄媚【5 】人体器官引申arm手臂-- 武器cheek 面颊--厚颜无耻chesty 胸膛--自负的chinless 无下颌-- 胆小的face脸--表面handy 手的-- 方便的liverish 肝的-- 怒的nosey -- 鼻子-- 好管事的sinew 腱-- 能力,加强【 6 】其他引申narcissus 水仙花--- narcissism自恋拟声词bomb 炸弹bump 碰chicken小鸡chop 劈cock 公鸡crush 拥挤dump 倒垃圾horn 号角pang 剧痛pound 猛砸yell 呼喊其他引申a拟形词anti cipate预料antibody抗体f镰刀状的{ fork fall fetch force farm }G大肚子mono gam y 一夫一妻制bi gam ist 重婚者poly gamy 多婚制geo grapher 地理学家geo logy 地质学geologist 地质学家gen生,种gender 性别congenital 天生的degenerate 退化engine 发动机generate 产生generation 一代人genetics 遗传学genius 天才genuine 真正的ingenious 机灵的ingenuous 天真的ingenuity 巧妙origin 起源original 天真的,坦白的【c】形洞形Camel 骆驼camp 露营canoe 独木舟cargo 货cave 洞capsul抓capital 资本capable 能够captive 俘虏capture 抓获Capsule 胶囊circular 圆形circumference 圆周circumscribe 限制circumspect 小心翼翼C代表心Com merce商业con noiss eur 鉴赏con sensus 共识con stellation 星座cor roborate 加强Ac cord 一致card iac 兴奋剂card inal 基础的card io gram心电图Card iolog ist 心脏科医生dis card 抛弃cord ial亲切ec centr ic 古怪的Con centr ate 集中courage 勇气。
10大类最具中国特色的英文词汇及表达汇总
10⼤类最具中国特⾊的英⽂词汇及表达汇总今天为⼤家分享的是10⼤类最具中国特⾊的英⽂词汇及表达,不仅平时⼝语中能⽤到,各类英语考试也是频频出现哦,⼀起加油吧~⼀、中国朝代的那些事⼉中华⽂明 Chinese civilization⽂明摇篮 cradle of civilization华夏祖先 the Chinese ancestors秦始皇帝 First Emperor, Emperor Chin皇太后 Empress Dowager汉⾼祖刘邦 founder of the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD)成吉思汗 Genghis Khan ; Temujin夏朝 Xia Dynasty明清两代 (of) Ming and Qing dynasties朝廷使者 royal court envoy⼆、中国那些易错的地名四川 Sichuan, Szechwan, Szechuan陝西 Shaanxi厦门Amoy西藏Tibet三、四⼤发明的英⽂说法四⼤发明 the four great inventions of ancient China⽕药 gunpowder印刷术 printing造纸术 paper-making指南针 the compass四、中国四⼤名著《三国演义》 Three Kingdoms《西游记》 Journey to the West; Pilgrimage to the West《⽔浒传》 Heroes of the Marshes; Tales of the Water Margin《红楼梦》 Dream of the Red Mansions五、经典作品《史记》 Historical Records《⼭海经》 The Classic of Mountains and Rivers《孝经》 Book of Filial Piety《孙⼦兵法》 The Art of War《三字经》 The Three-Character Scripture;The Three-Word Chant六、汉语的秘密汉字 Chinese character单⾳节 single syllable汉语四声调 the four tones of Chinese characters阳平 rising tone阴平 high and level tone上声 falling-rising tone去声 falling tone五⾔绝句 a poem of four lines,each containing of five characters对对联 matching an antithetical couplet七、中华⽂化遗产拾珠重要⽂化遗产 major cultural heritage优秀民间艺术 outstanding folk arts⽂物 cultural relics中国画 traditional Chinese painting书法 calligraphy⽔墨画 Chinese brush painting; ink and wash painting⼯笔 traditional Chinese realistic painting中国结 Chinese knot旗袍 Cheongsam中⼭装 Chinese tunic suit唐装 traditional Chinese garments (clothing),Tang suit⼋、中国年&传统节⽇⼗⼆⽣肖 the twele Chinese zodiac signs本命年one s year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches 传统节⽇ traditional holidays春节 the Spring Festival元宵节the Lantern Festival (15th day of the first lunar month)清明节the Pure Brightness Festival / the Tomb-sweeping Day (April the 5th)端午节the Dragon Boat Festival (5th of the fifth lunar month)中秋节the Moon Festival / the Mid-Autumn Day (15th of the eight lunar month)重阳节 the Double Ninth Day / the Aged Day九、中国天⼲地⽀等阳历 solar calendar公历 Gregorian calendar阴历 lunar calendar天⼲ heavenly stem地⽀ earthly branch闰年 leap year⼆⼗四节⽓ the twenty-four solar terms⼗、中国瑰宝习武健⾝ practice martial art for fitness⽓功 qigong,deep breathing exercises篆刻 seal cutting upriteous⼯艺, ⼿艺 workmanship/craftsmanship卷轴 scroll蜡染 wax printing泥⼈ clay figurine漆画 lacquer painting唐三彩 Tri-colored glazed pottery of theTang Dynasty景泰蓝 cloisonné(enamel)⽂房四宝 writing materials▼。
英语中六个中国特色的音译词
英语中六个中国特色的音译词近日有中国媒体为“《牛津英语词典》可能收录‘土豪’(Tuhao)等中文词”这类新闻自得:“中国贡献的英语单词,正不知不觉、越来越多地融入了国际生活的方方面面……从深层次看……反映了中国正在融入全球化进程。
”现在像“Guanxi”、“Chengguan”这种“中国特色”的中文音译词语经常出现英文读物中。
这些词源于中国没错,却不见得可以自豪。
“Guanxi”:被收入牛津词典的最出名中文音译词.被收入牛津词典的中文音译词,最出名的就是“Guanxi”。
《牛津英语词典》对此的释义是:“源于中国普通话,字面上理解和‘联系’是一个意思,特指在中国有助于商业活动和其他交易的社交网络系统、有影响力的人际关系。
”2013年美国《大西洋月刊》的一篇文章《摩根大通在中国:为何‘照常营业’越来越难》对“Guanxi”这个字在英语语境中的含义做了更明白的解读:“每个去中国的外国人到中国后不久,都会学到一个神奇的单词:‘Guanxi’。
这是这个13亿人的国家中必要的东西。
有了‘Guanxi’,就能意味着得到一份工作、进入不错的学校、或帮助新企业避免不必要的政府关注。
‘拉拉’‘Guanxi’,就能快速而不费事地解决棘手的问题。
”Chengguan”:源于媒体对“中国市政准警察力量”的报道.Chengguan”这一单词,源于英文媒体报道中国城管时无法找到对应的英文单词,只能音译。
2013年7月《大西洋月刊》介绍中国“城管”制度的文章题目便是《见过“Chengguan”:中国受憎恨的、暴虐的地方警察》,其中对“Chengguan”的介绍是:“作为在中国最被广泛厌恶的市政警察,从常规警察部门中分离出来的‘Chengguan’负责管理城市生活中最卑下的一部分……虽然每个社会都有警察滥用暴力,但‘Chengguan’的残暴是中国独有的。
”2013年8月《华尔街日报》以《中国城市准警察的定时炸弹》一文来介绍“城管”制度:“‘Chengguan’是中国城市政府组织、雇佣的辅助性准警察力量,负责管理各种市政问题。
英语中六个中国特色的音译词
英语中六个中国特色的音译词近日有中国媒体为“《牛津英语词典》可能收录‘土豪’(Tuhao)等中文词”这类新闻自得:“中国贡献的英语单词,正不知不觉、越来越多地融入了国际生活的方方面面……从深层次看……反映了中国正在融入全球化进程。
”现在像“Guanxi”、“Chengguan”这种“中国特色”的中文音译词语经常出现英文读物中。
这些词源于中国没错,却不见得可以自豪。
“Guanxi”:被收入牛津词典的最出名中文音译词.被收入牛津词典的中文音译词,最出名的就是“Guanxi”。
《牛津英语词典》对此的释义是:“源于中国普通话,字面上理解和‘联系’是一个意思,特指在中国有助于商业活动和其他交易的社交网络系统、有影响力的人际关系。
”2013年美国《大西洋月刊》的一篇文章《摩根大通在中国:为何‘照常营业’越来越难》对“Guanxi”这个字在英语语境中的含义做了更明白的解读:“每个去中国的外国人到中国后不久,都会学到一个神奇的单词:‘Guanxi’。
这是这个13亿人的国家中必要的东西。
有了‘Guanxi’,就能意味着得到一份工作、进入不错的学校、或帮助新企业避免不必要的政府关注。
‘拉拉’‘Guanxi’,就能快速而不费事地解决棘手的问题。
”Chengguan”:源于媒体对“中国市政准警察力量”的报道.Chengguan”这一单词,源于英文媒体报道中国城管时无法找到对应的英文单词,只能音译。
2013年7月《大西洋月刊》介绍中国“城管”制度的文章题目便是《见过“Chengguan”:中国受憎恨的、暴虐的地方警察》,其中对“Chengguan”的介绍是:“作为在中国最被广泛厌恶的市政警察,从常规警察部门中分离出来的‘Chengguan’负责管理城市生活中最卑下的一部分……虽然每个社会都有警察滥用暴力,但‘Chengguan’的残暴是中国独有的。
”2013年8月《华尔街日报》以《中国城市准警察的定时炸弹》一文来介绍“城管”制度:“‘Chengguan’是中国城市政府组织、雇佣的辅助性准警察力量,负责管理各种市政问题。
中国特色词汇英语
中国特色词汇英语
1. 红包 (Hongbao):在中国传统文化中,红包是一种在特殊场合(如春节、婚礼等)赠送的装有现金的红色信封,寓意着祝福和好运。
2. 春运 (Spring Festival Travel Rush):指在中国农历新年前后,大量民众返乡过年的大规模交通运输现象。
3. 四大发明(The Four Great Inventions):造纸术(Papermaking), 印刷术(Printing), 火药 (Gunpowder), 指南针 (Compass),是中国古代对世界具有很大影响的四种发明。
4. 四合院 (Siheyuan):是中国传统的住宅建筑形式,通常由四个房屋围成一个庭院。
5. 京剧 (Beijing Opera):中国的传统戏曲形式,以其独特的唱腔、服装和表演风格而闻名。
6. 中医 (Traditional Chinese Medicine):基于中国传统医学理论和实践经验的医学体系,包括针灸 (Acupuncture)、推拿 (Massage) 等治疗方法。
7. 筷子 (Chopsticks):中国传统的餐具,用于夹取食物。
8. 功夫 (Kung Fu):又称中国武术,是中国传统的自卫技巧和体育活动。
9. 灯笼 (Lantern):在中国传统节日和庆祝活动中经常使用的装饰物品,象征着吉祥和团圆。
10. 大熊猫 (Giant Panda):中国特有的珍稀动物,因其可爱的外观和稀有的数量而受到全球的关注和喜爱。
以上只是一小部分具有中国特色的词汇,还有许多其他的词汇反映了中国独特的文化、历史和社会现象。
六级翻译 中国特色词汇
