英语语言学知识点
新篇简明英语语言学-Chapter--Four---Syntax
Chapter Four Syntax 句法学一、定义1. syntax句法学：Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.句法学是一门研究语言的规则,这些规则控制句子的形成。
〔把单词凑在一起形成句子〕二、知识点4.2 Category 范畴Syntactic category 句法类型: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called Syntactic category. 单词可以被组成数量相对较小的类别，称为句法类型。
This classification reflects a variety of factors, (1) including the type of meaning that words express, (2) the type of affies that they take, (3) and the type of structures in which they can occur.这种分类反映出各种不同的因素：〔1〕包括单词所表达的意义的类别，〔2〕它们所带词缀的类别，〔3〕它们所能出现的结构的类别。
word level category词层面类型〔对于句法学而言最核心的类型〕1. Major lexical categories 主要词汇类型〔词性〕：名、动、形、副词N, V, Adj, Adv〔open开放性词类,can add new words〕P43图〔在句子构成中起重要作用〕1〕主要词类又称开放词类，可以不断地出现新词。
在英语，它们主要有四类：名词〔N〕： student linguistics lecture动词〔V〕： like red go形容词〔adj〕： tall lovely red副词〔adv〕： loudly constantly hardP134中2. Minor lexical categories 次要词汇类型〔词性〕：限定、程度、量词、助动、介、代、连、叹Det, Deg, Qual, Aux, Prep, Pron, Conj, Int 〔close封闭性词类, words are fixed不添加新词〕P43图2〕次要词类又称闭合词类。
英语语言学知识点总结
英语语言学知识点总结
英语语言学是研究英语语言及其发展历史、语音、语法、词汇、语用等方面的学科。
以下是一些英语语言学的知识点总结:
1. 英语语音学：英语语音学主要研究英语的发音、声调、重音等语音现象。
其中，英语的发音规则主要包括元音、辅音和声调等方面的规则。
2. 英语语法学：英语语法学主要研究英语的语法结构和规则，包括句子结构、时态、语态、名词、形容词、副词等语法范畴。
3. 英语词汇学：英语词汇学主要研究英语的词汇构成、演化和使用情况，包括单词、词组和习语等方面的研究。
4. 英语语用学：英语语用学主要研究英语的语用功能和语境，包括语言交际、暗示、礼貌、语用失误等方面的研究。
5. 英语语音语调学：英语语音语调学主要研究英语的语音语调系统，包括英语的发音、声调、重音、节奏等方面的研究。
6. 英语文体学：英语文体学主要研究英语的文体风格和语言习惯，包括正式文体、口语文体、文学文体等方面的研究。
7. 英语词汇记忆学：英语词汇记忆学主要研究如何有效地记忆英语词汇，包括词汇记忆的方法、技巧和策略等方面的研究。
8. 英语跨文化交际学：英语跨文化交际学主要研究英语在不同文化中的交际和使用，包括跨文化沟通、文化差异、交际礼仪等方面的研究。
以上是一些英语语言学的重要知识点总结，不同学科之间的交叉
和融合也在不断推进着英语语言学的发展。
大一英语专业知识点
大一英语专业知识点英语专业是指通过学习英语语言相关的知识、技能和文化背景，培养学生具备运用英语进行翻译、交流、教学、研究等工作的能力。
以下是大一英语专业的一些知识点：1. 英语语言学英语语言学是研究英语的语音、词汇、句法、语义、语用等方面的学科。
在大一阶段，学生主要学习英语的语音规律、词汇分类及形态变化、句法结构和语义解析等内容。
2. 英美文学英美文学是研究英语文学作品的学科，包括了英国和美国文学的经典作品及作家的研究。
大一时，学生会学习英美文学史的概览，了解不同时期的文学流派、代表作以及对社会历史和文化的反映。
3. 英语写作与口语英语写作与口语是培养学生英语表达能力的重要环节。
学生将学习英语写作的基本技巧，如写作结构、段落组织、逻辑表达等。
同时，口语训练也是重点，包括发音、语调、流利度以及灵活运用词汇和语法等方面。
4. 翻译学翻译学是培养学生英汉互译能力的学科。
学生将学习翻译的理论基础、翻译技巧以及翻译实践，通过课堂练习和译文分析，培养学生的翻译思维和审美能力。
5. 英语语言文化英语语言文化课程旨在让学生了解英语语言所承载的文化背景，包括文化传统、价值观念、社会习俗等。
通过学习英语国家的历史、文化、政治和艺术等方面的知识，学生能更好地理解和应用英语语言。
6. 基础英语知识大一阶段的英语专业还涉及基础英语知识的学习，包括英语语法、词汇积累、阅读理解、听力训练等。
这些基础知识的掌握对于后续学习其他专业课程以及英语交流能力的提高至关重要。
总结起来，大一英语专业的知识点主要包括英语语言学、英美文学、英语写作与口语、翻译学、英语语言文化以及基础英语知识。
通过系统的学习和实践，学生将逐渐掌握英语专业所需的语言技能和文化素养，并为今后的学习和职业发展奠定坚实基础。
专八语言学知识要点
第三章英语语言学第一节语言学基本概念知识点较多，但是多集中于基本概念和运用，不需要深入挖掘，记住基本概念即可。
1 语言的特点和功能特点：Creativity 可创造性Duality 两重性（声音和意义）Arbitrariness 任意性Displacement 移位性Cultural Transmission 文化传递性Interchangeabilty 可交换性Reflexivity 自反性人类的语言可以描述语言本身功能：Informative 信息功能（功能语言学中称之为ideational function）Interpersonal 人际功能通过语言来建立社会联系Performative 施为功能通过语言来完成任务，来自于语用学Emotive 感情功能可以改变听者的感情Phatic Communion 交感功能特定的表达方式来维护关系，例如打招呼Recreational 娱乐功能，例如唱歌Metalingual 元语言功能可以用语言来谈论语言本身2 语言学的主要分支内部分支：Phonetics 语音学Articulatory Phonetics 发音语音学语音产生Acoustic Phonetics 声学语音学研究物理特性Auditory Phonetics 听觉语音学发音的潜在机制Consonants / VowelsPhonology 音系学研究语音和音节结构分布和排列Phone 音素语言的一个单元或是音段Phoneme 音位在语言中具有区别意义的最小的语言单位Allophones 音位变体put spanContrastive Distribution 对立分析能够找到的最小的语音对bear pearComplementary Distribution 互补分析从不在相同环境出现的音位变体peak speakFree Variation 自由变体同一个词由于某个原因发了两个音，这种差异可能来源于方言或是习惯increaseSuprasegemental Features 超音段特征（音节、重音、音调、语调）Morphology 形态学研究英语中最小单位——语素和成词过程，即单词的内部构造Morpheme 词素最小的有意义的语言单位Free Morpheme 自由语素（有自己构成英语单词的称为此，是单词root/stem）和BoundMorpheme 粘连语素（需要和自由语素联合构成单词的称为此，是词缀，进一步分为Inflectional Affixes 屈折词缀，在现代英语中主要指单复数，时态比较级等等和Derivational Affixes 派生词缀，这是形成新词的关键）。
英语语言学概论知识点总结
英语语言学概论知识点总结English linguistics is a fascinating field that delves into the structure, variation, and evolution of the English language. It encompasses phonetics, which studies the sounds of speech, and phonology, the system of sounds in a language.Morphology, the study of word formation, and syntax, which examines sentence structure, are crucial components of linguistics. They reveal how words are constructed and how they combine to form meaningful sentences.Semantics, the study of meaning in language, and pragmatics, which looks at language in use and the context in which it is spoken, help us understand how language conveys information and intention.Sociolinguistics explores the relationship between language and society, including how dialects and accents vary across different social groups and regions.Psycholinguistics, on the other hand, investigates the cognitive processes involved in language acquisition and use, shedding light on how we learn and understand language.Historical linguistics traces the development of the English language over time, from its roots in Old English through to the modern language we speak today.Finally, applied linguistics takes the theoretical knowledge from these areas and applies it to real-world problems, such as language teaching, translation, and language policy development.In summary, English linguistics offers a comprehensive view of the language, from its smallest units to its role in society, and from its past to its present and future forms.。
教师资格证科目三-英语语言学知识点整理
第一个辅音字母归前，第二个归后； 截短法 clipping：通过删掉一个或更多音节
affricative;nasals;liquids/lateral;glides;
d)两个元音字母并列且无固定发音，各 的方式缩短多音节词的方法；
2) place of articulation
自划为前后两个音节。
缩合法 blending：通过将不同的非词素部分
3）phonemic contrast: vet wet
曲折词素 inflectional morpheme：只改变 phrasse
tongue:
4）allophone 音位变体：/p/ /t/ /k/ /g/ 语法属性，不构成新词，如变复数，过去式 限定词 determiner
front vowel / central vowel / back vowel
知识点
classification of english speech sounds
1 相关术语
1 词素分类-最小的有意义的语言单位，不能 句法范畴 syntactic categories
依据: the obstruction of airstream
1）音位 phoneme :能辨别意义的最小语 再分，词素的功能就是构成单词；
2 音系规则 phonological rules
等，只有后缀形式；
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
形容词 adjective
b)the highest tongue rising:
1）序列规则：sequential rule
派生词素 derivational morpheme：改变 副词 adverb
high vowel / middle vowel / low vowel
英语语言学-语言学知识点 PPT
buy : sell lend : borrow give : receive parent : child husband : wife
teacher : student above : below before : after host : guest employer : employee
语言学知识点
大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流
可以互相讨论下，但要小声点
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
How speech sounds are made
fast (adj) and fast (n)
如何区分同音同形和一词多义现象:
beauty, fish, ball, scale beauty: 美丽；美女 fish: 鱼；鱼肉；水生动物；捕鱼；寻找 ball: 球；舞会 scale: 规模；鱼鳞 看其多个意义之间是否有关联，如果有就是一
The principal suprasegmentals are:
Ludwig Wittgenstein: ‘The meaning of a word is its use in the language’.
