2013新编英语教程5 text book 词汇解释何兆熊版

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综合教程第五册unit2 何兆熊

Chinese Education
The classroom many students study together. politeness between the teacher and students
course

English、math、piano、paint and so on.
Because of their parents’ wishes .

What else was stressed in the Chinese school besides the emphasis on speaking, reading and writing?
Question: What does the existence of the old school imply?

1.What does the existence of the old school imply?
The Chinese school is still there, which implies that still there are many Chinese children attending Chinese lessons in the school. Although they live abroad, Chinese parents never forget their own culture and their own language and require that their children learn their mother tongue.

The purpose of learning

In order to do exam, to get a good degree, to get a good job after graduation So they learn much but lack of actual practice

(最全版)新编英语教程5 第三版 workbook 句子翻译

新编英语教程5 workbook句子翻译Unit 11. After citing many facts and giving a number of statistical figures, he finally drove home his point.在举出许多事实并列出一些统计数字后，他终于把他的论点讲清楚了。

（drive sth. home）2. It took us half a year more or less to carry through the research project.差不多花了半年功夫，我们才完成了那研究项目。

（ more or less）3. What he said was so subtle that we could hardly make out his true intention.他说的话是如此微妙我们很难理解他的真实意图。

（subtle）4. His new book looks squarely at the contemporary social problems.他的新书明确无误地审视当代的社会问题。

（squarely）5. The younger generations today are very much alive to the latest information found on the Internet今日的年轻一代对互联网上的最新信息很关注。

（be alive to）6. It is a matter of opinion whether a foreign language is more easily learned in one’s childhood or otherwise. 外语是不是在童年更容易学好？这是一个观点问题。

（a matter of）7. Never lose heart in the face of a setback; take courage and deal with it squarely.在挫折面前千万不要丧失信心；鼓起勇气坚定不移去克服它。

新编英语教程5课文翻译(标准)

Unit Eight: 为何样样失灵？（为何什么都没用？）根据著名学者摩非所发明的法则，“任何东西如果有坏的可能，它就一定会坏掉。

”摩非法则的推论为劣质商品问题提供了依据：任何东西如果可能会失效，它就一定会失效；任何东西如果可能解体，它就一定会解体；任何东西如果可能停止运转，它就会停止运转。

虽然摩非定律永远不会被推翻，但是它的效应通常却是可以被延缓的。

人类生存多半想能确保物品出厂后相当一段时间内不会坏掉、解体、失效或停止运转。

要想预防摩非法则对产品产生效应需要智慧、技术和承诺。

如果这些人为的输入得到专门的质量监控仪器、机械和科学的抽样工序的辅助，那就更好了。

然而，单单是质量监控仪和抽样调查将永远不能制胜，因为这些物件也受制于摩非法则。

质检仪器需要维修；计量器也会出故障；X光和雷射光束需要调整。

无论技术如何先进，保持高质量需要智慧、活跃的思想和行动。

回忆一下史前和工业化前人类的物质文化也许有助于说明我的意思。

博物馆里展览着简单的工业化前的社会所用的手工物品，只参观一次就足于打消质量得依赖技术这种观点。

手工物品也许设计简单甚至原始，但其制作意图却是要终生耐用。

我们敬慕“手工制作”的标签并愿意多花钱购买当今数量递减的手工艺人推出的珠宝、毛衣和手袋，就是承认了这一点。

波摩印地安人的篮子编得如此紧密，以至于用它来盛开水而滴水不漏；爱斯基摩人的皮船具有一系列无与伦比的综合优点，既轻巧结实又经得起风浪。

这些东西的质量源泉是什么？仅仅因为它们是手工制作的吗？我认为并非如此。

不熟练不经意的手做出来的篮子或船只也会和机器制的篮子或船一样迅速分崩离析。

我宁可认为我们之所以敬慕“手工制作”的标签，是因为它让人联想起的不是生产者和产品之间的技术关系，而是一种生产者和消费者之间的社会关系。

贯穿史前时期，保证产品最高程度的耐用性和持久性的是这一个事实：生产者和消费者不是同一个人就是同样的个体或是近亲。

男人们制作自己的长矛、弓、箭以及抛掷尖物；女人们编制自己的篮子和网兜，用动物皮毛、树皮或纤维做自己的衣服。

李观仪《新编英语教程(5)》(第3版)学习指南【词汇短语+课文精解+全文翻译+练习答案】

李观仪《新编英语教程（5）》（第3版）学习指南【词汇短语＋课文精解＋全文翻译＋练习答案】目录Unit 1　一、词汇短语　二、参考译文　三、课文注释　四、练习答案Unit 2　一、词汇短语　二、参考译文　三、课文注释　四、练习答案Unit 3　一、词汇短语　二、参考译文　三、课文注释　四、练习答案Unit 4　一、词汇短语　二、参考译文　三、课文注释　四、练习答案Unit 5　一、词汇短语　二、参考译文　三、课文注释　四、练习答案Unit 6　一、词汇短语　二、参考译文　三、课文注释　四、练习答案Unit 7　一、词汇短语　二、参考译文　三、课文注释　四、练习答案Unit 8　一、词汇短语　二、参考译文　三、课文注释　四、练习答案Unit 9　一、词汇短语　二、参考译文　三、课文注释　四、练习答案Unit 10　一、词汇短语　二、参考译文　三、课文注释　四、练习答案Unit 11　一、词汇短语　二、参考译文　三、课文注释　四、练习答案Unit 12　一、词汇短语　二、参考译文　三、课文注释　四、练习答案弘博学习网————各类考试资料全收录内容简介《新编英语教程（第3版）学习指南》按照原教材的课次进行编写，每单元涉及单元语法、词汇短语、参考译文、课文精解以及练习答案等内容，旨在帮助学生更好、更高效地学习和掌握教材中的重点及难点知识，具有很强的针对性和实用性。

在编写过程中，该书力求突出重点，答疑难点，语言言简意赅，讲解深入浅出，希望它能得到广大英语专业学生和英语自学者的喜爱和认可。

弘博学习网————各类考试资料全收录Unit 1一、词汇短语Text I1clumsy [5klQmzi] adj. moving or doing things in a very awkward way 笨拙的，拙劣的：I spilt your coffee. Sorry—that was clumsy of me.我把你的咖啡弄洒了。

全新版大学英语综合教程5课文原文及翻译@1和2单元

3 Neither of my parents had come from homes that could afford to buy many books, but though it must have been something of a strain on hissalary, as the youngest officer in a young insurance company, my father wasall the whilecarefully selecting and ordering away for what he and Mother thought we children should grow up with. They bought first for the future .
问题在于，动物在把植物转化为可食用的肉类这方面的效率很低。举例来说，美国政府估测，生产1公斤猪肉需要耗费8.4公斤的谷物。
我们把这么多资源耗费在动物身上，又得到什么回报呢？粪肥——据官方资料，仅加拿大，就以每秒10,000多公斤的速度排出。加拿大环境部称，牛每产1公斤可食牛肉需排出40公斤粪便。安大略省农业部估测，一家大型禽蛋工厂每星期可产出50－100吨禽粪。
美国饮食学协会指出，“科学资料表明，素食与降低多种慢性变性疾病的患病危险肯定有关系。”
去年秋天，在检验了4500个饮食与癌症的研究报告之后，世界癌症研究基金会直截了当地指出：“我们一向利用不合适的养料来维持人类生理引擎的运转。”据威尔夫大学营养科学教授布鲁斯·霍拉勃称，这一“不合适的养料”致使加拿大每年用于治疗变性疾病的费用高达4000亿（加）元。
情况变得甚至更可怕。家畜在宰杀前的运输途中，法律允许在36－72小时内不给进食、进水，不让休息。即使在炎夏或零度以下的严冬，它们连乘温控卡车的“奢侈”也不让享受。

