David Cooke_浅成低温热液矿床-2：中硫、低硫型
合集下载
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
smectite
蒙脱石
Smectite, illite, pyrite
蒙脱石, 伊利, 黄铁矿
Illite, chlorite
伊利石, 绿泥石
Chlorite, calcite, epidote
绿泥石, 方解石, 绿帘石
Illite, chlorite, calcite,
pyrite, epidote
Textures
Open space fill（banded crustiform veins, bladed calcite,breccias)
结构
开放空间充填（壳状条纹 脉，叶片状方解石，角砾岩
Form
形态
Veins, breccias, disseminations
脉状，角砾状 ，浸染状
Serujan deposit, Mt Muro, Indonesia
Hammond (2004)
Golden Cross, New Zealand
Cerro Vanguardia, Argentina
Moderate depths: crustiform banded quartz – adularia – sulfide veins
梳状‐层状石英‐冰长石‐硫化物脉
Gangue zonation – from surface to depth
脉石矿物的垂直分带
Hammond (2004)
Below Nancy deposit, Pajingo
Victoria, Philippines
Deep levels: Coarse euhedral crustiform
金属矿物包括：银金矿，螺状银硫矿，银的硫盐矿物，闪锌矿，方铅矿，黝铜矿‐砷黝铜 矿，黄铜矿，毒砂，磁黄铁矿，硒化物，碲化物。
LS – IS gangue mineralogy
LS – IS 脉石矿物
• SiO2 polymorphs (quartz, chalcedony, amethyst)
SiO2的同质异形体(石英，玉髓，紫水晶)
LS – IS矿床的例子
N
0 1 2 34 5
N
0 1 2 34 5
Gosowong, Halmahera, Indonesia:
0.99 Mt @ 27 g/t Au, 38 g/t Ag 0.9 Moz Au
N
0 1 2 34 5
Cerro Vanguardia, Argentina:
15.9 Mt @ 8.3 g/t Au, 102 g/t Ag 4.3 Moz Au
10x 4x
0 1 2 34 5
Mt Muro, Kalimantan, Indonesia:
8.3 Mt @ 3.2 g/t Au, 76 g/t Ag 0.9 Moz Au
Scott, 2002
200 m
Bimurra, Drumond Basin, Qld:
1.6 Mt @ 1.4 g/t Au 0.07 Moz Au
Vuggy quartz, Yanacocha district, Peru
Crustiform banded low sulfidation vein, McLaughlin
gold deposit, California
LS and IS deposit characteristics
LS‐IS矿床特征
低硫和中硫型矿床
Pajingo ‐ Jandam 685HW
Low and Intermediate sulfidation deposits
低硫化矿床
网脉状矿体
Stockwork ore, Guanajuato, Mexico
角砾岩中赋存的矿体
Breccia‐hosted ore, Kelian, Indonesia
石英， 玉髓
quartz
石英
Kelian, Indonesia
ADU
Acupan, Philippines
PYR
KAO
Adularia‐pyrite cemented breccia with late kaolinite overprint
冰长石‐黄铁矿胶结角砾, 有高岭土叠加
Gosowong, Indonesia
表生沉积泉华（硅华），热液爆破角砾
Gangue zonation – from surface to depth
脉石矿物的垂直分带
Moonlight prospect, Pajingo
Hammond (2004)
Fresnillo, Mexico
Moonlight prospect, Pajingo
自然金
Metallic minerals : electrum, acawenku.baidu.comthite, Ag‐sulfosalts, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite‐tennantite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, selenides, tellurides
Guanajuato, Mexico
McLaughlin, California
quartz, chalcedony, adularia
石英，玉髓，冰长石
quartz, chalcedony, amethyst
石英， 玉髓， 紫水晶
Victoria, Philippines
quartz, chalcedony
• Adularia
冰长石
• Illite (sericite)
伊利石（绢云母）
• Chlorite
绿泥石
• Carbonates (calcite, rhodochrosite)
碳酸盐（方解石，菱锰矿）
• Barite and fluorite
重晶石&萤石
Bimurra, Australia
Golden Cross, New Zealand
Cerro Vanguardia, Argentina
Acupan, Philippines
