张维友英语词汇学教程第三章
张维友_英语词汇学汉译本
第一章词汇与词汇学的基本概念词汇学学习之初，有必要去澄清一些关于词和词汇的基本概念。
词语word是一个难以捉摸的概念，需要在开始就认真关注。
发音和意义之间的关系，声音和形式之间的关系，词语和词汇之间的关系。
另外，我们将注意一些关于词汇分类的共识的规则，并且在本章一定程度上研究每类词语。
1.1 一个词是什么？词语是什么？多年来已经引起了语言学家的关注。
争议较大。
尽管已经提出了很多的定义，没有一个是最好的。
学者们仍然没有在词语的定义上达成一致。
当我们谈起一个词语，我们倾向于根据视觉条件来思考。
在这个角度，一个词可以被定义为平印在或者写在纸上的字母的有意义的集合。
当根据口语定义的时候，词被看成是一个发音或发音的集合，是由人的发音器官自由的发出的。
根据语义学家的意见，一个词是一个意义单位。
语法学家，则认为一个词是在句中起作用的自由形式。
等等。
总结起来，词语的定义包含以下几点：（1）一个最小的自由形态（2）一个发音的集合体（3）一个意义单位（4）能独自影响句子的形式因此，我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
”词语可以是简单词或者合成词，然而全部必须服从这些标准。
Man和fine是简单词，但是他们都有读音，意义和句法意义。
每个都能单独出现在句子中。
自然他们都是词。
也有像是misfortune和management 这样的复合词，他们都是多音节词，可以用来作主语，宾语和预示性词语。
尽管misfortune可以被进一步分为mis和fortune，前者不能作为词单独使用。
相似的，management可以被分成manage和ment，但是后者不能自由使用。
Blackmail能被分为black和mail，而且都能作为独立的句子单位使用，然而词的意思绝对不是两个部分的组合。
Black是颜色，针对white，mail指示“被邮局运送的东西”，然而当它们放在一起，组合形式意味着“强迫，利用不光彩的秘密要人送钱或行动作为答复。
《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲
《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲课程编码：30615008 学分： 2 总学时：36说明【课程性质】《英语词汇学》为英语专业的专业任意选修课程。
【教学目的】本课程是英语专业高年级阶段的一门专业任意选修课。
本课程的教学目的在于要求学生掌握英语词汇学的基本知识和基本理论，从而更科学地学习英语词汇，运用词汇学中所学到的基本知识和理论来分析和理解英语词汇，正确地使用英语词汇。
【教学任务】《英语词汇学》以帮助学生扩大词汇量，有效运用英语词汇；更深入的理解词义，更有效的组织划分和贮存词汇；增强学生对词义和用法的了解，使学生准确使用词汇；使学生掌握使用参考书的技能，增加解决问题的能力和学习英语的有效性；提高学生的语言接受能力和语言使用能力为教学任务。
【教学内容】词的基本知识、英语的亲属关系与英语词汇的形成和发展、词的形态结构和构成方法、词的意义、语义关系、词义的演变、英语习语、英语词典【教学原则和方法】教学原则：本课程采用张维友编写的《英语词汇学教程》（华中师范大学出版社）为主要教材，在教学过程中坚持以学生为主体，教师为指导的原则，以教材为中心，并适时地向学生介绍英语词汇学的研究动态和最新方向，让学生对词汇学有一个全面系统的了解。
教学方法：在教学过程中，采用论述式、概述式和指引式讲解相结合对教学内容的新信息点、重点、难点进行论述式讲解，深入浅出地详述理论原理，用恰当的例证加以说明，以此帮助学生充分理解理论知识。
对容易懂的内容则进行简明扼要地讲解。
教学中以学习指定的教材为主，适当穿插一些相关的信息材料。
通过对英语词汇学中相关的概念即理论知识的学习和理解，要求学生尽量独立完成教材各部分后面所附的练习，必要时教师可给予适当的指导。
教学手段主要是抽取各部分中的精华部分进行讲解，并适时地采用专题讨论的方式进行学习。
【先修课程要求】要求学生具备英语语音、英语语法、基础英语、英语阅读、英语写作以及翻译等课程知识。
教材：张维友《英语词汇学教程》华中师范大学出版社，2004年。
最新英语词汇学课后答案张维友编
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案【Chapter 1】7． tart: loose woman bloke: fellowgat: pistol swell: greatchicken: coward blue: fightsmoky: police full: drunkdame: woman beaver: girl8. haply = perhaps albeit = althoughmethinks = it seems to me eke = alsosooth = truth morn = morningtroth = pledge ere = beforequoth = said hallowed = holybillow = wave/ the sea bade = bid【Chapter 2】Ex.1The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important languagefamilies in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic GermanicRoumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6.When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]saxophone [German + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] t elevision[Greek + Latin]9.amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early) peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)gender (E) début (L) morale (L)state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11.allegro, f轻快andante, j 行板diminuendo, g 渐弱largo, d 缓慢pianoforte, a轻转慢alto, i女低音crescendo, b渐强forte, e 强piano, h轻soprano, c女高音12.cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G)coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex) tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb) chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)13.a. alligatorb. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwam h. canoei. hurricane j. boomerangk. panchos【Chapter 3】1. a. morpheme b. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. informational affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base3. individualisticindividualist + ic [stem, base]individual + ist [stem, base]individu + al [stem, base]in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base]desir + able [root, stem, base]free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme inflectional affixaffix prefixderivational affixsuffix 【Chapter 4】Affixation5. non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fattenf. falsifyg. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompoundingheartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V] baking powder [ V +adv]far- reaching [V + Adv] dog-tired [adv + a]lion-hearted [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ a + n]on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [adv +a]light-blue [a + a] goings-on [V +adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bound/homeboundneedle work/homework praiseworthy/respectworthybar-woman/sportswoman nation-wide/college-wideclear-minded/strong-minded military-style/newstyleself-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-related water-proof/fire-proof once-fashionable/once-powerful news-film/news-letter mock-attack/mock-sadnesssister-in-law/father-in-law home-baked/home-producedhalf-way/half-done ever-lasting/ever-greenage-conscious/status-conscious campus-based/market-based Conversion7. a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel)humint (hum an + int elligence)advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics)psywarrior (psy chological warrior)hoverport (hover craft + port)chunnel (ch annel + t unnel)hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity)cinemactress (cinem a + actress)Clippingcopter (heli copter) dorm (dorm itory)lab (lab oratory) prefab (pref abricated house) gas (gas oline) prof (prof essor)scope (tele scope) champ (champ ion)sarge (serge ant) mike (mic rophone)ad (ad vertisement) tec (de tec tive)Acronymy2. kg = k ilo g ram ft = f oo t cf = c on f ercm = c enti m eter $ = dollaribid = ibid em etc. = et c eteraVIP = v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC = O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountries TOEFL = t eaching o f E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Namesa. tantalize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyed—Argusc. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom【Chapter 5】6. apes—b birds—acattle—m cricket—ndoves—c foxes—jgeese—k sheep—fwolves—g monkeys—epigs—l hyenas—hturkeys—d swans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclearpower might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as“benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the endof World War II, might h ave all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery,science, knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE] calf [-HUMAN +MALE -ADULT +BOVINE] rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] chicken [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]【Chapter 6】Polysemy4.Homonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “haveenough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.)( 2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, wecannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean amouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannonball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstructionvexation: annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, children h. tired, kidsi. declined j. refused k. rancidl. addled m. Penalties n. fineso. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. stingy/ selfish h. simplef. significant/sensible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. smoothj. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppyk. sleepiness/ sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashioned b. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocent h. rigidi. loosen j. clarityk. deserted l. fruitfulm. peremptory n. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praise i. wise men—foolsh. young—old private—public saint—devilj. mind—body k. foul—fairl. danger—security m. deliberate--promptn. children—parents o. bully—cowardp. head—tail8.right—wrong single—returndry—sweet hard—easystrong—faint rough—calmlight—dark cold—warmhigh—low/deepHyponymy3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4. profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are generaland convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replacedrespectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates.Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. Thedifference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.【Chapter 7】4. 1) extension 2) extension3) narrowing 4) degradation5) elevation 6) narrowing7) extension 8) extension9) narrowing 10) elevation11) narrowing 12) degradation13) degradation 14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. abstract to concreted. abstract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract of concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesiaj. synesthesia6. a. objective b. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjective h. subjective, objective7. a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toilet j. fat personk. unemployed mother【Chapter 8】2. a. to repairb. measurement and determination of one’s posi tionc. predicamentd. injectiona. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b. the theatre or acting as a professionc. a particular point or period in a process of developmentd. to plan, arrange and carry outa. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding orharmonyb. conversationc. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymb. explanation/ definitionc. antonymd. examplee. relevant detailsf. relevant detailsg. relevant details4. a. stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc. a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd. aunts who are visitingpaying a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane’s weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it h its thething it aims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him【Chapter 9】6. a—2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f—8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. stand out againstb. approve ofc. get … over withd. looking intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut down …to8. a cool cat = a really calm personblow one's stack = lose control over oneselffly off the handle = become excessively angrywhat's more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without penaltyof course = naturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair)make up for = compensate forlost time = time wastedtake it easy = relax, not worryget up = rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of = manage or look afterlike a breeze = without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made = be successfulthis is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an objectbeyond which more of the same is unnecessary⏹⏹Sam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly everbecomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getti ng older.His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in t ime,” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Toomany cooks, better let me.”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very largein every pie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobodycan hear themselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden.e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were awheel in the middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspectevidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make hisbricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather wheeling and dealingwaifs and strays town and gowntop and tail time after timerules and regulations rise and fallrags and tatters puff and blowpick and shovel peace and quietover and above one and onlyoff and on neck and neckshoulder to shoulder moan and groanmilk and water man and beast11. a. 好奇伤身。
英语词汇学教程课件第3章English Lexicology 3
Lecture Three
The Development of English
The 5000 or so languages of the world can be grouped into about 300 language families, on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammars.