六级翻译中国特色词汇中华文明Chinese civilization文明摇篮cradle of civilization华夏祖先the Chinese ancestors明清两代Ming and Qing dynasties中国古代四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China 火药gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术paper-making指南针the compass汉字Chinese character单音节single syllable汉语四声调the four tones of Chinese characters阳平level tone阴平rising tone上声falling-rising tone去声falling tone四书the Four Books《大学》The Great Learning《中庸》The Doctrine of the Mean《论语》The Analects of Confucius 《孟子》The Mencius《春秋》the Spring and Autumn Annals 《史记》Historical Records《诗经》The Books of Songs;《三字经》The Three-Word Chant《三国演义》Three Kingdoms《西游记》Journey to the West;《红楼梦》Dream of the Red Mansions五言绝句five-character quatrain七言律诗seven-character octave八股文eight-part essay;重要文化遗产major cultural heritage优秀民间艺术outstanding folk arts文物cultural relics中国画traditional Chinese painting书法calligraphy水墨画Chinese brush painting;中国结Chinese knot旗袍Cheongsam中山装Chinese tunic suit唐装Tang suit文人men of letters雅士refined scholars高雅艺术refined art表演艺术performing art现代流行艺术popular art, pop art电影艺术cinematographic art京剧人物脸谱Peking Opera Mask生the positive male role旦the positive female role净a supporting male role with striking character 丑a clown or a negative role花脸painted role马戏circus show单口相声monologue comic talk, standup comedy 特技表演stunt相声comic cross talk杂技acrobatics皮影戏shadow play;说书story-telling武术martial art功夫kung fu武术门派styles or schools of martial art习武健身practice martial art for fitness气功qigong, deep breathing exercises拳击boxing篆刻seal cutting工艺, 手艺workmanship卷轴scroll泥人clay figure唐三彩Trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty文房四宝The four stationery treasures of the Chinese study --- a writing brush, an ink stick, paper and an ink stone民间传说folklores寓言fable传说legend神话mythology对对联matching an antithetical couplet阳历solar calendar阴历lunar calendar天干heavenly stem地支earthly branch闰年leap year春节the Spring Festival元宵节the Lantern Festival清明节the Pure Brightness Festival端午节the Dragon Boat Festival中秋节the Moon Festival重阳节the Double Ninth Day古为今用, 洋为中用:make the past serve the present and the foreign serve china风水:Fengshui; geomantic omen春运:the Spring Festival travel把中国的汉字“福”字倒贴在门上(听起来像是福到)预示新年有好运:turn the Chinese character for luck (fu) upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival) and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year庙会:temple fair爆竹:firecracker年画:New Year painting压岁钱:New Year gift-money舞龙:dragon/ lion dance元宵:sweet sticky rice dumplings花灯:festival lantern灯谜:lantern riddle四合院:Siheyuan/ Quadrangle亭/阁:pavilion/attic剪纸:Paper Cutting书法:Calligraphy针灸:Acupuncture太极拳:Tai Chi儒家文化:Confucian Culture孟子:Mencius人才流动:Brain Drain/Flow红白喜事:Weddings and Funerals 天坛:Altar of Heaven in Beijing故宫博物馆:The Palace Museum 敦煌莫高窟:Mogao Caves小吃摊:Snack Bar/Snack Stand 北京烤鸭:Beijing Roast Duck门当户对:Perfect Match春卷:Spring Roll(s)铁饭碗:Iron Bowl 莲藕:Lotus Root 火锅:Hot Pot。
中国特色社会主义英语词汇(英汉对照)
中国特色词汇英语翻译A.《阿Q正传》The True Story of Ah Q安居工程Housing Project for low-income families按成本要素计算的国民经济总值GNP at factor cost按揭贷款mortgage loan按劳分配distribution according to one's performance暗恋unrequited love暗亏hidden loss奥姆真理教Japanese Aum Doomsday CultB.把握大局grasp the overall situation白马王子Prince Charming白色行情表white sheet白色农业white agriculture白雪公主Snow White摆架子put on airs拜把兄弟sworn brothers拜年pay New Year call搬迁户relocated families半拉子工程uncompleted project傍大款find a sugar daddy包干到户work contracted to households 包干制overall rationing system包工包料contract for labor and materials 保持国民经济发展的良好势头maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy保持国有股keep the State-held shares保理业务factoring business保税区bonded area保证重点支出ensure funding for priority areas保值储蓄inflation-proof bank savings报国计划的实施implementation of Dedicator's Project本本主义bookishness《本草纲目》Compendium of Materia Medica本命年one's year of birth considered in relation to the 12 Terrestrial Branches奔小康strive for a relatively comfortable life逼上梁山be driven to drastic alternatives 比较经济学comparative economics比上不足,比下有余worse off than some, better off than many闭门羹given cold-shoulder边际报酬marginal return边缘科学boundary science变相涨价disguised inflation剥夺冠军strip the gold medal of somebody博彩(业)lottery industry补缺选举by-election不败记录clean record, spotless record不承诺放弃使用武器not undertake to renounce the use of force不打不成交No discord, no concord.不可再生资源non-renewable resources不良贷款non-performing loan不夜城sleepless city不正之风harmful practice; unhealthy tendencyC.采取高姿态show magnanimity菜篮子工程shopping basket program参政、议政participate in the management of State affairs沧海桑田Seas change into mulberry fields and mulberry fields change into seas--time brings great changes to the world. What was once the sea hasnow changed into mulberry fields--the world is changing all the time.仓储式超市stockroom-style supermarket 草根工业grass root industry (refers to village and township enterprises which takeroot among farmers and grow like wold grass)层层转包和违法分保multi-level contracting and illegal sub-contracting差额投票differentail voting差额选举competitive election茶道sado查房make/go the rounds of the wards拆东墙补西墙rob Peter to pay Paul拆迁户households or units relocated due to building demolition搀水股票water-down stocks (ordinary stocks that can be bought by persons insidea stock company or a business at a cost lower that their face value)禅dhyana产粮大省granary province产品结构product mix产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration,and scientific management产权制度、产权关系property relations; property order产销直接挂钩directly link production with marketing产业的升级换代upgrading of industies产业结构升级upgrading of an industrial structure长二捆LM-2E长江三角洲Yangtze River delta长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, sincere treatment with each other and the sharing of weal or woe长线产品product in excessive supply畅通工程"Smooth Traffic Project"唱高调mouth high-sounding words超高速巨型计算机giant ultra-high-speed computer超前消费overconsuming, excessive consumption彻头彻尾的反动政治势力an out and out reactionary political force城市规划city's landscaping plan; urban planning 城市中年雅皮士muppie (一批中年专业人士,附庸风雅,矫揉造作cutesification,崇尚竟品至上boutiqueification,攀比银行存款bankification等摆阔作风,由middle-aged urban yuppie缩合而成)城乡信用社credit corroborative in both urban and rural areas吃大锅饭egalitarian practice of "everybody eating from the same big pot" 吃皇粮receive salaries, subsidies, or other supported from the government重复建设building redundant project; duplication of similar projects抽杀成功hit through筹备委员会preparatory committee出风头show off;in the limelight出口创汇能力capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports出口加工区export processing zones出口退税制度the system of refunding taxes on exported goods; export (tax) rebate出口转内销domestic sales of commodities orginally produced for exports出家pravrajana; cloister传销multi-level marketing窗口行业various service trades创建卫生城市:build a nationally advanced clean city创业园high-tech business incubator; pioneer park吹风会(advanced) briefing春蕾计划Spring Buds Program春运(passenger) transport during the Spring Festival《春秋》Spring and Autumn Annals磁悬浮列车Maglev train (magnetically levitated train), magnetic suspension train 辞旧迎新bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new此地无银三百两 A guilty person gives himself away by consciously protesting hisinnocence.从粗放经济转变为集约经济shift from extensive economy to intensive economy 粗放式管理extensive management促进全球经济一体化foster integration with the global economy存款保证金guaranty money for deposits D."