quartz after bladed carbonate (lattice texture)
石英交代叶片状的碳酸盐（格子结构）
Kelian, Indonesia
灰色石英脉角砾叠 加生长了层纹状方 解石
Clast of grey quartz vein overgrown by colloform calcite
Low and intermediate sulfidation (LS – IS) deposits
低硫化矿床
蒸汽加热的酸性硫酸盐 水，泥池，喷气孔
acid sulfate steam‐heated waters mud pools, fumaroles
富CO2的蒸汽加热的水
CO2‐rich steam‐ heated waters
1 cm
Adularia rhombs intergrown with
rhodochrosite and quartz
菱形的冰长石与菱锰矿和石英共生
Cracow, Australia
quartz, adularia
石Go英sowo，ng, In冰don长esia石
quartz, adularia
石英，冰长石
banded quartz
粗粒自型梳层状石英
Metal zonation 金属分带
Hg Au
Sb As Ag
Cu Pb
Zn
Corbett and Leach, 1998
矿物分带 Mineralogical zoning
HIGH SULFIDATION
高硫化作用
LOW – INTERMEDIATE SULFIDATION
Ore 矿石 Au‐Ag Metals 金属 As, Sb, Zn, Pb, Hg, Se
Alteration
蚀变
adularia‐carbonate, illite (muscovite), smectite, chlorite, epidote
冰长石‐碳酸盐，伊利石 （白云母），蒙脱石，绿泥 石，绿帘石
脉状矿体，有条纹
Banded vein ore, Hishikari, Japan
LS – IS ore mineralogy
LS – IS 矿石矿物
Silver sulfosalts, Mt Muro, Indonesia
银的硫盐矿物
Free gold, Porgera, PNG (Corbett and Leach, 1998)
1 km
Lihir, Papua New Guinea:
147 Mt @ 2.7 g/t Au 41 Moz Au
Post-mineral cover sequences Younger than host-rocks Host-rocks and approx. age equivalents Older than host-rocks Epithermal Au-Ag deposits Epithermal veins (low-grade – barren) Post-mineral faults Pre-to syn-mineral faults Bedding trend, dip indicated Syncline Anticline
Characteristics and genesis of epithermal gold deposits
浅成低温热液金矿 特点及成因
Low and intermediate sulfidation
低硫和中硫型浅成低温矿床
David R Cooke, J Bruce Gemmell and Noel White
Shallow: fine grained quartz‐chalcedony veins, thin vein stockworks
浅部：细粒石英‐石髓脉，细脉体
Gangue zonation – from surface to depth
脉石矿物的垂直分带
Hammond (2004)
Waihi, New Zealand
Gangue zonation – from surface to depth
脉石矿物的垂直分带
Champagne pool, NZ
Hammond (2004)
Ohaki, NZ
Moonlight prospect, Pajingo
Surface deposits: sinter, hydrothermal eruption breccias
quartz, chalcedony, adularia, pyrite, base metal sulfides, carbonates, Au‐Ag
低硫化作用
Disseminated or massive ore Altered host rock
浸染状或块状矿石 蚀变围岩
Crustiform banded ore with lattice textures
有格子结构 Altered host rock 的壳状的条带矿石 蚀变围岩
Kaolinite (pyrophyllite?) ± illite
大气水对流
Neutral chloride waters
400ºC
中性氯化物 低硫化水
• Peripheral bicarbonate waters
外围的重碳酸盐水
2 km
Magma
岩浆
• Steam‐heated acid sulfate waters
蒸汽加热的酸性硫 酸盐水
2 km
Low and Intermediate sulfidation deposits
伊利石, 绿泥石, 方解石, 黄铁矿, 绿帘石
residual quartz (vuggy and massive), alunite, sulfides, sulfosalts, Au‐Cu‐(Ag)
残余石英（多孔状& 块状），明矾石，硫 化物，硫盐，金铜银
quartz, alunite
石英，明矾石
cold groundwater recharge
冷地下水补充
氯化物水，沸腾泉， 硅酸盐泉华
chloride waters boiling springs, silica sinter
• Magmatic heat source (plus volatiles?)