Meaning is studied by making detailed analyses of the way words and sentences are used in specific contexts.
As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
英语 语言学 知识点整理
★Haliday—child language. Macrofunctions: ideational, interpersonal, textual.★what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?Phonetics----the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words. The study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.Chapter2 Phonology★three branches of phonetics:①Articulatory —describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. ②Auditory-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal. ③Acoustic-–studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer.★Organs of Speech : Pharyngeal cavity–咽腔Oral cavity–口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal cavity–鼻腔★Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. (leaf /l/) ★Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.(dark /l/~)★Phonetics and Phonology区别: are concerned with the same aspect of language- the speech sounds. ①Phonetics: it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; phonetic features they possess; how they can be classified, etc. ②Phonology: it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.★rules in Phonology:①Sequential rules: Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. ②Assimilation rules: The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by’ copying ’a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.③Deletion rule: It’s a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented.★Suprasegmental超切分特征: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress ,intonation and tone.(intonation: when pitch, stress and sound lenth are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation. //tone: Tone are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Tone is a suprasegmental feature.)Chapter3 Morphology★open class words: new words can be added to these classes regularly. Such as nouns, verbs,adjectives and adverbs. Such as Beatnik. Closed class words:conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of the grammatical or functional words. The number of such words is small and stable since few new words are added.Chapter4 Syntax★determine a word’s category:①meaning. Word categories often bear some relationship with its meaning. The meaning associated with nouns and verbs can be elaborated in various ways. The property or attribute of the entities denoted by nouns can be elaborated by adjectives.(pretty lady, attribute the property “pretty”to the lady.) ②inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. Such nouns as boy and desk take the plural affix -s. Verbs such as work and help take past tense affix -ed and progressive affix -ing. ③distribution. That is what type of elements can co-occur with a certain word. For example, the girl and a card ④小结A word's distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.★phrase包括: head, specifier, complement. ①The word round which phrase is formed is termed head. ②The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers. Specifiers have both special semantic and syntactic roles: Semantically, they help make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, they typically make a phrase boundary. ③The words on the right side of the heads are complements. Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head. They are attached to the right of the head in English.★phrase structure rule: The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.★XP rule: In all phrases, the specifier is attached at the top level to the left of the head while the complement is attached to the right. These similarities can be summarized as an XP rule, in which X stands for the head N,V,A or P. (XP-----> (specifier) X (complement))★coordination rule:Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or. Such phenomenon is known as coordination. Such structure are called coordination structure. (Four important properties:①There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction. ②A category at any level (a head or an entire XP) can be coordinated. ③Coordinated categories must be of the same type. ④The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.) Coordination Rule: X------ > X *Con X)★deep structure and surface structure: There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). //The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).Chapter 5 Semantics★The naming theory: (Greek scholar Plato) According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things.★The conceptualist view: It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through themediation of concepts in the mind.★Contextualism: (J.R. Firth) people should be studied in terms of situation, use, context—elements closely linked with language behaviour. It’s based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context. {A) the situational context: Every utterance occurs in a particular situation, the main components of which include, the speaker and the hearer, the actions they are performing, the various objects and events existent in the situation.-----The seal could not be found. B) the linguistic context: co-text, is concerned with the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation with another word, which forms part of the “meaning” of the word, and also with the part of text that precedes and follows a particular utterance.-----black coffer& black hair.}★Sense refers to the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, which is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it’s abstract and de-contextualized. //Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it is a matter of relationship between the form and reality. //关系: ①Linguistic forms, having the same sense, may have different reference in different situations. ②Linguistic forms with the same reference may differ in sense.-----morning star= evening star. ③Linguistic forms may have sense, but have no reference in the real world.------dragon, ghost.★Hyponymy:It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.★X entails Y: entailment: the relationship between two sentences where the truth of one is inferred from the truth of the other. E.g. Cindy killed the dog entails the dog is dead. (X :John married a blond heiress. Y: John married a blond.)