新编简明英语语言学教程何兆熊第五章笔记和习题

Chapter 5 Semantics⏹Semantics----the study of language meaning.⏹Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studiesmeaning.⏹Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other w ords, it is the analysis ofconventional meanings in words and sentences out of context.⏹Meaning is central to the study of communication.⏹Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist)⏹ 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part ofwhat language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to.⏹ 2. Connotative meaning – the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embracesthe properties of the referent, peripheral⏹ 3. Social meaning (stylistic meaning) –what is conveyed about the social circumstances of the use of alinguistic expression⏹ 4. Affective meaning (affected meaning)– what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writertowards what is referred to⏹ 5. Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression ⏹Taboos⏹ 6. Collocative meaning – the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words whichtend to co-occur with it⏹(2, 3, 4, 5, 6 can be together called associative meaning–meaning that hinges on referential meaning, lessstable, more culture-specific )7. Thematic meaning—what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order⏹What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning.Some views concerning the study of meaning⏹Naming theory (Plato)⏹The conceptualist view⏹Contextualism (Bloomfield)⏹BehaviorismNaming theory (Plato): Words are names or labels for things.The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things⏹Limitations:1) Applicable to nouns only.2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix…3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…The conceptualist view⏹The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.⏹⏹The referent refers to the object in the world of experience;⏹Thought or reference refers to concept.⏹The symbol or a word signifies things by virtue of the concept associated with the form of the word in the minds of the speaker; and the concept looked at from this point of view is the meaning of the word.⏹Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context—elements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized:⏹Situational context: spatiotemporal situation⏹Linguistic context: the probability of a word’s c o-occurrence or collocation.⏹For example, “black” in black hair& black coffee,or black sheep differs in meaning; “The president of the United States” can mean either the president or presidency in different situation.calls forth in the hearer⏹Behaviorists attempted to define meaning as “the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”.⏹The story of Jack and Jill:Jill JackS_________r--------s_________RLexical meaning⏹Sense and reference are both concerned with the study of word meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.⏹Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.⏹Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between thelinguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.⏹Linguistic expressions stand in a relation to the world. There are two aspects of meaning.⏹Reference is the relation by which a word picks out or identifies an entity in the world. But the referentialtheory fails to account for certain kinds of linguistic expression.⏹Some words are meaningful, but they identify no entities in the real world, such as the words dragon, phoenix,unicorn, and mermaid.⏹It is not possible for some words to find referent in the world, such as the words but, and, of, however, the, etc.⏹Speakers of English understand the meaning of a round triangle although there is no such graph.⏹Sense is the relation by which words stand in human mind. It is mental representation, the association withsomething in t he speaker’s or hearer’s mind. The study of meaning from the perspective of sense is called the representational approach.Note:⏹Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations; on the other hand, there are also occasions, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense, e.g. the morning star and the evening star, rising sun in the morning and the sunset at dusk.Major sense relations⏹Synonymy, Antonymy, Polysemy, Homonymy, HyponymySynonymy⏹Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.1) Dialectal synonyms---- synonyms used in different regional dialects, e.g. autumn - fall, biscuit - cracker, petrol –gasoline，lift/elevator, flat/apartment…2) Stylistic synonyms----synonyms differing in style, e.g. kid, child, offspring; start, begin, commence; gentleman/guy…3) Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning, e.g.collaborator- accomplice, attract/seduce4) Collocational synonyms, e.g. accuse…of, charge…with, rebuke…for; …5) Semantically different synonyms, e.g. amaze, astound,…◆Synonyms are frequently used in speaking and writing as a cohesive device. In order to avoidrepetition the writer/speaker needs to use a synonym to replace a word in the previous co-text whenhe/she wants to continue to address that idea. The synonyms together function to create cohesion ofthe text.Antonymy◆Antonyms are words which are opposite in meaning.⏹Gradable antonyms----there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short, …⏹Complementary antonyms----the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-female, …⏹Relational/ Reversal opposites----exhibits the reversal of the relationship between the two items, e.g. husband-wife, father-son, doctor-patient, buy-sell, let-rent, employer-employee, give-receive, above-below, … Gradable antonyms⏹Gradable antonyms ----there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short, …Complementary antonyms⏹Complementary antonyms ----the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-female, …⏹Antonymy is frequently utilized as a rhetorical resource in language use. Oxymoron and antithesis based onantonymy. Gradable antonyms may give rise to fuzziness.Polysemy⏹Polysemy----the same one word may have more than one meaning, e.g. “table” may mean:⏹A piece of furniture⏹All the people seated at a table⏹The food that is put on a table⏹A thin flat piece of stone, metal wood, etc.⏹Orderly arrangement of facts, figures, etc.Homonymy⏹Homonymy---- the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, e.g. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.⏹Homophone ---- when two words are identical in sound, e.g. rain-reign, night/knight, …⏹Homogragh ---- when two words are identical in spelling, e.g. tear(n.)-tear(v.), lead(n.)-lead(v.), …⏹Complete/full homonym---- when two words are identical in both sound and spelling, e.g. ball, bank, watch, scale, fast, …⏹Note: Rhetorically, homonyms are often used as puns.⏹A polysemic word is the result of the evolution of the primary meaning of the word (the etymology of the word); while complete homonyms are often brought into being by coincidence.Hyponymy⏹Hyponymy----the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.⏹Superordinate: the word which is more general in meaning.⏹Hyponyms: the word which is more specific in meaning.⏹Co-hyponyms: hyponyms of the same superordinate.Hyponymy⏹Superordinate: flower⏹Hyponyms: rose, tulip, li ly, chrysanthemum, peony, narcissus, …⏹Superordinate: furniture⏹Hyponyms: bed, table, desk, dresser, wardrobe, sofa, …⏹This kind of vertical semantic relation links words in a hierarchical work.Sense relations between sentences⏹(1) X is synonymous with Y⏹(2) X is inconsistent with Y⏹(3) X entails Y⏹(4) X presupposes Y⏹(5) X is a contradiction⏹(6) X is semantically anomalousX is synonymous with Y⏹X: He was a bachelor all his life.Y: He never got married all his life.⏹X: The boy killed the cat.Y: The cat was killed by the boy.⏹If X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false.X is inconsistent with Y⏹X: He is single.⏹Y: He has a wife.⏹X: This is my first visit to Beijing.⏹Y: I have been to Beijing twice.⏹If X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true.X entails Y⏹X: John married a blond heiress.⏹Y: John married a blond.⏹X: Marry has been to Beijing.⏹Y: Marry has been to China.⏹Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, then the meaning of X is included in Y.⏹If X is true, Y is necessarily true; if X is false, Y may be true or false.X presupposes Y⏹X: His bike needs repairing.⏹Y: He has a bike.⏹Paul has given up smoking.⏹Paul once smoked.⏹If X is true, Y must be true; If X is false, Y is still true.X is a contradiction⏹*My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.⏹*The orphan’s parents are pretty well-off.X is semantically anomalous⏹*The man is pregnant.⏹*The table has bad intentions.⏹*Sincerity shakes hands with the black apple.⏹Analysis of meaning :⏹Componential analysis⏹Predication analysis⏹Componential analysis⏹Componential analysis---- a way to analyze lexical meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example,⏹Man: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE]⏹Boy: [+HUMAN, -ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE]⏹Woman: [+HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, -MALE]⏹Girl: [+HUMAN, -ADULT, +ANIMATE, -MALE]⏹Father: +HUMAN +MALE +ADULT →PARENT⏹Daughter: +HUMAN –MALE 0ADULT ←PARENTPredication analysis⏹1) The meaning of a sentence is not to be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its component words, e.g “The dog bites the man”is semantically different from “The man bites the dog” though their components are exactly the same.⏹2) There are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning, e.g.⏹*Green clouds are sleeping furiously.⏹*Sincerity shook hands with the black apple.⏹Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called selectional restrictions.⏹Predication analysis---- a way to analyze sentence meaning (British G. Leech).⏹Predication----the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.⏹An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal elements in a sentence. ⏹A predicate is something said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.⏹According to the number of arguments contained in a predication, we may classify the predications into the following types:⏹One-place predication: smoke, grow, rise, run, …⏹Two-place predication: like, love, save, bite, beat,…⏹Three-place predication: give, sent, promise, call, …⏹No-place predication: It is hot.Predication analysis⏹Tom smokes.→ TOM (SMOKE)⏹The tree grows well.→ TREE (GROW)⏹The kids like apples.→ KIDS (LIKE) APPLE⏹I sent him a letter.→ I (SEND) HIM LETTERSupplementary Exercises to Chapter 5 SemanticsI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.9. “it is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.13. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.16.R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19. An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.20. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD.behaviourism23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “ You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world ofexperience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresIV. Define the following terms:31. semantics 32. sense 33 . reference 34. synonymy35. polysemy 36. homonymy 37. homophones 38. Homographs39. complete homonyms 40. hyponymy 41.antonymy 42 componential analysis43.grammatical meaning 44. predication45. Argument 46. predicate47. Two-place predicationV. Answer the following questions:48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components?49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values?51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?52. According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ?Suggested answers to supplementary exercises:IV. Define the following terms:31. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.32. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de -contextualised.33. Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience34. Synonymy :Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.35. Polysemy :Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.36. Homonymy :Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form,i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.37. homophones :When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones38. homographs :When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.39. complete homonyms.:When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms.40.Hyponymy :Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.41. Antonymy :Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.42. Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.43.The grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.44. predication :The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.45. argument : An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.46. predicate : A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.47. two-place predication : A two-place predication is one which contains two arguments.Answer the following questions:48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components?The meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components because it cannot be worked out by adding up all the meanings of its constituent words. For example;(A) The dog bit the man. (B) The man bit the dog.If the meaning of a sentence were the sum total of the meanings of all its components, then the above two sentences would have the same meaning. In fact they are different in meanings.As we know, there are two aspects to sentence meaning: grammatical meaning and semantic meaning. The grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (A) are different from the grammatical meanings of “the dog” and “the man” in (B). The meaning of a sentence is the product of both lexical and grammatical meaning. It is the product of the meaning of the constituent words and of the grammatical constructions that relate one word syntagmatically to another.49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.Componential analysis, proposed by structural semanticists, is a way to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features. Plus and minus signs are used to indicate whether a certain semantic feature is present or absent in the meaning of a word, and these feature symbols are usually written in capitalized letters. For example, the word “man” is ana lyzed as consisting of the semantic features of [+ HUMAN, + ADULT, + ANIMATE, +MALE]50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values?Entailment is a relation of inclusion. Suppose there are two sentences X and Y:X: He has been to France.Y: He has been to Europe.In terms of truth values, if X is true, Y is necessarily true, e.g. If he has been to France, he must have been to Europe.If X is false, Y may be true or false, e. g. If he has not been to France, he may still have been to Europe or he has not been to Europe. If Y is true, X may be true or false, e.g. If he has been to Europe, he may or may not have been to France.If Y is false, X is false, e.g. If he has not been to Europe, he cannot have been to France.Therefore we conclude that X entails Y or Y is an entailment of X.The truth conditions that we use to judge presupposition is as follows:Suppose there are two sentences X and YX: John' s bike needs repairing.Y: John has a bike.If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. If John' s bike needs repairing, John must have a bike.If X is false, Y is still true, e. g. If John' s bike does not need repairing, John still has a bike. If Y is true, X is either true or false, e.g. If John has a bike, it may or may not need repairing. If Y is false, no truth value can be said about X, e.g. If John does not have a bike, nothing can be said about whether his bike needs repairing or not. Therefore, X presupposes Y, or Y is a presupposition of X.51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?In terms of truth condition, of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false, therefore X is synonymous with Ye.g. X; He was a bachelor all his life.Y: He never married all his life.Of the two sentences X and Y, if X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true, then we can say A is inconsistent with Ye.g. X: John is married.Y: John is a bachelor.52. According to the ways synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.According to the ways synonyms differ, synonyms can be divided into the following groups.i. Dialectal synonymsThey are synonyms which are used in different regional dialects. British English and American English are the two major geographical varieties of the English language. For examples:British English American Englishautumn falllift elevatorThen dialectal synonyms can also be found within British, or American English itself. For example, "girl" is called "lass" or "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whisky" in Irish dialect.ii. Stylistic synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in style or degree of formality. Some of the stylistic synonyms tend to be more formal, others tend to be casual, and still others are neutral in style. For example:old man, daddy, dad, father, male parentchap, pal, friend, companioniii. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaningThey are the words that have the same meaning but express different emotions of the user. The emotions of the user indicate the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about . For example, “collaborator”and “accomplice”are synonymous, sharing the meaning of "a person who helps another", but they are different in their evaluative meaning. The former means that a person who helps another in doing something good, while the latter refers to a person who helps another in a criminal act.iv. Collocational synonymsThey are synonyms which differ in their collocation. For example, we can use accuse, charge, rebuke to say that someone has done something wrong or even criminal, but they are used with different prepositions accuse. . . of, charge. . . with, rebuke. . .for. v. V. Semantically different synonymsSemantically different synonyms refer to the synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean. For example, "amaze" and "astound" are very close in meaning to the word "surprise," but they have very subtle differences in meaning. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, " astound" implies difficulty in believing. "53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How do they differ?One of the oldest was the naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to. The form and the meaning are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized; the situational context and the linguistic context.For example, the meaning of the word "seal" in the sentence "The seal could not be found" can only be determined according to the context in which the sentence occurs:The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.(seal meaning an aquatic mammal)The seal could not be found. The king became worried.(seal meaning the king's stamp)Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as " the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer".。

