【计算机专业文献翻译】信息系统分析和设计
信息系统分析与设计
信息系统分析与设计信息系统是一个广泛的概念,它包括处理、收集和传输数据的各种软件和硬件设备。
信息系统设计的目标是构建一个能够解决问题、提供帮助的系统并且在系统内部或者与系统环境交互的过程中维持系统的稳定和安全。
信息系统分析与设计是设计和实现信息系统中相对较为重要的一部分。
它是通过收集、分析和处理信息以及提供必要的技术支持和建议实现最终的信息系统。
它包括以下几个步骤:1. 需求定义和分析这是信息系统分析与设计的起点,设计师需要与客户进行沟通,收集客户需求,并对需求进行分析。
这一步骤的目的是定义系统所需要的功能和用例,并对需求进行文档化。
在此过程中,设计师需要使客户理解系统的限制和技术制约,确保所开发和实现的系统满足客户的真正需求。
2. 架构设计在需求分析完成之后,设计师需要采用一种架构设计来概述整个系统工作方式和组件之间的关系。
这是将系统分解成更小的部分,并对它们进行相互作用的方式,以确保系统的安全、可用性和可扩展性。
3. 详细设计详细设计将架构设计中的每个部分详细地描述,并描述每个组件如何与其他组件交互。
这包括使用设计模式、编写代码、设置数据库。
4. 实现和测试在详细设计完成之后,模块需要实现,并进行单元测试,确保每个模块按照设计要求工作。
随后,进行集成测试以确保各个模块之间相互配合协调。
最后是将系统部署到客户现场或者在互联网上进行。
5. 运维和维护当系统持续运行并在生产环境中使用时,设计师需要根据客户的反馈以及系统性能和稳定性的监测结果来进行优化和维护。
运维和维护包括系统支持和维护工作,确保系统的安全和可用性。
信息系统分析与设计是一个循环迭代的过程,需要颠覆性的思考来创建具有创新性的解决方案。
当需求和客户需求随着时间的推移而发生变化时,设计师需要重复以上过程,重新设计并实现系统的改进。
这意味着要在不同阶段之间进行沟通和交流,以确保系统以最佳方式设计和实现。
此外,需要考虑系统未来可能进行的升级和扩展项目,以使系统具有扩展性。
信息系统分析与设计
信息系统分析与设计引言信息系统在现代社会中扮演着不可或缺的角色,它将人们、技术和信息融为一体,为组织和个人提供了高效、准确地处理和管理信息的能力。
信息系统的分析与设计是确保信息系统成功开发和实施的关键步骤。
本文将介绍信息系统分析与设计的基本概念和流程。
信息系统分析信息系统分析是确保信息系统满足用户需求和组织目标的过程。
在信息系统分析阶段,需求工程师通过与用户沟通和调研,收集和整理用户需求和组织目标。
然后,需求工程师将需求进行分析和建模,以便于后续的系统设计和实现。
用户需求收集用户需求收集是信息系统分析的起点。
通过与用户的交流和观察,需求工程师可以获取到用户的实际需求。
需求工程师可以运用各种技术和方法,如面谈、问卷调查和用户观察等,来获取和理解用户需求。
需求分析和建模在需求收集之后,需求工程师需要将用户需求进行分析和建模。
需求分析旨在确定用户需求的优先级、复杂性和可行性。
需求建模则用于对用户需求进行可视化的表示,以便于后续设计和开发工作的进行。
信息系统设计信息系统设计是在信息系统分析的基础上,将用户需求转换为具体的信息系统设计方案和系统架构的过程。
在信息系统设计阶段,设计人员需要结合用户需求和技术要求,综合考虑系统的性能、可靠性、安全性等方面,以确保最终的信息系统能够满足用户和组织的需求。
系统设计方案制定系统设计方案制定是信息系统设计的第一步。
在这一过程中,设计人员会综合考虑用户需求、技术要求和系统约束等因素,制定出一个详细的系统设计方案。
系统设计方案通常包括系统结构、功能模块划分、数据流程描述等内容。
系统架构设计系统架构设计是信息系统设计的核心环节。
在系统架构设计中,设计人员需要确定系统的整体架构,包括系统的层次结构、子系统的划分、模块的组织关系等。
系统架构设计的目标是确保系统的高性能、可扩展性和可维护性。
用户界面设计用户界面设计是信息系统设计中的重点之一。
良好的用户界面设计可以提高用户的工作效率和满意度。
信息系统分析与设计
信息系统分析与设计1. 引言信息系统分析与设计是指对一个组织或企业的业务流程、信息需求和系统功能进行全面分析和设计的过程。
在信息化的时代,信息系统在企业中扮演着至关重要的角色,能够提高工作效率、优化业务流程和提供准确的数据支持。
本文将介绍信息系统分析与设计的基本概念、重要性以及常见的方法和工具。
2. 信息系统分析在信息系统分析阶段,需要对企业的业务流程进行详细的分析和理解。
包括了以下几个方面的内容:2.1 业务流程分析通过对企业的业务流程进行分析,可以了解到每个环节的输入、输出、参与者以及相互之间的依赖关系。
通过流程图等工具,可以清晰的展示出整个业务流程的执行过程,有助于发现问题和优化流程。
2.2 信息需求分析信息是支撑企业决策和运营的重要资源,因此需要对企业的信息需求进行分析。
在这个阶段,需要明确哪些数据是必要的,如何收集、存储和交流数据,并且确保数据的准确性和完整性。
2.3 功能需求分析功能需求分析是指对信息系统的功能进行详细的分析和定义。
通过与用户和相关利益相关者的沟通,明确系统的功能需求,包括输入、处理、输出和控制等方面的功能。
3. 信息系统设计在信息系统设计阶段,需要根据前一阶段的分析结果,设计出一个符合业务需求的信息系统。
包括了以下几个方面的内容:3.1 架构设计架构设计是指对信息系统的整体结构和组织进行设计。
通过定义系统的各个模块和模块之间的关系,确保系统的各个组成部分能够协调工作,并且可以满足业务需求。
3.2 数据库设计数据库设计是指对系统的数据进行建模和设计。
通过定义实体、关系和属性等概念,设计出一个适合系统需求的数据库结构。
在数据库设计中需要考虑数据的完整性、一致性和安全性等方面。
3.3 用户界面设计用户界面设计是指对系统的用户界面进行设计,使得用户可以方便的使用系统。
在设计用户界面时,需要考虑用户的需求和习惯,保证界面的易用性和用户体验。
4. 信息系统分析与设计方法和工具信息系统分析与设计可以借助各种方法和工具来进行。
《信息系统分析与设计》简介
《信息系统分析与设计》简介“信息系统分析与设计”是高校信息管理和电子商务等专业必修的一门专业核心课,其他专业的学生也有必要了解一些信息系统知识,学习一些系统开发的思想,初步掌握一些信息系统分析、设计、维护和管理的方法,以便更好地适应当前信息化的生活、工作模式。
由本人编著的《信息系统分析与设计》(清华大学出版社)一书从信息系统的基本概念出发,按照信息系统的生命周期,系统、完整、准确、详细地阐述了信息系统分析与设计的理论、方法和工具。
下面就其主要内容和特色进行介绍。
1内容组成全书由三篇共14章及附录组成。
第一篇(1—3章)为入门篇,分别介绍了信息系统的基础概念、信息系统的发展和应用、信息系统建设的概况。
第二篇(4—11章)为基础篇,按照信息系统的生命周期详细地介绍了信息系统开发过程,包括信息系统的规划、信息系统的分析、信息系统的设计(包括总体设计和详细设计)、信息系统的编码、信息系统的测试、信息系统的维护,重点讨论结构化分析与设计的技术和方法。
在第11章简要介绍了一些在信息系统建设过程中项目管理方面的知识。
第三篇(12—14章)为提高篇,主要介绍了面向对象的信息系统开发方法的基础过程,包括面向对象的信息系统分析与设计、实现与测试。
附录列出了本课程的实验参考题目和要求,提供了三套模拟试题;提供了习题及综合测试题的参考答案。
2主要特色(1) 定位准确,逻辑清晰。
本书是在认真分析了学习者在学习信息系统知识过程中遇到的困难,研究了初学者的认识规律的前提下编写出来的。
书的章节编排、知识点的设置都作了准确定位,全书逻辑清晰、层次分明,体现了教材的科学性、先进性和系统性。
(2) 精挑细选,系统全面。
本书精选了信息系统分析与设计过程中的核心内容,内容选材上并没有去追求包罗万象、贪多求全,而是遵循了取舍得当、择优录取、精益求精的原则,着眼于课程的最实用的部分,尽可能让学习者在较短的时间里掌握信息系统分析与设计过程中最重要、最核心的部分。
信息系统分析与设计全面总结
信息系统分析与设计全面总结信息系统分析与设计(ISAD)是指在满足特定需求的基础上,通过对信息系统进行详细的规划、设计和构建,使之能够高效、可靠地完成任务和处理信息。
在信息化时代,ISAD是企业和组织成功实施信息化战略的关键环节。
下面将从ISAD的基本概念、方法和重要性三个方面对其进行全面总结。
一、基本概念1.信息系统:指由人、计算机、软件、数据和过程组成的、用于支持组织目标并完成任务的系统。
2.分析与设计:分析阶段主要是通过调查、研究和讨论等方式,了解用户需求、现有系统的问题及改进方案等,达到对系统的战略规划;设计阶段是在分析的基础上,进行详细的系统和软件的设计,包括系统结构、功能、性能、界面等。
二、方法1.瀑布模型:按照顺序执行需求分析、系统设计、编码、测试和维护等阶段,其中各个阶段是线性顺序的,每个阶段的输出作为下一阶段的输入。
2. 敏捷方法:强调迭代、自组织和快速响应需求的方法。
常见的敏捷方法有Scrum、XP、迭代开发等。
3.UML:全称统一建模语言,是对系统进行描述和设计的一种标准化语言,包括用例图、活动图、类图、时序图等。
三、重要性1.优化业务流程:通过对现有业务流程的分析与设计,可以发现流程中的瑕疵和问题,从而进行优化改进,提高工作效率和质量。
2.确保信息安全:在ISAD过程中,会对系统中的数据和信息进行安全性评估,并制定相应的安全策略和措施,保障系统的信息安全。
3.实现业务创新:通过ISAD,可以将创新理念应用到系统的分析与设计中,推动业务创新和变革,帮助企业和组织在激烈的市场竞争中取得优势。
4.提高用户满意度:ISAD的核心是满足用户需求,通过与用户的充分沟通和理解,可以打造出更符合用户期望的系统,提高用户满意度。
综上所述,信息系统分析与设计是一项重要的工作,它关乎到企业和组织的信息化水平和效益。
通过ISAD,可以优化业务流程、提高信息系统的安全性、推动业务创新和提高用户满意度等。
信息系统分析与设计
信息系统分析与设计在当今数字化的时代,信息系统已经成为了企业和组织运营的核心支撑。
从日常的办公自动化到复杂的生产管理,从客户关系管理到供应链优化,信息系统无处不在,发挥着至关重要的作用。
而信息系统分析与设计,则是确保这些系统能够有效满足业务需求、高效运行的关键环节。
信息系统分析与设计是一个综合性的过程,它涉及到对业务流程的深入理解、对用户需求的准确把握,以及运用各种技术和方法将这些需求转化为可行的系统解决方案。
这个过程就像是建筑师设计一座大楼,需要先考虑使用者的需求和期望,然后规划出合理的结构和布局,选择合适的材料和技术,最终建造出一座既美观又实用的建筑。
在信息系统分析阶段,首要的任务是全面了解业务问题和需求。