达标"活动"target hitting" activities打白条issue IOU打黑crack down on speculation and profiteering打假crack down on counterfeit goods打破僵局break the deadlock打顺手find one's touch, get into gear, settle into a groove大包干all-round responsibility system大轰动blockbuster大力扣杀hammer大路货staple goods大开眼界open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener大款tycoon大排挡sidewalk snack booth; large stall 大事化小,小事化了try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all大胜white wash大腕top notch大卫教Branch Davidian大型电视系列片,长篇电视连续剧maxi-series大学生创业university students' innovative undertaking大要案major and serious criminal cases 大专生junior college student大专文凭associate degree大藏经Tripitaka带薪分流assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits待岗await job assignment, post-waiting 待业job-waiting代职function in an acting capacity单循环制single round-robin system党群关系Party-masses relationship党政机关Party and government organizations捣浆糊give the runaround盗版VCD pirated VCD盗打(电话) free call on somebody else's expense through illegal means盗用公款embezzlement单刀赴会start a solo run倒票speculative reselling of tickets倒爷profiteer倒计时countdowm等外品off-grade goods, rejects邓小平外交思想Deng Xiaoping's diplomatic thoughts低调low keyed (a metaphor for taking a cautious and slow approach)第二产业secondary industry第三产业tertiary industry; service sector 第三代移动电话(3G手机) third generation mobile; 3G mobile第一发球权first inning第一发球员first server第一双打first pair地方保护主义regional protectionism地方财政包干制system whereby local authorities take full responsibility for their finances地球村global village地区差异regional disparity地热资源geothermal resources地市级城市prefecture-level city点子公司consultancy company电话号码升位upgrade telephone number 电话会议teleconference电视直销TV home shopping电子商务认证e-business certification吊球drop shot吊销执照revoke license钉子户person or household who refuses to move and bargains for unreasonablyhigh compensation when the land is requisitioned for a construction project定向培训training for specific posts豆腐渣"工程jerry-built project毒枭drug trafficker独立核算工业企业independent accounting unit(enterprise)"渡假外交" holiday-making diplomacy短期债务floating debt断交信Dear John letter (from woman to man)对...毫无顾忌make no bones about ...对冲基金hedge fund对外招商attract foreign investment队长袖标(足球)skipper's armband多党合作制multi-party co-operation in exercising State power多任务小卫星small multi-mission satellite (SMMS)夺冠take the crownE.恶性通货膨胀hyperinflation恶性循环vicious circle(把…当成)耳旁风Like water off (on) a duck’s back二板市场; 创业板市场second board (on the country's stock market)二次创业start a new undertakinge二进宫to enter the palace a second time (people with a past criminal record again commits a crime, and is convicted and put into a correctional institution)二流选手scrub, second-rater二元经济dual economyF.发案率incidence (of criminal cases)发烧友fancier; zealot; enthusiastic fan发展不平衡disparate development发展是硬道理Development is of overriding importance. / Development is the absolute need.法治国家 a country under the rule of law 法制国家 a state with an adequate legal system翻两番quadruple反败为胜bring about a complete turnabout, pull out of the fire反不正当竞争法Law of the People's Republic of China Against Competition by Inappropriate Means反腐倡廉combat corruption and build a clean government防抱死系统ABS (anti-lock braking system)防洪工程flood-prevention project房管real estate management访谈式竞选(候选人在电视访谈节目中亮相进行的竞选)talk-show campaign放下架子to relinguish haungty airs; to get off one's high horse; throw off one's airs放行单release permit飞毛腿(导弹)Scud missile飞行药检spot check非对称数字用户环路Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL)费改税transform administrative fees into taxes分拆上市 A subsidiary company of a corporation is listed on the stock market. 分流reposition of redundant personnel分期付款installment payment分税制system of tax distribution(产品)分销subunderwriting, distribution粉领族pink-collar tribe (Women who play major role in certain professions such asoffice workers, secretaries, models, airline hostesses, etc)风险投资venture capital; risk investment 疯牛病mad cow disease; bovine spongiform enceohalopathy (BSE)锋利扣杀razor-sharp smash封闭式基金close-ended fund封杀出局force out“封圣” canonization of "Saints"福利彩票welfare lotteries福利分房welfare-oriented public housing distribution system浮动工资floating wages; fluctuating wages扶贫poverty alleviation覆盖率coverage rate复式住宅duplex apartment; compound apartment (a type of residential housing that maximizes usable space by increasing the number of the storey building)G.改制上市:An enterprise is re-organized according to modern corporate system so that it will get listed on the stock market. 感谢款待的信a bread and butter letter (a letter sent as thanks for being treated well as someone's guest)干部队伍革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化make the ranks of cadres more revolutionary,younger in average age, better educated and professionally more competent港人治港Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong高层次、全方位的对话high-level and all-directional dialogue高产优质high yield and high quality高度自治high degree of autonomy高官会Senior Officials Meeting (SOM)高级商务师Certified Business Executive 高架公路elevated highway; overhead road高科技板块high-tech sector高难度动作stunner, stunt高清晰度high definition高新技术产业开发区high and new technology industrial development zone (公路)隔离带median 根本政治制度fundamental political system个人收入应税申报制度the system of the declaration of individual incomes for tax payment个人自扫门前雪,莫管他人瓦上霜hoe one’s own potatoes各大菜系major styles of cooking各尽所能let each person do his best; from each according to his ability"各就位" "On your marks!"跟踪审计follow-up auditing恭喜发财May you be prosperous!; Wish you all the best!功夫不负有心人Everything comes to him who waits.工程公司engineering company工商局industrial and commercial bureau 工薪阶层salariat; state employee; salaried person工业控制一体化integrated industrial control; industrial control of integration 工业园区industrial park公费医疗medical services at state expense公告板服务Bulletin Board Service (BBS) 公检法public security organs, procuratorial organs and people's courts 公积金public accumulation funds, public reserve funds公开喊价市场open outcry markets公款吃喝recreational activities using public funds公司分立与解散separation and dissolution of a company公益林public welfare forest公正、公平、公开just, fair and open公证财产notarize the properties共产党领导下的多党合作与政治协商multi-party cooperation and political consultationunder the leadership of Communist Party 狗仔队dog packs; paparazzo (singular), paparazzi(plural) (It refers to thosejournalistswho are hunting the news of celebrities.) 