新编英语教程第5册部分课文参考译文

Unit One 恰到好处你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗？只见他左敲敲，右敲敲，说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻，结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。

而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。

他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去，一钉到底。

语言也是如此。

一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。

差不多的词，不准确的短语，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修饰，都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。

他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。

法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达这样一个意思，即“le mot juste”, 恰到好处的词。

有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事，比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。

在浩瀚的词海中，词与词之间有着微妙的区别，要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。

这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题，还需要人们绞尽脑汁，要观察敏锐。

选词是认识过程的一个步骤，也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。

有人说：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法？”这听起来似乎很离谱，但它确实很有道理。

寻找恰如其分的词的确是件不容易的事。

一旦找到了那个词，我们就会感到很欣慰：辛劳得到了回报。

准确地用语言有助于我们深入了解我们描述的事物。

例如，当有人问你：“某某是怎么样的人？”你回答说：“恩，我想他是个不错的家伙，但他非常??”接着你犹豫了，试图找到一个词或短语来说明他到底讨厌在哪里。

当你找到一个恰当的短语的时候，你发觉自己对他的看法更清楚，也更精确了。

一些英语词汇词根相同而意义却截然不同。

例如human 和humane,二者的词根相同，词义也相关，但用法完全不同。

“ human action (人类行为)”和“humane action ( 人道行为)”完全是两码事。

我们不能说“人道权力宣言”，而是说“人权宣言”。

有一种屠杀工具叫“humane killer ( 麻醉屠宰机)，而不是human killer ( 杀人机器)。

新编英语教程5(词汇Unit1-10)