这需要与各个相关部门和人员进行充分的沟通和交流,包括管理层、业务人员、技术人员等。
通过访谈、观察、问卷调查等方式,收集关于业务流程、数据流程、现有系统的使用情况等方面的信息。
例如,在一个电商企业中,需要了解订单处理流程、库存管理流程、客户服务流程等,找出其中存在的问题和痛点,如订单处理效率低下、库存不准确、客户投诉率高等。
在收集到足够的信息后,需要对这些信息进行整理和分析。
这包括绘制业务流程图、数据流程图,编写业务需求文档等。
业务流程图能够清晰地展示业务流程的各个环节和它们之间的关系,帮助发现流程中的冗余和不合理之处。
数据流程图则侧重于描述数据的流动和处理过程,有助于确定数据的来源、去向和存储方式。
业务需求文档则详细记录了业务的目标、功能需求、性能需求、安全需求等,为后续的系统设计提供了明确的依据。
完成了信息系统分析后,就进入到设计阶段。
系统设计包括总体设计和详细设计两个部分。
总体设计主要确定系统的架构、模块划分、数据存储方式等。
比如,是采用集中式架构还是分布式架构,将系统划分为哪些模块,每个模块的功能和职责是什么,选择什么样的数据库管理系统来存储数据等。
详细设计则进一步细化每个模块的内部结构、算法、接口等。
信息系统外文文献翻译---系统的分析与设计
附录1 外文翻译(原文)Systems Analysis and DesignWorking under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn't enough; because the program is but one component in a system.A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day,employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.Computer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people, called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user's field. To complicate matters, users and programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps;1.Problem definition2.Analysis3.Design4.Implementation5.MaintenanceAt the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. [1] The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder and given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.2-1 Problem DefinitionThe first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The analyst's objective is determining what the user (in this case, the store's owner) needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a "magic box, "and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own term.The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing-Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst's understanding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money and effort are wasted.Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:1.Can the problem be solved?2.Can it be salved in the user's environment?3.Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, theanalyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.2- 2 AnalysisAs analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done 1 during analysis; this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design.Start with the system's basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store's owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and, if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.Fig 1Given the system's basic functions, the analyst's next task is gaining a sense of their logical relationship. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used (Fig. 1). Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system from a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated or change by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person's memory.Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, end data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows.Fig 2Figure 2 shows a preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start with CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer f into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a reorder. Once, a reorder is authorized. Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products it is handled as a transaction.The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flows. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be Input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product descriptions and reorder quantities must be stored in STOCK.Other data elements, such as the item purchased and the purchase quantity are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock-on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to .stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a datadictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.The idea of analysis is to define the system's major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defining the user's needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware .and during this initial, crucial analysis stage it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst's memory) for example, if the analyst doesn't have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst's understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstandings or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point the next step, design.2-3 DesignAs we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem. At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.The data flow diagram defines the system's necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let's focus on one option and document it.A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system (Fig. 3). Our flowchart (.Fig.4) shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are processed by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.Fig. 4 on a system flowchart, symbols represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system.Fig 3Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Two programs are needed; Process transaction and Report and reorder. In addition to t he hardware and the programs, we’ll need data structures for the inventory file and for data flaws between the I/O devices and the software. Note that this system flowchart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.Fig 4The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures.Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data elements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file's data structure can be planned,How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted it must be identified immediately the idea of waiting until 5 _ 00 p.m. because "that's when the air defense program is run" is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.Our inventory system has two programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and processed as a batch after the store closes. In the first system, the two programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.2- 4 ImplementationOnce the system's major components have been identified .we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and their contents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.2- 5 MaintenanceMaintenance begins after the system is released. As people use it, they will suggest minor improvements and enhancements. Occasionally, bugs slip through debug and testing, and removing them is another maintenance task. Finally, conditions change, and a program must be updated; for example, if the government passes a low changing the procedure for collecting income taxes, the payroll program must be modified. Maintenance continues for the life of a system, and its cost can easily match or exceed the original development cost. Good planning, solid documentation, and well-structured programs can help to minimize maintenance cost.附录2 外文翻译(译文)系统的分析与设计在存储程序的控制下,计算机把数据处理成信息。
《《信息系统分析与设计》》
《《信息系统分析与设计》》随着信息技术的日新月异,信息系统在人们的日常生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
从一个小小的个人电脑,到日常生活中的智能手机和智能家居,再到银行、医疗和教育等各个领域的信息系统,都为人类的生产和生活提供了极大的便利和效率。
然而,信息系统的开发、维护和更新并不像使用它们那么简单,需要一个完整的过程来确保其质量和可靠性。
这就需要信息系统分析与设计的专业人才来进行全面和深入的工作。
信息系统分析与设计是指通过对信息系统当中各种需求的分析,以及现有的技术和平台的检查,确定系统的构成和功能模块。
在此基础上,设计出最佳的实现方案并建立优秀的系统体系结构。
信息系统分析与设计的重要性信息系统分析是指在了解用户需求的基础上,对业务进行分析,整理、分析、抽象出业务层次的功能需求、数据需求、行为需求以及其他类型的需求,并将其组织为系统规范和标准。
信息系统设计是指根据分析结果,利用合适的技术手段和平台,将分析结果转化为具体的实施、运维方案,并转化为适应现有环境的系统构架。
信息系统分析与设计的重要性不言而喻。
首先,它可以大大缩短信息系统的开发周期,从而加速业务流程的推进。
其次,它可以降低信息系统的开发成本,提高企业的竞争力。
最重要的是,它可以帮助企业更好地满足用户需求,提升用户体验和用户忠诚度。
信息系统分析与设计方法在进行信息系统分析与设计的过程中,常见的方法和技术包括结构化分析与设计、面向对象分析与设计、需求工程、软件设计模式、UML(统一建模语言)等。
每种方法和技术都有自己的特点和适用范围,需要根据具体的项目进行选择。
结构化分析与设计(SA\/SD)是一种传统的方法,主要用于处理大型系统的设计和开发,包括数据流图、数据字典和程序流程图等。
这种方法在许多软件开发领域依然受到广泛的应用。
面向对象分析与设计(OOA\/OOD)注重于“对象”,将系统定义为由对象组成的集合,每个对象具有其特定的属性和方法。
这种方法适用于需要处理很多核心业务逻辑的软件系统,例如ERP(企业资源规划)系统。
信息系统分析与设计
信息系统分析与设计一、引言信息系统在现代社会中扮演着重要的角色,它们帮助组织管理数据、提高工作效率、改善决策过程,并且在不同领域中发挥着巨大的作用。
本文将讨论信息系统的分析与设计过程,以及相关的方法和技术。
二、信息系统分析1. 系统需求分析系统需求分析是信息系统开发的第一步,它的目标是明确用户对系统的需求以及系统的功能和性能要求。
在这一阶段,分析师需要与用户进行沟通,了解他们的业务流程、需求和问题,然后将这些信息转化为系统需求文档。
2. 数据分析数据是信息系统的核心,数据分析主要关注数据的结构、关系和特点。
分析师需要理解组织内部的数据流程,识别并提取出关键数据元素,建立数据模型和数据库结构,为后续的系统设计提供基础。
3. 流程分析流程分析是为了理清业务过程中的环节、顺序和关系。
分析师需要与各个部门的工作人员合作,了解他们的工作流程,并通过流程图、业务流程建模等方式来描述和分析业务过程,发现问题并提出改进建议。
三、信息系统设计1. 系统架构设计系统架构设计是信息系统设计的核心,它涉及到系统的组成部分、模块之间的关系、数据流程和控制流程等方面。
设计师需要选择合适的架构模式,如客户端-服务器模式、分布式系统模式等,并根据需求进行系统的分层、模块划分和接口设计。
2. 用户界面设计用户界面设计是为了提供给用户友好的操作界面,使其可以方便地使用系统。
设计师需要考虑用户的使用习惯、界面布局、交互方式等因素,以提高用户体验和工作效率。
3. 数据库设计数据库设计是为了满足系统的数据管理需求,包括数据的存储、检索和更新等功能。
设计师需要根据数据分析阶段的结果,选择适当的数据库类型和数据模型,并进行表结构设计、索引设计、安全设计等。
四、信息系统分析与设计方法和技术1. UML(统一建模语言)UML是一种用于软件系统建模的标准化语言,它包括用例图、类图、时序图等多种图表,可以帮助分析师和设计师进行系统建模和可视化表示。
信息系统分析与设计
信息系统分析与设计信息系统在现代社会中扮演着至关重要的角色,它可以帮助组织高效地管理信息、提高工作效率和促进决策的制定。
信息系统分析与设计是信息系统开发过程中的关键环节,本文将从需求分析、系统设计和测试与实施三个方面进行论述,以探讨信息系统分析与设计的重要性和实践中的关键要素。
一、需求分析需求分析是信息系统分析与设计的起始阶段,它通过对用户需求的收集和分析,确定信息系统的功能和性能要求。
首先,需求分析人员需要与用户充分沟通,了解用户的需求和期望。
这可以通过面对面的访谈、问卷调查等方法进行。
其次,需求分析人员需要将用户需求转化为系统需求,明确系统的功能模块、数据结构、处理逻辑等。
最后,需求分析人员需要对需求进行验证,确保需求的完整性和正确性。
二、系统设计系统设计是根据需求分析阶段得到的需求,将其转化为系统的物理结构和组织形式的过程。
在系统设计过程中,需要考虑系统的架构、数据库设计、界面设计等。
首先,系统设计人员需要确定系统的整体框架和组织结构,包括多层架构、分布式系统等。