★componential analysis: an approach to analyze the lexical meaning into a set of meaning components or semantic features. For example, boy may be shown as [+human] [+male] [-adult]. semantic features:The smallest units of meaning in a word, which may be described as a combination of semantic components. For example, woman has the semantic features [+human] [-male] [+adult]. //Advantages: by specifying the semantic features of certain word, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.★Predication Analysis:①The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components, that is, the meaning of a sentence is not to be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. E.g: The dog bit the man. & The man bit the dog.②There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. Grammaticality: grammatical (well-formedness); Semantically meaningful: selectional restrictions. (selectional restriction: Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by the rules called selectional restrictions, i.e. constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.)……(consist of predicate and argument)Chapter 6 pragmatics★Context(John Firth): The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language, it’s generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. ★Speech act theory(John Austin)★Searle’s Classification of Speech Acts: 1 representatives: Stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true. 2 directives: Trying to get the hearer to do something. 3commisives: Committing the speaker himself to some future course of action. 4 expressives: Expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state. 5 declaration: Bring about immediate changes by saying something. ///Conclusion: All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose but differ in their strength or force.★cooperative Principle(CP): Proposed by Paul Grice, the principle that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate in making conversation, otherwise, it would be impossible to carry on the talk.★Historical linguistics: a branch of linguistics, is mainly concerned with both the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time.★semantic broadening: when the meaning of a word becomes broader, it may include all the meanings it used to mean, and then more. Such as holiday, which originally meant holy day, but it means any day which we don’t have to work.★semantic narrowing: semantic change has narrowed the meaning of some words. such as deer(any animal—a particular kind of animal)★semantic shif t: a lexical item may undergo a shift in meaning is the third kind of semantic change.★sociolinguistics: is the sub-field of linguistic that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.★Inter-relationship between language and society:A) language is used not only to communicate meaning, but also establish and maintain social relationships. B) Users of the same language in a sense all speak differently, due to their social backgrounds. C) Language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. E.g. there is only one word in English for snow, and there are several in Eskimo.D) Language is related to the structure if the society in which it is used, therefore, judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social rather than linguistic.E.g. the use of postvocalic [r] in England and in New Y ork city.★speech community: the social group that is singled out for any special study.★speech variety: refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers. i.e. regional dialects, sociolects, registers★Register: in a restricted sense, refers to the variety of language related to one’s occupation. In a broader sense, the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. {A) Field of discourse---- topic: the purpose and subject matter of the communicative behavior.---- why/ what---vocabulary, phonological, grammatical features B) Tenor of discourse---- role: participants and in what relationship they stand to each other. ---- formality/ technicality of the language we use. C) Mode of discourse ---- means of communication.-----how ( speaking or writing).}★degree of formality: intimate; casual; consultative; formal; frozen★culture: A）In a broad sense: Culture means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. B) In a narrow sense: Culture may refer to a local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc.★The relationship between language and culture:①language as an integral part of human being permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world. It both expresses and embodies cultural reality. ②reflects and affects a culture’s way of thinking and helps perpetuate and change the culture and its influence, which also facilitates the development of this language at the same time. ③language is a part of culture.★Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: A belief that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by their structure of their native language.------interdependence of language and thought….(there are two interpretations: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior. The weak one holds that the former influences the later.)★Greetings and terms of address:A) People in different countries choose the proper greetings to greet different people they meet on different occasions. B) The terms of address can be different in different countries. C) Chinese people will also extend kinship terms and indicate people’s influential st atus.★cultural overlap: The situation between two societies due to some similarities in the natural environment and psychology of human being★cultural diffusion: Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B, thus bringing about cultural diffusion.★linguistics imperialism: it is a kind of kind of linguicism which can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the world-wide expansion of one language.★language acquisition: It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. (the behaviourist, the innatist{ LAD= Language Acquisition Device}, the interactionist view{motherese, child directed speech, caretaker talk}★under-extension: Use a word with less than its usual range of denotation. E.g, baby uses animal to refer to cat, but denies the bird belongs to an animal.