The early English settlers do not seem to have made much of an effort to understand the language of the Britons. They did not learn many words from the Celts. The English added only a handful of Celtic words to their language, like clout, cradle, crock, dun, slough, cumb (valley), torr (hill). Place names formed a large group. Thames, Wye and Avon are Celtic river names, and so are some city names like York, London, Kent. These words came into English as the result of daily contact between Celt and Anglo-Saxon.
Because of these and other influences, the English vocabulary changed enormously and became the largest and most complex in the world, and the grammar changed its emphasis from inflections to word order.
张维友〈词汇学教程〉解答(第三版)
《英语词汇学教程》（2015年版）练习答案【Chapter 1】7． tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid12.Denizens Aliens Translation loansSemantic loanskettle die wall skirt husbandconfrere pro patria Wunderkind mikado parvenuchopstick typhoonblack humour long time no seedream13. 1) slangs; 2) jargon; 3) argot; 4) content words; 5) native words; 6) translation loans; 7) neologisms; 8) denizens; 9) semantic loans; 10) basic vocabulary【Chapter 2】1. The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in theworld. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-IranianCeltic Italic HellenicGermanic HindiBreton Spanish Greek English Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Dutch Prussian Irish Italian German PolishPortuguese Norwegian Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian IcelandicRussianDanish6. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]saxophone [German + Greek] heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television [Greek + Latin]9. amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early)peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)gender (E) début (L) morale (L)state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11. allegro, f 轻快andante, j 行板diminuendo, g 渐弱largo, d 缓慢pianoforte, a 轻转慢alto, i 女低音crescendo, b 渐强forte, e 强piano, h 轻soprano, c 女高音12. cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G)coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex)tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb)chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)13. a. alligator b. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwam h. canoei. hurricane j. boomerangk. ponchos【Chapter 3】1. a. morpheme b. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. inflectional affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base6. individualistic undesirablesindividualist [stem, base] undesirable [stem, base]individual [stem, base] desirable [stem, base]dividual [stem, base] desire [root, stem, base] dividu [root, stem, base]7.free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme inflectional affixaffix prefixderivational affixsuffix【Chapter 4】Affixation5. non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fatteningf. falsifyg. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-Siberianmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = below: subdivide, subsectionmal- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritioninter-= between: international, interdependentmini- = little, small: mini-library, miniskirtpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former:ex-president, ex-convictCompounding2.heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [V + Adverbial (place)] baking powder [ V + Adverbial (instrument)] far-reaching [V + Adverbial] dog-tired [noun-adverbial + adj.]lion-hearted [noun-adverbial + adj.] love-sick [noun-adverbial + adj.]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ S+ C]on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [noun-adverbial + adj.]light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv]3. well-bred / well-behaved culture-bound / homeboundneedle-work / homework praiseworthy / trustworthybar-woman / sportswoman nation-wide / college-wideclear-minded / strong-minded military-style / western-styleself-control / self-respect budget-related / politics-relatedwater-proof / fire-proof once-fashionable / once-powerfulnews-film / news-letter mock-attack / mock-sadnesssister-in-law / father-in-law home-baked / home-producedhalf-way / half-done ever-lasting / ever-greenage-conscious / status-conscious campus-based / market-basedConversion7. a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come / go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → v]h. ah / ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been / might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel) 汽车旅馆humint (hum an + int elligence) 人工情报，谍报advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psy chological warrior) 心理战战士hoverport (hover craft + port) 气垫船港口chunnel (ch annel + t unnel) 水底火车隧道hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity) 高保真cinemactress (cinem a + actress) 电影女演员Clippingcopter (heli copter): front clipping dorm (dorm itory): back clippinglab (lab oratory) :front clipping prefab (pref abricated house): phrase clipping gas (gas oline): front clipping prof (prof essor): back clippingscope (tele scope): front clipping champ (champ ion): back clippingsarge (serge ant): back clipping mike (mic rophone): back clippingad (ad vertisement): back clipping tec (de tec tive): front and back clippingAcronymy1. kg = k ilo g ram ft = f oo t cf = c on f ercm = c enti m eter $ = dollaribid = ibid em etc. = et c eteraVIP = v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC = O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountries TOEFL = t esting o f E nglish as a f oreign l anguage2. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Names3. a. tantalize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyed—Argusc. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Uncle Tomism—Uncle Tom【Chapter 5】6. apes—b birds—a cattle—mcricket—n doves—c foxes—jgeese—k sheep—f wolves—gmonkeys—e pigs—l hyenas—hturkeys—d swans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)11.No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative1 particular fastidious / fussy2 critical fault-finding / picky3 style/vogue fad4 artful cunning / sly5 unstable fickle / capricious6 developing underdeveloped / backward7 encourage/ promote instigate8 group clique / gang14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]calf [-HUMAN OMALE -ADULT +BOVINE]rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]chicken [-HUMAN OMALE -ADULT +GALLINE]-HUMANbull cow calf +BOVINErooster hen chicken +GALLINE+MALE -MALE -ADULT【Chapter 6】Polysemy4. The word board first denoting "a table" has later acquired two very divergent senses. Each of them has given rise to another sense from which the original notion has disappeared. The process can be shown as follows:Homonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enoughmoney for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.) (2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannotdeduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) Arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took offhis legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedy courteously: politelyemancipate: set free customary: usualwidth: breadth adversary: opponent gullible: deceived remainder: residueinnocent: sinless obstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, children h. tired, kids i. declinedj. refused k. rancid l. addledm. Penalties n. fines o. rebukedp. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. stingy/ selfish h. simplef. significant/sensible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. smoothj. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppy k. sleepiness/ sleep / slumberm. subjective n. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashioned b. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocent h. rigidi. loosen j. clarityk. deserted l. fruitfulm. peremptory n. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praise i. wise men—foolsh. young—old private—public saint—devilj. mind—body k. foul—fairl. danger—security m. deliberate--promptn. children—parents o. bully—cowardp. head—tail8. right—wrong single—returndry—sweet hard—easystrong—faint rough—calmlight—dark cold—warmhigh—low/deepHyponymy3.furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4.profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory5.6. In Sentence 1), got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2), the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2) is better than Sentence 1.In Sentence 3), it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4), which can be described as subordinates. Since 4) is clearer than 3) in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.【Chapter 7】4. 1) extension 2) extension3) narrowing 4) degradation5) elevation 6) narrowing7) extension 8) extension9) narrowing 10) narrowing11) elevation 12) degradation13) degradation 14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. concrete to abstractd. abstract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract to concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesia (transfer of sensation from sight to hearing)j. synesthesia (transfer of sensation)6. a. objective b. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjective h. subjective, objective7. a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toilet j. fat personk. unemployed mother【Chapter 8】2. 1) a. to repairb. measurement and determination of one’s positionc. predicamentd. injection2) a. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b. the theatre or acting as a professionc. a particular point or period in a process of developmentd. to plan, arrange and carry out3) a. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding orharmonyb. conversationc. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymyb. explanation/ definitionc. exemplificationd. relevant detailse. relevant detailsf. relevant details4. a. stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc. a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd. aunts who are visitingpaying a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane’s weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it h its the thing itaims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him【Chapter 9】6. a—2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f—8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. stand out againstb. approve ofc. get … over withd. looking intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut down …to8. a cool cat = a really calm personblow one's stack = lose control over oneselffly off the handle = become excessively angrywhat's more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without penaltyof course = naturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair)make up for = compensate forlost time = time wastedtake it easy = relax, not worryget up = rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of = manage or look afterlike a breeze = without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made = be successfulthis is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object beyond which more of the same is unnecessarySam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too many cooks,better let me.”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in everypie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobody can hearthemselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden.e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel inthe middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspectevidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather wheeling and dealingwaifs and strays town and gowntop and tail time after timerules and regulations rise and fallrags and tatters puff and blowpick and shovel peace and quietover and above one and onlyoff and on neck and neckshoulder to shoulder moan and groanmilk and water man and beast11. a. 好奇伤身。