其次,在数据库设计方面,需要定义数据库的结构和关系,确保数据的一致性和完整性。
最后,界面设计需要考虑系统的易用性和用户友好性,包括页面布局、交互设计等。
三、测试与实施测试与实施是信息系统开发的最后阶段,它通过对系统进行测试和实际运行,验证系统的正确性和稳定性。
首先,测试人员需要编写测试计划和测试用例,对系统的各个功能模块进行测试。
测试包括功能测试、性能测试、安全测试等多个方面。
其次,在实施过程中,需要保证系统的平稳过渡,同时进行培训和支持,以确保用户能够顺利使用系统。
总结信息系统分析与设计是信息系统开发过程中不可或缺的环节。
通过需求分析,可以准确把握用户需求,为系统的开发奠定基础;通过系统设计,可以将需求转化为具体的系统结构和功能,确保系统的高效运行;通过测试与实施,可以验证系统的正确性和稳定性,使其能够真正地为用户提供帮助。
因此,在信息系统开发过程中,要注重信息系统分析与设计的质量,提高信息系统的开发和运行效率,实现系统与用户之间的良好沟通与互动。
计算机专业文献翻译-信息系统分析和设计
附录二Information Systems Analysis and DesignThis class reconstructs the classical computer science topics of "systems analysis and design" -- mapping information flows and data modeling -- within a framework derived from industrial design. Compared with the traditional approach, our focus of attention will shift from systems to services, mainframes to networks, the desktop to the street, organizational workplaces to institutionally organized relationships, cognition to physical activity, and individual users to communities of practice. The class will be organized around presentations by interdisciplinary teams, with minimal lecturing and written work. We will attend closely to the design process, and the teams' own experiences will become raw material for their projects.Two books are required: David G. Messerschmitt, Networked Applications: A Guide to the New Computing Infrastructure, Morgan Kaufman, 1999. This is an outstanding plain-language introduction to the structure of modern information systems.Donald A. Norman, The Invisible Computer, MIT Press, 1999. This is a polemic against the personal computer and in favor of a new generation of diverse and specialized computing devices.Another book is recommended:Jeffrey L. Whitten and Lonnie D. Bentley, Systems Analysis and Design Methods, fourth edition, Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1998. This is a thorough introduction to the conventional practice of systems analysis and design. If you are going to work with people who have the conventional training then it will be useful reference book. But as I say, I regard this material as out-of-date.Here are summaries of the group projects from week to week: Assignment for week 2: Team-Building Exercise.Everyone writes down their skill set and gets copies of everyone else's. Class members then form themselves into teams. Each team's members discuss their past and future, and how they complement one another. They draw a diagram that gives clear form to the conclusions they have reached, and they design a presentation around it.Assignment for week 3: Seeing information happen. Each team gets a distinct assignment, all of which involve going out in the world and watching information happen. Bring back what you've observed and show us. If you use what you've learned in other classes about information seeking then that's great. But we really want you to be observant and name things, and learn how to show what you've seen in a way that changes how other people see the world.Assignment for week 4: Growth of the technology.Each team again gets a distinct assignment, this time involving library work on the state of information technology ten years from now. Because of Moore's Law and related phenomena, we can predict reasonably well the quantitative properties of computing. Processors, for example, will be 100 times faster. What about mass storage, memory chips, wireline and wireless bandwidths, penetration rates of the technologies both domestically and globally, and so on? What important standards will be widely deployed by then? Show us what you've found.Assignment for week 5: Layering.Building on last week, we will do an exercise about the concept of a platform: a service upon which a diversity of other services can be built. The hard part is figuring out what belongs in the generic service, and what the interface should look like between the platform and the services that are built on it. This is going to be a central concept for design in the future. By this time we will have discussed several examples of platforms.Assignment for week 6: Show us your collaboration patterns.All the while you've been documenting your team's work process. This might mean keeping notes,taking pictures, drawing diagrams, videotaping, saving your work, etc. You have probably also settled into something of a routine. Show us how you work together. Along the way we will offer several ideas about what to look for. For example, where is the borderline between "routine" and "improvised"? This will be important in the coming weeks as we mess with the traditional concepts of systems analysis. This is the