Unit One Hit the Nail on the Head1. drive sth home: force (the nail) into the right place; make sth unmistakably clear.2. scrupulous: painstaking, meticulous3. far afield: very far away4. rife:1) widespread, common 2)full of5. leader: British English for newspaper editorial6. coercion: pressure, compulsion7. epitomize: be typical of; serve as the typical example of8. disprove: prove to be contrary; refute9. expire: die, pass away; come to an end10. indigent: poverty-stricken, pennilessUnit Two Beware the dirty seas1. sluice: (v.) to pour as if from a sluice(水闸)，i.e., a man-made passage for water fitted with a gate for stopping and regulating the flow; (n.) a channel controlling water flow2. nurture: further the development of; care for3. evolve: develop gradually (by a long continuous process)4. endemic: (of a disease) found regularly in a particular place5. litany: repetition. The literal meaning of “litany” is “a prayer consisting of a series of invocations and supplications by the leader with responses by the congregation”.6. flush: pour; flood with water to clean out (See dictionary)7. lurk: exist unseen8. effluent: liquid wastes, such as chemicals or sewage that flows out from a factory or some other places into a river or the sea9. plankton: very small forms of plant and animal life that live in a body off water 浮游生物10. slime: unpleasant sticky substance, such as the thick sticky liquid on the skin of various fishUnit Three My Friend, Albert Einstein1. knack: a clever way of doing things2. be in awe of: have respect as well as fear and reverence for3. staggering: unexpectedly surprising; astounding4. vestiges: traces5. ultimately: finally; after a long series of time6. recalcitrant: hard to deal with; unmanageable7. worry: assail a problem again and again until it is solved, just like a dog biting some small animals repeatedly, shaking it or pulling it with the teeth8. surcease: (archaic) cessation, pause9. plausible: seeming to be reasonable10. a house of cards: an insecure scheme11. ineffable: unutterable; incapable of being expressed in words12. elusively whimsical: indescribably quaint or strange 捉摸不透的，古怪Unit Four The Invisible Poor1. perennial: lasting forever or for a long time2. rutted roads: roads with deep, narrow marks made by the wheels of vehicles3. be exempt from: be freed from a duty. service, payment, etc.4. tenement: a large building, especially one in the poor part of a city, which is divided into small flats which are rented cheaply5. affluent: wealthy, prosperous6. compound v.: /kom'paund/ make worse by adding (something) to . . . (often used in the passive)7. existential: relating to human experience (a formal-word)8. lurid: sensational, shocking9. dispossessed: people who have lost all their possessions10. cynical: doubtful as to whether something will happen or whether it is worthwhile11. involvement: connection12. old rhetoric of reform: writings about reform in the past that sounded fine and important, but were really insincere and meaninglessUnit Five The Plug—in Drug:TV and the American Family,PartⅠ1. afflict: trouble2. asset: valuable object; advantage3. preposterous: unthinkable, absurd4. splintering: splitting, breaking up5. the peer group: a group of people of the same age, class, position. etc. here, group of children of the same age6. television-oriented: interested in and influenced by TV7. equivocal: ambiguous8. sorcerer: person who performs magic by using the power of evil spirits9. stint: fixed amount of work: here, the fixed TV programme10. conjure up: bring into the mind11. sane: (in this context) in possession of good relations/of a close bond12. backlog: a reserveUnit Six Preparing for College1. driving motive: the incentive / encouragement that urges them on;2. the rudiments: the basics, the fundamentals (The word rudiments is always in the plural form when used in this sense.)3. metaphysics: the branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts, etc. 形而上学，玄学，纯粹哲学4. conscious culture: the culture (i.e. customs, arts, etc,) that is directly perceptible or known to us5. fanatic: one who is very enthusiastic about a particular activity6. personify: express or represent ( a quality in human form)7. sedentary: inactive; done while sitting down8. underline: indicate the importance of9. balked: baffled; frustrated10. a maddening lot: a wild, uncontrollable group11. righteous sects: morally justifiable groups of people whose religious beliefs are considered different form those of a larger group12. relish: 味,味道,兴趣;开胃小菜;great enjoymentUnit Seven Grouping the Gifted:Pro1. innate: belonging to an individual from birth2. pursuit: an activity that one engages in as a profession, vocation, or avocation3. athlete: person who practises athletics; competitor or skilled performer in physical exercises4. heterogeneously: in such a way that members are very different from one another5. criterion /--ia: standard on which a decision may be based6. snob: one who has an offensive air of superiority (here, in matters of knowledge)7. elite: a socially superior group8. instill: put (ideas, etc. ) gradually but firmly into someone's mind by continuous effort9. spark: encourage; stimulate into greater activity10. latent: present and capable of becoming though not now visible or active11. skyrocket: rise or increase rapidly12. pay dividends: produce an advantage. especially as a result of an earlier action (dividend: that part of the money made by a business which is divided among those who own shares in the business 红利)Unit Eight Why Nothing Works1. savant: a man of learning, especially a person with detailed knowledge in some specialized field2. corollary: an immediate inference from a proved proposition3. forestall: defeat, prevent by prior measures4. commitment: a pledge to follow certain beliefs or a certain course of action; devotion (to duty etc. )5. artifact: a usually small object (as a tool or an ornament) showing human workmanship that has special historical interest6. evoke: bring to mind7. projectile point: the tip of a weapon that is thrust forward; spear or arrowhead8. band: a group of people formed for some common purpose and often with a leader9. barter: trade by exchanging one commodity for another10. alienation: a withdrawing or separation of a person from an object or position of former attachment; a feeling of not belonging to or being part of one's surroundingsUnit Nine Where Is the News Leading Us?1. symposium: a conference in which experts or scholars discuss a certain subject2. scrutinize: examine very closely and carefully3. distortion: misrepresentation; a false or dishonest account4. eruptive: (in this context) sensational, shocking, disturbing5. collide with: crash violently into; run into (one another)6. ingredient: a component part of something7. inhibitor: one who holds back, prevents8. deplete: exhaust, use up, reduce9. cynicism: disbelief in the sincerity of human motives10. antidote: remedy, corrective; something that prevents or counteracts11. envision: picture mentally, imagine, visualize12. caricature: a picture ludicrously滑稽的exaggerating the peculiarities or defects of persons or thingsUnit Ten Things:The Throw—Away Society1. Humanoid: having human form or characteristics2. texture: the degree of roughness or smoothness, coarseness or fineness, of a substance or material, especially as felt by touch; visual and tactile qualities of a surface3. staggering: stunning, wondrous, breathtaking4. deride: laugh at contemptuously; to scoff at or mock5. transience: temporariness, impermanence; the quality or state of being temporary or impermanent6. at a rapid clip: (informal) at a fast pace7. inextricably embedded: so deeply involved that it is impossible to get free8. boutique: a small fashionable clothes shop9. sumptuous: expensive and grand10. train: a part of a long dress that spreads over the ground behind the wearer11. A-line dresses: dresses with a flared bottom and close-fitting top, having an "A" or tent-like shape12. supplant: take the place of; replace。