张维友《英语词汇学教程》学习策略探讨
关键词 ： 张维友 ； 《 英语词汇 学教程》； 学 习策略
中 图分 类 号 ｉ Ｈ ３ １ ９ 文献 标 识 码 ： Ａ
《 英语 词汇学教程》 （ 以下简 称《 教程 》 ） 是张维 友先 生
在 多年的教学 实践 基础上 整理 而成 的， 是英 语词 汇学 教材 中“ 最早专章讨论语篇 中词 汇的著作 ” 。 Ｌ ｌ 该教 材主要 着眼
段 。英语词 汇学 是高 等 院校 英语 专业 开设 的一 门课 程 ， 或
了词 汇的基本 结构及构成 形式 ； 五至 八章 分别 展示 了词义
的理 据理 论、 词义关 系范 畴、 词义变化及语境词义 四方面 和 词 的意义相关 联的知识 ； 九 至十一章 主要 体现 了词 汇在 习 语 中的使 用及词汇学习相关工具书 的介 绍。 理清《 教程》 编写 过程 中遵 循 的逻 辑脉 络有 助 于将词
成分分析 、 语义关系 、 词 义 变化 、 意义 与语 境、 英语 习语 、 英
ｐ ｈ ｏ ｎ ｅ （ 音位变体 ） ， 音位 是音 系学 中的抽象 概念 ， 需 要 以音 素为具体 的实现形式 ， 并 且具有 一定 的音 位变体 。词汇 学 和音系学 中相似概念 的互为 印证 可以使学 习者对概念 的认
识 点是词 汇学学习的重点与难点 。如形位 、 形素 、 形位变体 三个概念 的区分 ； 构词法 中的前缀法 、 后缀法 、 复 合法、 转类
第３ ４卷 第 ５期
２ ０ １ ４年 ５ 月
湖 北 科 技 学 院 学 报
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词汇学教程张维友版课后习题答案
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案【Chapter1】7．tart:loose woman bloke:fellowgat:pistol swell:greatchicken:coward blue:fightsmoky:police full:drunkdame:woman beaver:girl8.haply=perhaps albeit=althoughmethinks=it seemsto me eke=alsosooth=truth morn=morningtroth=pledge ere=beforequoth=said hallowed=holybillow=wave/the sea bade=bid12.Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loanskettle diewall skirt husband confrerepro patriaWunderkindmikadoparvenuchopsticktyphoonblack humourlong time no seedream【Chapter2】Ex.1The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world.It is made up of most of the languages of Europe,the Near East and India.English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary.A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2.Indo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian Hellenic GermanicRoumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish French SwedishPrussian Irish Italian GermanPolish Portuguese NorweigianSlavenian IcelandicRussian DanishBulgarian Dutch6.When in the course of human events,it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another,and to assume among the powers of the earth separateand equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them,a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin.What are left are mostly functional words.This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8.eventful[Latin+English]hydroplane[Greek+Latin]falsehood[Latin+English]pacifist[Latin+Greek]saxophone[German+Greek]heirloom[French+English]joss house[Portuguese+English]television[Greek+Latin]9.amateur(late)finacé(late)empire(early)peace(E)courage(E)garage(L)judgement(E)chair(E)chaise(L)grace(E)servant(E)routine(L) jealous(E)savaté(L)genre(L) gender(E)début(L)morale(L) state(E)chez(L)ballet(L) 11.allegro,f轻快andante,j行板diminuendo,g渐弱largo,d缓慢pianoforte,a轻转慢alto,i女低音crescendo,b渐强forte,e强piano,h轻soprano,c女高音12.cherub(Hebrew)snorkel(G)coolie(Hindi)tulip(Turk)lasso(Sp)wok(Ch)shampoo(Indian)chocolate(Mex)tepee(Am Ind)jubilee(Gr)。
00832自考英语词汇学笔记
such incan esp. In to as ）a and a ：foot, hand,（表示形为、come, go, eat,things necessary unchanged.undergoinghave nowsuch wordscomputer, things and.footer,footman,father ofdog-ear,dogsleep, toword stockbecause mostchanges inpolysemous.stock enter quiteidiomaticheart for example: have one's heart heart and soul;and so on.…alluse fromdo the language., hepatitis, penicillin, trigonometryin music:, sonata（清唱）to theof particular（商业领域）version‟,chips forthe parties in winning‟, holdfor the finish‟;for: buster forpeople outsidebear , dip（匕）bluidbog ）Addison82% 18%Swift75% 25%Pope 80% 20%Johnson 72% 28%Hume 73% 27%Gibbon70% 30%Macaulay 75% 25%Tennyson 88% 12%S. Robertson（rev.）1957: 174Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed wordsor loan words or borrowings in simple terms. English is a heavy borrower and has adopted words from all other major languages of the world. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. As is stated in Encyclopedia Americana, “The English language has vast debts. In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed”（1980 V ol.10, p.423）.The English language is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowings. Baugh（1978）talks of the English vocabulary as “cosmopolitan vocabulary”, which reveals the true nature of the English vocabulary. According to the degree of assimilation（同化）and manner of borrowing（借词的方式）, we can bring the loan-words under four classes.1. Denizens.（同化词）Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now well assimilated into the English language.本句翻译：同化词是早期借来的单词，现在被完全同化，完全吸收。
英语词汇学课后答案张维友编
Balto-Slavic Germa nicIn do-Ira nian Celtic Italian Helle nic《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案[Chapter 1 】 12.[Chapter 2 】The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important Ianguage families in the world. It is made up of most of the Ianguages of Europe, the Near East and In dia. En glish bel ongs to this family and the other members of the In do-Europea n have more or less in flue nee on En glish vocabulary. A kno wledge of the In do-Europea n Lan guage Family will help us un dersta nd En glish words better and use them more appropriately.In do-Europea n Lan guage Family7. 8.gat: pistolswell: greatchicke n: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woma nbeaver: girlhaply = perhapsalbeit = althoughmeth inks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morni ngtroth = pledge ere = before quoth = saidhallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid2.tart: loose woma nbloke: fellowRoumanian LithuanianHindiPersianBretonSpanish Greek Scottish FrenchEnglishSwedishPrussianIrish Italian German PolishPortugueseNorweigian SlavenianIcelandic RussianDanishBulgarianDutch6.When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assumeamongthe powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separatio n.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very importa nt part in the En glish vocabulary.(early)8. eventful [Latin + English] + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] Greek]saxophone [German + Greek] heirloom [ French + English] joss house [ Portuguese + English] [Greek + Latin] 9.hydroplane [Greekpacifist [Latin +televisionamateur (late)finac e (late)empire12.peace (E) courage (E) garage (L) judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L) grace (E) servant (E) routine (L) jealous (E) savate(L) genre (L) gender (E) d dout(L) morale (L) state (E) chez (L) oallet (L)11.allegro, f轻快andante, j行板diminuendo, g渐弱largo, d缓慢pianoforte, a轻转慢alto, i女低音crescendo, b渐强forte, e强piano, h轻soprano, cf ■女高音cherub (Hebrew) coolie (Hindi) lasso (Sp)snorkel (G) tulip (Turk) wok (Ch)shampoo (Indian)tepee (Am Ind)kibitz (G) chipmunk(Am Ind) cotton(Arab) loot (Hindi)13.a. alligatorc. rodeoe. igloog. wigwami. hurricanek. panchoschocolate (Mex)jubilee (Gr)Sabbath (Heb)tamale (Mex)voodoo (Afr)sauerbraten(G)b. locod. bonanzaf. blitzkriegh. canoej. boomerangChapter 3 】1. a. morphemec. bound morphemee. affixg. derivational affixi. stemb. allomorphd. free morphemef. informational affixh. rootj. base3. individualisticindividualist + ic [stem, base] individual + ist [stem,base] individu + al [stem, base] in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base] desir + able [root, stem, base]derivati onal affix1- suffix【Chapter 4 】Affixati on5. non-smokerdisobey immature un willi ngn ess illogical non-athleticin capable in security in ability/disability illegal disloyal impractical irreleva ntuno fficially disagreeme nt inconvenient6. harde nhorrify moder nize memorize falsify apologize deepenglorify sterilizelen gthe n inten sify beautifyfatte n sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. len gthe ningd. sympathizede. fatte nf. falsifyg. memorizi ngh. Sterilize7. a. employeeb. politicia nc. participa ntd. waitresse. con ductorf. teacherg. pia nisth. exam in ee/exam iner8.trans- = across: transcon ti nen tal, tran s-world mono- = one: mono rail, mono culturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, super natural auto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnu triti on mini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwar pre- = before: prehistorical, preelecti on ex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompo undingmorpheme free morpheme = free root广 bo und root in fleet ional affix「prefix-bound morphe affixConversion7. a. stomach [n — v]b. room [n — v]c. wolf [n — v]d. come/go [v — n]e. familiar [a — n]f. innocent [a — n]g.flat [a — n]h. ah/ ouch [int—i. warm [a — n]j. has-bee n/might-have- bee n [fin ite v — n] k. Hamlet [proper n — v] l. buy [v — n] m.smooth [a — v]Blendingmotel (motor + ho tel ) humint (human + int elligence)advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics ) psywarrior ( psychological warrior ) hoverport ( hovercraft + port ) chunnel (channel + t unnel)heartbeat [S + V] movie-goer [place + V] far- reaching [V + Adv] lion-hearted [adv + a] boyfriend [S + complement] snap decision [V + O] on-coming [V +adv] light-blue [a + a]brainwashing [V + O] baking powder [ V +adv] dog-tired [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a] peace-loving [V +O] easy chair [ a + n] tax-free [adv +a] goings-on [V +adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved needle work/homework bar-woman/sportswoman clear-minded/strong-minded self-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-related water-proof/fire-proof news-film/news-letter sister-in-law/father-in-lawhalf-way/half-done age-conscious/status-consciousculture-bound/homeboundpraiseworthy/respectworthy nation-wide/college-wide military-style/newstyleonce-fashionable/once-powerful mock-attack/mock-sadness home-baked/home-produced ever-lasting/ever-green campus-based/market-basedhi-fi (high + fi delity)cinemactress ( cinema + actress )dorm ( dormitory) prefab ( pref abricated house) prof ( prof essor) champ ( champion) mike ( microphone) tec (de tec tive) ft = f oot cf = conf er $ = dollar etc. = et c etera VIP = very i mportant person OPEC =Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesTOEFL = t eaching of English as a f oreign l anguage 3.a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2. lase (laser) escalate (escalator) babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) orate (orator) commute (commuter) Commonization of Proper Names a. tantalize —Tantalus b. Argus-eyed —Argus c. narcissism —Narcissus d. sabotage —sabots e. martinet —Martinet f. yahoo —Yahoo g. Shylock —ShylockClippingcopter (heli copter ) lab( lab oratory) gas( gasoline) scope (tele scope) sarge ( serge ant) ad( advertisement)Acronymy2. kg = kilo gram cm= centi meter ibid = ibid emh. hooveri ng —Hooveri. utopia —Utopiaj. Un cle Tommism —Uncle Tom 【Chapter 5 】6. apes— b cattle —mdoves—c geese—k wolves —gpigs —l turkeys —d birds — a cricket —n foxes —j sheep—f mon keys— e hye nas—h swa ns— i9. a. A scie ntist worki ng in a project to develop in dustrial uses for nu clear power might have all the positive associati ons with“ atomic ” , such as “ ben efit, en ergy ” , etc. b. A Japa nese reside nt of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosi on at the end of World War II, associations with “atomic ” , such death, horror", etc.c. To a stude nt of nu clear physics,with “ mystery, scie nee, kno wledge 10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length ( neutral )articulate: express ing on eself easily and clearly ( positive ) gossip: in dulg ing in idle talk or rumours about others (negative )rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas ( negative ) flue nt: speak ing easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive )might have all the negative as “ sufferi ng, killi ng,“atomic ” might be associated14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]calf [-HUMAN +MALE -ADULT +BOVINE]rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT+GALLINE]hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]chicke n [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT+GALLINE]【Chapter 6 】Polysemy4.Homonymy4. 