first week of a six-week iterative design exercise.Assignment for week 7: Ontology of collaborative work. Data modeling is the only idea from traditional systems analysis that is intellectually hard, so we will spend some extra time in class working an example of it. Then your assignment will be to model the data that will be required to implement one or more of your prospective services. Whereas earlier assignments have called on you to invent your own representation schemes, for this assignment we'll have you use a conventional notation scheme for data models. Having done so, sketch an information service that you might like to design to support collaborative work activities.Assignment for week 8: Service design. Now it is time to spell out the details of a potential information service for collaborative work. To prepare for this, think about your service from several angles. What institutional roles are people playing as they use the service? Where are they located? What actions do they need to take? Who gets access to what information? Who creates the data that goes in the databases? Which parts of the data should be structured, and what should the structure be? What existing services does your service exchange data with? And so on. Having explored all of these questions, draw a dataflow diagram for the service you are designing, decomposing the design into enough component processes and databases to get a clear idea of its properties.Assignment for week 9: Information ing cardboard, crayons, glue, and other materials found in kindergarten classrooms, build a mockup of one or more of your services. Show what your service will look like in practice, and tell us how it is comprehensible. We will have discussed some examples of information design, including several that have nothing to do with computers. We wantcomputers to be more like the diagrams in Edward Tufte's books. We also want them to be more like the information appliances that Norman argues for.Assignment for week 10: Service architecture. Having sketched first the insides and then the outsides of your service, it will be time to return to the inside, applying serious architectural concepts this time. How are the processes and databases that comprise your service divided among the various networked devices that they run on? You will have been reading Messerschmidt throughout the quarter, and this is where you will apply everything in that book.Assignment for finals week.We don't imagine that anyone will be around during finals week to see your work, and so instead we will have each group videotape a final presentation that we can put on the Web. This will include your service mockup, its information design and internal architecture, how it works cognitively, how the information flows, and generally how it works as a service in the full sense.MIS Application Server: Easy back-end adminstrationAccurate information is the first step to better planning, reporting and analysis. In many companies, however, this information is stored in several formats across multiple locations. MIS Application Server brings this information together in a single analytic platform.Test thousands of scenariosHow much revenue will our new product generate? Should we split our sales cost center into direct and indirect sales? What if I only invested, 10% of my marketing budget into advertising?Managers test these and thousands of other scenarios during each and every budget planning. Let MIS Application Server support you throughout the process. Its unique “splashing” technology automatically allocates your budget into different projects –down to any desired level of detail. Once you are satisfied with your results, just write back your finalized budget into the database, where you can later access it for comparing budget-actual variances.When changes arise in your budget structure, you can update these quickly from a familiar Excel environment. This unparalleled planning flexibility is powered by the multidimensional real-time OLAP database, MIS Alea.信息系统分析和设计这种重建“系统分析和设计”的古典计算机科学题目 -- 绘图资料流动和数据模型 -- 从工业设计图得到的一种框架。
《信息系统分析与设计》
《信息系统分析与设计》在当今数字化的时代,信息系统已经成为了企业和组织运营的核心支撑。
无论是大型企业的复杂业务流程,还是小型创业公司的创新服务,都离不开高效、可靠的信息系统。
而信息系统分析与设计,则是构建这些系统的关键环节。
信息系统分析与设计到底是什么呢?简单来说,它是一个从无到有创建信息系统的过程,包括理解用户需求、定义系统功能、设计系统架构、选择技术方案,以及最终实现和测试系统的一系列活动。
这个过程就像是建筑师设计和建造一座大楼,需要精心规划、合理布局,以满足居住者的各种需求。
首先,信息系统分析是整个过程的基础。
它就像是医生的诊断,需要深入了解业务的现状和问题,找出痛点和需求。
分析师要与各个部门的人员进行沟通交流,收集大量的信息。
这可能包括日常的工作流程、数据的产生和使用方式、现有系统的优缺点等等。
通过这些工作,分析师能够描绘出一幅清晰的业务图景,为后续的设计工作提供坚实的依据。
比如说,在一个电商企业中,分析师要了解客户下单的流程、库存管理的方式、物流配送的环节等等。