骨干企业key enterprise股本金equity capital挂职1) take a temporary post (in order to temper oneself)2) serve in a lower level unit for a period while retaining one's position in the previous unit关税壁垒customs barrier; tariff wall光谷optical valley光机电一体化optical, mechanical and electronic integration光盘杂志CD-ROM magazine光通讯photo-communication; optical communication广告电话直销direct response advertising 广域网wide area network (WAN)皈依三宝become a Buddhist国产化率import substitution rate; localization rate of parts and components 国防动员体制the mobilization for national defense国际惯例international common practice 国际日期变更线International Date Line (IDL)《国际先驱论坛报》International Herald Tribune国际商业机器公司International Business Machine Corporation (IBM)国家经济体制改革委员会the State Commission for Restructuring the Economic Systems国家普通话水平考试National Proficiency Test of Putonghua国家一级保护first-grade State protection 国家质量技术监督局the State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision国脚player of the national football team; footballer of the national team国库券treasury bonds国民党Kuomintang国民经济支柱产业pillar industries in national economy国债专项资金special fund for treasury bond过度开垦excess reclamation过犹不及going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as fallingshort; too much is as bad as too littleH.海市蜃楼,镜花水月, 无稽之谈 a mare’s nest海湾战争综合症the complexities of the Gulf War函授大学correspondence university旱地滑雪场mock skiing park汉字处理软件Chinese character processing software航母aircraft carrier豪赌unrestrained gambling好事不出门,恶事传千里Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spreadfar and wide.好出风头的运动员exhibitionist, grandstander好莱坞大片Hollywood blockbuster"好球" "Strike"和服Kimono合理引导消费guide rational consumption 合议庭collegiate bench核销cancel after verification黑店gangster inn黑客hacker黑社会Mafia-style organizations; gangland宏观调控macro-control红包(中)red paper containing money as a gift, (贬) bribe, kickback《红楼梦》A Dream in Red Mansions (The Story of the Stone)红帽子企业red cap enterprise (refers tothe reputation a private enterprise enjoys by becoming attached to a government department and doing business in the name ofa state-run or collective-run enterprise)红细胞生成素Erythropoietin (EPO)环太平洋地区Pacific Rim后防空虚leave the defense exposed后台管理back-stage management呼啦圈hu la hoop胡子工程long-drawn-out project (a project which takes so long that young workers become bearded)虎父无犬子 A wise goose never lays a tame egg.互动广告interactive advertisement户口簿residence booklet户口管理制度domicile system, residence registration system户主head of a household护身法宝amulet华表ornamental column/cloud pillar/stele华盖canopy滑板车scooter"坏球" "Ball"还俗resume secular life, unfrock"黄、赌、毒" pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking黄金时段prime time(吃)"皇粮" public grainfunds, goods, etc provided by the government; salary paid by the state挥棒swing挥棒不中fan灰色收入income from moonlighting汇丰银行Hong Kong and Shang Hai Banking Corporation婚介所matrimonial agency婚外恋extramarital love活到老,学到老One is never too old to learn.火炬计划Torch Program (a plan to develop new and high technology) 货币化monetization货币回笼withdrawal of currency from circulation货到付款cash on deliveryJ.机场建设费airport construction fee机构臃肿overstaffing in organizations (government)基本路线要管一百年The basic line must be followed unswervingly for a very long time to come.基本国情fundamental realities of the country基层民主democracy at the grassroots level基层组织organizations at the grass-roots level基因工程genetic engineering积压产品overstocked commodities (inventories)绩优股blue chip激烈竞争cut-throat competition吉尼斯世界记录Guinness (Book of Records)吉祥物mascot缉毒队narcotics squad缉私力量the forces engaged in the fight against smuggling集体婚礼collective wedding ceremony集中精力把经济建设搞上去go all out for economic development计划单列市city specifically designated in the state plan计划生育责任制responsibility system of family planning计算机中央处理器central processing unit(CPU)记者席press box"既成事实" fait accompli (noun)技术产权交易所technology equity market; technology property right exchange技术密集产品technology-intensiveproduct技术下乡spread technological knowledge to farmers嘉宾distinguished guest, honored guest 加班work extra shifts加密encrypt加权平均值weighted average加强舆论监督ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion家庭联产承包责任制the household contract responsibility system家族企业family firm假唱lip-synch假动作deception, feint甲骨文inscriptions on oracle bones假日经济holiday economy坚持统一,反对分裂,增加了解,化解歧见persist in reunification, oppose separation,increase understanding and iron out differences监督部门watchdog尖端产品highly sophisticated products剪彩cut the ribbon剪刀差the scissors gap between the prices of ... and ...减负alleviate burdens on sb.减速玻璃(汽车)decelerating glass减员增效downsizing for efficiency; cut payroll to improve efficiency江南水乡the south of the lower reaches of the Yangze River讲诚信,反欺诈:honor credibility and oppose cheating降落伞候选人,外来候选人(应召而来参加本人非所在地区竞选的政党候选人)parachute candidate脚踩两只船sit on the fence脚踏实地be down-to-earth侥幸球fluke教学法pedagogy; teaching method教育部社政司Social Science Research and Ideological Work Department of the Ministry of Education接口interface街道企业neighborhood enterprise街心花园park at an intersection; garden in the city center节奏布鲁斯音乐(RMB音乐)rhythm blues解放生产力emancipate the productive forces解放思想、实事求是的思想路线ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts解困基金anti-poverty funds结售汇制度the system of exchange, settlement and sales戒毒所drug rehabilitation center戒急用忍overcome impetuosity and exercise patience金本位gold standard金边债券gilt-edged bonds金刚经Vajracchedika-sutra金降落伞golden parachute金融电子化computerize financial services金税工程Golden Tax Project金无足赤, 人无完人Gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect.紧箍咒inhibiting magic phrase紧密型企业集团tightly-knit groups of enterprises紧追cling to, shadow, thunder on one's trail近海渔业offshore fishery近水楼台先得月First come, first served;A water-front pavilion gets the moonlight first--the advantage of being in a favored position.进出口商会chamber of import and export trade进口渗透import penetration进修班class for further studies禁渔期closed fishing seasons禁止在任何地方、任何环境进行一切方式的释放核能的核武器试验保爆炸prohibit anynuclear weapon test explosion which releases nuclear energy at any place and in any environment经常项目顺差favorable balance of current account, surplus of current account经常性贷款commercial lending经常性支出running expenses经济林cash tree经济全球化economic globalization; economic integration经济失调指数misery index经济头脑commercially minded people; people with business sense经营管理高度科学化的现代化大企业modern big enterprise with highly scientific management system精简机构streamline government organs 精品competitive products京剧票友Peking Opera fan京剧人物脸谱types of facial make-up in Beijing opera景泰蓝cloisonné敬业精神professional dedication; professional ethics劲射power shot九五攻关State Key Task 95居委会neighborhood committee; residents' committee局域网local area network (LAN)举报电话informants' hot-line telephone 拒载refuse to take passengers君子之交淡如水the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal;a hedge between keeps friendship green竣工式completion ceremonyK.