1) Makeboth ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means“have enough moneyfor one's needs”. Here the butcher cleverlyuses the pair of homonymsmeat and meet to make a pun. It makesa proper answer to the lady ' s question. (1) Butchers cannotmake both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earnenough money to survive.)( 2) Don't complain. All the butchersdo the same. I amnot the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if onehas a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs ”, the soldier was not able tofight on, so he “laid down his arms” , which means“ surrender ”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstructionvexation: annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, children h. tired, kidsi. declined j. refused k. rancidl. addled m. Penalties n. fineso. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. stingy/ selfish h. simplef. significant/sensible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. smoothj. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppyk. sleepiness/ sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashionedc. moisturee. essentialg. innocenti. loosenk. desertedm. peremptoryo. indifferentb. completelyd. specialf. similarityh. rigidj. clarityl. fruitfuln. depressed7. a. feed —starve, cold-feverc. haste —leisuree. speech —silenceg. admonish —praiseh. young —old privatej. mind —bodyl. danger —security n.children —parentsp. head —tailb. wisdom —folliesd. penny —pound, wisef. absence —presencei. wise men —fools —public saint —devilk. foul —fairm. deliberate--prompto. bully —cowardfoolish8. right —wrong dry —sweet strong —faint light —darkhigh —low/deepsingle —return hard —easy rough —calmcold —warmHyponymy3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, mutton6. In Sentence 1, got, furn iture, rece ntly are superord in ates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago , which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better tha n Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magn ifice nt build ing, destroyed, yesterday are superord in ate terms, which are comparatively much more gen eral tha n the n ews says, Royal Hotel, bur nt dow n, last ni ght respectively in 4, which can be described as subord in ates. Since 4 is clearer tha n 3 in meaning, it is better. Sema ntic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed . The differenee lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of ano ther, and they differ on ly in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synony ms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subord in ates. These terms have no differe nee in style orgo ：run, fly, walk4. professi on surge on: plumber: lawyer: mecha nic: photographer: forema n:workplace cli nic, hospital house, build ing office, law courts garage studio worksite, factory5.affective meaning.Chapter 7 】4. 1) extension3) narrowing5) elevation7) extension9) narrowing11) narrowing13) degradation 2) extension4) degradation 6) narrowing8) extension10) elevation12) degradation14) degradation5. a. associated transfer b.abstract to concrete c.abstract to concrete d.abstract to concrete e.abstract to concrete f.abstract of concrete g.associated transfer h.associated transfer i.synesthesia j.synesthesia6. a. objective b. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjective h. subjective, objective7. a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam 疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toilet j. fat personk. unemployed mother【Chapter 8 】2. a. to repairb. measurement and determination of onec. predicamentd. injections positiona. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b. the theatre or acting as a professionc. a particular point or period in a process of developmentd. to plan, arrange and carry outa. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. understandingorharmonyb. conversationc. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymb. explanation/ definitionc. antonymd. examplee. relevant detailsf. relevant detailsg. relevant details4. a. stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc. a picture possessed by Betty a photograph of Bettyd. a unts who are visiting paying a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane 's weddingf. a weaponthat can fly over long distance and that it it hitsthething it aims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him Chapter 9 】6. a—2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f —8)g—5) h—4) i —7)j —10)7. a. sta nd out aga instb. approve ofc. get …over with for mutualexplodes whend. look ing intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut down …to8. a cool cat = a really calm pers onblow on e's stack = lose con trol over on eselffly off the han dle = become excessively angrywhat's more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without pen altyof course = n aturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair) make up for = compe nsate for lost time = time wasted take it easy = relax, not worry get up = rise from bed turn in = go into bed take care of = man age or look after like a breeze = without effort or easily time off = time for rest get it made = be successful this is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object bey ond which more of the same is unn ecessary Sam is really a calm pers on. He n ever loses con trol of himself andhardly ever becomes too an gry. Furthermore, he knows how to man age hisbus in ess finan cially by using a few tricks …Needless to say,he, too, is gett ing older. His hair is beg inning to turn grey, but he knows how to compe nsate for wasted time by relax ing. He rises early, exercises, andgoes to bed early. He manageshis frankfurter dispe nsary without visibleeffort, un til it is some on eelse's tur nto work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time, ” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard say ing:“ Too many cooks, better let me. ”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in every pie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied. I 'mthinking of putting up a “Silence is golden ” placard in his office. Nobody can hear themselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden .e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in the middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspect evidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks.make bricks without straw11. a. 好奇伤身。
张维友〈词汇学教程〉答案
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案【Chapter 1】7．tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid【Ex.1The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-Iranian Celtic Italian HellenicGermanicRoumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishLithuanian Persian Scottish FrenchSwedishPrussian Irish Italian German Polish PortugueseNorweigianSlavenian Icelandic Russian DanishBulgarian Dutch 6.When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which thelaws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]saxophone [German + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television[Greek + Latin]9.amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early)peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)gender (E) début (L) morale (L)state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11.allegro, f轻快andante, j 行板diminuendo, g 渐弱largo, d 缓慢pianoforte, a轻转慢alto, i女低音crescendo, b渐强forte, e 强piano, h轻soprano, c女高音12.cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G)coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex)tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb)chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)13.a. alligatorb. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwam h. canoei. hurricane j. boomerangk. panchos【Chapter 3】1. a. morpheme b. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. informational affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base3. individualisticindividualist + ic [stem, base]individual + ist [stem, base]individu + al [stem, base]in + dividu [root, stem, base]undesirablesun + desirable [stem, base]desir + able [root, stem, base]free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme inflectional affixaffix prefixderivational affixsuffix 【Chapter 4】Affixation5. non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreement illogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fattenf. falsifyg. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8.trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompoundingheartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V] baking powder [ V +adv]far- reaching [V + Adv] dog-tired [adv + a]lion-hearted [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ a + n]on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [adv +a]light-blue [a + a] goings-on [V +adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bound/homeboundneedle work/homework praiseworthy/respectworthybar-woman/sportswoman nation-wide/college-wideclear-minded/strong-minded military-style/newstyleself-control/self-respect budget-related/politics-related water-proof/fire-proof once-fashionable/once-powerful news-film/news-letter mock-attack/mock-sadnesssister-in-law/father-in-law home-baked/home-producedhalf-way/half-done ever-lasting/ever-greenage-conscious/status-conscious campus-based/market-based Conversion7. a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come/go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → n]h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel)humint (hum an + int elligence)advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics)psywarrior (psy chological warrior)hoverport (hover craft + port)chunnel (ch annel + t unnel)hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity)cinemactress (cinem a + actress)Clippingcopter (heli copter) dorm (dorm itory)lab (lab oratory) prefab (pref abricated house)活动板房gas (gas oline) prof (prof essor)scope (tele scope) champ (champ ion)sarge (serge ant) mike (mic rophone)ad (ad vertisement) tec (de tec tive)Acronymy2. kg = k ilo g ram ft = f oo t cf = c on f er授予cm = c enti m eter $ = dollaribid = ibid em etc. = et c eteraVIP = v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC = O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountriesTOEFL = t eaching o f E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish易怒的)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Namesa. tantalize使干着急—Tantalus A king who for his crimes was condemned inHades to stand in water that receded when he tried to drink, and with fruit hanging above him that receded when he reached for it.丹达罗斯：一位国王，因其犯过罪而被打入阴间并被罚站立在水中，当他想去饮水时水即流走，其头上挂有水果，但当他想拿水果时却退开b. Argus-eyed—Argus Greek Mythology A giant with 100 eyes who was madeguardian of Io and was later slain by Hermes.【希腊神话】阿尔戈斯：守护艾奥的百眼巨人，后被赫耳墨斯所杀c. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage妨害, 破坏—sabots A wooden shoe worn in some Europeancountries.木履，木鞋：某些欧洲国家居民穿的一种木制鞋e. martinet—Martinet After Jean Martinet (died 1672), French army officer源自吉恩马提奈（卒于1672年），法国军官f. yahoo—Yahoo From Yahoo , member of a race of brutes having human formin Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift 源自Yahoo ，格列弗游记中的一种人形兽，由乔纳森·斯威夫特著g. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hoover胡佛电动吸尘器i. utopia—Utopia New Latin Ua [imaginary island in ] Utopia by Sir ThomasMore 现代拉丁语Ua [在托马斯·莫尔所著的] 《乌托邦》中的想象出来的岛屿j. Uncle Tommism—Uncle Tom【Chapter 5】6. apes—b birds—acattle—m cricket—ndoves—c foxes—jgeese—k sheep—fwolves—g monkeys—epigs—l hyenas—hturkeys—d swans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclearpower might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as“benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the endof World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery,science, knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE] calf [-HUMAN+MALE -ADULT +BOVINE] rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE] chicken [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]【PolysemyHomonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.)( 2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laiddown his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedycourteously: politelyemancipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedremainder: residueinnocent: sinlessobstacle: obstructionvexation: annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, children h. tired, kidsi. declined j. refused k. rancidl. addled m. Penalties n. fineso. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. stingy/ selfish h. simplef. significant/sensible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. smoothj. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppyk. sleepiness/ sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashioned b. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocent h. rigidi. loosen j. clarityk. deserted l. fruitfulm. peremptory n. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praise i. wise men—foolsh. young—old private—public saint—devilj. mind—body k. foul—fairl. danger—security m. deliberate--promptn. children—parents o. bully—cowardp. head—tail8. right—wrong single—returndry—sweet hard—easystrong—faint rough—calmlight—dark cold—warmhigh—low/deepHyponymy3. furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4. profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory5.6. In Sentence 1, got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are generaland convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4, which can be described as subordinates.Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. Thedifference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.【Chapter 7】4. 1) extension 2) extension3) narrowing 4) degradation5) elevation 6) narrowing7) extension 8) extension9) narrowing 10) elevation11) narrowing 12) degradation13) degradation 14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. abstract to concreted. abstract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract of concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesiaj. synesthesia6. a. objective b. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjective h. subjective, objective7. a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toilet j. fat personk. unemployed mother【Chapter 8】2. a. to repairb. measurement and determination of one’s positionc. predicamentd. injectiona. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b. the theatre or acting as a professionc. a particular point or period in a process of developmentd. to plan, arrange and carry outa. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding orharmonyb. conversationc. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymb. explanation/ definitionc. antonymd. examplee. relevant detailsf. relevant detailsg. relevant details4. a. stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc. a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd. aunts who are visitingpaying a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane’s weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it h its thething it aims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him【Chapter 9】6. a—2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f—8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. stand out againstb. approve ofc. get … over withd. looking intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut do wn …to8. a cool cat = a really calm personblow one's stack = lose control over oneselffly off the handle = become excessively angrywhat's more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without penaltyof course = naturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair)make up for = compensate forlost time = time wastedtake it easy = relax, not worryget up = rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of = manage or look afterlike a breeze = without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made = be successfulthis is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an objectbeyond which more of the same is unnecessarySam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getting older.His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in t ime,” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Toomany cooks, better let me.”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very largein every pie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobodycan hear themselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden.e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were awheel in the middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspectevidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make hisbricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather wheeling and dealingwaifs and strays town and gowntop and tail time after timerules and regulations rise and fallrags and tatters puff and blowpick and shovel peace and quietover and above one and onlyoff and on neck and neckshoulder to shoulder moan and groanmilk and water man and beast11. a. 好奇伤身。
张维友英语词汇学教程
2.2 Three Phases of the Historical Development
1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50,000-60,000 words The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts, the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles, Saxons and Jutes and their language, Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century, the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. In the 9th century, many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English, our daily life and speech. 特点： highly inflected language, complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）
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英语词汇学课后答案张维友编word精品
《英语词汇学教程》（2004年版）练习答案[Chapter 1】7. tart: loose woma nbloke: fellowgat: pistolswell: great ehieke n: cowardblue: fightsmoky: policefull: drunkdame: woma n beaver: girl8. haply = perhapsalbeit = althoughmethi nks = it seems to me eke = alsosooth : =truth morn = morni ngtroth = p ledge ere = beforequoth =saidhallowed = holybillow =wave/ the seabade = bid12.【Chapter 2】Ex.1The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important Ianguagefamilies in the world. It is made up of most of the Ianguages of Europe, the Near East and In dia. En glish bel ongs to this family and the other members of the In do-Europea n have more or less in flue nee on En glish vocabulary. A kno wledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.In do-Europea n Lan guage Family1 11111Balto-SlavicIn do-Ira nianCelticItalia n : : :Helle nicGerma nic2.Roumanian Hindi Breton Spanish Greek EnglishWhe n in the course of huma n eve nts it becomes n ecessaryfor one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connectedthem with another, and to assumea mong the powers of the earthseparatea nd equal statio n to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causeswhich impel them to theseparatio n.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Lati n origi n. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the En glish vocabulary.8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek] saxophone [German + Greek]heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television [Greek + Latin] 9.amateur (late) finac (late) empire (early) peace (E) courage (E)garage (L) judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L) grace (E) servant (E)routine (L) jealous (E) savat (L) genre (L) gender(E)d (but (L)morale (L)Lithuanian Prussian Polish Slavenian Russian Bulgarian6.Persian Scottish IrishFrench Italian PortugueseSwedish German Norweigian Icelandic Danish Dutchstate (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11.allegro, f轻快andante, j行板diminuendo, g渐弱largo, d缓慢pianoforte, a轻转慢alto, i女低首crescendo, b渐强forte, e强piano, h轻soprano, c女咼首12.cherub (Hebrew) coolie (Hindi) lasso (Sp) shampoo (Indian)tepee (Am Ind) kibitz (G) chipmunk (Am Ind) cotton (Arab)snorkel (G)tulip (Turk)wok (Ch) chocolate (Mex) jubilee (Gr) Sabbath (Heb) tamale (Mex) voodoo (Afr)sauerbraten (G)13.a. alligator c. rodeo e. igloo g. wigwam i. hurricanek. panchos b. loco d. bonanza f. blitzkrieg h. canoe j. boomerang【Ch apter 31. a. morpheme c. bound morpheme e. affix g. derivati onal affix i. stem 3. in dividualistic in dividualist + ic [stem,base] in dividual + ist [stem, base] in dividu + al [stem, base] in + dividu [root, stem, base]un desirablesun + desirable [stem, base] desir + able [root, stem, base] -free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme - in flect ional affixLaffix + r prefixderivati onal affixsuffixloot (Hindi) b. allomorphd. free morpheme f. informational affix h. root j. base【Ch apter 4】Affixation5. non-smokerdisobey immatureun willi ngn essillogical non-athletic in capablein securityin ability/disabilityillegal disloyalimpractical irrelevant uno fficiallydisagreeme ntinconvenient6. harde n horrify moder nizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelen gthe n inten sify beautifyfatte n sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. len gthe ningd. sympathizede. fatte nf. falsifyg. memorizi ng h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politicia n c. participa ntd. waitresse. con ductorf. teacherg. pia nist h. exam in ee/exam iner8.trans- = across: transcon ti nen tal, tran s-world mono- = one:mono rail, mono culturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, super natural auto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnu triti on mi ni- = little, small: min icrisis, mi ni war pre- = before: prehistorical, preelecti on ex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompoundingheartbeat [S + V] movie-goer [place + V] far- reachi ng [V + Adv] lion-hearted [adv + a] boyfrie nd [S + compleme nt] snap decisi on [V + O] on-coming [V +adv] light-blue [a + a] brai nwashi ng [V + O] bak ing powder [ V+adv] dog-tired [adv + a] love-sick [adv + a] peace-lo ving [V +0] easy chair [ a + n] tax-free [adv +a] goin gs-on [V +adv]4. well-bred/well-behaved culture-bo un d/homebo undConversion 7. a. stomach [n f v]b. room [n fc. wolf [ n fd. come/go [ve. familiar [af. innocen t [ag. flat [a fh. ah/ ouch [inti. warm [a f n]j.has-bee n/might-havebee n [fin ite vf n]k. Hamlet [proper n f v] l. buy [v f n] m. smooth [a f v]Blendingmotel (motor + hotel) humint (huma n + in tellige nee)advertisetics (advertiseme nt + statistics) psywarrior (psychological warrior) hoverport (hovercraft + port) chunnel (cha nnel + tunnel) hi-fi (high + fidelity) cin emactress Qn ema + actress dorm (dormitory) prefab (prefabricated house) prof (professor) champ (champi on) mike (micropho ne) tec (detective) Acronymy2. kg = kilogram ft = foot cf = confer cm = centimeter $ = dollaribid = ibidem etc. = et cetera VIP = very importa nt pers onOPEC = Orga ni zati on of Petroleum Export ing Coun triesn eedle work/homework bar-woma n/sportswoma n clear-mi nded/stro ng-mi nded self-c on trol/self-respect water-proof/fire-proof n ews-film/news-letter sister-i n-law/father-i n-law half-way/half-d one age-co nscious/status-c on sciouspraiseworthy/respectworthy n atio n-wide/college-widemilitary-style/newstyle budget-related/politics-related on ce-fashio nable/o nce-powerful mock-attack/mock-sad ness home-baked/home-produced ever-lasti ng/ever-gree ncampus-based/market-basednnmClippingcopter (helicopter) lab (laboratory) gas (gasoli ne) scope (telescope* sarge ^ergea nt) ad (advertiseme nt)TOEFL = teachi ngof En glish as aforeig n Ian guage3. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-ma nBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator) commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Namesa. tan talize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyec—Argusc. n arcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage- sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hooveri ng—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Un cle Tommism—Uncle Tom【Chapter 5】6. apes— b birds—acattle—m cricket—ndoves— c foxes—jgeese- k sheep- fwolves—g pigs—l turkeys—d mon keys— e hyenas— h swa ns— i9. a. A scie ntist worki ng in a project to develop in dustrial uses for nu clear power might have all thepositive associationswith “ atomic ” , such as“ ben efit, en ergy ” , etc.b. A Japa nese reside nt of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosi on at the endof World War II, might have all the n egative associati ons with“ atom icsuch as “ sufferi ng, killi ng, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “ atomic ” might be associated with“ myscienee, knowledge ” , etc.10. talkative:articulate:gossip: impl ying a fondn ess for talk ing freque ntly and at len gth neutral) express ing on eself easily and clearly positivein dulgi ng in idle talk or rumours about others (negativerambli ng: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative) flue nt: speak ing easily, smoothly, and expressively positive mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (nagative)14.[Chapter 6】 Polysemy 4.4. 1) Make both en dsmeat is a parody of make both ends meet which means“ haveeno ugh money for one ' s n eeds ” . Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair ofhomonyms meat and meet to make a pun .It makes a proper an swer tothelady ' s questio(1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make wholesausageswith all meat) becausethey cannot make both ends meet (If they madesausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn eno ugh money to survive.)( 2) Don ' t compla in. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, wecannot deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold win ter day, if one has a swallow of wi ne, one may feel warm.3) arms has two meanin gs: weap ons; the huma n upper limbs. Si nee a cannonball took off his legs ”，the soldier was not able to fight on, so he laiddining table council tablefood served at the table; meal supplied by the week or monthcouncilors; committee ; directors of a companyhis armS',which means Surrende ”.lt can also mean he laid down limbs. Synonymy3. avaricious:greedycourteously: politely ema ncipate: set freecustomary: usualwidth: breadthadversary: opponentgullible: deceivedrema in der: residueinnocent: si nlessobstacle: obstructio nvexatio n: annoyance5. a. ide ntifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surro undingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishme nt j. sile nt k. impressive l. evaporate6. run movespi n turn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-geec. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficie ntg. fatigued, childre n h. tired, kidsi. decli ned j. refused k. ran cidl. addled m. Pen alties n. fineso. rebuked p. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. sti ngy/ selfish h. simplef. sig nifica nt/se nsible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. s moothj. slipshod/ slove nly/ sloppyk. sleep in ess/ sleep / slumberm. subjectiven. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashi oned b. completelydow n his upper5.c. moisturee. esse ntialg. innocenti. loose nk. desertedm. peremptoryo. in differe ntd. special f. similarity h. rigid j. clarity l. fruitful n. depressed 7. a. feed — starve, cold-fever c. haste — leisuree. speech- sile nee g. adm onish — praise h. young — old private — j. mind — bodyl. dan ger — security n.childre n — pare ntsp. head — tail8. right — wrong dry —sweet stro ng — fai nt light —dark high —low/deepb. wisdom — folliesd. penny —pound, wise —foolishf. abse nee- prese neei. wise men —fools k. foul —fair m. deliberate-prompt o. bully —coward Hyponymy3. furn iture: desk, chair, table, bed matter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, mutt ongo: run, fly, walkworkplace cli nic, hospital house, build ing office, law courts garagestudio worksite, factorydress ing gown sin gle — return hard — easy rough — calm cold —public saint — devil4. profession surge on:plumber:lawyer:mecha nic:photographer:forema n:6. In Sentence 1,got, furniture, rece ntly are superord in ates because they are gen eraland convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2, the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates,conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2 is better than Sentence 1.In 3, it is said, magn ifice nt build ing, destroyed, yesterdayare superordi nate terms, which are comparatively much more gen eral tha n the n ews says, Royal Hotel, bur nt dow n, last ni ght respectively in 4, which can be described as subord in ates.Since 4 is clearer than 3 in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymouslysemanticfield and Group 2 is semanticfiled. The differenee lies: In 1 the words are synonyms none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse Horse is a cover term or superordi nate, and others are subord in ates. These terms have no differe nee in style or affective mea ning.[Chapter 7】4. 1) exte nsion 2) exte nsion3) n arrowi ng 4) degradation5) elevati on 6) n arrowi ng7) exte nsion 8) exte nsion9) n arrowi ng 10) elevati on11) n arrowi ng 12) degradation13) degradati on 14) degradation5. a. associated tran sferb. abstract to con cretec. abstract to con creted. abstract to con cretee. abstract to con cretef. abstract of con creteg. associated tran sferh. associated tran sferi. syn esthesiaj. syn esthesiab. subjective, objective d. subjective f. subjective h. subjective, objective[Chapter 8】2. a. to repairb. measureme nt and determ in atio n of one ' s positi onc. predicame ntd. injectio na.a sin gle complete divid ing part (of a rocket) b.the theatre or acting as a professi on c.a particular point or period in a process of developme nt d. to pla n, arrange and carry outa. in tercha nge and discussi on of ideas, esp. for mutual un dersta nding or harmonyb. con versati onc. a writte n conv ersati on (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymb. expla nati on/ defi niti onc. antonymd. examplee. releva nt detailsf. releva nt detailsg. releva nt details4. a. stop people drinking stop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stones a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam 疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policema ng. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toiletj. fat pers onk. un employed mother 7. 6. a. objective c.objective e.subjective g.subjectivec. a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd. aunts who are visit ingpay ing a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane ' s weddingf. a weap on that can fly over long dista nee and that it explodes whe n itnits thething it aims atan object that is throw n at somebody in order to hurt him[Chapter 9】6. a— 2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f —8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. sta nd out aga instb. approve ofc. get …over withd. look ing intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut dow n …to8. a cool cat= a really calm pers on blow one's stac k lose con trol over on eself fly offthe handle r become excessively angry what's more= furthermore get away with= commit an illegitimate act without pen alty of course r n aturally get on= get old pepper and sal= grey (hair) make up for= compe nsate forlost time= time wastedtake it easy= relax, not worryget up= rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of= man age or look after like a breeze= without effort or easily time off = time for rest get it made= be successful this is it= be in a positi on or place, or have possessi on of an object bey ond which more of the same is unn ecessary Sam is really a calm pers on. He n ever loses con trol of himself and hardly ever becomes too an gry. Furthermore, he knows how to man age his bus in ess finan cially by using a few tricks •…Needless to say, hgetting older.His hair is begi nning to tur n grey, but he knows how to compe nsate for wasted time by relax ing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He man ages his fran kfurter dispe nsary without visible effort, un til it is some one else's tur nto work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard say ing: Toomany cooks, better let me”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discer ning his fin ger still very large inevery pie ——so much so that there ofte n seemed less pie tha n fin ger. havea fin ger in the pied. I'm thinking of putting up a Silenee is golden" placard in his office. Nobody canhear themselves thi nk.Speech is silver, sile nee is golde ne. They four had one like ness: their appeara nee and their work was as it were awheel in the middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them exte nsively n evertheless, together with other equally suspectevide nee, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make hisbricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather waifsand strays top and tailrules and regulatio nsrags and tatters pick andshovel over and aboveoff and on wheeli ng and deali ng town and gow n time after time rise and fall puff and blow peace and quiet one and only n eck and n eckshoulder to shoulder milk and water 11. a.好奇伤身。
张维友〈词汇学教程〉答案(第三版)