可能会发现客户在下单时经常遇到页面加载慢的问题,库存数据不准确导致超卖或缺货,物流信息更新不及时让客户无法准确追踪包裹。
这些问题就是需要通过信息系统的改进来解决的。
在完成了详细的分析之后,就进入了信息系统设计阶段。
设计阶段就像是根据诊断结果开出的药方,要确定系统的架构、模块划分、数据库结构、用户界面等等。
这需要综合考虑业务需求、技术可行性、成本预算、性能要求等多方面的因素。
以刚刚提到的电商企业为例,设计师可能会决定采用分布式的服务器架构来应对高并发的访问,将系统划分为订单管理、库存管理、物流管理等多个模块,设计一个易于操作和查询的数据库结构,以及一个简洁美观、响应迅速的用户界面。
在信息系统设计中,技术选型也是非常重要的一环。
如今,技术发展日新月异,有各种各样的编程语言、数据库管理系统、框架和工具可供选择。
选择合适的技术,不仅能够提高开发效率,还能保证系统的性能和可扩展性。
信息系统分析与设计
信息系统分析与设计
信息系统分析与设计是指对信息系统的需求进行分析和设计的过程。
在当今信息社会中,信息系统的作用越来越重要,而信息系统的设计质量
直接影响了企业的竞争力和发展速度。
因此,进行信息系统分析与设计具
有重要的意义。
首先,信息系统分析与设计需要对用户的需求进行分析。
这包括对用
户的需求进行调研和收集,了解用户对信息系统的功能和性能方面的需求。
通过和用户的沟通和交流,我们可以进一步明确用户的需求,并确定信息
系统应具备的功能和特性。
接下来,信息系统分析与设计需要进行系统分析。
系统分析是指对已
有的系统进行调研和评估,找出现有系统的问题和不足,并确定改进的方向。
这包括对系统的运行效率、稳定性、安全性等方面进行评估和分析,
为后续的设计和改进提供依据。
最后,信息系统分析与设计需要进行系统的实施和测试。
系统的实施
是指将设计好的系统代码和数据库部署到实际的运行环境中,并进行调试
和配置,确保系统能够正常运行。
系统的测试则是指对系统进行各种测试,包括功能测试、性能测试和安全性测试等,以确保系统的质量和稳定性。
总结来说,信息系统分析与设计是一个非常重要的环节,它直接影响
到信息系统的运行效果和用户的满意度。
通过对用户需求的分析和系统分析,可以设计出满足用户需求并且能够稳定运行的信息系统。
因此,对信
息系统分析与设计的重视对于企业的发展非常重要。
信息系统分析与设计
信息系统分析与设计信息系统在现代社会中起着重要的作用,对于企业和组织来说,信息系统的设计和分析是至关重要的。
本文将分析信息系统的概念、特点以及相关设计和分析方法,以帮助读者更好地理解和运用信息系统。
一、信息系统概念和特点信息系统是由人、技术、数据、流程和环境等要素构成的一个整体,用于收集、存储、处理和传递信息,以支持组织的运作和决策。
信息系统具有以下特点:1. 自动化:信息系统能自动收集、处理和传递信息,提高了工作效率,减少了人工错误。
2. 实时性:信息系统能够及时获取和传递数据,使管理者能够快速做出决策,提高组织的响应速度。
3. 集成性:信息系统能够整合各个部门和功能的数据和流程,实现信息的共享和交流,提高协作效率。
二、信息系统分析与设计方法为了设计和构建高效、可靠的信息系统,需要采用适当的分析与设计方法。
下面列举了几种常用的方法:1. 需求分析:通过与用户的交流和访谈,明确系统的需求和功能,为后续设计和开发提供清晰的目标和方向。
2. 数据流图法:通过绘制数据流图,描述信息系统中数据的流动和处理过程,识别出系统中的各个功能模块和数据流,为后续的系统设计提供基础。
3. 结构化分析:通过建立数据字典和数据结构,对系统进行模块化和层次化,从而便于后续的系统设计和实现。
4. 对象建模法:通过识别出系统中的对象(类)以及对象之间的关系,建立对象模型,以支持系统设计和开发。
5. 系统评估:在设计和开发完成后,通过对系统进行测试和评估,检查系统的性能和可靠性,保证系统达到预期的目标。
三、信息系统分析与设计的实际案例以某电商公司为例,展示信息系统分析与设计的实际应用。
1. 需求分析:与电商公司的管理人员和员工进行需求访谈,确认系统需求,如商品管理、订单管理、用户管理等。
2. 数据流图法:绘制商品流动图,明确商品从供应商到仓库再到用户的流程,识别出系统中的各个功能模块。
3. 结构化分析:建立商品数据字典和数据结构,将商品管理系统进行层次划分,如商品信息管理、库存管理、价格管理等。
信息系统分析与设计
信息系统分析与设计信息系统分析与设计是指通过对信息系统中的问题进行分析与研究,找到最佳的设计方案,从而提高系统的效率和性能。
本文将对信息系统分析与设计的基本概念、方法和步骤进行探讨。
一、概述信息系统分析与设计是一个涉及多个学科和技术领域的综合性工程,旨在构建一个能满足用户需求和系统目标的高效、可靠、安全的信息系统。
它主要包括需求分析、系统设计、系统开发、系统测试和系统维护等环节。
二、需求分析需求分析是信息系统分析与设计的重要环节,它是为了确保系统能够满足用户需求而进行的一系列活动。
在需求分析阶段,需要进行用户需求的调研和收集,并将其转化为系统需求规格说明书。
同时,需求分析还需要考虑系统的功能、性能、安全性等方面的要求。
三、系统设计系统设计是根据需求分析阶段得到的系统需求规格说明书,进行逻辑设计和物理设计的过程。
在逻辑设计阶段,需要确定系统的架构、模块划分和功能流程图等;在物理设计阶段,需要选择适当的硬件设备和软件平台,并进行数据库设计和界面设计。
四、系统开发系统开发是在系统设计的基础上,进行程序编写、数据库实施和系统集成等活动的过程。
在开发过程中,需要按照设计要求进行编码,并进行单元测试和集成测试等环节,以确保系统的正确性和稳定性。
五、系统测试系统测试是对已开发的系统进行功能测试、性能测试和安全测试等的过程。
其中功能测试是检测系统功能是否符合需求规格说明书;性能测试是评估系统的响应速度和负载能力;安全测试是检验系统的安全性和防护能力。
六、系统维护系统维护是指在系统投入使用后,对系统进行修复性维护、适应性维护和完善性维护等的一系列活动。
系统维护的目的是确保系统能够持续稳定地运行,并及时响应用户的需求变化。
七、总结信息系统分析与设计是一个复杂而重要的领域,它需要综合运用多学科知识和技术手段。
通过对信息系统的分析和设计,可以提高系统的效率和性能,满足用户的需求。
因此,在实际的信息系统开发中,我们应该充分重视信息系统分析与设计的过程,确保系统的质量和可靠性。
信息系统分析与设计
信息系统分析与设计在当今数字化时代,信息系统在各个领域的作用日益重要。
信息系统的分析与设计是确保信息系统能够满足用户需求并在高效、可靠的基础上运行的关键环节。
本文将深入探讨信息系统分析与设计的重要性、流程和关键步骤。
1. 信息系统分析信息系统分析是对现有系统或系统需求进行详细调查和定义的过程。
在信息系统分析阶段,需求分析师需要与用户沟通、了解用户需求,同时进行系统的可行性分析。
这一阶段的主要目的是确保系统的设计能够准确反映用户需求,并且能够在技术和资源上得到支持。
1.1 用户沟通用户沟通是信息系统分析的起点。
需求分析师需要与用户面对面交流,了解用户的工作流程、需求和痛点。
通过深入的讨论,分析师能够获取更准确的需求信息,为后续的设计提供有力支持。
1.2 系统可行性分析在信息系统分析阶段,对系统的可行性进行评估是至关重要的。
分析师需要考虑技术、资源和时间等方面的限制,确保系统的设计能够在这些限制下得以实现。
2. 信息系统设计信息系统设计是在信息系统分析的基础上,根据用户需求和可行性分析结果进行系统结构、功能和界面的设计过程。
设计阶段需要充分考虑系统的可扩展性、安全性和易用性。
2.1 系统结构设计系统结构设计是信息系统设计的核心。
在这一阶段,设计师需要确定系统的模块化结构、数据结构和逻辑流程。
通过合理的系统结构设计,可以提高系统的可维护性和扩展性。
2.2 功能设计功能设计是根据用户需求确定系统功能的过程。
设计师需要将用户需求转化为具体的功能模块,并确定这些功能模块之间的关联和交互。
通过功能设计,可以确保系统满足用户需求并具有良好的用户体验。
3. 总结信息系统分析与设计是信息系统开发过程中不可或缺的环节。
通过深入的需求分析和系统设计,可以确保系统能够有效地满足用户需求,并在高效、可靠的基础上运行。
信息系统分析与设计不仅仅是技术工作,还需要良好的沟通、团队合作和创新能力。
随着信息技术的不断发展,信息系统分析与设计将继续发挥重要作用,推动各行各业向数字化、智能化方向发展。
信息系统分析与设计学习如何分析和设计信息系统
信息系统分析与设计学习如何分析和设计信息系统信息系统分析与设计(Information System Analysis and Design,简称ISAD)是指通过对信息系统的详细研究和分析,确定信息系统的需求,进而设计出满足这些需求的系统。
信息系统在现代社会中起着至关重要的作用,学习如何分析和设计信息系统对于提高我们的技术能力和职业素养至关重要。
首先,分析与设计信息系统需要深入了解需求。
在开始分析和设计信息系统之前,我们需要与相关的利益相关者进行充分的沟通,了解他们的需求和期望。
这可以通过面谈、问卷调查和需求收集工具等方式进行。
只有充分了解利益相关者的需求,才能更好地设计和实现信息系统。
其次,对于信息系统的分析,需要对当前的业务流程进行详细的了解。
通过观察业务流程、收集数据和文档,我们可以深入了解组织内的各个部门、角色以及它们之间的关系。
分析中需要重点关注业务逻辑、数据流、决策制定和资源调配等方面,以便更好地设计信息系统。
在设计信息系统时,我们应该遵循一些基本原则。
首先,我们要遵循“模块化”原则,将信息系统拆分为多个独立的模块,每个模块都有特定的功能和责任。
这有助于提高系统的可维护性和扩展性。
其次,我们应该采用“面向对象”(Object-Oriented)的设计方法,将系统的各个模块抽象为对象,并通过它们之间的交互来实现系统功能。
此外,我们还可以运用“数据驱动”(Data-driven)的设计思想,将数据作为主要驱动力来设计系统。
在信息系统的设计过程中,需要使用一些工具和技术来辅助完成任务。
比如,我们可以使用数据流图(Data Flow Diagram)来描述业务流程和数据流动的情况,用实体关系图(Entity-Relationship Diagram)来表示各个实体之间的关系,以及使用统一建模语言(Unified Modeling Language)来进行系统建模。
此外,我们还可以运用一些结构化方法,如结构化分析与设计(Structured Analysis and Design)、面向对象分析与设计(Object-Oriented Analysis and Design)等,以帮助我们更好地进行信息系统的设计。
信息系统分析与设计