岩浆是热源（也 是挥发份源？）
• Meteoric convection
Kelian, Indonesia
Bladed calcite overgrown by sphalerite
闪锌矿生长在叶片状的方解石上
Rhodochrosite‐cemented breccia
菱锰矿胶结角砾岩
酸性的 中性的 碱性的
Hedenquist et al. (1996)
Examples of LS – IS deposits
蒙脱石
Smectite, illite, pyrite
蒙脱石, 伊利, 黄铁矿
Illite, chlorite
伊利石, 绿泥石
Chlorite, calcite, epidote
绿泥石, 方解石, 绿帘石
Illite, chlorite, calcite,
pyrite, epidote
Textures
Open space fill（banded crustiform veins, bladed calcite,breccias)
结构
开放空间充填（壳状条纹 脉，叶片状方解石，角砾岩
Form
形态
Veins, breccias, disseminations
脉状，角砾状 ，浸染状
Serujan deposit, Mt Muro, Indonesia
Hammond (2004)
Golden Cross, New Zealand
Cerro Vanguardia, Argentina
Moderate depths: crustiform banded quartz – adularia – sulfide veins
梳状‐层状石英‐冰长石‐硫化物脉
Gangue zonation – from surface to depth
脉石矿物的垂直分带
Hammond (2004)
Below Nancy deposit, Pajingo
Victoria, Philippines
Deep levels: Coarse euhedral crustiform
金属矿物包括：银金矿，螺状银硫矿，银的硫盐矿物，闪锌矿，方铅矿，黝铜矿‐砷黝铜 矿，黄铜矿，毒砂，磁黄铁矿，硒化物，碲化物。
LS – IS gangue mineralogy
LS – IS 脉石矿物
• SiO2 polymorphs (quartz, chalcedony, amethyst)
SiO2的同质异形体(石英，玉髓，紫水晶)
LS – IS矿床的例子
N
0 1 2 34 5
N
0 1 2 34 5
Gosowong, Halmahera, Indonesia:
0.99 Mt @ 27 g/t Au, 38 g/t Ag 0.9 Moz Au
N
0 1 2 34 5
Cerro Vanguardia, Argentina:
15.9 Mt @ 8.3 g/t Au, 102 g/t Ag 4.3 Moz Au
10x 4x
0 1 2 34 5
Mt Muro, Kalimantan, Indonesia:
8.3 Mt @ 3.2 g/t Au, 76 g/t Ag 0.9 Moz Au
Scott, 2002
200 m
Bimurra, Drumond Basin, Qld:
1.6 Mt @ 1.4 g/t Au 0.07 Moz Au
Vuggy quartz, Yanacocha district, Peru
Crustiform banded low sulfidation vein, McLaughlin
gold deposit, California
LS and IS deposit characteristics
LS‐IS矿床特征
低硫和中硫型矿床
Pajingo ‐ Jandam 685HW
Low and Intermediate sulfidation deposits
低硫化矿床
网脉状矿体
Stockwork ore, Guanajuato, Mexico
角砾岩中赋存的矿体
Breccia‐hosted ore, Kelian, Indonesia
石英， 玉髓
quartz
石英
Kelian, Indonesia
ADU
Acupan, Philippines
PYR
KAO
Adularia‐pyrite cemented breccia with late kaolinite overprint
冰长石‐黄铁矿胶结角砾, 有高岭土叠加
Gosowong, Indonesia
表生沉积泉华（硅华），热液爆破角砾
Gangue zonation – from surface to depth
脉石矿物的垂直分带
Moonlight prospect, Pajingo
Hammond (2004)
Fresnillo, Mexico
Moonlight prospect, Pajingo
自然金
Metallic minerals : electrum, acawenku.baidu.comthite, Ag‐sulfosalts, sphalerite, galena, tetrahedrite‐tennantite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, selenides, tellurides
Guanajuato, Mexico
McLaughlin, California
quartz, chalcedony, adularia
石英，玉髓，冰长石
quartz, chalcedony, amethyst
石英， 玉髓， 紫水晶
Victoria, Philippines
quartz, chalcedony
• Adularia
冰长石
• Illite (sericite)
伊利石（绢云母）
• Chlorite
绿泥石
• Carbonates (calcite, rhodochrosite)
碳酸盐（方解石，菱锰矿）
• Barite and fluorite
重晶石&萤石
Bimurra, Australia
Golden Cross, New Zealand
Cerro Vanguardia, Argentina
Acupan, Philippines
quartz after bladed carbonate (lattice texture)
石英交代叶片状的碳酸盐（格子结构）
Kelian, Indonesia