★over-extension:Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children. E.g, baby uses apple for all fruit.★Atypical Development:hearing impairment, mental retardation, autism, stuttering, aphasia, dyslexia, dysgraphia.★second language acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.★Connection between first language acquisition and second language acquisition: ①Theoretically----The new findings and advances in fist language acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. ②Practically------The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. ③second language acquisition is different from first language acquisition and the second language learners generally fail to attain native-like competence. ★interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions. It is also called learner language.-- its main feature is fossilization.★overgeneralization: The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable. E.g: Jane suggested me to give up smoking (×).★cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association. E.g. The apricot is too sour to eat it(×). ★Individual Differences:①Language aptitude ②motivation（instrumental motivation; integrative motivation; resultative motivation; intrinsic motivation pleasure from learning.）③learning strategie (cognitive strategies; metacognitive strategies; affect/ social strategies)④Age of Acquisition. ⑤Personality★Neurolinguistics: is the study of language disorders and the relationship between the brain and language. It includes research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.★Aphasia refers to a number of acquired language disorder due to the cerebral lesions caused by vascular problems, a tumor, an accident and so on.★psycholinguistics is the study of psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. It concerns the representation of language in the mind, the planning, production, perception and comprehension of speech, and language acquisition.front central backClose (high) i:I u:uSemi-close (middle)eз:。
英语语言学语言学知识点课件
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 5） Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）:
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• 2）Duality（二层性）:
• 定义：the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.
语言学知识点
英语语言学语言学知识点
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•I 语言学导论 •II 语言学主要分支学科 •III 语言学的流派和理论
英语语言学语言学知识点
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I 语言学导论
1. design feature of language
（语言的定义特征）
2. Language Families (世界语言分类)
3. important distinctions in linguistics (语言学 研究中几对重要的概念)
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• 4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics • (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) • 1) descriptive & prescriptive • 2) synchronic & diachronic
• 3) langue & parole
• 4) competence & performance
简明英语语言学知识点汇总
新编简洁英语语言学知识点汇总1Introduction Whatis linguistics?①t ry to answer the basic questions and probe into various problems related to language;②l inguistics studies not any particular language but languagein general;③s cientific study because based on systematic investigation oflinguistic data.The scope of linguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called general linguistic. phonetics Study the sounds used in linguistic studyphonology How sounds put together and convey meaning morphology The way symbols representing sounds are arrangedand combined to form wordssyntax Rules governing the combination of wordssemantics The study of meaningpragmatics Study the meaning in contextAbove are major or core branches of linguistics;Following are linguistics link with other disciplines.sociolinguistics language and society psycholinguisticsHowinfant acquire mother tongue,processinformationlanguage and brainApplied linguistics Applied to the recovery oflanguage,language acquisitionSome important distinctions in linguisticsprescriptiveAims to lay down rules for“ correct & standard ”whatever occurs in thelanguage people use should bedescribed and analyzed)synchronicdiachronicThe description of a languageThe description of a languageat some point of timeas it changes through time① Difficult to describe the changes that have taken placein its historical development;② Synchronic description are often thought of as beingdescriptions of a language in its current existence.speech writingdescriptiveDescribe and analyze thelanguage actuallyuse(modern linguists believe thatSpeech is prior to writing:①writing system is always “invented ”by the users to record the speech when the need arises;②speech plays a greater role in terms of amount of conveying information;③ speech is always the way native speaker acquire their mother tongue while writing is learn and taught in school;④spoken language reveals more feature of human speech,whichis authentic while written language is only the revised record of speech.Langue 语言Parole语言The realization of language in Abstract linguistic system;actual use;Concrete;Relatively stable Vary from person to person &situation to situationProposed by Swiss linguist Saussure in the early 20th century:parole is a mass of linguistic facts,to abstract langue from parole.competence performanceThe actual realization of this The ideal user ’s knowledge ofknowledge in linguisticthe rules of his languagecommunication. proposed by American linguist, Similar to Saussure,whatlinguists should study is the ideal speaker ’s competence,notthe performance.Difference:Saussure took sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social convention;whileChomsky looks at psychological point and to him competence isa property of the mind of each individual.Traditional grammar Modern linguisticsPrescriptive;Descriptive;written language is primary;Spoken language is primary;Force language into a Trying to set up a universalLatin-based framework;frameworkModern linguistics begin from the publication of Sassure’sbook course in general linguisticsWhat is languageDefinitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Characteristics:①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsicconnection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well;③language is vocal because the primary mediumfor all language is sound;④language is human -specific,different from animal communication.Design features of languageProposed by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal &human communication are five major design features of human language:①arbitrarinessNo logical connection between meaning and sounds(exceptonomatopoetic and compound words)②p roductivityIt makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signalby its users.