信息系统分析与设计在如今信息化的时代,信息系统的分析与设计变得越发重要。
信息系统的优化与高效运行是企业发展的关键所在。
本文将从信息系统分析的重要性、分析与设计的步骤、以及信息系统的发展趋势三个方面来探讨信息系统分析与设计的相关问题。
首先,我们来讨论信息系统分析的重要性。
信息系统分析是对企业运营过程中的问题进行识别和解决的过程。
通过对现有系统进行分析,可以发现优化的空间,提高企业的运营效率。
此外,信息系统分析还可以帮助企业准确把握市场需求和客户需求,从而有针对性地开发新产品和服务。
因此,信息系统分析对于企业的发展来说是至关重要的。
接下来,我们来探讨信息系统分析与设计的步骤。
首先是需求分析。
在这一阶段,需要和企业管理层、部门负责人等沟通,了解他们的需求和期望。
然后是系统分析。
在这一阶段,需要对现有系统进行全面的调查和分析,找出现有问题和瓶颈。
接着是系统设计。
根据需求分析和系统分析的结果,进行系统设计,包括功能设计、界面设计、数据结构设计等。
最后是系统测试和上线。
系统测试是对设计的系统进行全面测试,确保系统的质量和稳定性。
而上线则是将设计好的系统正式投入使用。
最后,我们来谈谈信息系统的发展趋势。
随着科技的不断发展,信息系统正在朝着更加智能化和自动化的方向发展。
例如,人工智能的应用已经成为信息系统的热点。
通过人工智能技术,信息系统可以更加准确地分析和处理大量的数据,帮助企业做出更加明智的决策。
此外,移动化也是信息系统的一大趋势。
随着智能手机的普及,越来越多的企业将注意力转向移动端的应用和服务,信息系统也不例外。
通过移动化的应用,企业可以更加方便地管理和控制业务流程。
信息系统分析与设计对于企业的发展至关重要。
通过系统的分析与设计,企业可以发现问题、优化流程,从而提高运营效率和满足客户需求。
在信息化的时代,信息系统的发展趋势也值得关注。
智能化和移动化的应用将会为企业带来更多的机遇和挑战。
因此,企业应当重视信息系统分析与设计的重要性,并紧跟信息系统发展的趋势,以提升自身的竞争力和创新能力。
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附录二Information Systems Analysis and DesignThis class reconstructs the classical computer science topics of "systems analysis and design" -- mapping information flows and data modeling -- within a framework derived from industrial design. Compared with the traditional approach, our focus of attention will shift from systems to services, mainframes to networks, the desktop to the street, organizational workplaces to institutionally organized relationships, cognition to physical activity, and individual users to communities of practice. The class will be organized around presentations by interdisciplinary teams, with minimal lecturing and written work. We will attend closely to the design process, and the teams' own experiences will become raw material for their projects.Two books are required: David G. Messerschmitt, Networked Applications: A Guide to the New Computing Infrastructure, Morgan Kaufman, 1999. This is an outstanding plain-language introduction to the structure of modern information systems.Donald A. Norman, The Invisible Computer, MIT Press, 1999. This is a polemic against the personal computer and in favor of a new generation of diverse and specialized computing devices.Another book is recommended:Jeffrey L. Whitten and Lonnie D. Bentley, Systems Analysis and Design Methods, fourth edition, Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1998. This is a thorough introduction to the conventional practice of systems analysis and design. If you are going to work with people who have the conventional training then it will be useful reference book. But as I say, I regard this material as out-of-date.Here are summaries of the group projects from week to week: Assignment for week 2: Team-Building Exercise.Everyone writes down their skill set and gets copies of everyone else's. Class members then form themselves into teams. Each team's members discuss their past and future, and how they complement one another. They draw a diagram that gives clear form to the conclusions they have reached, and they design a presentation around it.Assignment for week 3: Seeing information happen. Each team gets a distinct assignment, all of which involve going out in the world and watching information happen. Bring back what you've observed and show us. If you use what you've learned in other classes about information seeking then that's great. But we really want you to be observant and name things, and learn how to show what you've seen in a way that changes how other people see the world.Assignment for week 4: Growth of the technology.Each team again gets a distinct assignment, this time involving library work on the state of information technology ten years from now. Because of Moore's Law and related phenomena, we can predict reasonably well the quantitative properties of computing. Processors, for example, will be 100 times faster. What about mass storage, memory chips, wireline and wireless bandwidths, penetration rates of the technologies both domestically and globally, and so on? What important standards will be widely deployed by then? Show us what you've found.Assignment for week 5: Layering.Building on last week, we will do an exercise about the concept of a platform: a service upon which a diversity of other services can be built. The hard part is figuring out what belongs in the generic service, and what the interface should look like between the platform and the services that are built on it. This is going to be a central concept for design in the future. By this time we will have discussed several examples of platforms.Assignment for week 6: Show us your collaboration patterns.All the while you've been documenting