《英语词汇学教程》（2015年版）练习答案【Chapter 1】7． tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid12.Denizens Aliens Translation loansSemantic loanskettle die wall skirt husbandconfrere pro patria Wunderkind mikado parvenuchopstick typhoonblack humour long time no seedream13. 1) slangs; 2) jargon; 3) argot; 4) content words; 5) native words; 6) translation loans; 7) neologisms; 8) denizens; 9) semantic loans; 10) basic vocabulary【Chapter 2】1. The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in theworld. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2. Indo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Indo-IranianCeltic Italic HellenicGermanic HindiBreton Spanish Greek English Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Dutch Prussian Irish Italian German PolishPortuguese Norwegian Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian IcelandicRussianDanish6. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]saxophone [German + Greek] heirloom [ French + English]joss house [ Portuguese + English] television [Greek + Latin]9. amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early)peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)gender (E) début (L) morale (L)state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)11. allegro, f 轻快andante, j 行板diminuendo, g 渐弱largo, d 缓慢pianoforte, a 轻转慢alto, i 女低音crescendo, b 渐强forte, e 强piano, h 轻soprano, c 女高音12. cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G)coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex)tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb)chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)13. a. alligator b. lococ. rodeod. bonanzae. igloof. blitzkriegg. wigwam h. canoei. hurricane j. boomerangk. ponchos【Chapter 3】1. a. morpheme b. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. inflectional affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base6. individualistic undesirablesindividualist [stem, base] undesirable [stem, base]individual [stem, base] desirable [stem, base]dividual [stem, base] desire [root, stem, base] dividu [root, stem, base]7.free morpheme = free rootmorpheme bound rootbound morpheme inflectional affixaffix prefixderivational affixsuffix【Chapter 4】Affixation5. non-smoker incapable impracticaldisobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficiallyunwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenientnon-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizedb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. fatteningf. falsifyg. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-Siberianmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = below: subdivide, subsectionmal- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritioninter-= between: international, interdependentmini- = little, small: mini-library, miniskirtpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former:ex-president, ex-convictCompounding2.heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [V + Adverbial (place)] baking powder [ V + Adverbial (instrument)] far-reaching [V + Adverbial] dog-tired [noun-adverbial + adj.]lion-hearted [noun-adverbial + adj.] love-sick [noun-adverbial + adj.]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ S+ C]on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [noun-adverbial + adj.]light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv]3. well-bred / well-behaved culture-bound / homeboundneedle-work / homework praiseworthy / trustworthybar-woman / sportswoman nation-wide / college-wideclear-minded / strong-minded military-style / western-styleself-control / self-respect budget-related / politics-relatedwater-proof / fire-proof once-fashionable / once-powerfulnews-film / news-letter mock-attack / mock-sadnesssister-in-law / father-in-law home-baked / home-producedhalf-way / half-done ever-lasting / ever-greenage-conscious / status-conscious campus-based / market-basedConversion7. a. stomach [n → v]b. room [n → v]c. wolf [n → v]d. come / go [v → n]e. familiar [a → n]f. innocent [a → n]g. flat [a → v]h. ah / ouch [int → v]i. warm [a → n]j. has-been / might-have-been [finite v → n]k. Hamlet [proper n → v]l. buy [v → n]m. smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel (mo tor + ho tel) 汽车旅馆humint (hum an + int elligence) 人工情报，谍报advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psy chological warrior) 心理战战士hoverport (hover craft + port) 气垫船港口chunnel (ch annel + t unnel) 水底火车隧道hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity) 高保真cinemactress (cinem a + actress) 电影女演员Clippingcopter (heli copter): front clipping dorm (dorm itory): back clippinglab (lab oratory) :front clipping prefab (pref abricated house): phrase clipping gas (gas oline): front clipping prof (prof essor): back clippingscope (tele scope): front clipping champ (champ ion): back clippingsarge (serge ant): back clipping mike (mic rophone): back clippingad (ad vertisement): back clipping tec (de tec tive): front and back clippingAcronymy1. kg = k ilo g ram ft = f oo t cf = c on f ercm = c enti m eter $ = dollaribid = ibid em etc. = et c eteraVIP = v ery i mportant p ersonOPEC = O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountries TOEFL = t esting o f E nglish as a f oreign l anguage2. a. SALTb. radarc. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonarh. G-manBackformation2. lase (laser)escalate (escalator)babysit (babysitter)peeve (peevish)orate (orator)commute (commuter)Commonization of Proper Names3. a. tantalize—Tantalusb. Argus-eyed—Argusc. narcissism—Narcissusd. sabotage—sabotse. martinet—Martinetf. yahoo—Yahoog. Shylock—Shylockh. hoovering—Hooveri. utopia—Utopiaj. Uncle Tomism—Uncle Tom【Chapter 5】6. apes—b birds—a cattle—mcricket—n doves—c foxes—jgeese—k sheep—f wolves—gmonkeys—e pigs—l hyenas—hturkeys—d swans—i9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)11.No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative1 particular fastidious / fussy2 critical fault-finding / picky3 style/vogue fad4 artful cunning / sly5 unstable fickle / capricious6 developing underdeveloped / backward7 encourage/ promote instigate8 group clique / gang14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]calf [-HUMAN OMALE -ADULT +BOVINE]rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]chicken [-HUMAN OMALE -ADULT +GALLINE]-HUMANbull cow calf +BOVINErooster hen chicken +GALLINE+MALE -MALE -ADULT【Chapter 6】Polysemy4. The word board first denoting "a table" has later acquired two very divergent senses. Each of them has given rise to another sense from which the original notion has disappeared. The process can be shown as follows:Homonymy4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enoughmoney for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.) (2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannotdeduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.3) Arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took offhis legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.Synonymy3. avaricious: greedy courteously: politelyemancipate: set free customary: usualwidth: breadth adversary: opponent gullible: deceived remainder: residueinnocent: sinless obstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance5. a. identifiable b. safetyc. motivatesd. delicatee. surroundingsf. artificialg. prestige h. perspirei. accomplishment j. silentk. impressive l. evaporate6. run move spinturn whirl roll7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. riped. maturee. effectivef. efficientg. fatigued, children h. tired, kids i. declinedj. refused k. rancid l. addledm. Penalties n. fines o. rebukedp. accusedAntonymy5. a. similar/same b. safec. sharp/ smartd. sende. stingy/ selfish h. simplef. significant/sensible i. sureg. skeptical/ suspicious l. smoothj. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppy k. sleepiness/ sleep / slumberm. subjective n. sob/ scowl6. a. old-fashioned b. completelyc. moistured. speciale. essentialf. similarityg. innocent h. rigidi. loosen j. clarityk. deserted l. fruitfulm. peremptory n. depressedo. indifferent7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—folliesc. haste—leisured. penny—pound, wise—foolishe. speech—silencef. absence—presenceg. admonish—praise i. wise men—foolsh. young—old private—public saint—devilj. mind—body k. foul—fairl. danger—security m. deliberate--promptn. children—parents o. bully—cowardp. head—tail8. right—wrong single—returndry—sweet hard—easystrong—faint rough—calmlight—dark cold—warmhigh—low/deepHyponymy3.furniture: desk, chair, table, bedmatter: liquid, gas, solidmeat: pork, beef, muttongo: run, fly, walk4.profession workplacesurgeon: clinic, hospitalplumber: house, buildinglawyer: office, law courtsmechanic: garagephotographer: studioforeman: worksite, factory5.6. In Sentence 1), got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2), the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2) is better than Sentence 1.In Sentence 3), it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4), which can be described as subordinates. Since 4) is clearer than 3) in meaning, it is better.Semantic field3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.【Chapter 7】4. 1) extension 2) extension3) narrowing 4) degradation5) elevation 6) narrowing7) extension 8) extension9) narrowing 10) narrowing11) elevation 12) degradation13) degradation 14) degradation5. a. associated transferb. abstract to concretec. concrete to abstractd. abstract to concretee. abstract to concretef. abstract to concreteg. associated transferh. associated transferi. synesthesia (transfer of sensation from sight to hearing)j. synesthesia (transfer of sensation)6. a. objective b. subjective, objectivec. objectived. subjectivee. subjectivef. subjectiveg. subjective h. subjective, objective7. a. die b. graveyardc. bedlam疯人院d. old peoplee. strikef. Policemang. stupid pupil h. poor peoplei. toilet j. fat personk. unemployed mother【Chapter 8】2. 1) a. to repairb. measurement and determination of one’s positionc. predicamentd. injection2) a. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)b. the theatre or acting as a professionc. a particular point or period in a process of developmentd. to plan, arrange and carry out3) a. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding orharmonyb. conversationc. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)3. a. synonymyb. explanation/ definitionc. exemplificationd. relevant detailse. relevant detailsf. relevant details4. a. stop people drinkingstop drinking by themselvesb. a stone house which is biga house built of big stonesc. a picture possessed by Bettya photograph of Bettyd. aunts who are visitingpaying a visit to auntse. take Jane as his wifepreside over Jane’s weddingf. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it h its the thing itaims atan object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him【Chapter 9】6. a—2) b—9) c—3)d—6) e—1) f—8)g—5) h—4) i—7)j—10)7. a. stand out againstb. approve ofc. get … over withd. looking intoe. come up withf. comply withg. cashed in onh. go withouti. to profit by / fromj. dut down …to8. a cool cat = a really calm personblow one's stack = lose control over oneselffly off the handle = become excessively angrywhat's more = furthermoreget away with = commit an illegitimate act without penaltyof course = naturallyget on = get oldpepper and salt = grey (hair)make up for = compensate forlost time = time wastedtake it easy = relax, not worryget up = rise from bedturn in = go into bedtake care of = manage or look afterlike a breeze = without effort or easilytime off = time for restget it made = be successfulthis is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object beyond which more of the same is unnecessarySam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said.A stitch in time saves nine.b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too many cooks,better let me.”Too many cooks spoil the broth.c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in everypie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.have a finger in the pied. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his office. Nobody can hearthemselves think.Speech is silver, silence is golden.e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel inthe middle of a wheel.wheel within wheelsf. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspectevidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks.make bricks without straw10. wind and weather wheeling and dealingwaifs and strays town and gowntop and tail time after timerules and regulations rise and fallrags and tatters puff and blowpick and shovel peace and quietover and above one and onlyoff and on neck and neckshoulder to shoulder moan and groanmilk and water man and beast11. a. 好奇伤身。
英语词汇学 chapter 3
Types of bound morphemes
1. Bound roots(粘着词根): A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. For example:
A stem may consist of a single root or two root morphemes. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes. That is to say, it can be added to any kind of affixes. e.g. iron; handcuff; mouthful.
2) Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. Sub-, in-, un-, dis-, -ly, -y, -ward, -tion, etc.
in- before all other consonants and vowels (inflexible, incomplete).
3.4 Difference between Root and Stem
英语词汇学 Chapter 3
2) Morphemes can be derivational or inflectional Derivational morphemes, including free morphemes, prefixes and suffixes, produce new words from existing words Inflectional morpheme is another type of morphemes that changes the form of a word but does not change the central meaning of the word, nor its lexical category. They are bound morphemes e.g. girls, talks, talked, talking, taller.
3.1 Morphological Structures of English Words 英语词 汇的形态结构 morpheme(语素)---the smallest part of a word that has grammatical function or meaning.E.g.: walks--walk+s free morpheme(自由语素)---root, it is the main part of a word to which affixes are added. bound morpheme(粘着语素)---affixes, they can be classified into inflectional morpheme(屈折语素) and derivational morphemes(派生语素)。 Inflectional morpheme，such as –s,-ed,-ing, fulfill grammatical functions. Derivational morphemes, such as re-, pronunciation patterns for the allomorphs of the third-person singular morpheme can also apply to other two common inflectional morphemes of English, namely the plural morpheme and possessive morpheme on nouns
英语词汇学第三章复习资料
第三章词汇：morpheme 词素morph 形素monomorphenic wordsallomorph词素变体discrete adj. 离散的，不连续的identical adj. 同一的；完全相同的derived words 派生词Affixes 词缀要点：一. Morpheme —A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.（The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）二.1.Morph-A morpheme must be realized by discrete(分散的)units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.2.Monomorphenic words –morphemes are realized by single morphs.3.Allomorph—Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes.E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context1).-s,/s/ 在/t,p,k/后；/z/在/d,b,g/后；/iz/在/s,z,shi,gi,chi/change an internal vowel,foot-feetzero morph,deer-deer2).-ed,/t/在/p,k/后；/d/在/m,n,ng,l/;/id/在/t,d/in-,im-,ir-,il- ，/im/ first sound /p,b,m/ ;/ir/ ,/r/;/il/,/l/;其余都用in三.1. Free morphemes or Free root —The morphemes have complete meaning andcan be used as free grammatical units in sentencese.g.cat,walk.(They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphe mes are considered to be free.)2. Bound Morphemes —The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form wordse.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect – free morpheme re-and–ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words1). Bound root —A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a fr ee root. Unlike a freeroot,it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.e.g.-dict-it conveys the meaning of ―say or speak as a Latin rootbut not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=beforewe obtain the verb predict meaning ―tell beforehandContradict ― speak againstBound roots are either Latin or Greek.limited in number,their productive power is amazing2). Affixes —forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Almost affixes are bound morphemes.a. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes —Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammaticalrelationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of infl ectional affixes is small and stable.(a. There is the regular plural suffix -s（-es）which is added to nouns such as machines,desks.b. Simple present for the third person singular. –s（-es）c. The possessive case of nouns. ’sd. –er and –est to show comparative and superlative degreee. The past tense marker –edf. –ing to form present participles or gerunds.)b. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes —Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.a). Prefixes —are affixes that come before the word,such as,pre+war,sub+seab). Suffixes —are affixes that come after the word,for instance,blood+y四.1. Root-- is the basic form of a word,which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. （What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.）e.g. ―internationalists removing inter-,-al-,-ist,-s,leaves the root nation.2. Stem —a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.E.g. ―internationalists-nation is a root and a stem as well.a stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus a affix. a stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root。
英语词汇学chapter3wordformation(1)
The percentage of firmly
established new words since World
War II
1. The three major processes of word-formation: 2. a) Compounding or composition (about 27%): raindrop, snow-white, baby-sit; (b) Derivation or affixation (about 17.5 %): Prefixation: deescalate（逐步缓和，逐渐降级）,
and less about them. ③
③ The encyclopedia provides a comprehensive survey of formal education and lifelong learning.
④ Given China's long history, the new gender balance is something recent.
(h) Others (about 3%): pizzazz(时髦派头), gazump(索高价).
Words formed by these minor processes account for 26.5% of the new vocabulary. The remaining 18.5% is from borrowing, e.g. discotheque,
1) “negative” prefixes (un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-); 2) “reversative or privative”(“非” “缺”)
prefixes (un-, de-, dis-); 3) “pejorative” prefixes (贬损) (mis-, mal-);
Lecture 3-《英语词汇学》第三章教案
Lecture 3讲授题目：Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary所属章节：《现代英语词汇学概论》第1章计划学时：2 periods教学方法：传统讲授法参考资料：《英语词汇学教程》、《英语词汇学》教学目的和要求：通过本单元的学习，学生对词的定义，词汇的分类等词的基本知识有了一定的了解。
教学重点：1) What is a word?2) The relationship between soundand meaning.3) Classification of English words.教学难点：1) The definition of word.2) Classification of words.1. What is a wordWhat is a word? This question has occupied the attention of linguists for ages. Although numerous definitions have been suggested, none of them seem to be perfect. Scholars don‘t agree on the definition of the word. To sum up, the definition of a word comprises the following points:▪(1) a minimal free form of a language;(一门语言中最小的自由形式)▪ (2) a sound unity;(一个声音统一体)▪ (3) a unit of meaning;(一个意义单位)▪ (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.(在句子中能独立起作用的一个形式)Therefore, we can say that a word is ―a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntacticfunction‖.(词是一门语言中具有一定的声音、意义和句法功能的最小的自由形式。
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• Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. ‘They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning’. In other words the phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed ‘morphs’. Most morphemes are realized by single morphs like bird, tree, green, sad, want, desire, etc.. These morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence. Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words. Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word.
3.3 Classifying Morphemes
• Morphemes vary in function. Accordingly, we can classify morphemes into several general categories: free versus bound, derivational versus inflectional, and lexical versus grammatical.
3. Content versus Grammatical Morphemes
• Content morphemes are lexical morphemes which are used as we see above to derive new words, so also known as derivational morphemes. • Grammatical morphemes, on the other hand, function primarily as grammatical markers, which are traditionally called functional words.
3.5 Morpheme and Word-formation
• We know that words can be analyzed into morphemes, which are the minimal meaningful units in the composition of words. In word-formation, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix.
• 1. Affix Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes because none of them can stand as words in their own right. According to the functions of affixes, we can divide them into inflectional affixes like –s, -ed and –ing, and derivational affixed like pre-, ex-, de- and –less. Derivational and inflectional affixes are identical with derivational and inflectional morphemes.
• The identification of inflection morphemes is more problematic. In most cases, an inflectional morpheme can be segmented from the stem of a word and naturally can be added to the stem.
3.2 Morphs and Allomorphs
• An allomorph refers to a number of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme. Just as we class phones together as allophones of a single phoneme, so we class morphs together as allomorphs of a single morpheme.
• If the morphemes are always consistent in form and meaning, there should be no difficulty in identification. However, there is often mismatch between form and meaning. Some morphemes are identical in form but different in meaning. • Some morphemes are not meaningful in isolation but acquire meaning by virtue of their connection in words. There are other morphemes which occur in many words, but their meaning is difficult to define. Some forms are meaningful, but not morphemes.
Chapter three Morphological Structure of English Words
3.1 Morphemes
• Traditionally, words are usually treated as the basic and minimal units of a language to make sentences, which are combinations of words according to syntactic rules. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes (morphe is the Greek word for “form”; -eme as in “phoneme” means ‘class of’).
Derivational (1) Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem. (2) Indicates semantic relations within the word. (3) Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes. (4) Occurs before any inflectional suffixes added.
1. Free versus Bound Morphemes
• These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with words, for example, man, earth, wind, car and anger. • Morphemes which cannot occur separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.
3.4 Identifying Morphemes
• Since morphemes are the minimal distinct units, they should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and distribution. Generally speaking, lexical morphemes are easy to define: • Mono-morphemic: land, sky • Double-morphemic: chill + y, mis + take • Triple-morphemic: anti + govern + ment • Four-morphemic: un + friend + li + ness • Over-four-morphemic: inter + nation + al + iz(e) + ation