③dualityLanguage is a system which consists of two structures.At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level ofsystem(carp& park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;④DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers;⑤c ultural transmissionWhile humancapacity for language has a genetic basis,the details of any language systems are not genetically transmitted, but instead have tobe taught and learned.(language is cultural transmitted[language notmutually intelligible] while animal call system is geneticallytransmitted)Functions of languageThree main functions of language which distinct from each otherbut actually overlapping to some degree:①d escriptive functionThe primary function of language;The Sichuan earthquake is the most serious one China has ever suffered.②expressive functionand Supply information about the user ’s feeling,preference,prejudicesvalue, will never come to this coffee shop again.③social functionServes to establish and maintain social relations between people. Howcan I help you, Sir?Others:Russian-born structuralRoman Jakobson：six elemenslinguist (function)of a speech:意动 ) context -referential Addresser -emotive ( 动机 ) addressee -conative( message-poetic contact -phaticcommunion code- metalinguisticBritish linguistic Halliday:①ideational function( 语篇功能 )[included descriptive & expressivefunctin] is to organize the speaker’s experience of the real or imaginary world.②interpersonal function is to indicate ,establish,or maintain social relationship between people.[social function]③textual function is to organize written or spoken texts to coherewithin themselves and fit to the particular situation in which they are used.The phonic medium of languageSpeech sounds produced by human speech organTwo major media of communication:speech and writing;what is phonetics?The study of phonic mediumof language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occurs in the world’s language.Articulatory phonetics(发音语言学)Longest Three branches Auditory phonetics(听觉语言学)Acoustic phonetics(声学语言学)organs of speechPharyngeal cavity(咽喉 )Nasal cavity（鼻腔）简洁英语语言学知识点汇总Oral cavity（口腔）Voicing:vibration of the vocal cordsVocal glotorthgraphic representation of speech sounds :broad & narrowcords tisInternational phonetic alphabet:letter ai→soundsBroad(used in textbook):letter symbols [p]lun h Narrow: letter symbols + diacritics(变音符 )[p it] [spit]gh→aspiration[phonetician more interested in]classification of English speech soundsLabio-Dental Alveloar VelarBilabialdental Palatal Glottal（齿（齿龈（软Total（双唇音）（唇齿（腭音）（喉音）音）音）腭）obstruction音）StopsVL p f t k (闭塞音)PartialVD b v d g obstructionFricativeVL o s f h （摩擦音）omplete at firstelease slowly with VD d z gartial obstructionAffricatesVL tf tf（塞擦音）VD dg dgNasalsVD m n n （鼻音）LiquidsVD L,r（流音）GlidesVDwj（滑音）Monophthongs ：closeSemi-closeSemi-openfrontI: Ie centrale:ebackU: uC:openae a^D a:phonologyphonology & phoneticsP h o n o l o g y v s p h o n e t i c sphone phoneme allophonePhoneticSpeech soundsphonemic contrastcomplementary distributionminimal pairsome rules in phonology Sequential rules assimilation rule deletion rulePhonological featuresthat occur above the level of segments)suprasegmental features(phonemicunitDark l &Pill bill Stress : N & v[p][clear lProducedForm patters &Tone ： 四声Different phonesGovern the combination of representinga phonemein Intonation： diffrenty convey different meaning even the sentences unchangedsounds, convey meaningfeatures &3.Morphologydifferent phonetic. Word begin with a [l] orenvironmentGrammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure[r],nextsound must be a vowelWord: the smallest free form found in languageMorpheme: the smallest unit of meaningRoot stem baseAssimilate one sound toanother by copying a feature Root: believeof sequential phoneme,makingStem: believable (除去全部的语法成份 , 留下词根和派生成份 )Base ： unbelievable (un two phones similar的词基 )Derivational morpheme:change category grammatical class of wordsPrefix:change meaningTo tell us when a sound is to be deletedalthough it is orthographicallySuffix: change meaning and parts of speechInflectional morpheme:signify tense number caseWord formation:① Clipping （shortening & abbreviation）[no change of part of speech]gym expo memo disco burger quake fridge script②back-formation [changeof part of speech]editor-edit hawker-hawk beggar-beg baby-sister--baby-sitButcher-butch donation-donate orientation-orient(ate)③ conversion(functional shift):N-v v-n a-v a-n ④acronyms [pronouncedas words]CEO B2B IT CPI IAD WTO BBS(FOR BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEM) APEC AIDS UNESCO UCLA IDD⑤initialism[produced as letters]FBI EEC⑥blendingSmoke+fog=smogTaikong+astronaut=taikonaut⑦compoundingBittersweet landlady⑧onomatopoeiaBlast rustle5.SemanticsSome views concerning the study of meaning:1) the naming theory,plato,words→objects Limitations:√N ×ADJ ADV V√Concrete×abstract2)the conceptualist viewSemantic triangle,ogden & richardswords→mind→wordsLimitations:what is the precisely link symbol and concept unclarify 3)Contextualism简洁英语语言学知识点汇总Firth。
初中英语教资考试知识点超详细考点总结