卡丁车kart开发一代,储存一带,预研一代(产品)to develop this generation of productswhile researching on the next generation of products开放式基金open-ended fund开工不足enterprises running under their production capacity开工典礼commencement ceremony开后门under-the-counter deals; offer advantages to one's friends or relatives by underhand means开题报告opening speech; opening report 开小灶give special favor开夜车burn the midnight oil; work over night看守政府, 看守内阁,过渡政府caretaker cabinet坎儿井karez抗美援朝战争War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea抗震棚quake-proof shelter考研take part in the entrance exams for postgraduate schools考研热the craze for graduate school科技成果转化为生产力transfer of scientific and technological achievements 科技含量technology content科技是第一生产力Science and technology constitute a primary productive force.科教兴国rely on science and education to rejuvenate the nation科研攻关scientific research and tackle the key research project可持续发展sustainable development刻录机CD writer; disc-carving machine 空头支票accommodation note, lip service 空中小姐air hostess; air stewardess控股公司holding company扣帽子put a label on跨世纪工程a trans-century project跨越式发展great-leap-forward development快讯news flash; flash宽带接入broadband access宽带网broadband networks宽限期grace period亏损企业enterprises running in the red/under deficit困难职工the needyL.垃圾债券junk bond拉动经济增长fuel economic growth拉拉队cheering squad拉拉队长cheer-leader, rooter king拉关系try to curry favor with来电显示电话机caller ID telephone来料加工process materials supplied by clients; accept customers' materials for processing劳动合同制labor contract system老生常谈,陈词滥调cut and dried老字号an old and famous shop or enterprise"篱笆墙" barriers/ blockage to inter-regional trading礼尚往来Courtesy calls for reciprocity.理货公司tally company礼仪小姐ritual girl利改税substitution of tax payment for profit delivery利好因素wrinkle利基niche立体农业three-dimensional agriculture 廉政建设construction of a clean and honest administration廉政、勤政、务实、高效政府an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government廉洁奉公,以正治国(of an official) clean and devoted, and govern the state with his own example of uprightness联产承包责任制system of contracted responsibility linking remuneration to output;contract system with remuneration linked to output联合国会费the UN membership dues (fee) 联合兼并conglomeration and merger of enterprises联合联络小组joint liaison group联合投标syndicated tender联想集团Legend Group连带责任joint liability练摊to be a vendor良性循环virtuous circle粮食收购部门(government's) grain procurement (purchasing) agencies粮油关系:grain and oil rationing registration两岸直航促进会Association for Promotion of Cross-Straits Direct Transportation两弹一艇A-bomb, H-bomb and nuclear-powered submarine"两个对等的政治实体" "two equal political entities两个文明一起抓place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress两手抓两手都要硬We must address ourselves to the problem of both material and spiritualcivilization(both material as well as culture and ideological progress) without any letup."两思"(致富思源,富而思进)to think of the source of getting rich and of making progressafter becoming affluence老少边穷地区former revolutionary base areas, areas inhabited by minority nationalities,remote and border areas and poverty-stricken areas《聊斋志异》Strange Tales of a Lonely Studio猎头公司head-hunting company劣等品shoddy goods; substandard goods; lemon (口语)临时主教练caretaker coach零配件spare and accessory parts领头羊bellwether留职停薪retain the job but suspend the salary留学咨询:consulting on the study abroad 流动人口transient population流动图书馆travelling library; bookmobile (行业中的)龙头老大leading enterprise; flagship of the industry乱集资、乱摊派、乱收费unwarranted pooling of funds, arbitrary requisition of donationsand exaction of fees from enterprises乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款arbitrary charges, fund-raising quotas and fines《论语》Analects of Confucius论文答辩(thesis) oral defense裸机:bare mobile phone旅行结婚have a honeymoon trip绿地覆盖率forest coverage rate绿化afforestation绿色急救通道emergency green path绿色食品green foodM.马拉松式竞选活动campaignathon马路菜场入室工程the project to build indoor free market to accommodate street vegetable vendors马太效应the Matthew effect (A phenomenon in specific circles whereby one's accomplishmentsand reputation tend to snowball, and those with meager accomplishments have greater difficultyachieving accomplishments. )满意度degree of satisfaction盲流和倒流人员transient from the countryside帽子戏法hat trick冒充包装(销售)[指将劣质商品包装成外观像名优产品出售的做法] copycat packaging买一送一two-for-one offer, buy one get one free美声唱法bel canto 美食节gourmet festival每逢佳节倍思亲On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away./ It is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most.门前三包be responsible for general sanitation, green covering and keeping good social orderin a designated area outside the unit building蒙古包(Mongolian) yurt蒙古大夫quack朦胧诗misty poetry民办教师citizen-managed teachers (teachers in rural citizen-managed or state-managed schoolswho do not receive the normal remuneration from the government)民工潮farmers' frenzied hunt for work in cities民进党Democratic Progressive Party民主党派、工商联与无党派人士non-Communist parties, federations of industry and commerce,personages without party affiliation民族凝聚力national cohesion民族委员会ethnic affairs commission民族文化大省 a province with rich ethnic culture明明白白消费(2000年保护消费者权益工作主题)transparent consumption磨洋工dawdle along模拟测试mock test; simulated exam莫失良机make hay while the sun shines 目标管理management by objectivesN.NASDAQ National Association of Securities Deal Automated Quotations纳米nanometer难得糊涂Where ignorance is bliss, it's folly to be wise.南水北调South-to-North water diversion 南水北调工程divert water from the south to the north project男权主义思想male chauvinism囊括complete a sweep耐用消费品durable consumer items (goods)闹情绪be disgruntled; be in a fit of pique 内环路inner ring road内联企业enterprises with internal connections能官能民be ready to both serve as an offical and be one of the common people 能进能出,能上能下competent to work both at the top and at the grass roots能进能出,能上能下,方谓好汉He who knows how to fight and how to retreat deserves to becalled a brave man.能上网的手机WAP phone内耗in-fighting泥菩萨like a clay Buddha fording the river-hardly able to save oneself; each one is looking outfor his own survival年同比year-on-year; on an annual basis 年夜饭family reunion dinner扭转局面reverse the tide, turn the table 农村剩余劳动力surplus rural labour (labourers)诺亚方舟Noah’s ArkO.P.派出所local police station跑龙套utility man, play a bit role, general handyman泡沫经济bubble economy配股allotment of shares配套政策supporting policies棚户shacks; family that live in shacks碰钉子get snubbed 碰头会brief meeting ( A brief, small-scale, informal meeting with no fixed agenda, the main purpose of which is to exchange information.)疲软股票soft stock皮包公司bogus company啤酒肚beer belly票贩子scalper, ticket tout票房box office骗汇、逃汇、套汇obtain foreign currency and false pretenses, not turn overforeign currency owed to the government and illegal arbitrage拼图jigsaw贫富悬殊polarization of rich and poor贫铀弹depleted uranium bomb平均主义equalitarianism平面设计师graphic designer评头论足nit-pick瓶颈制约“bottleneck”restrictions扑网(体)rush-up, rushing普选制general election systemQ.