灰色石英脉角砾叠 加生长了层纹状方 解石
Clast of grey quartz vein overgrown by colloform calcite
Low and intermediate sulfidation (LS – IS) deposits
低硫化矿床
蒸汽加热的酸性硫酸盐 水，泥池，喷气孔
acid sulfate steam‐heated waters mud pools, fumaroles
富CO2的蒸汽加热的水
CO2‐rich steam‐ heated waters
1 cm
Adularia rhombs intergrown with
rhodochrosite and quartz
菱形的冰长石与菱锰矿和石英共生
Cracow, Australia
quartz, adularia
石Go英sowo，ng, In冰don长esia石
quartz, adularia
石英，冰长石
banded quartz
粗粒自型梳层状石英
Metal zonation 金属分带
Hg Au
Sb As Ag
Cu Pb
Zn
Corbett and Leach, 1998
矿物分带 Mineralogical zoning
HIGH SULFIDATION
高硫化作用
LOW – INTERMEDIATE SULFIDATION
Ore 矿石 Au‐Ag Metals 金属 As, Sb, Zn, Pb, Hg, Se
Alteration
蚀变
adularia‐carbonate, illite (muscovite), smectite, chlorite, epidote
冰长石‐碳酸盐，伊利石 （白云母），蒙脱石，绿泥 石，绿帘石
脉状矿体，有条纹
Banded vein ore, Hishikari, Japan
LS – IS ore mineralogy
LS – IS 矿石矿物
Silver sulfosalts, Mt Muro, Indonesia
银的硫盐矿物
Free gold, Porgera, PNG (Corbett and Leach, 1998)
1 km
Lihir, Papua New Guinea:
147 Mt @ 2.7 g/t Au 41 Moz Au
Post-mineral cover sequences Younger than host-rocks Host-rocks and approx. age equivalents Older than host-rocks Epithermal Au-Ag deposits Epithermal veins (low-grade – barren) Post-mineral faults Pre-to syn-mineral faults Bedding trend, dip indicated Syncline Anticline
Characteristics and genesis of epithermal gold deposits
浅成低温热液金矿 特点及成因
Low and intermediate sulfidation
低硫和中硫型浅成低温矿床
David R Cooke, J Bruce Gemmell and Noel White
Shallow: fine grained quartz‐chalcedony veins, thin vein stockworks
浅部：细粒石英‐石髓脉，细脉体
Gangue zonation – from surface to depth
脉石矿物的垂直分带
Hammond (2004)
Waihi, New Zealand
Gangue zonation – from surface to depth
脉石矿物的垂直分带
Champagne pool, NZ
Hammond (2004)
Ohaki, NZ
Moonlight prospect, Pajingo
Surface deposits: sinter, hydrothermal eruption breccias
quartz, chalcedony, adularia, pyrite, base metal sulfides, carbonates, Au‐Ag
低硫化作用
Disseminated or massive ore Altered host rock
浸染状或块状矿石 蚀变围岩
Crustiform banded ore with lattice textures
有格子结构 Altered host rock 的壳状的条带矿石 蚀变围岩
Kaolinite (pyrophyllite?) ± illite
大气水对流
Neutral chloride waters
400ºC
中性氯化物 低硫化水
• Peripheral bicarbonate waters
外围的重碳酸盐水
2 km
Magma
岩浆
• Steam‐heated acid sulfate waters
蒸汽加热的酸性硫 酸盐水
2 km
Low and Intermediate sulfidation deposits
伊利石, 绿泥石, 方解石, 黄铁矿, 绿帘石
residual quartz (vuggy and massive), alunite, sulfides, sulfosalts, Au‐Cu‐(Ag)
残余石英（多孔状& 块状），明矾石，硫 化物，硫盐，金铜银
quartz, alunite
石英，明矾石
cold groundwater recharge
冷地下水补充
氯化物水，沸腾泉， 硅酸盐泉华
chloride waters boiling springs, silica sinter
• Magmatic heat source (plus volatiles?)
岩浆是热源（也 是挥发份源？）
• Meteoric convection
Kelian, Indonesia
Bladed calcite overgrown by sphalerite
闪锌矿生长在叶片状的方解石上
Rhodochrosite‐cemented breccia
菱锰矿胶结角砾岩
酸性的 中性的 碱性的
Hedenquist et al. (1996)
Examples of LS – IS deposits