第一局部语言知识及能力第一章英语语言知识二、语音〔〕P781、语音分类发音方式发音部位- 清浊音〔〕- 浊辅音〔〕2、音系学〔〕P79（1）同化规那么〔〕顺同化〔前面带偏后面〕逆同化〔后面带偏前面〕互一样化（2）音节〔〕重音〔〕声调〔〕（3）语音变化〔〕连读爆破音失去爆破；不完全爆破鼻腔爆破；舌边爆破三、形态学〔〕1、词素重点！P87〔1〕自由词素；黏着词素〔2〕词根；词缀〔前缀、后缀〕；词干〔3〕屈折词缀不同形式〔4〕派生词缀改变词性与意义2、〔1〕屈折变化不同形式〔2〕词的形成：复合法派生法〔前缀化后缀化〕3、常见构词法P89新创词；混成法截断法；首字母连写词首字母拼音词；逆构词法类似构词借词法：借词〔法语中借来〕混合借词〔本国加外来〕转移借词〔借用意义〕翻译借词〔从别种语言翻译而来〕4、词义变化词义扩大小鸟鸟类；词义缩小年轻人女孩词义转移；词性转换；俗词源〔错多了成了对的〕四、句法学〔〕P911、句法关系组合关系〔〕构成同一形式、序列或构造聚合关系〔〕各要素可相互替换共现关系〔不同集合的词语一起组成句子〕2、句子构造与成分直接成分分析法〔分析法〕. 用树形图〔〕一般句子，主谓宾之类的向心构造一个词或词组可以确定为中心〔〕或中心词〔〕一般名词/动词/形容词短语离心构造没有确定的中心或中心词 . 一般动宾/系表构造深层构造〔含义一样，说法不同〕表层构造〔句子表述方式〕五、语义学〔〕P931、涵义关系〔〕词汇关系（1）同义关系〔〕同义词文体差异() ；地域差异搭配差异()() ；情感差异；语义差异（2）反义关系〔〕反义词意义相反词等级反义互补反义反向反义关系（3）上下义关系〔〕种类与成员包括上坐标词〔〕与下义词〔〕（4）一词多义〔〕（5）同音/同形异义现象〔〕同音异义同形异义完全同音同形异义岸边；银行2、句子逻辑关系充分必要条件“S P〞P就是S的真值条件〔〕P（1）同义关系“X Y.〞同真同假P95（2）矛盾关系“X Y.〞一真一假（3）蕴含关系“X Y.〞X小，Y大X：Y：（4）预设关系“X Y.〞Y是前提X：Y：a六、语用学〔〕P961、言语行为理论〔〕（1）发话行为〔说话人表达字面意思〕（2）行事行为〔说话人表达意图〕a .（3）取效行为〔作用于听话人的效果〕言外之意〔〕：阐述类；指令类；承诺类；表达类；宣告类2、会话含义理论〔〕违反P97合作原那么〔会话有共同目标〕（1）数量准那么〔信息充分〕（2）质量准那么〔说实话〕（3）相关准那么〔说相关的事〕（4）方式准那么〔清楚简洁防止歧义〕会话含义〔用会话准那么暗示意义〕（1）可推导性〔含义能理解〕（2）可取消性〔〕〔因素变化，含义变化〕（3）不可别离性〔含义依附于内容〕（4）非规约性〔含义不确定〕七、修辞学〔〕问法：修辞策略P981、明喻2、隐喻〔暗含比拟〕3、拟人〔把事物或概念当做人〕4、借代〔用事物的名称代替亲密相关的另一事物〕5、提喻〔局部代替整体或整体代替局部〕6、婉言7、反语〔意思相反〕8、讽喻9、夸大〔夸大或缩小使表达生动有趣〕10、移位修辞11、矛盾修辞12、双关语〔谐音双关；语义双关〕八、语言教学P1001、中介语〔〕2、比照分析〔〕3、错误分析〔〕〔1〕错误〔因为知识缺乏〕失误〔不注意犯错〕〔2〕语际错误〔迁移错误〕因为母语语内错误〔开展性错误〕因为过度概括语言规那么(错) 4、错误性质：省略〔少成分〕；添加〔多成分〕；形式错误〔〕；双重标记〔’t 〕；顺序错误〔〕5、我国外语学习者错误类型〔1〕负迁移/干扰因为母语〔2〕过度类推/过度概括因为过度概括语言规那么〔3〕语用错误违反对方的文化习俗6、第二外语习得理论〔〕〔1〕语言习得与学得假说〔习得与学得两条不同的途径〕〔2〕语言监察假说〔学习者自己监视控制语言输出质量〕〔3〕语言输入假说〔接触理解可理解性语言输入〕〔4〕情感过滤假说〔输入与吸收受到动力、性格、情感状态〕〔5〕自然顺序假说〔可以不按任何语法顺序来教学〕第二章英语语言运用能力一、教学中的非语言交际1、非语言手段P118环境语〔座位安排、时间信息、室内标示装饰、声音灯光等〕客体语〔个人，衣着化装、个人用品等〕2、非语言行为体态语〔身姿、手势、表情、目光〕副语言〔声音音质、音量、语调、语速〕第三章英语国家的语言、历史与文学三、语言、文化与社会1、局部构造P131毗邻对〔〕一轮对话（1）毗邻对的条件相关性〔〕优选构造非优选构造相关缺失（2）毗邻对的扩展根毗邻对〔被其他会话扩展之前的毗邻对〕前扩展，指前序列〔〕，包括邀请、请求、完毕、宣告中扩展，包括插入序列〔〕与旁侧序列〔〕后扩展，指后序列〔〕，包括会话修正与主体化2、会话修正会话修正机制三个局部：修正源〔〕、修正的发起〔〕、修正〔〕词汇启动〔〕非词汇启动〔..〕四、语言及文字1、小说语言P134（1）小说及视角第一人称表达者〔I〕第三人称表达者〔〕（2）语言表达及思想表达直接言语〔“F**k 〞〕间接言语〔〕自由间接言语第二局部语言教学知识及能力第一章初中英语课程标准一、初中英语课程根底知识1、英语课程的性质P149.〔工具性与人文性〕2、英语课程的设计思路5 . 2二、英语课程的分级标准P1541、语言技能〔〕2、语言知识〔〕〔语音、词汇、语法、功能与话题〕3、情感态度〔〕〔兴趣、动机、自信、意志与合作精神；祖国意识与国际视野〕4、学习策略〔〕〔认知、调控、交际、资源〕5、文化意识〔〕〔历史地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、行为标准、文学艺术、价值观念〕三、英语课程的实施建议P1611、教学建议（1）面向全体学生，为每个学生学习英语奠定根底（2）注意语言实践，培养学生的语言运用能力（3）加强学习策略指导，培养学生自主学习能力（4）培养学生的跨文化交际意识，开展跨文化交际能力（5）结合实际教学需要，创造性地使用教材（6）合理利用各种教学资源，提高学生的学习效率（7）组织生动活泼的课外活动，拓展学生的学习渠道（8）不断提高专业水平，努力适应课程要求第二章初中英语教学根本理论一、语言观〔〕P1731、语言的概念a .2、语言的本质特征/设计特性〔〕〔1〕任意性〔表达了规约性〕〔2〕二重性〔, 基层与高层〕〔3〕创造性能产性〔4〕移位性〔赋予, 概括与抽象〕〔5〕文化传习性3、语言的功能〔〕（1）信息功能（2）人际功能（3）施为功能（4）情绪功能（5）应酬功能（6）娱乐功能（7）元语言功能4、语言学角度的语言观（1）构造语言观a : , , .（2）功能语言观a a .（3）交互语言观〔, 交互性与动态〕a , .二、语言学习观〔〕P1761、语言学习理论（1）行为主义学习理论“ a a ( ), 〞.（3）构建主义学习理论a .最近开展区理论三、语言教学观〔〕P1781、语言教学理论〔构造主义教学理论、认知主义教学理论、社会语言学理论〕四、外语教学法的主要流派1、语法翻译法2、听说法〔句型操练、比照分析法〕3、全身反响教学法P1814、认知教学法〔提高, 得体性〕5、交际法〔包含功能与意念〕P183（1）交际能力〔〕语法能力、社会语言能力、语篇能力、策略能力、语言能力、语用能力、流利性〔2〕3P教学模式：6、任务型教学P184（1）目标任务；教学任务（2）任务的四个构成元素：、、、（3）信息差/信息沟〔强调, , , 情景、写作、会话与意义建构〕（5）任务型教学的三个环节：前任务、任务环〔、、〕、语言聚焦〔、〕第三章初中英语语言知识教学一、语音教学P1921、语音教学的内容2、发音知识教学〔, , 单音、字母、音标〕3、语流教学〔, , , 重音、节奏、语调〕4、语音教学的原那么〔, , , , , 准确性、长期性、整体性、交际性、针对性、趣味性原那么〕5、语音的教学方法P195（1）听音感知练习方法：最小对立体()、排序、区分异同、同中选异、填空（2）模仿讲解、、亲自示范，反复模仿、练习（3）发音练习练习方法：听音模仿、填空、借助图片、借助情景造句、运用绕口令（4）语流教学〔见上〕慢动作〔〕二、词汇教学P197 理论构成：承受性/消极词汇与产出性/积极词汇1、教学内容（1）词汇的意义 .a : .词汇意义包括、概念意义与关联意义概念意义：词典中意思，即字面意思/词汇的外延、关联意义：文化含义及语境意义，又称词汇的内涵( )（2）词汇的用法包括：搭配、词组、习语、风格、语域（3）词汇信息包括：词类、前缀、后缀、拼写、发音、语法特征（4）词汇记忆策略防止死记硬背构词法猜想词义2、教学原那么（1）音形义结合、、（2）词块整体教学( 搭配)（3）具体语境中教（4）循序渐进（5）反复练习稳固记忆（6）培养自学词汇能力猜想词义3、教学方法P200（1）呈现词汇:直观呈现构词法、()同义反义词、翻译、举例、问答结合语境/创设情境运用词汇学习策略，如归类/推理/类比/查字典〔2〕稳固词汇：a 贴标签/找茬/描述绘画/玩游戏〔宾果〕/词汇联想三、语法教学P2011、教学内容语法具有三维性：, 形式、意义与用法语义包括语法形式、构造的语法意义与内容意义教学任务：语法规那么的认知/操练/应用、语法意识的生成2、教学原那么〔交际性/实践性、集中分散相结合、趣味性/通俗性〕(1) .(2)'s .(3) .(4) 's .3、教学方法P202〔1〕演绎法〔讲解规那么，结合实例分析用法，句型练习〕: a 脱离上下文（2）归纳法〔学生自行归纳语法规那么〕（3）引导发现法〔学生归纳总结语法规那么，教师强化其形式意义〕四、语篇教学P2041、概念与构造（1）概念语篇可以是、对话、独白，包括书面语、口语，形式上是衔接的，语义上是连贯的（2）构造模式语段/句群、句际关系〔并列、顺序、层递、转折〕（3）衔接手段逻辑纽带〔, , , 〕语法纽带〔时态什么的〕词汇纽带〔重复、()同义/反义词〕’训练方式：’s .a .( )2、教学内涵’ .( , a )3、教学方法P207整体性效能〔用知识迁移实现，重在应用能力培养〕、语篇的整体把握第四章初中英语语言技能教学P212一、听力教学1、影响听力的主要因素（1）客观因素：语言特征〔语速音调停顿连读〕、听力任务、文化背景知识（2）主观因素：心理因素、知识技能因素、方法及策略因素2、听力教学的要领（1）合理选择听力材料〔真实性、可理解性、多样性〕（2）建立专门的听力训练体系（3）优化心理气氛，降低焦虑感〔调动兴趣、放松〕（4）重视听的过程中的技巧训练预测、猜想、连贯记忆〔〕、识别语段标记（5）科学设计听力练习3、听力训练的类型P216（1）精听〔辨音、填空、听写〕听写形式：听释、快速听写、听写大意、完形听写、纠错听写、线索听写（2）泛听( )（3）随意听4、听力教学模式（1）“自下而上〞〔强调语言知识〕（2）“自上而下〞〔侧重背景知识〕5、听力教学的过程P218（1）听前环节〔a 〕（2）听中环节〔辨音、获取主要信息、预测、猜词悟义〕（3）听后环节〔a 作文、讨论〕二、口语教学P2191、口语的特点〔构造不完整性、人与场合严密依存性〕〔1〕语法特征:.语法.俗语( , 歇后语/口语词/俚语/短语动词)构造特征：往往借助补白词〔, , 〕形象特征：说话人的表情、语气及态度等身体语言；音质/声调/重音/停顿（2）口语的交际特点“说〞受语言规那么支配/时间因素制约/对方反响影响2、口语教学的要领（1）在听的根底上培养说的能力〔使输入的信息量大于输出的信息量〕（2）组织多样化的口语活动形式口语活动类型：前交际活动〔操练/模仿/重复〕与交际活动〔信息差活动/解决问题活动/讨论/辩论/采访/游戏〕（3）正确处理准确及流利的关系( ’t )（4）创造浓厚外语气氛，鼓励学生敢说乐说a :（5）合理选择口语组织形式，增加学生开口的时机〔小组形式/单双人活动〕3、口语训练的方法模仿性、独白性、表演性的口语表达三、阅读教学P2231、外语阅读的类型（1）根据阅读方式与技巧的不同划分适应性阅读认读朗读默读学习型阅读主旨浅显信息量大，强调阅读速度理解性阅读材料真实、题材广泛、体裁多样，难度较高（2）根据阅读方式与技巧的不同划分面式读法/略读〔掌握全文大意或中心思想；报刊、新书〕点式读法/寻读/跳读〔查找具体信息；时间、人名、地点、数字〕线式读法/精读〔详细地阅读，深入分析、理解与记忆〕纵式读法/泛读〔广泛地阅读，阅读速度、快速理解能力、拓宽视野〕（3）根据阅读理解的层次划分字面理解〔依靠语言知识/能力识别词义与语法构造〕推断性理解〔经历、直觉、逻辑判断理解未明示信息〕评价性理解/应用性理解〔理解文章信息的价值〕欣赏性理解〔情感熏陶与思想启迪〕2、阅读教学的要领P226（1）合理选择阅读材料难度〔难于略高于学习者现有水平〕趣味性〔充满可读性，激发求知欲与好奇心〕真实性〔英语本族语者撰写〕广泛性〔内容反映历史、人物、风土人情、文化习俗以及时尚流行，体裁与题材丰富多样〕（2）建立分析性〔精读〕及综合性〔泛读〕相结合的阅读教学体系分析性阅读及综合性阅读教学的分工改良现行分析性阅读教学模式，落实阅读训练综合性阅读教学应正规化、课程化（3）重视阅读三要素的培养词汇、理解〔主题句〕、速度（4）重视阅读过程中的技巧训练预测、抓中心思想、获取特殊信息、推理〔〕、确认语篇3、阅读教学的模式P229（1）自上而下模式为主〔读前环节活动的开展〕（2）自下而上模式为辅〔小到大的语言文字单位，重视词汇教学〕a（3）交互补偿模式4、阅读教学的过程（1）读前环节〔背景知识、写作风格、西方风俗〕a a a a（2）读中环节〔保障充足阅读时间、阅读技能训练〕（3）读后环节〔思维与实践活动〕四、写作教学P2311、写的教学要领（1）激发写作动机; 交际目的读者意识（2）指导写作技巧：写的单项训练〔结合语音教学〕语篇写作技巧〔构思技巧；过程构思、文本构思；范文是有力工具〕（3）根据不同文体风格指导相应的写作策略正式文体〔第三人称〕: a 语言准确优先有序的构造有构造的模式专用名词与定义非正式文体〔一、二人称〕: 多为短句、简单句（4）分阶段设计教学活动，训练写作技能控制性写作〔填空/抄写/句型转换〕指导性写作〔续写/复写/缩写/转写〕自由写作（5）写、改、评相结合2、写作教学的模式（1）注重结果〔给题目写改，注重语篇整体〕（2）注重内容〔收集材料组织文章修改，写前准备〕（3）注重过程〔准备写作修改再改，写作能力〕3、写作教学的过程（1）写前环节的任务与活动〔激发写作动机〕a , , .（2）写中环节的任务与活动〔组织成文〕（3）写后环节的任务与活动〔点评与反响〕第三局部教学设计第一章教学设计技能一、教学设计概述P2411、概念：传统的教学设计即备课考虑“如何学〞最核心的局部是教案’s a 教学大纲提前 .2、教学设计原那么目标性原那么多样性原那么灵活性原那么可学性原那么衔接性选择可行性原那么3、教学设计的根本要求A ,, , , , , 's .4、教学设计新理念（1）学生参及课堂设计的自主性（2）教学设计贯穿课堂教学的全过程（3）教学设计确实定性及不确定性相统一5、教学设计的模式分析设计评价分析：学习需求〔学习目标分析是关键〕、学习者、学习内容设计：教学策略、教学过程〔任务呈现任务准备任务完成语言稳固〕、教学技术评价：教学目标是否达成是评价教学设计有效性的关键反响修正〔〕：教学评价能够提供大量的教学反响信息6、英语教学设计的具体形式（1）表格式分别陈述学生/教师活动，说明活动目的/意图，突出教学设计的理念（2）流程图式展示教学过程〔格式不同〕（3）表达式二、学情分析P2481、学习者分析（1）认知特征（2）学习风格崇尚权威型；分析型；具体型；交际型（3）学习方式承受性；体验性；自主性；合作性；探究性2、学习需求分析（1）的内涵学习目前状态及期望状态之间的差距（2）学习需求分析的内容与方法数据采集；分析三、教学内容分析P2511、教学内容的选择把握根底性〔词汇/句法构造/语言能力/学习策略/文化知识〕适应性〔年龄/认知特点〕高频性〔经常使用的〕趣味性〔激发学习兴趣，保证学习有效性〕2、正确理解教材（1）分析教材 a（2）处理教材的方法〔法：〕（3）教材的使用：活化教材、挖掘资源、选准话题〔探究性、开放性、生成性〕a , :3、辅助教学材料的筛选（1）教学材料筛选的原那么：启发式、因材施教、动态生成、适时适度（2）教学材料筛选的策略：遵循理念、吃透教材、研究学生（3）辅助教学材料的分类：知识类、技能类、课外活动类、教学辅助类、自主学习类四、教学目标P2551、教学目标的陈述内容三个维度：知识及技能、过程及方法、情感态度及价值观2、教学目标的陈述要素以行为目标来陈述教学目标，包括四个要素：模式主体或听众〔程度副词/百分比/范围副词〕+主语〔〕行为条件, , a ,程度/标准3、教学目标的陈述方式按照层级划分有三种〔, 