期房forward delivery housing骑警horseback police企业孵化器enterprise incubator企业文化corporate culture起跑器block洽谈会fair, meeting千代田寿险公司(日本)Chiyoda Mutual Life Insurance Co.千禧婴儿millennium infant; millennium baby强化班intensive training class抢跑false start, beat the gun敲竹杠make somebody pay through the nose; put the lug on; rob by a trick切入点point of penetration; breakthrough point亲民党People First Party勤工俭学part-work and part-study system; work-study program轻轨火车light rail train情感消费emotional consumption情有独钟show special preference (favor) to …区位商业location-based commerce屈体jackknife, pike圈外人士people out of the loop全方位外交multi-faceted diplomacy全国卫生城市National Hygienic City全景电影cinepanoramic全民健身计划纲要outline of the nationwide body-building plan全能冠军all-around winner全球定位系统global positioning system (GPS)全球通global system for mobile communications全天候飞机all-weatehr aircraft全优工程all-round excellent project拳头产品competitive products; knock-out products; blockbuster裙带风nepotism; petticoat influence裙带关系networking through petticoat influence群言堂allow everybody to air his view; let everyone have his say; speak one's mind freely权贵资本主义(又译裙带资本主义或亲朋好友资本主义) crony capitalismR.燃油附加税bunker surcharge染指reap undeserved profit from; encroach upon绕圈子beat around the bush热岛效应tropical island effect人才流失brain drain人浮于事overstaffing人工智能artificial intelligence(AI)人海战术huge-crowd strategy人机交互human-computer interaction人际交往human communication人口负增长negative population growth (NPG)人均住房per-capita housing人类免疫缺陷病毒Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)人情债debt of gratitude任意球free kick日本协力银行Japan Bank For International Cooperation (JBIC)融资渠道financing channels入水时水花很少clean entry软新闻soft newsS.360度环幕电影Circamara三八红旗手woman pace-setter三八线38th Parallel三步走战略the three-step development strategy三大作风the Party's three important styles of work (integrating theory with practice, forgingclose links with the masses and practicing self-criticism)"三个代表" "three represents" theory (The Party should always represent the developmentneeds of China's advanced social productive forces, always represent the onward directionof China's advanced culture, and always represent the fundamental interests of the largestmember of the Chinese people.)三个有利于"three favorables" (whether it promotes the growth of the productive forces ina socialist society, increases the overall strenth of the socialist state and raises the people'sliving standards《三国演义》The Romance of the Three Kingdoms三好学生merit student; three good。
中国特色词汇及其英译
宣纸rice paper衙门yamen叩头kowtow孔子Confucius牌楼pailou;pai-loo武术wushu(Chinese Martial Arts)功夫kungfu ;kung fu中庸the way of medium (cf. Golden Means)中和harmony (zhonghe)孝顺to show filial obedience孝子dutiful son家长family head三纲:君为臣纲,父为子纲,夫为妻纲three cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son, husband guides wife五常:仁、义、理、智、信five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity八股文eight-legged essays多子多福:The more sons/children, the more blessing/ great happiness养儿防老:raising sons to support one in one's old ageThe 24 Solar Terms:立春Spring begins.雨水The rains.惊蛰Insects awaken.春分Vernal Equinox清明Clear and bright.谷雨Grain rain.立夏Summer begins.小满Grain buds.芒种Grain in ear.夏至Summer solstice.小暑Slight heat.大暑Great heat.立秋Autumn begins.处暑Stopping the heat.白露White dews.秋分Autumn Equinox.寒露Cold dews.霜降Hoar-frost falls.立冬Winter begins.小雪Light snow.大雪Heavy snow.冬至Winter Solstice.小寒Slight cold.大寒Great cold戏剧表演Theatrical Performances京剧人物脸谱types of facial makeup in Beijing opera 生male characters末middle-aged male characters净“painted face” characters旦female characters丑clown京剧票友amateur performer of Peking Opera木偶戏puppet show独角戏monodrama; one-man play皮影戏shadow play; leather-silhouette show折子戏opera highlights戏剧小品skit哑剧dumb show; mime; mummery; pantomime单口相声monologue comic talk双口相声witty dialogue口技vocal imitations; ventriloquisim说书monologue story-telling杂技acrobatic performance叠罗汉making a human pyramid特技stunt踩高跷stilt walk马戏circus performances神化人物Mythological Figures八仙the Eight Immortals嫦娥Chang’e (the Chinese moon godd ess)伏羲Fu Xi (God of Fishery and Husbandry)福禄寿三星the three gods of fortune, prosperity and longevity共工God of Water后羿Houyi (a legendary hero who shot down nine suns)黄帝Yellow Emperor夸父Kuafu (a fabled sun-chasing giant)女娲Goddess of Sky-patching盘古Pan Gu (creator of the universe)神农Patron of Agriculture禹Yu (the reputed founder of the Xia Dynasty)祝融God of Fire古代建筑Ancient Architecture塔pagoda琉璃塔glazed stupa舍利塔dagoba; sarira stupa (a pagoda for Buddhist relics)舍利子sarira remains from cremation of Buddha’s or saints’ body 喇嘛塔Lamaist pagoda楼storied buildings钟楼bell tower鼓楼drum tower阁pavilion烽火台beacon tower华表ornamental column牌坊memorial archway艺术及工艺Arts and Crafts版画engraving贝雕画shell carving picture彩塑painted sculpture瓷器porcelain; china刺绣embroidery雕刻carving宫灯palace lantern国画Chinese painting剪纸paper-cut景德镇瓷Jingdezhen porcelain景泰蓝cloisonné enamel蜡染batik麦秸画straw patchwork木/石/竹刻wood/stone/bamboo carving木刻画wood engraving泥人儿clay figure皮影shadow puppet漆画lacquer painting漆器lacquerware双面绣two-sided embroidery水墨画Chinese brush drawing; ink and wash painting檀香扇sandalwood fan唐三彩Tang tri-coloured pottery陶器pottery; earthenware图章seal拓碑making rubbings from inscriptions, pictures, etc. on stone tablets 拓片rubbing微雕miniature engraving象牙雕刻ivory carving宜兴陶Yixing pottery篆刻sealcutting中国特色词汇及其英译作者:未知文章来源:转载点击数:1300 时间:2010-12-29 18:33:50一、前言英语从它传入中国的第一天开始就发挥着强大的交流作用,同时也开始了在中国发展的过程。
中国特色英语词汇
中国特色英语词汇中国特色英语词汇是指那些具有中国独特文化内涵、历史背景或起源于中国的英语词汇。
这些词汇通常反映了中国的历史、文化、社会和语言特点,是中国特色与英语语言相结合的产物。
以下是一些中国特色英语词汇的例子:1.Confucianism(儒家思想):源于中国春秋时期的思想家孔子,是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。
2.Qipao(旗袍):源于中国满族女性的传统服装,是中国女性独特的服饰文化代表。
3.Chinese New Year(春节):中国最重要的传统节日之一,标志着农历新年的开始。
4.Kowtow(磕头):中国传统礼仪中的一种头部触地的拜祭仪式,表示对祖先或神灵的尊敬。
5.Famen(法门):中国佛教宗派之一,强调修行、领悟和智慧。
6.Taiji(太极):源于中国古代哲学中的太极思想,是一种强调阴阳平衡和自然力量的武术和健身方式。
7.Lunar New Year(农历新年):中国和其他亚洲国家庆祝的传统节日,标志着新的一年的开始。
8.Chinese Opera(中国戏曲):包括京剧、粤剧、川剧等众多地方戏曲剧种,是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。
9.Fengshui(风水):源于中国古代的风水学说,是一种强调环境、方位和布局的信仰和哲学。
10.Chinese Zodiac(中国生肖):包括鼠、牛、虎、兔、龙、蛇、马、羊、猴、鸡、狗和猪等十二个生肖,是中国传统文化中预测运势和纪年的重要体系。
这些中国特色英语词汇不仅反映了中国的文化和历史,也为英语语言增添了丰富的内涵和多样性。
然而,这些词汇在翻译和传播过程中可能会遇到一些问题,如文化差异、语义误解等。
因此,在进行跨文化交流时,需要注意和理解这些中国特色英语词汇的历史和文化背景,以准确传达其含义和意义。
同时,也需要尊重不同文化的差异和特点,以平等、开放和包容的态度进行交流和学习。
中国特色英语词汇