(完整word版)新编英语教程5(1-12)课文翻译.docx

Unit 1恰到好处你一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上子？只他左敲敲，右敲敲，不准会将整个子翻，果敲来敲去到来只敲了半截。

而熟的木匠就不么干。

他每敲一下都会巧妙地正着落下去，一到底。

言也是如此。

一位秀的家造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的点。

差不多的，不准确的短，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修，都无法使一位追求真英的作家意。

他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的。

法国人有一个很切的短来表达一个意思，即“ le mot juste”, 恰到好的。

有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人事，比如福楼拜常花几天的力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无。

在浩瀚的海中，与之有着微妙的区，要找到能恰如其分表达我意思的非易事。

不是扎的言功底和相当大的量的，需要人尽汁，要察敏。

是程的一个步，也是描述我的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和者深刻理解的一个。

有人：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法？” 听起来似乎很离，但它确很有道理。

找恰如其分的的确是件不容易的事。

一旦找到了那个，我就会感到很欣慰：辛得到了回。

准确地用言有助于我深入了解我描述的事物。

例如，当有人你：“某某是怎么的人？”你回答：“恩，我想他是个不的家伙，但他非常⋯⋯”接着你犹豫了，找到一个或短来明他到底在哪里。

当你找到一个恰当的短的候，你自己他的看法更清楚，也更精确了。

一些英根相同而意却截然不同。

例如human 和 humane, 二者的根相同，也相关，但用法完全不同。

“human action (人行 ) ”和“ humane action( 人道行 ) ”完全是两事。

我不能“人道力宣言”，而是“人宣言”。

有一种屠工具叫“ humane killer (麻醉屠宰机 ) ，而不是 human killer (人机器 ) 。

言中的坏手的例子在我身随可。

有人邀一名学生去吃，他写信予回复。

看他的信是尾的：“我将很高赴并不安（anxiety）期待着那个日子的到来。

”“ Anxiety ”含有和恐惧的意味。

新编英语教程5第五章课文翻译

带插头的毒品：电视和美国家庭（第一部分）在电视机这项发明进入美国人生活的25年后，它已经在人们的生活中根深蒂固，甚至美国至少有一个州的法律规定电视机是生活的必需品，而且如果负债，它可以和衣物、厨具等一样可免于作为财产抵押，并且看电视也成为人们生活中非常普遍甚至不可避免的活动。

只有在电视机进入人们生活的最初几年，作家和评论家们才有充分的洞察力可以将看电视这种活动本身和电视给我们提供的内容分开。

在哪些早期的日子里，作家们经常讨论电视对家庭生活的影响。

不过，奇怪的是，缺乏远见困扰着那些早期的观察家们：他们几乎无一例外地认为电视给家庭生活带来了非常正面的，有益的影响，而且这种影响简直非常奇妙。

早在1947年就有作家预言：“电视机将成为有孩子的每一个家庭的意向真正的财产。

”另一位评论家也声称：“电视将改变你的生活方式和你孩子的生活习惯，但是这种改变肯定是一种非常奇妙的进步。

”1949年，《纽约时报》电视评论家做出这样的评论：“无需调查我们就可以得出这样的结论：电视使家庭成员聚集到了一个房间。

”早期这些关于电视的文章每一篇都会刊登这样的照片或者插图：一家人舒适地围坐在电视机前，女儿坐在妈妈的腿上，男孩靠在爸爸的椅子扶手上，爸爸的手臂环绕着妈妈的肩。

谁会想到大约二十年后会是这样的结果：妈妈在厨房看电视剧，孩子们在自己的房间看动画片，而爸爸却在客厅里看球赛。

当然，在早期的时候，电视机的价格十分昂贵，到1975年百分之六十以上的美国家庭会拥有两台以上的电视机的想法在当时看来简直太荒谬了。

拥有多台电视机所导致的家庭分裂状况是早期的作家所没有预见的。

也没有人能够想象出孩子们最终花费在看电视上的时间会是多少，家长们会经常将看电视作为安抚孩子的手段，电视对于孩子的抚养方式又有多大的影响，孩子的家庭生活越来越多被看电视所主宰——总而言之，没有人能想象得到这一新的媒介支配家庭生活的强大力量。

后来，随着孩子看电视的时间的增加，家长们对于过多地看电视到底会给孩子带来怎样的影响表现出越来越多的忧虑。

全新版大学英语综合教程5课文翻译

Unit 3PartⅡTextA The Truth About Lying关于说谎的真相朱迪斯?维奥斯特我一直想写一个令我深感兴趣的话题：关于说谎的问题。

我觉得这个题目很难写。

所有我交谈过的人都对什么事情可以说谎——什么事情绝对不可以说谎——持有强烈的、常常不容别人分说的个人意见。

最后我得出结论，我不能下任何定论，因为这样做就会有太多的人立即反对。

我想我还是提出若干都与说谎有关的道义上的难题吧。

我将向读者阐明我对这些难题的个人看法。

你们觉得对吗？社交性谎言和我交谈过的大多数人都说，他们认为旨在促进社会交际的谎言是可以接受的，也是必要的。

他们认为这是一种文明的行为。

他们说，要不是这类无关紧要的谎言，人与人之间的关系就会变得粗野不快，无法持久。

他们说，如果你要做到十二分正直、十二分无畏，不由自主地用你的诚实使他人陷入不必要的窘境或痛苦之中，这只能说你是傲慢自大。

对此，我基本赞同。

你呢？你会不会跟人说：“我喜欢你的新发型，”“你气色好多了，”“见到你真高兴，”“我玩得很尽兴，”而实际上根本不是这么回事儿？你会不会对令人憎厌的礼物，或相貌平平的孩子称赞有加？你婉辞邀请时会不会说“那天晚上我们正好没空——真对不起，我们不能来，”而实际上你是宁肯呆在家里也不想跟某某夫妇一起进餐？虽然像我那样，你也想用“太丰盛了”这种委婉的托辞，而不是盛赞“那汤味道好极了”(其实味同重新热过的咖啡)，但如果你必须赞美那汤，你会说它鲜美吗?我认识一个人，他完全拒绝说这类社交性谎言。