〕（1）结果性目标〔知识及技能〕（2）体验性目标或表现性目标〔过程及方法、情感态度及价值观〕4、教学目标的陈述原那么全面、恰当〔目标层次性/内容与已有知识一致性/教学活动连贯性〕、具体、准确五、教学重难点P2591、教学重难点的涵义（1）教学重点称为学科教学的核心知识（2）教学难点（3）教学重难点的关系教学重点：、稳定性、长期性教学难点：、暂时性、相对性2、教学重难点确实定（1）深刻理解课程标准熟悉与贯彻执行课程标准的内容要求（2）深入研究教材教材是教学的主要依据（3）了解学生的实际情况学生是教学的对象/主体（4）善于总结经历虚心学习、不断提高自身教学素质与能力3、突出重点、突破难点的方法比喻说明法、列表比照法、练习法、多媒体辅助教学法、游戏活动法六、教堂教学过程设计P260教学过程〔〕实现教学、开展与教育三大功能1、课堂导入活动的设计导入应到达“3A〞的成效：鼓励启发；引起注意；促进（1）课堂导入的方法复习导入法〔新旧知识的联结点〕、直观导入法〔直观教具或多媒体手段〕情境导入法〔音乐/故事/游戏导入〕、悬念导入法〔呈现一系列问题〕（2）考前须知导入时间不宜过长〔5’/45’〕；符合教学目标/内容；从学生实际出发〔年龄、性格、认知特征〕；方式新颖有创意2、语言学习及实践活动的设计〔呈现、讲解、练习稳固与实践新语言知识〕（1）呈现活动的设计〔〕问题呈现、情景呈现、故事呈现〔完整故事贯穿整个课堂教学〕、直观呈现〔简笔画/图片/模型/幻灯片/身势语〕（2）练习及稳固活动的设计〔〕机械性练习控制式的练习频率高无需过多思考，不超过8，1~2项练习内容，学生个体/全班练习为主，立即纠错练习形式：模仿、跟读、重复、替换练习、简单答复活动半开放性练习半控制式的意义性练习需要理解与思考，10，3~4项，配对练习为主，相互更正，频率低练习形式：采访活动、重述故事、运用语言构造与已学知识进展对话练习（3）语言实践活动的设计〔〕小组活动，规定活动主题，1~2个任务，10，提醒学生注意人物身份与具体场合3、学习评论活动的设计（1）形成性评价的设计评价标准设计结合具体情况分为几个阶段，诊断性/过程性/目标达成评价标准评价过程设计安排什么阶段开展评论，开展什么样的评论评价内容设计知识到理解、理解到应用、理解到分析与综合，最后再到评价教师要分解课堂教学的过程，根据教学过程的要求设计评价内容评价方式〔活动〕设计评价内容是理解能力——选择、匹配、正误判断、排序、逻辑识别应用能力——提问、讨论、课件制作、演讲、表演参及度——问卷、量卷、反思性问题评价反响设计定性的方式描述学生表现、定量的方式〔数量方式呈现评价结果〕反响方式：即时反响与延迟反响、教师反响与学生反响（2）终结性评价的设计测试时最常用〔人们最信赖〕的终结性评价方式客观题的设计填空、匹配、图表填空主观题的设计简答题、论述题、写作需要明确的评分标准4、课堂总结活动的设计整个教学过程的最后一个环节（1）课堂总结的作用对教学进展归纳梳理；促进学生掌握/记忆新知识；为进一步学习架桥梁，为复习提供依据（2）课堂总结的方式总结式运用准确精炼的语言对主要内容、知识构造、技能技巧进展总结还可采用：归纳演示、师生问答、列表看图、专项操练悬念式设计悬念〔问问题〕，引发学生求知欲，对预习起到指导作用延伸式将简述内容有机地向外延伸〔组织进一步活动〕练习式普遍采用，练习题应针对性强、有代表性、难度与题量均适中探索式探讨难以理解的内容七、教学板书的设计P2681、语言板书的要求语言准确，书写标准；层次清楚，重点突出；精练简明，画龙点睛；速度适宜，适时呈现2、板书设计的布局正板书与副板书布局一般分为：中心板、两分板、三分板3、板书的形式（1）辅助板书的教学手段：简笔画、图解（2）板书的类型：提纲式、比拟式、词语式、创意式、发散式、模块式第二章不同课程的教学设计一、英语课型概述P2761、英语课型的分类（1）从课的性质与任务划分新授课、稳固课、复习课、活动课〔演讲、话剧表演〕（2）从教学内容划分语音课、词汇课、语法课、听说课、阅读课与写作课2、教学模式（1）英语教学中常用的教学模式3P教学模式适用于语言知识〔语言、词汇、语法〕教学、、呈现、操练、应用a教学模式适用于语言技能〔听说读写〕教学〔复习导入〕、〔呈现讲解〕、〔运用评价〕任务型教学模式以完成某种交际任务为目标，不只为了掌握语言知识、、详见本文档P8任务型教学探究式教学模式通过问题设置培养学生语言运用能力教学过程：问题呈现小组合作研究解决方案收集信息/解决问题呈现解决方式评价（2）教学模式的功能3、课型及教学模式的区别及联系课型：客观存在；教学模式：主观的认识与改造二、主要课程的教学设计P2781、听说课2、阅读课3、读写课4、词汇课5、语法课第四局部教学实施及评价第一章课堂教学根本策略一、课程教学根本步骤及方法P2991、教学根本步骤（1）教学启动〔复习与激活已有知识〕（2）语言学习导入、新知呈现、讲解、例释、操练、稳固（3）语言运用实践、运用训练〔〕、运用实践〔语言输出/展示成果〕（4）总结应该及布置作业衔接起来2、课程教学方法（1）选择教学方法的原那么：掌握丰富的教学方法；教学有法、教无定法（2）选择教学方法的依据：课程标准、环境与条件、教材或课型、学生实际情况、（3）教学方法的优化选择组合调整二、教学情境的创设p3021、创设教学情境的意义语境归为五大要素：、、、、背景、交际者、交际目的、交际渠道与话题2、创设教学情境的要求真实自然、贴近生活；目标明确有意义；难度适当、照顾层次、扩大参及面3、创设教学情境的方法（1）基于生活联系现实生活，挖掘利用学生经历（2）注重形象性感性可见摸得着，形象具体（3）表达学科特点表达学科特色，紧扣教学内容，凸现学习重点（4）内含问题目的性、适应性与新颖性（5）融入情感包含场景，内含情感4、教学情境的类型：故事情境、模拟情境、生活情境、问题情境三、课程教学中的互动模式P3051、课堂教学活动的组织形式〔1〕课堂活动的特点：互交性、平等性、多样性、有效性、趣味性、科学性〔2〕教学活动的组织策略：抓好“三度〞〔广度深度延展度〕；关注细节讲究技巧2、课堂教学中的人际互动（1）教师的角色控制者评估者(“〞) 合作组织者( ) 提示者(“〞)资源提供指导研究诱导(’t )（2）学生的分组模式班级活动( 构造控制)全班共同参及步调一致展示型活动〔〕小组活动( ) 教师是3~6人异质分组交际性活动〔游戏、角色表演、访谈、信息差活动〕结对活动( )2人训练型活动〔模仿对话、复述/对话练习、检查词汇、完成表格〕。
英语中的应用语言学研究知识点
英语中的应用语言学研究知识点应用语言学是研究语言在实际应用中的运用和效果的学科。
它涵盖了很多领域，包括语言教学、翻译、社会语言学等等。
本文将介绍英语中的应用语言学研究的一些重要知识点。
一、语言教学研究1. 语言学习理论：应用语言学研究了不同的语言学习理论，如行为主义、认知语言学习理论、社会交互理论等。
这些理论有助于解释学习者在语言学习过程中的行为和策略。
2. 语言教学方法：应用语言学研究了不同的语言教学方法，如直接法、听说法、交际法等。
研究者通过比较这些方法的效果，探索最佳的教学方法和策略。
3. 语言教材评估：应用语言学研究了语言教材的设计和评估。
研究者关注教材的内容是否符合学习者的需求，以及是否能够有效地帮助学习者提高语言能力。
二、翻译研究1. 跨文化交际：应用语言学研究了在不同语言和文化背景下的交流问题。
翻译是一种跨文化交际的方式，研究者关注如何准确地传达不同语言和文化中的意义和信息。
2. 翻译策略：应用语言学研究了不同的翻译策略和技巧，如直译、意译、调整等。
研究者通过比较这些策略的使用情况和效果，帮助翻译者提高翻译质量。
3. 机器翻译：应用语言学还研究了机器翻译的发展和应用。
研究者致力于改善机器翻译系统的翻译质量和效率，提高人机交互的体验。
三、社会语言学研究1. 语言变异：应用语言学研究了语言的变异和语言变体的使用。
研究者关注不同地区、社会群体和社会情境中的语言差异和变化。
2. 语言政策：应用语言学研究了不同国家和地区的语言政策。
研究者关注语言政策对语言使用和语言教育的影响，帮助制定和改善语言政策。
3. 语言社会化：应用语言学研究了语言的社会化过程。
研究者关注语言的习得和使用是如何受到社会因素和语言社群的影响的。
总结：应用语言学是一个涉及广泛的学科，它关注语言在实际应用中的运用和效果。
语言教学、翻译和社会语言学是应用语言学的重要研究领域。
通过研究和应用这些知识点，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语。
简明英语语言学知识点汇总
简明英语语言学知识点汇总LG GROUP system office room 【LGA16H-LGYY-LGUA8Q8-LGA162】新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 IntroductionWhat is linguistics?Scientific study of language.Interpretation:①try to answer the basic questions and probe into various problems related to language;②linguistics studies not any particular language but language in general;③scientific study because based on systematic investigation of linguistic data.The scope of linguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called general linguistic.Some important distinctions in linguisticsWhat is languageDefinitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Characteristics:①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well;③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound;④language is human -specific,different from animal communication.Design features of languageProposed by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal & human communication are five major design features of human language:①arbitrarinessNo logical connection between meaning and sounds(except onomatopoetic and compound words)②productivityIt makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signal by its users.③dualityLanguage is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;④DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers;⑤cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis,the details of any language systems are not genetically transmitted, but insteadhave to be taught and learned.(language is culturaltransmitted[language not mutually intelligible] while animal call system is genetically transmitted)Functions of languageThree main functions of language which distinct from each other but actually overlapping to some degree:①descriptive functionThe primary function of language;The Sichuan earthquake is the most serious one China has ever suffered.②expressive functionSupply information about the user’s feeling,preference,prejudices and value, will never come to this coffee shop again.③social functionServes to establish and maintain social relations between people. How can I help you, Sir?Others:Russian-born structural linguist Roman Jakobson：six elemens (function)of a speech:Addresser-emotive (动机) addressee-conative(意动) context-referential message-poetic contact-phatic communioncode-metalinguisticBritish linguistic Halliday:①ideational function (语篇功能)[included descriptive & expressivefunctin] is to organize the speaker ’s experience of the real or imaginary world.②interpersonal function is to indicate ,establish,or maintainsocial relationship between people.