用流利的英语介绍中国的特色1.元宵节:Lantern Festival2.刺绣:embroidery3.重阳节:Double-Ninth Festival4.清明节:Tomb sweeping day5.剪纸:Paper Cutting6.书法:Calligraphy7.对联:(Spring Festival)Couplets8.象形文字:Pictograms/Pictographic Characters9.人才流动:Brain Drain/Brain Flow10.四合院:Siheyuan/Quadrangle11.战国:Warring States12.风水:Fengshui/Geomantic Omen13.铁饭碗:Iron Bowl14.函授部:The Correspondence Department15.集体舞:Group Dance16.黄土高原:Loess Plateau17.红白喜事:Weddings and Funerals18.中秋节:Mid-Autumn Day19.结婚证:Marriage Certificate20.儒家文化:Confucian Culture21.附属学校:Affiliated school22.古装片:Costume Drama23.武打片:Chinese Swordplay Movie24.元宵:Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling(Soup)25.一国两制:One Country,Two Systems26.火锅:Hot Pot27.四人帮:Gang of Four28.《诗经》:The Book of Songs29.素质教育:Essential-qualities-oriented Education30.《史记》:Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian31.大跃进:Great Leap Forward(Movement)32.《西游记》:The Journey to the West33.除夕:Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival34.针灸:Acupuncture35.唐三彩:Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/The Tang Tri-colored pottery36.中国特色的社会主义:Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics37.偏旁:radical38.孟子:Mencius39.亭/阁:Pavilion/Attic40.大中型国有企业:Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises41.火药:gunpowder42.农历:Lunar Calendar43.印/玺:Seal/Stamp44.物质精神文明建设:The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization45.京剧:Peking Opera46.秦腔:Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera47.太极拳:Tai Chi48.独生子女证:The Certificate of One-child49.天坛:Altar of Heaven in Beijing50.小吃摊:Snack Bar/Snack Stand51.红双喜:Double Happiness52.政治辅导员:Political Counselor/School Counselor53.春卷:Spring Roll(s)54.莲藕:Lotus Root55.追星族:Star Struck56.故宫博物院:The Palace Museum57.相声:Cross-talk/Comic Dialogue58.下岗:Lay off/Laid off59.北京烤鸭:Peking Roast Duck60.高等自学考试:Self-taught Examination of Higher Education61.烟花爆竹:fireworks and firecracker62.敦煌莫高窟:Mogao Caves63.电视小品:TV Sketch/TV Skit64.香港澳门同胞:Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao65.文化大革命:Cultural Revolution66.长江中下游地区:The Mid-low Reaches of Yangtze River67.门当户对:Perfect Match/Exact Match68.《水浒》:Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh69.中外合资企业:Joint Ventures70.文房四宝(笔墨纸砚):"The Four Treasure of the Study""Brush,Inkstick,Paper,and Inkstone",。
英语中的中国词汇
英语中的中国词汇
在英语中,有许多来自中国的词汇。
以下是一些常见的例子:
1. Chinese Checkers(中国跳棋):这种棋类游戏起源于中国,后来传入欧洲并被重新命名。
2. Ginseng(人参):在中国,人参是一种非常受欢迎的中药材,其英文名称就是直接音译自中文的“人参”。
3. Kylin(麒麟):麒麟是中国传统文化中的一种神兽,其英文名称也是直接音译自中文的“麒麟”。
4. Mahjong(麻将):这是一种在中国非常流行的纸牌游戏,其英文名称也是直接音译自中文的“麻将”。
5. Peking Duck(北京烤鸭):这是北京的一道传统美食,其英文名称也是直接音译自中文的“北京烤鸭”。
6. Fēngshēng(风水):这是中国的一种传统信仰,认为环境因素可以对人的命运产生影响,其英文名称也是直接音译自中文的“风水”。
这只是一小部分来自中国的英语词汇。
随着中国在全球的影响力不断增强,更多的中国词汇将会被广泛使用。
英语借走的十个中国词
英语借走的十个中国词(一)丝绸--silk中国是养蚕大国,丝绸的故乡。
瓷器和丝绸始终是古代中国对外贸易的技术和看家商品,直到鸦片战争前,英国进口到广州的钢琴,还干不过珠光宝气的丝绸。
"silk"的发音,显然是汉语的音译,这个词代表了中国高超的工艺技术和贸易强势。
即便现在,丝绸仍在现代生活中充当雍容华丽、典雅高贵的象征。
(二)茶--tea这个词,又是英国人从拗口的闽南话里偷走的。
茶,和丝绸、瓷器比肩,堪称古代中国对外贸易的拳头产品。
目前,品茶代表了一种生活方式和文化品位,中国人对人生的思考,几乎都能在袅袅茶烟里找到。
据萧乾的《茶在英国》介绍:"茶叶似乎是17世纪初由葡萄牙人最早引到欧洲的......英国的茶叶起初是东印度公司从厦门引进的,17世纪40年代,英人在印度殖民地开始试种茶叶,那时,可能就养成了在茶中加糖的习惯。
"据说,即使在"二战"那样物资困乏的时期,法国人定量配给咖啡,英国人则要的是茶,还有一点点糖。
茶成了欧洲人的"主心骨",他们只能跟着茶香如醉如痴地行走,这不是本土的历史与遗传;而是异域文化的征服和同化。
18世纪的柴斯特顿勋爵干脆在《训子家书》里写道:"尽管茶来自东方,它毕竟是绅士气味的;而可可则是个痞子、懦夫,一头粗野的猛兽。
"(三)世外桃源--Shangrila (Xanadu)这是两个近意词。
都有"世外桃源"的意思。
"Shangrila"出自西藏的传说之地--香格里拉,"Xanadu"则是蒙古的元上都。
如果要表达 "世外桃源",通常采用"Xanadu"这个词。
看来,以出世自居的美国作家梭罗,白白地在瓦尔登湖旁边,做了那么久的"隐士"。
讲究"寄情山水、超然物外"的哲学,中国人是当之无愧的开山鼻祖。
英语借走的7个中国词
年 才 流行 于街 巷 的 .指 有 钱 有 势 的商 人 或 者 企 业 家 ,中 国传统 的叫法 是 “ 掌柜 ” 大 。被英 语 拿 走 ,又 是 闽粤 之地 的音 译 。可 见 , 片战 争前 , 鸦 中 国商人 名声 在 外 。马 可 . 波罗 在 书里 描 写 的东 方 ,物 阜 民丰 ,黄 金 铺 地 。来 中 国走 一 遭 .就 像 现在 某 些 “ 假洋 鬼 子 ”上 一 趟 拉 斯 维 加 斯 一
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资 ,便 在 无聊 之 际聚 众 赌博 ,试 试 运 气 。每次
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中国特色词语英译
1. 元宵节:Lantern Festival2. 刺绣:embroidery3. 重阳节:Double-Ninth Festival4. 清明节:Tomb sweeping day5. 剪纸:Paper Cutting6. 书法:Calligraphy7. 对联:(Spring Festival) Couplets8. 象形文字:Pictograms/Pictographic Characters9. 人才流动:Brain Drain/Brain Flow10. 四合院:Siheyuan/Quadrangle11. 战国:Warring States12. 风水:Fengshui/Geomantic Omen13. 铁饭碗:Iron Bowl14. 函授部:The Correspondence Department15. 集体舞:Group Dance16. 黄土高原:Loess Plateau17. 红白喜事:Weddings and Funerals18. 中秋节:Mid-Autumn Day19. 结婚证:Marriage Certificate20. 儒家文化:Confucian Culture21. 附属学校:Affiliated school22. 古装片:Costume Drama23. 武打片:Chinese Swordplay Movie24. 元宵:Tangyuan/Sweet Rice Dumpling (Soup)25. 一国两制:One Country, Two Systems26. 火锅:Hot Pot27. 四人帮:Gang of Four28. 《诗经》:The Book of Songs29. 素质教育:Essential-qualities-oriented Education30. 《史记》:Historical Records/Records of the Grand Historian31. 大跃进:Great Leap Forward (Movement)32. 《西游记》:The Journey to the West33. 除夕:Chinese New Year’s Eve/Eve of the Spring Festival34. 针灸:Acupuncture35. 唐三彩:Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/The Tang Tri-colored pottery36. 中国特色的社会主义:Chinese-charactered Socialist/Socialist with Chinese characteristics37. 偏旁:radical38. 孟子:Mencius39. 亭/阁:Pavilion/ Attic40. 大中型国有企业:Large and Medium-sized State-owned Enterprises41. 火药:gunpowder42. 农历:Lunar Calendar43. 印/玺:Seal/Stamp44. 物质精神文明建设:The Construction of Material Civilization and Spiritual Civilization45. 京剧:Beijing Opera/Peking Opera46. 秦腔:Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera47. 太极拳:Tai Chi48. 独生子女证:The Certificate of One-child49. 天坛:Altar of Heaven in Beijing50. 小吃摊:Snack Bar/Snack Stand51. 红双喜:Double Happiness52. 政治辅导员:Political Counselor/School Counselor53. 春卷:Spring Roll(s)54. 莲藕:Lotus Root55. 追星族:Star Struck56. 故宫博物院:The Palace Museum57. 相声:Cross-talk/Comic Dialogue58. 下岗:Lay off/Laid off59. 北京烤鸭:Beijing Roast Duck60. 高等自学考试:Self-taught Examination of Higher Education61. 烟花爆竹:fireworks and firecracker62. 敦煌莫高窟:Mogao Caves63. 电视小品:TV Sketch/TV Skit64. 香港澳门同胞:Compatriots from Hong Kong and Macao65. 文化大革命:Cultural Revolution66. 长江中下游地区:The Mid-low Reaches of Yangtze River67. 门当户对:Perfect Match/Exact Match68. 《水浒》:Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh69. 中外合资企业:Joint Ventures70. 文房四宝(笔墨纸砚):The Four Treasure of the Study" "Brush, Inkstick, Paper, and Inkstone。
130个中国特有英语词汇