“我不会那一套，”他说，“我生来就不会那一套。

”讲到对人家说几句好听的话并不失去什么，他的回答是：“不对，当然有损失——那会损害你的诚信度。

”因此你不问他，他不会对你刚买来的画发表意见，但除非你想听老实话，否则你也不会去问他的真实想法。

当我们这些说谎者轻声称赞着“多美啊”的时候，他的沉默往往是极能说明问题的。

我的这位朋友从来不讲他所说的“奉承话、虚假的赞美话和动听话”。

(完整word版)新编英语教程5(1-12)课文翻译

Unit 1 恰到好处你见过一个笨手笨脚的男人往箱子上钉钉子吗？只见他左敲敲，右敲敲，说不准还会将整个钉子锤翻，结果敲来敲去到头来只敲进了半截。

而娴熟的木匠就不这么干。

他每敲一下都会坚实巧妙地正对着钉头落下去，一钉到底。

语言也是如此。

一位优秀的艺术家谴词造句上力求准确而有力地表达自己的观点。

差不多的词，不准确的短语，摸棱两可的表达，含糊不清的修饰，都无法使一位追求纯真英语的作家满意。

他会一直思考，直至找到那个能准确表达他的意思的词。

法国人有一个很贴切的短语来表达这样一个意思，即“le mot juste”, 恰到好处的词。

有很多关于精益求精的作家的名人轶事，比如福楼拜常花几天的时间力求使一两个句子在表达上准确无误。

在浩瀚的词海中，词与词之间有着微妙的区别，要找到能恰如其分表达我们意思的词绝非易事。

这不仅仅是扎实的语言功底和相当大的词汇量的问题，还需要人们绞尽脑汁，要观察敏锐。

选词是认识过程的一个步骤，也是详细描述我们的思想感情并表达出来使自己以及听众和读者深刻理解的一个环节。

有人说：“在我思想未成文之前，我怎么知道自己的想法？”这听起来似乎很离谱，但它确实很有道理。

寻找恰如其分的词的确是件不容易的事。

一旦找到了那个词，我们就会感到很欣慰：辛劳得到了回报。

准确地用语言有助于我们深入了解我们描述的事物。

例如，当有人问你：“某某是怎么样的人？”你回答说：“恩，我想他是个不错的家伙，但他非常……”接着你犹豫了，试图找到一个词或短语来说明他到底讨厌在哪里。

当你找到一个恰当的短语的时候，你发觉自己对他的看法更清楚，也更精确了。

一些英语词汇词根相同而意义却截然不同。

例如human 和humane,二者的词根相同，词义也相关，但用法完全不同。

“ human action (人类行为)”和“humane action ( 人道行为)”完全是两码事。

我们不能说“人道权力宣言”，而是说“人权宣言”。

有一种屠杀工具叫“humane killer ( 麻醉屠宰机)，而不是human killer ( 杀人机器)。

综合教程第五册unit2--何兆熊

4
汤亭亭（1940—）是华裔作家。她出生于1940 年10月27日。她是家中6个孩子中的长女，他们家在加利福利亚斯托克顿市开了一家洗衣店。她1962年毕业于加利福利亚伯克利分校，现为其荣誉教授。她的作品通常反映了中国文化的影响，并且在小说中融合了非小说元素。她于 1976年发表的《女勇士》，获国家图书评论奖， 1980年的《中国佬》也获得此殊荣。她的另一部小说《孙行者》以中国神话人物孙悟空为原型。
determination, independence and hands-on ability.
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Text Structure
Part I：
Para. 1
Part II：
Para.2- 6
Part III： Para. 7-11
Part IV： Para. 12-14
18
Байду номын сангаас
Part I (para.1)
They live in China, they acquire an eastern education, speak Chinese, like native Chinese.
11
12
Chinese Education
The classroom many students study together. politeness between the teacher and students
westernized.
9
Lee-hom Wang
10
Egg: 鸡蛋人
White outside and Yellow inside
It refers to the whites who love Chinese culture and try their best to learn Chinese culture.

全新版大学英语综合教材第五册第二版text b课文翻译(全)

狱中学习马尔科姆·艾克斯今天，许多在什么地方直接听我讲话的人，或在电视上听我讲话的人，或读过我写的东西的人，都会以为我上学远不止只读到8年级。

这一印象完全归之于我在监狱里的学习。

其实这事要从查尔斯顿监狱说起，一开始宾比就让我对他的知识渊博羡慕不已。

宾比总是主宰谈话话题，我总想效仿他。

可是，我随便打开一本书，几乎没有一个句子不是少则一两个字，多则差不多所有的字都不认识。

我只好跳过这些字，结果自然是对书上说的几乎一无所知了。

因此，我被解送到诺福克拘留所时，读书还只是为了摆摆样子而已。

要不是我真的获得了学习动力，我恐怕没多久就会连读书的样子也懒得去摆了。

我认识到，最要紧的是得到一本字典好认字学字。

幸好我还认识到得好好练习写字。

说来悲伤，我写字都不能写得齐整成行。

这两个想法促使我向诺福克拘留所学校要了字典，还有本子和笔。

整整两天，我把字典一页页翻了个遍，不知该怎么学。

我压根儿没想过会有那么多字。

我不知道自己需要学哪些字。

最后，总得有所行动吧，我便开始抄写。

我写字又慢又费劲，而且歪歪斜斜，但我在本子上抄写下了第一页上包括标点在内的所有印刷符号。

记得我抄写了一天。

然后,我把本子上抄写下的所有字大声朗读给自己听。

一遍又一遍，我大声朗读自己抄写的字。

我第二天早上醒来，仍想着那些字——想到自己不仅一次写了那么多字，而且还写了以前根本不认识的字，不由得深感自豪。

更何况，略加回想，我还能记住其中许多字的意思。

没记住的字我都复习了一遍。

有趣的是，此时此刻，那本字典第一页上"aardvark"这个字跃入了我的脑海。

字典上有一幅画它的插图，那是一种长尾巴长耳朵会掘洞的非洲哺乳动物，像食蚁兽捕食蚂蚁那样伸出舌头捕食白蚁。

我完全着迷了，于是继续抄——我又抄写了字典的第二页。

我学这一页上的字时体验到了同样的感受。

每学一页字，我还学到了一点有关人物、地方和历史事件的知识。

字典实际上就像是一部小型百科全书。

综合英语第五册_何兆熊_ 课后翻译

综合英语第五册_何兆熊_ 课后翻译1. I haven't seen it myself, but it is supposed to be a really good movie.2. The hostess cut the cheese into bite-size pieces.3. No one can function properly if they are deprived of adequate sleep.4. He carefully copied my pretense that nothing unusual had occurred.5. It was scorching outside; all the tourists escaped into the fan-cooled hut.6. I've come to see his fabled footwork that people talk so much about.7. I'm not a teacher proper, since I haven't been trained, but I've had a lot of teaching experience.8. Students tend to anticipate what questions they will be asked on the exa mination.II. Translate the following into Chinese.如果美国对此时此刻的迫切性视而不见，低估黑人的决心，那么这对美国的命运将是休戚相关的。

自由平等、令人心旷神怡的秋天遥遥无期，黑人正当愤怒的闷热夏季就不会消失。

1963年并不是终结，而是开端。

只要黑人得不到公民权益，美国就不可能有安宁和稳定。

反抗的旋风会继续撼动这个国家的根基，直到正义光明的日子的来临。

(完整word版)综合教程5何兆熊unit1-4课文翻译

Unit1The Fourth of JulyThe first time I went to Washington D.C. was on the edge of the summer when I was supposed to stop being a child. At least that’s what they said to us all at graduation from the eighth grade. My sister Phyllis graduated at the same time from high school. I don’t know what she was supposed to stop being. But as graduation presents for us both, the whole family took a Forth of July trip to Washington D.C., the fabled and famous capital of our country.我第一次到华盛顿的时候是初夏那时我想我不应该再当一个孩子。

至少这是他们在八年级的毕业典礼上对我们说的。

我的姐姐菲利斯在同一时间从高中毕业。

我不知道她应该不再当一个什么。

但当作是送给我们俩的毕业礼物,我们全家在国庆日前往华盛顿旅游,那是传奇而著名的我国首都。

It was the first time I’d ever been on a railroad train during the day. When I was little, and we used to go to the Connecticut shore, we always went at night on the milk train, because it was cheaper.这是我第一次真正意义上在白天时乘坐火车。