[social function]③textual function is to organize written or spoken texts to coherewithin themselves and fit to the particular situation in which they are used.The phonic medium of languageSpeech sounds produced by human speech organ Two major media of communication:speech and writing;what is phonetics?The study of phonic medium of language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occurs in the world ’s language.发音语言学听觉语言学) 声学语言学) organs of speech Pharyngeal cavity(咽喉) Nasal cavity （鼻腔）Oral cavity （口腔）Voicing:vibration of the vocal cordsh →aspiration [phonetician more interested in] classification of English speech sounds Monophthongs ：phonologyphonology & phoneticsStem: believable (除掉所有的语法成份,Base：unbelievable (un的词基)Prefix:change meaningSuffix: change meaning and parts of speechInflectional morpheme:signify tense number caseWord formation:①Clipping（shortening & abbreviation）[no change of part of speech]gym expo memo disco burger quake fridge script②back-formation[change of part of speech]editor-edit hawker-hawk beggar-beg baby-sister--baby-sit Butcher-butch donation-donate orientation-orient(ate)③conversion(functional shift): N-v v-n a-v a-n④acronyms[pronounced as words]CEO B2B IT CPI IAD WTO BBS(FOR BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEM)APEC AIDS UNESCO UCLA IDD⑤initialism[produced as letters]FBI EEC⑥blendingSmoke+fog=smogTaikong+astronaut=taikonaut⑦compoundingBittersweet landlady⑧onomatopoeiaBlast rustle5.SemanticsSome views concerning the study of meaning:1)the naming theory,plato,words →objectsLimitations: √N ×ADJ ADV V√Concrete ×abstract2)the conceptualist viewSemantic triangle,ogden & richardswords→mind→wordsLimitations:what is the precisely link symbol and concept unclarify 3)ContextualismFirth。
英语语言学知识点整理
英语语言学知识点整理一、语言与语言学1、语言是什么？语言是一种符号系统，它由语音、词汇、语法和语用规则等构成。
2、语言学是什么？语言学是研究语言及其规律的科学，是社会科学的一门重要学科。
3、语言学的分支学科有哪些？语言学可以分为语音学、音系学、句法学、语义学、语用学等分支学科。
二、语音学与音系学1、语音学是什么？语音学是研究语音的学科，主要研究语音的物理属性、发音机制和语音的变化规律。
2、音系学是什么？音系学是研究语言的音系系统的学科，它的是语言的音位、音素、音节、语素等基本单位以及它们之间的组合关系和变化规律。
3、语音和音系的关系是什么？语音是音系的具体表现形式，而音系则是语音的基础和框架。
语音受到个人的发音和语境的影响，而音系则是一种抽象的概念，它是语言社团所共同遵守的规则。
三、句法学1、句法学是什么？句法学是研究句子的结构和规律的学科。
它主要的是词类、句子成分的构成和它们之间的组合关系。
2、句法学的核心概念有哪些？句法学的核心概念包括：词类、句子成分、句法关系、句型等。
3、常见的句法结构有哪些？常见的句法结构包括：简单句、复合句、并列句、复合并列句等。
四、语义学1、语义学是什么？语义学是研究语言意义的学科，主要研究词义、短语意义、句子意义和语篇意义等。
2、语义的分类有哪些？语义可以分为词汇意义、语法意义和语用意义。
词汇意义是指词汇的基本意义，语法意义是指词汇在句子中的组合关系和变化规律，语用意义是指词汇在特定语境中的特殊意义。
3、语义关系有哪些？语义关系包括：同义关系、反义关系、上下义关系等。
同义关系是指两个或多个词义相同或相似的词语之间的关系，反义关系是指两个或多个词义相反的词语之间的关系，上下义关系是指一个词所表达的概念是另一个词所表达的概念的一部分。
语言学知识点整理语言学是一门研究人类语言的学科，涉及语言的各个方面，包括语言的结构、使用、习得和进化等。
以下是一些常见的语言学知识点：1、语言与言语：语言是指一种符号系统，是人们用来表达思想、情感和意愿的工具。
英语语言学语言学知识点
英语语言学语言学知识点语言学是一门研究语言的学科。
它涵盖了多个领域，包括语音学、语法学、语义学、语用学和语言变化等。
下面将简要介绍一些语言学的重要知识点。
一、语音学（Phonetics）语音学是研究语音的学问。
它关注语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。
在语音学中，语音被分为音素（phoneme）和音位（allophone）。
音素是语言中最小的语音单位，可以在语言中起到区分意义的作用。
而音位是相同意义的不同实现方式，即同一音素的不同发音形式。
在语音学中，还有一些重要概念，如元音（vowel）和辅音（consonant）。
元音是语音学中最基本、最重要的音类，它们的发音不受任何阻塞或摩擦的干扰。
而辅音则需要通过口腔或喉头的阻塞或摩擦才能产生。
二、语音语调学（Phonology）语音语调学是研究语音和语调现象的学问。
它研究语音和语音的组织方式和相互关系。
在语音语调学中，音位和音位组成规则是核心概念之一、音位组成规则决定了在一个语言中哪些音位可以成为合法的音节。
此外，在语音语调学中还有音变（phonological variation）的概念。
音变指的是在其中一种语言中，一个特定音位的发音方式会随着不同的语音环境而发生变化的现象。
音变是语言变化的一种重要表现。
三、语法学（Grammar）语法学是研究语言的结构和规则的学问。
在语法学中，句子是一个重要的研究对象。
句子结构可以划分为短语（phrase）和句子成分（sentence constituents），如名词短语、动词短语和介词短语等。
语法学还涉及到句子的成分顺序和组成规则。
在语法学中，句法树（syntactic tree）是一种图形表示方式，用于描述句子的结构。
句法树由句子的各个成分和它们之间的关系构成。
四、语义学（Semantics）语义学是研究词汇和句子意义的学问。
它关注词语和句子的语义性质、意义的产生机制以及词义的转换等。
在语义学中，可以通过语义角色（semantic role）和逻辑关系（logical relation）来描述词语和句子之间的关系。
初中英语跨学科知识点归纳
初中英语跨学科知识点归纳初中英语是学生在初中阶段所学习的英语课程。
在初中英语学习中，涉及到不少跨学科的知识点。
本文将详细介绍初中英语中的跨学科知识点，包括语言学、文学、历史、地理、科学、数学等方面的内容。
一、语言学知识点1. 词类：在初中英语中，学生需要学习和掌握名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、冠词、介词、连词等各种词类的基本概念和用法。
2. 语法：初中英语的语法知识点包括时态、语态、语气、复合句、从句等。
学生需要理解这些语法概念，并能够运用到实际的语言表达中。
3. 语音：学生需要学习发音规则和音标，以准确地读出单词和句子。
4. 语篇：初中英语学习中，学生需要学习如何组织语言，撰写短文、日记、信件等。
二、文学知识点1. 文学基础知识：学生需要了解一些基本的文学术语，如诗歌、散文、小说、寓言等，以便能够理解和分析文学作品。
2. 文学作品：学生需要学习一些经典的英语文学作品，如莎士比亚的剧作、狄更斯的小说等。
通过阅读这些文学作品，学生不仅能够提高自己的阅读能力，还能够了解西方文化和历史。
三、历史知识点1. 英语国家的历史：学生需要学习英语国家的历史，包括英国等国家的历史事件、重要人物等。
通过学习历史，学生能够更好地理解英语文化和社会背景。
2. 文化交流：学生需要了解不同文化之间的交流，包括不同国家的风俗习惯、节日等。
通过学习这些内容，学生能够更好地理解英语世界和世界其他地方的联系与差异。
四、地理知识点1. 国家和地理位置：学生需要学习各个英语国家的地理位置，并掌握一些重要的地理特点和名胜古迹。
2. 地理环境：学生需要了解英语国家的自然环境和气候条件。
这有助于学生更好地理解英语国家的生活方式和人们的生活习惯。
五、科学知识点1. 科学与技术：学生需要了解一些科学和技术方面的知识，如自然科学、生物学、化学、物理等。
这些知识对于学生理解科技资讯、科学实验等方面非常有帮助。
2. 环境保护：学生需要了解环境保护的重要性，并了解相关的环境问题和解决方法。
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英语语言学知识点英语语言学是英语语言文学专业培养计划中的一门基础必修课，接下来店铺为你整理了英语语言学知识点，一起来看看吧。
英语语言学知识点：定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。
Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited sourceof expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCo mpetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
7.历时语言学Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.8.共时语言学Synchronical linguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time.9.语言langueThe abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.言语paroleThe realization of langue in actual use.11.规定性PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.12.描述性DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.英语语言学知识点：知识nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。
2.几种观点和现象的提出者：⑴瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole 的区别⑵U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomskyin1950针对Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a setof sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.⑷U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美国语言学家Charles Hockett提出了语言的识别特征design features3.the word ’language’ preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。
4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts.nguage is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it's hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判断题6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。
英语语言学知识点：问答题1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.2.why do we say language is arbitrary?Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utt erance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.A typical example to illustrate the ‘arbitrariness’ of language is ‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’.3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。