130个中国特有词汇(中英文对照) 中国意念词Chinesenesses中国意念词trigram八卦yin, yang阴、阳cf logo道Daothe jianghu World(the traits' world)江湖(世界)Daoism(Taoism)道excessive internal heat上火Confucianism儒学redology红学(《红楼梦》研究)Shangri-la or Arcadia世外桃源kaifang(Chinese openness to the outside world)开放getting an equal share regardless of the work done大锅饭scar literature or the literature of the wounded伤痕文学no imposing uniformity on不搞一刀切to conform with the national conditions and the will of the people合乎国情,顺乎民意imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge乱摊派,乱收费iron (lifetime) post's ;guaranteed leading post铁交椅to shake off poverty; anti-poverty脱贫Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline治则兴,乱则衰Chinese Festivial中华民族的喜庆节日National Day国庆节Mia-Autumn Festival中秋节Spring Festival春节Lantern Festival元宵节Children's Day儿童节Dragon Boat Festival端午节Women's Day妇女节Water-Splashing Day泼水节Teachers' Day教师节Youth Day五四青年节Unique Traditional Chinese Foods中国独特的传统饮食wonton馄饨锅贴guotie (fried jiaozi).steamed twisted rolls花卷set meal套餐box lunch; Chinese take-away盒饭rice tofu米豆腐konjak tofu魔芋豆腐rice noodles米粉a stick of sugar-coated haws (or apples, etc.)冰糖葫芦chafing dish火锅eight-treasure rice pudding八宝饭glass noodles粉丝jellied bean curd豆腐脑Newly Sprouted Things中国新兴事物China Telecom 中国电信China Mobile 中国移动the 10th Five-Year Plan十五计划Chinanet 中国电脑联网the Three Gorges Project 三峡工程Project Hope 希望工程Beijing CKowloon Railway京九铁路Anti-Poverty Project扶贫工程Vegetable Basket Project菜篮子工程Decent-Life Project温饱工程Economy Housing Project 安居工程Porn-Purging Campaign扫黄Go-West Campaign 西部大开发Zen Buddhism禅宗dhyana; dhgaya禅chaos混沌Daosim, the way and its power道Four Noble Truth四谛Eightfold Path八正道anity无常Theory of Five Elements五行说anatman无我坐禅metta or transcendental meditationsunyata空nothingness虚无double happiness(中), a doubled stroke of luck(英)双喜witty skits小品cross-talk相声gimmick, stunt噱头;掉包袱night people; night-owls夜猫子this animal year of sb本命年philosophy of life处世之道yinyuan(prefixed fate of marriage)姻缘redeem a wish (vows)还愿Mainland China大陆中国little red book红宝书socialist China红色中国Four Modernizations四化job-for-life终生职业iron rice bowl铁饭碗communal pot大锅饭closely-related units关系户migrant workers外出打工人员personal nets, closely-knitted guild关系网Unique Ancient Chinese Items中国古代独特事物rice paper宣纸yamen衙门kowtow叩头Confucius孔子pailou;pai-loo牌楼wushu (Chinese Martial Arts)武术kungfu; kung fu功夫the way of medium (cf. Golden Means) 中庸harmony (zhonghe)中和to show filial obedience孝顺dutiful son孝子family head 家长八股文eight-legged essaysthree cardinal guides: ruler guides subject, father guides son husband guides wife三纲:君为臣纲,父为子纲,夫为妻纲five constant virtues: benevolence (humanity), righteousness, propriety, wisdom and fidelity五常:仁、义、理、智、信the Five Merits focus on decorum, manners, hygiene, disciplines and morals五讲(讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲秩序、讲道德)the Four Virtues are golden heart, refined language, civilized behavior, and green environment四美(心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美)。
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英语中六个中国特色的音译词近日有中国媒体为“《牛津英语词典》可能收录‘土豪’(Tuhao)等中文词”这类新闻自得:“中国贡献的英语单词,正不知不觉、越来越多地融入了国际生活的方方面面……从深层次看……反映了中国正在融入全球化进程。
”现在像“Guanxi”、“Chengguan”这种“中国特色”的中文音译词语经常出现英文读物中。
这些词源于中国没错,却不见得可以自豪。
“Guanxi”:被收入牛津词典的最出名中文音译词.被收入牛津词典的中文音译词,最出名的就是“Guanxi”。
《牛津英语词典》对此的释义是:“源于中国普通话,字面上理解和‘联系’是一个意思,特指在中国有助于商业活动和其他交易的社交网络系统、有影响力的人际关系。
”2013年美国《大西洋月刊》的一篇文章《摩根大通在中国:为何‘照常营业’越来越难》对“Guanxi”这个字在英语语境中的含义做了更明白的解读:“每个去中国的外国人到中国后不久,都会学到一个神奇的单词:‘Guanxi’。
这是这个13亿人的国家中必要的东西。
有了‘Guanxi’,就能意味着得到一份工作、进入不错的学校、或帮助新企业避免不必要的政府关注。
‘拉拉’‘Guanxi’,就能快速而不费事地解决棘手的问题。
”Chengguan”:源于媒体对“中国市政准警察力量”的报道.Chengguan”这一单词,源于英文媒体报道中国城管时无法找到对应的英文单词,只能音译。
2013年7月《大西洋月刊》介绍中国“城管”制度的文章题目便是《见过“Chengguan”:中国受憎恨的、暴虐的地方警察》,其中对“Chengguan”的介绍是:“作为在中国最被广泛厌恶的市政警察,从常规警察部门中分离出来的‘Chengguan’负责管理城市生活中最卑下的一部分……虽然每个社会都有警察滥用暴力,但‘Chengguan’的残暴是中国独有的。
”2013年8月《华尔街日报》以《中国城市准警察的定时炸弹》一文来介绍“城管”制度:“‘Chengguan’是中国城市政府组织、雇佣的辅助性准警察力量,负责管理各种市政问题。
有关‘Chengguan’的法律太过模糊宽泛,以至于‘Chengguan’的事实权力几乎不受制约。
尽管公众对‘Chengguan’凶残的暴徒行径多有怨愤,但‘Chengguan’的雇主几乎没做出任何约束他们的实质举动。
”“Shuanggui”:法学界和政治学界的通行规范性英文单词.“Shuanggui”一词,已是法学界和政治学界的通行规范性英文单词,毋庸另作意译。
关于中国法律制度的导论性英文专著,已对此制度做了直白的定义:“抛开字面矫饰,‘Shuanggui’是中国一种制度上无任何司法监察和法律规制的秘密拘禁机制”。
研究此制度的政治学论文,也在摘要中开宗明义地阐述“本文研究对象为中国的‘法外拘禁’(Extralegal Detention)制度”。
2012年9月《经济学人》杂志提到这个单词的另一重意义:“这是党内警察行为:中国的执政党对犯过失的内部成员另行一套法律。
”“Laogai”:03年即被收入《牛津短语辞典》.早于最近的“Tuhao”、“Hukou”,“Laogai”十年前就已被收入英文字典中。
1994年《简明牛津英语辞典》收入了“Laogai”一词,指其是源自“劳动改造”(reform through labour)的“惩戒体制”(penalsystem)。
2003年版的《牛津英语短语和寓言词典》对" Laogai "词条作了进一步的解释:“中国的劳教所系统”。
《麦克米伦英语词典》也收录了“Laogai”这一词条:“英语中已知首用于1983年,指中国由劳教所网络组成的惩戒体制”。
“Hongbao”:英语世界难以理解“社交、家庭聚会中装着金钱礼物的红信封”与“贿金”的双关各种百科网站的“中国习俗”门类中一般都会介绍“送红包”的民俗:在婚礼等社交聚会、家族聚会、节日中,亲友间赠予的装有钞票或类似金钱礼物的红色包裹/信封。
不过中国自古就有以“三节”(春节、中秋节、端午节)的“节敬”形式粉饰行贿的传统,而英语国家的人对此很难理解。
美国一个致力于反商业贿赂的非政府组织“追踪国际”(Trace International)的主席在接受《华尔街日报》采访时,就解释了这一差异:“美国《海外反腐败法》明文有载企业‘不能直接或间接向政府官员提供、承诺或支付任何有价值的物品,以获得商业好处’。
但被控行贿的企业很难向从未到过中国的美国陪审团解释,为何‘将现金装到红色密封信封中递给政府官员,在中国是得当的’,‘这是个古老的传统,在中国可能已有上千年了,如果不这样做,当地官员很可能认为自己被羞辱了’。
”“Hukou”:“以分化和排斥控制社会”的“家户登记制度”.“户口”之所以在英文中是直接音译为“Hukou”而非意译为“家户登记制”,是因为英语世界的居民从现实上无法理解中国的户籍制度。
现实上的隔膜,正如斯坦福大学出版社2005年出版的学术专著《以分化和排斥控制社会:中国户口制度》序言向美国读者点明的“中国特色”:“想象下你作为本国公民,要迁徙到国内更繁荣的城市去,结果在目的地不能投票、不准在当地一大半工作岗位就业、不准在当地一大半公立学校就学,随时会因‘签证’过期而被本国市政当局拘留和驱逐。
”英语中有一部分词汇或短语是根据中国普通话(由于历史原因,相当一部分是由我国北方方言和南国八大方言),按照汉语词的音节,用英语中发音与之相近的词直接译过来。
音译法一般用于翻译汉语的专有名词。
如人名、地名、货币名称和度量衡名称。
在汉语与英语接触的初期,主要是通过广东广州和福建厦门这两个港口。
这些借词主要以音译词为主,也就是音译法。
如:Lychee或litche(1588年来自“荔枝”),Sampan(1620年来自“舢板”),Yin yang(1671年来自“阴阳”),Sycee(银锭,1711年来自“丝”),Petuntse(1727年来自“白墩子”),Kaolin(1727年来自“高岭”),Longan(1732年来自“龙眼”),Taichi(太极拳,1736年来自“太极”),Suan—pan(1736年来自“算盘”),Tao(道家学说的道,1736年来自“道”)。
Yamen(1747年来自“衙门”),Souchong(--种中国红茶,1760年来自“小种茶”),Typhoon(1771年来自“台风”),Paktong(一种钱币,1775年来自“白铜”),Tung(油桐属桐树,1788年来自“桐”),Whangee(一种竹、黄竹,1790年来自“黄藜”),Pe—tsai(1795年来自“白菜”),Feng shui(1797年来自“风水”),Kowtow(1804年来自“叩头”),Wampee(一种果,1830年来自“黄皮”),Taipan(大商行的总经理,1834年来自“大班”,旧中国洋行老板),Kylin(1857年来自“麒麟”),Tofu(1880年来自“豆腐”),Chop—suey(炒杂烩菜,1888年来自“杂碎”),Ho“o bird(1901年来自“凤凰”),Chow mein(1903年来自“炒面”),Tuchun(1917年来自“督军”,官名),Mahjong或Mah-jong(1920年来自“麻将”),Bokchoy(1938年来自“白菜”,比Pe—tsai常用),Gung ho或gung—ho(同心协力、合作,1939年来自“工合”),Won ton(馄饨,1948年来自“云吞”),Dim sum(1948年来自“点心”),Wok(1952年来自“镬(炒锅)”),Kung fu或Kong fu(1966年来自“功夫”),Toumingdu(透明度。
来自1980年代中英谈判期间用语“透明度”),此类词汇占汉语进入英语所有词汇比例最大。
还有:Cheong—sam(长衫),Confucius(孔夫子),Dingho(顶好),Ginseng(人参),IChing(易经),kcolie(苦力),Lao—tzu(老子),Tong(秘密组织,帮会,从汉语“堂”派生而来),Jiaozi(饺子),Lemonade(柠檬),litchi(荔枝),congou(工夫茶),sycee(银锭),loquat(枇杷),hong(商行),yamen(衙门),lama(喇嘛),longan(龙眼),chop suey(杂碎),typhoon(台风),shanghai(拐骗),kaoliang(高梁),mao—tai(茅台酒),kaolin(高岭土),Shanghai(上海),LeiFcng(雷锋),mu(亩),zhang(丈),cun(寸).chi(尺),fen(分),yuan(元),jin(斤),tea(茶),tsatlee(生丝),congou(功夫茶),olong(乌龙茶),bohe(武夷茶),hyson(熙春茶),china(瓷器),ketchup(番茄酱),chowmein(炒面),litchi(荔枝),longan(龙眼),mango(芒果),Ching-ming(清明),Cantonese(广东人/广东话),yen(瘾),colic(苦力)等等。
英语中的汉语借词按照属性分类,又可分为以下几类:(1)历史文化:xiucai(秀才),yamen(衙门),dazibao(大字报),fenghuang(凤凰)等。
(2)文体娱乐:pipa(琵琶),erhu(二胡),wushu(武术),gongfu(功夫),Tai Chi(太极拳),yang ko(秧歌),weiqi(围棋),mahjong(麻将),qigong(气功),sampan(舢板),yen(瘾、渴望),pinju(评剧),Yuju(豫剧),Erhuang(二簧),Huiju(徽剧),hanju(汉剧),Jingbai(京白),dan(旦),sheng(生),wudan(武旦),chou(丑),qinyi(青衣),hualian(花脸),daomadan(刀马旦),caidan(彩旦)等。
(3)衣食住行:cheongsam(旗袍、长衫),jiaozi(饺子),chow mein(炒面),won ton(馄饨),WuLiang Ye(五粮液),Maotai(茅台酒),longan(龙眼),kaoliang(高粱),litchi(1ichee)(荔枝),舀nseng(人参)等。
(4)风土人情:feng shui(风水),kang(炕),kowtow(叩头)chop suey(炒杂碎),Cantonese(广东话/广东人/广州的),Hainanese(海南人),Chingming(清明),typhoon(台风)等。