新编英语教程5第11课课文翻译

生活对我意味着什么作者：杰克·伦敦我出生在工人阶级的家庭。

小时候，我就知道什么是热情、抱负和理想，而实现这些目标成了我孩童时代的难题。

我身处于残酷、艰苦而又原始的环境中。

我不想朝外看，只想往上看。

我处于社会的底层。

这里的生活给肉体和精神带来的，只有肮脏和苦难；因为在这里，肉体和精神都在忍饥挨饿、受尽折磨。

在我之上矗立着庞大的社会体系，而在我看来，唯一的出路就是往上爬。

我很小的时候就下定决心要爬到这个体系中去。

上流社会的男人们穿黑色的西服和前胸上浆的白衬衫，女人们都穿漂亮的礼服。

那里还有好吃的食物，而且非常丰富。

对肉体来说，这些足够了。

接下来就是精神方面的需求。

我知道，在我之上的阶级中有无私的精神、纯洁高尚的思想和头脑敏锐聪明的人。

我知道这一切是因为我读过廉价盗版小说，书里除了反面人物和女投机商之外，所有的男人和女人都思想高尚、谈吐动听、举止优雅。

简单地说，就像我承认太阳升起一样，我承认在我之上的一切都是美好、高尚和优雅的，这一切为生活赋予体面和尊严，这一切使人生值得度过，也是对一个人辛勤劳动和悲惨不幸的回报。

但是，一个人要想爬出工人阶级跻身上流，可没那么容易——如果他还抱有理想和幻想，那就更难了。

我生活在加利福尼亚州的一个大农场上，很难找到能借以攀爬的梯子。

早先我曾咨询过股本的利率，还担心我这个智商不高的头脑是否能理解人类杰出发明——复利——的优点和长处。

然后我又查明了各个年龄的工人们时下的工资率和生活费用。

根据所有这些数据，我总结出，如果我立刻开始工作、攒钱，在我五十岁的时候，我就可以停止工作，加入到享受快乐和幸福的队伍中去，等我进入了较上层的社会，这一部分快乐和幸福就会向我敞开大门。

当然，我下定决心不结婚，可是我却完全忘记了工人阶级的大麻烦——疾病。

但是我所想的这种生活不仅仅要求我省吃俭用。

而且，在我十岁的时候，我成了城市街头的一个报童，并且发现自己向上爬的观念改变了。

我的周围依然是肮脏和苦难，在我之上依然是那个有待我得到的天堂，只是，借以攀爬的梯子不同了。

2013新编英语教程5 text book 词汇解释何兆熊版

Unit1 Hit the Nail on the Head1.more or less: imprecise but fairly close to correct; almost but not exact2.scrupulous: correct even in the smallest detail; exact; painstaking; meticulous 严格认真的,审慎的3.afield: far away from home or one’s usual surroundings4.rife: 1) widespread, common 2)full of5.malapropism: the unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that soundssimilar.6.coercion: the act of compelling by force of authority; using force to cause something7.epitomize: be typical of; serve as the typical example of. Embody the essentialcharacteristics of or be a typical example of8.disprove: prove to be contrary/false; refute9.expire: die, pass away; come to an end; terminate; conclude10.indigent: poverty-stricken, penniless; poor enough to need help from others11.drive sth home: force (the nail) into the right place; make sth unmistakably clear.Unit2 The Great Escape1.economy: reduction in cost; careful management of money, etc. to avoid waste2.motive: reason (for an action ); sth that makes a person choose to act ?? ticular way3.manoeuvre: move skilfully; drive a car4.paradox: a statement that seems impossible because it contains two opposite that are bothtrue, like “More haste, less speed” and “ The more you learn, the less you ?”5.entail: have as a logical consequence; involve, or imply as a necessary part?6.Insularity: the state of being isolated or detached; (here) narrow-mindedness7.Self-containment: one who does not seem to need other people or show their feelingabsorbedness; selfishness; self-contentedness8.Preponderance: a superiority in number or amount9.Wary: watchful, cautious, or alert10.Alienate: cause to become unfriendly or hostile; estrangeUnit3 My Friend, Albert Einstein1. knack: a clever way of doing things2. be in awe of: have respect as well as fear and reverence for3. staggering: unexpectedly surprising; astounding4. vestiges: traces5. ultimately: finally; after a long series of time6. recalcitrant: hard to deal with; unmanageable7. worry: assail a problem again and again until it is solved, just like a dog biting some small animals repeatedly, shaking it or pulling it with the teeth8. surcease: (archaic) cessation, pause9. plausible: seeming to be reasonable10. a house of cards: an insecure scheme11. ineffable: unutterable; incapable of being expressed in words12. elusively whimsical: indescribably quaint or strange 捉摸不透的，古怪Unit4 Preparing for College1.Adenture: an unusual or exciting experience; an adventure in dining2.Curiosity: an eager desire desire to know or learn; inquisitiveness3.Rudiments: the first simple facts or rules of anything: to learn the rudiments of coo?erythe basics, the fundamentals (The word rudiments is always in the plural form when used in this sense.)4.Fanatic: a person whose enthusiasm or zeal for sth is extreme or beyond normal limits5.underline: indicate the importance of. Emphasize or cause to stand out; underscore6.balked: baffled; frustrated. 1)stop or turn away abruptly or unexpectedly 2)avoiddeliberately7.essential truth: absolute truth8.relish: 味,味道,兴趣;开胃小菜; great enjoyment9.metaphysics: the branch of philosophy that deals with abstract concepts, etc. 形而上学，玄学，纯粹哲学10.conscious culture: the culture (i.e. customs, arts, etc,) that is directly perceptible or known tous11.fanatic: one who is very enthusiastic about a particular activity12.personify: express or represent ( a quality in human form)13.sedentary: inactive; done while sitting down14. a maddening lot: a wild, uncontrollable group15.righteous sects: morally justifiable groups of people whose religious beliefs are considereddifferent form those of a larger groupUnit 5 Why Nothing Works1.attributed to: considered or believed to be done or caused by2.savant: a learned man/scholar; someone who knows a lot about a subject; someone whohas mental problems and may have lower intelligence than average, but can do one thing very well, such as adding numbers very quickly. of learning, especially a person with detailed knowledge in some specialized field3.Corollary: sth that is the direct result of sth else; a practical consequence that followsnaturally. an immediate inference from a proved proposition4.Shoddy: cheap and inferior( in quality); made or done cheaply and badly5.forestall: prevent from happening or arising; make impossible; act in advance of deal withahead of time. defeat, prevent by prior measures6.do the trick: perform the function; make/be effective7.evoke: produce or call forth (emotions, feeling, and responses) bring to mind8.fashion: make sth from sth, using hands or only a few took9.alienation from the company and ots products: a feeling of not belonging company and notbeing involved in the production of goods; a withdrawing or separation of a person from an object or position of former attachment10.alienation from: separation from (society or a group)mitment: a pledge to follow certain beliefs or a certain course of action; devotion (to dutyetc. )12.artifact: a usually small object (as a tool or an ornament) showing human workmanship thathas special historical interest13.projectile point: the tip of a weapon that is thrust forward; spear or arrowhead14.band: a group of people formed for some common purpose and often with a leader15.barter: trade by exchanging one commodity for anotherunit 6 Where is the News Leading Us?1.Aggressive: making an all-out effort to win or succeed; competitive?; vigorously energetic,esp. in the use of initiative and force? ???2.Solid(reporting): sound/proved/reliable/dependable(solid facts/evidence)3.Scrutinize: look at critically or searchingly, or in minute detail4.Ingredient: an element in a mixture or compound5.Deplete: use up(supplies, money, energy,etc); reduce or exhaust;?6.Roundup: a collection or summary of news items,such as a weather?7.Envision:imagine sth that you think might happen in the ? thing that will be good.8.Caricature: a representation of a person in literature or art made so that pars of his bodyappear more noticeable, odd, or amusing9.Transmit: send or convey from one person or place to another; convey by or as if byinheritance or heredity10.Addressed a question: asked a question11.Distortions in the world: created or modified news12.Downside news: bad/negative/distorted news13.Underinformed: insufficiently informed14.Sharping the world: impacting/influencing/affectingUnit7 Things: The Throw-Away Society1.Dramatic: sudden. Surprising and noticeable2.Clutch(to/onto/at): hold sth tightly lest it should get lost3.transience: short-time/brief continuity as in “the transience of fame”temporariness,impermanence; the quality or state of being temporary or impermanent4.embed(in/with usu. pass): fix firmly and deeply in(a mass of surrounding) cause to be anintegral part of a surrounding whole5.boutique: a small shop that sells fashionable clothes, shoes, jewellery etc.a small fashionableclothes shop6.Sumptuous: very impressive and expensive; luxurious and showing? expensive and grand7.Devil-may-care: easygoing/carefree; careless/reckless/unconcerned8.Mentality: the state or quality of mental or intellectual ability; a way ? habitual orcharacteristic mental attitude (that determines how one interprets?)9.supplant: take the place of or move into the position of a person or ? tricks or deceit;replace10.Humanoid: having human form or characteristics11.texture: the degree of roughness or smoothness, coarseness or fineness, of a substance ormaterial, especially as felt by touch; visual and tactile qualities of a surface12.staggering: stunning, wondrous, breathtaking13.deride: laugh at contemptuously; to scoff at or mock14.at a rapid clip: (informal) at a fast pace15.inextricably embedded: so deeply involved that it is impossible to get free16.train: a part of a long dress that spreads over the ground behind the wearer17.A-line dresses: dresses with a flared bottom and close-fitting top, having an "A" or tent-likeshapeUnit8 cultivating a hobby1.Spasm:An involuntary muscular contraction: muscle/muscular/facial/back/shoulder/throat,etc.spasm; a sudden violent/strong feeling or reaction for a brief period of timeA spasm of the emotion-a sudden burst of a strong feeling2.Futile: meaningless/pointless/useless/ineffective: be/prove/seem futile; consider/describe sth.as futile; absolutely/completely/quite/utterly/apparently/seemingly futile3.Insinuate: introduce/suggest sth gradually and indirectly into4.Undue: more than is reasonable/suitable/necessary; a little excessive; (under) undueinfluence/pressure/stress/strain/delay, etc5.Policy: a particular principle/strategy/approach of action that one adopts to guide one;sdecision or behavior6.Improvise: make or do without preparation/practice/sufficient material, etc;invent/provide/accomplish offhandmand: n. order; v. deserve and get, be in a position to use; have at one’s service8.Gratify: satisfy/grant: gratify a desire/wish/whim, etc.9.Caprice: sudden wish to have or do sth; whim /fancy10.Harmony: pleasant combination/ a state ofagreement: achieve/maintain/preserve/foster/promote, etc.harmony; absolute/complete/prefect/reasonable/relative, etc.harmony in/between/with, etc.11.Banish: try to stop thinking about sb. Or sth.; drive out;get rid of: banish the memonary/ thought/image, etc(of sb./sth)12.Into its convulsive grasp: (in this context) worry; a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches holdof sth and will not let it go; undue grip; the strain of mental effort13.They must be sedulously tended: sincerely/diligently/carefully/with painstaking effort14.The vivifying fruits: relieving/satisfactory15.Aggravates the strain of mental effort: intensifies/ makes worse16.Only an additional satiation: pleasure, excitement;satisfaction17.Avenging boredom: inflicted as punishment/revenge18.An absorbing vocation: an enjoyable and interesting job/profession that one is ? happy anfwilling to be indulged in。