your team's work process. This might mean keeping notes,taking pictures, drawing diagrams, videotaping, saving your work, etc. You have probably also settled into something of a routine. Show us how you work together. Along the way we will offer several ideas about what to look for. For example, where is the borderline between "routine" and "improvised"? This will be important in the coming weeks as we mess with the traditional concepts of systems analysis. This is the first week of a six-week iterative design exercise.Assignment for week 7: Ontology of collaborative work. Data modeling is the only idea from traditional systems analysis that is intellectually hard, so we will spend some extra time in class working an example of it. Then your assignment will be to model the data that will be required to implement one or more of your prospective services. Whereas earlier assignments have called on you to invent your own representation schemes, for this assignment we'll have you use a conventional notation scheme for data models. Having done so, sketch an information service that you might like to design to support collaborative work activities.Assignment for week 8: Service design. Now it is time to spell out the details of a potential information service for collaborative work. To prepare for this, think about your service from several angles. What institutional roles are people playing as they use the service? Where are they located? What actions do they need to take? Who gets access to what information? Who creates the data that goes in the databases? Which parts of the data should be structured, and what should the structure be? What existing services does your service exchange data with? And so on. Having explored all of these questions, draw a dataflow diagram for the service you are designing, decomposing the design into enough component processes and databases to get a clear idea of its properties.Assignment for week 9: Information ing cardboard, crayons, glue, and other materials found in kindergarten classrooms, build a mockup of one or more of your services. Show what your service will look like in practice, and tell us how it is comprehensible. We will have discussed some examples of information design, including several that have nothing to do with computers. We wantcomputers to be more like the diagrams in Edward Tufte's books. We also want them to be more like the information appliances that Norman argues for.Assignment for week 10: Service architecture. Having sketched first the insides and then the outsides of your service, it will be time to return to the inside, applying serious architectural concepts this time. How are the processes and databases that comprise your service divided among the various networked devices that they run on? You will have been reading Messerschmidt throughout the quarter, and this is where you will apply everything in that book.Assignment for finals week.We don't imagine that anyone will be around during finals week to see your work, and so instead we will have each group videotape a final presentation that we can put on the Web. This will include your service mockup, its information design and internal architecture, how it works cognitively, how the information flows, and generally how it works as a service in the full sense.MIS Application Server: Easy back-end adminstrationAccurate information is the first step to better planning, reporting and analysis. In many companies, however, this information is stored in several formats across multiple locations. MIS Application Server brings this information together in a single analytic platform.Test thousands of scenariosHow much revenue will our new product generate? Should we split our sales cost center into direct and indirect sales? What if I only invested, 10% of my marketing budget into advertising?Managers test these and thousands of other scenarios during each and every budget planning. Let MIS Application Server support you throughout the process. Its unique “splashing” technology automatically allocates your budget into different projects –down to any desired level of detail. Once you are satisfied with your results, just write back your finalized budget into the database, where you can later access it for comparing budget-actual variances.When changes arise in your budget structure, you can update these quickly from a familiar Excel environment. This unparalleled planning flexibility is powered by the multidimensional real-time OLAP database, MIS Alea.信息系统分析和设计这种重建“系统分析和设计”的古典计算机科学题目 -- 绘图资料流动和数据模型 -- 从工业设计图得到的一种框架。