中英=高级英语1-何兆熊-Unit-5-conservatives-and-liberals

中英=高级英语1-何兆熊-Unit-5-conservatives-and-l iberals民地，旧秩序和新秩序，穷人和富人。

这些争端存在于所有国家的每个时刻。

战争的范围不仅是在战场，在国家议会和基督教议会，而且每时每刻都以反对性质的优势牵动着每个人的内心。

旧世界被推翻的同时建立起新世界。

今天新世界发展得很好，但是他仍然要不断的以新的的名字和时代性个性更新自我，。

2. Such an irreconcilable antagonism, of course, must havea correspondent depth of seat in the human constitution. It is the opposition of Past and Future, of Memory and Hope, of the Understanding and Reason. It is the primal antagonism, the appearance in trifles of the two poles of nature.当然，如此势不两立的敌对势力必须对人类的体制有相似深度的理解。

这就是过去和将来，记忆和希望，理解和原因的对立。

最基本的敌对势力存在于自然两级中的琐事中。

3. There is a fragment of old fable which seems somehow to have been dropped from the current mythologies, which may deserve attention, as it appears to relate to this subject.有一个古老预言的片段似乎一定程度上能用来解释现今的神话，它很值得关注，因为它与这个主题相关。

4. Saturn grew weary of sitting alone, or with none but the great Uranus or Heaven beholding him, and he created an oyster. Then he would act again, but he made nothing more, but went on creating the race of oysters. Then Uranus cried,“a new work, O Saturn! The old is not good again.”5. Saturn replied, “I fear. There is not only the alternative of making and not making, but also of unmaking. Seest thou the great sea, how it ebbs and flows? So is it with me; my power ebbs; and if I put forth my hands, I shall not do, but undo. Therefore I do what I have done; I hold what I have got; and so I resist Night and Chaos.”6. “O Saturn,” replied Uranus. “Thou canst not hold thine own, but by making more. Thy oysters are barnacles and cockles, and with the next flowing of the tide, they will be pebble and sea foam.”7. “I see,” rejoins Saturn, “thou art in league with Night, thou art become an evil eye: thou spakest from love; now thy words smite me with hatred. I appeal to Fate, must there not be r est?”---“I appeal to Fate also,” said Uranus, “must there not be motion?”--- But Saturn was silent and went on making oysters for a thousand years.8. After that the word of Uranus came into his mind like a ray of the sun, and he made Jupiter; and then he feared again; and nature froze, the things that were made went backward, and to save the world, Jupiter slew his father Saturn.9. This may stand for the earliest account of a conversation on politics between a Conservative and a Radical, which has come down to us. It is ever thus. It is the counteraction of the centripetal and the centrifugal forces. Innovation is the salient energy; Conservatism the pause on the last movement. “That which is was made by God,” saith Conservatism. “He is leaving that, he is entering this other,” rejoins Innovation.这个也许是保守党和激进党政见最早描述的代表，它传承下来给我们。

综合教程5何兆熊unit1-4课文翻译之欧阳歌谷创作

Unit1欧阳歌谷（2021.02.01）The Fourth of JulyThe first time I went to Washington D.C. was on the edge of the summer when I was supposed tostop being a child. At least that’s what they said to us all at graduation from the eighth grade. Mysister Phyl lis graduated at the same time from high school. I don’t know what she was supposed tostop being. But as graduation presents for us both, the whole family took a Forth of July trip toWashington D.C., the fabled and famous capital of our country.我第一次到华盛顿的时候是初夏那时我想我不应该再当一个孩子。

至少这是他们在八年级的毕业典礼上对我们说的。

我的姐姐菲利斯在同一时间从高中毕业。

我不知道她应该不再当一个什么。

但当作是送给我们俩的毕业礼物,我们全家在国庆日前往华盛顿旅游,那是传奇而著名的我国首都。

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