The Victorian Age英国文学维多利亚时期
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901).
• The English people were proud of two queens in their history: Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901). There are similarities between the two queens. First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years (1558-1603) and Queen Victoria more than 60 years (1837-1901).
• the last period 1880-1901, a period of decay of Victorian values.
• It can be divided into 2 periods:
– - Early Victoria Period （1832-1868）
– - Late Victoria Period （1869-1902）
• The Reform Bill of 1832 extended the right to vote to all men owning property worth ten pounds or more. This bill extended the right to vote to the industrial capitalists and the lower middle class, but not the workers (they had to wait until 1867 when a second Reform Bill was passed)
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚时代 ppt课件
The Victorian Period 英国 文学·维多利亚时代
• The belief that everything should be tested by the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利 亚时代
The Victorian Period 英国 文学·维多利亚时代
Literary Expression
Novel
Prose
Poetry
The Victorian Period 英国 文学·维多利亚时代
• The most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought in this period
the struggle between the workers and capitalists became the fundamental contradiction in England. A new class, the proletariat, emerged.
The Victorian Period 英国文学·维多利亚
→With Industrial Revolution in full swing, England accumulated large amounts of profit and settled down to a time of prosperity and relative stability.
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点概要
Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901).
• The English people were proud of two queens in their history: Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603) and Queen Victoria (1819-1901). There are similarities between the two queens. First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years (1558-1603) and Queen Victoria more than 60 years (1837-1901).
accession in 1837 and her death in 1901. She ruled for 63 years, the longest in English history. The period has been
generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period. 2. To know something about the critical realist 3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing styles and major contribution to English literature.
Chapter9 The Victorian Age 英国文学 维多利亚时期
during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically;
during their reigns, literature flourished. Queen Elizabeth-drama (William Shakespeare) & Queen Victoria-novels（a galaxy of brilliant ns of Victorian novels
1.The plot is unfolded against a social background which is broader than what is had been in previous novels. 2.The cause-effect sequence is much more striking than in previous novels. 3. Most of the Victorian novels were first published in serial form. 4. The Victorian novels were tainted by the spirit of Puritanism of the Victorian age. 5. The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose.
2.Scholars always compare the merits and demits of the two writers.
Masterpiece
Vanity Fair (1848) – first major novel The school of Snobs (1846-1847)
英国维多利亚文学心得体会
英国维多利亚文学心得体会篇一：维多利亚时期英国文学六．维多利亚时期（Victorian Era 1837年—1901年）查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）杰出的小说家，批判现实主义（Critical Realism）的代表人物。
代表作《波兹特写》（Sketches by Boz），《匹克维克外传》（The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club），《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist），《老古玩店》（The Old Curiosity Shop），《美国札记》（American Notes），《董贝父子》（Dombey and Son），《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield），《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House），《艰难时世》（Hard Times），《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities），《远大前程》（Great Expectations）。
威廉·麦克皮斯·萨克雷（William Makepeace Thackeray）：杰出的批判现实主义（Critical Realism）的小说家。
代表作长篇小说《名利场》（Vanity Fair），《亨利·艾斯蒙德》（Hey Esmond），《纽可姆一家》（The Newcomers）。
勃朗特三姐妹（The Bronte Sisters）：夏洛特·勃朗特（Charlotte Bronte）的《简爱》（JaneEyre）；艾米丽·勃朗特（Emily Bronte）的《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）；安尼·勃朗特（Anne Bronte）的《安格尼斯·格雷》（Agnes Grey）。
乔治·艾略特（George Eliot）：著名的现实主义女作家。
代表作《亚当·比德》（Adam Bede），《弗罗斯河上的磨坊》（The Mill on the Floss），《织工马南》（Silas Marner），《米德尔马契》（Middlemarch—A Study of Provincial Life）。
精品文档-英国文学维多利亚时期
(一)The Victorian Age⏹General Introductiona)Period an Eras in English historyAnglo-Saxon655–1066Norman1066–1154Plantagenet1154–1485Tudor1485–1603Elizabethan1558–1603Stuart1603–1714Jacobean1603–1625Caroline1625–1649Interregnum1649–1660Restoration1660–1688Georgian1714–1830Victorian1837–1901Edwardian1901–1910World War I1914–1918Interwar1918–1939World War II1939–1945Modern1945–present⏹Brief intro:The Victorian Period revolves around the political career of Queen Victoria. She was crowned in 1837 and died in 1901 (which put a definite end to her political career). A great deal of change took place during this period--brought about because of the Industrial Revolution; so it's not surprising that the literature of the period is often concerned with social reform. As Thomas Carlyle (1795-1881) wrote, "The time for levity, insincerity, and idle babble and play-acting, in all kinds, is gone by; it is a serious, grave time."b)Victoria Period1)Time Span⏹The Victorian Period revolves around the political career of Queen Victoria.⏹ A new era really began with the passage of Reform Bill 1832 and closed at the end ofBoer War in 1902.2)Three phases⏹The early Victorian period (1830~48): 多事之秋(A Time of Troubles)It saw the opening of Britain’s first railway and its first Reform Parliament, but it wasalso a time of economic distress.⏹The mid-Victorian period (1848~70): 经济繁荣和宗教分歧的时期（EconomicProsperity and Religious Controversy）It was not free of harassing problems, it was a time of prosperity, optimism, andstability.⏹The later period (1870~1901) : 由盛到衰过程的时期（Decay of Victorian Values）The costs of Empire became increasingly apparent, and England was confronted withgrowing threats to its military and economic preeminence.c)Queen Victoria and Victorian Temper⏹Victoria was born in 1819.She came to the throne in 1837(aged 18), after the death ofher uncle William IV, crowned in 1838 and died in 1901.⏹She reigned for exactly 63 years, 7 months, 2 days (June 20, 1837 - January 22, 1901),longer than any other British monarch.⏹Her 9 children and 42 grandchildren tying them together and earning her the nickname"the grandmother of Europe".⏹Exemplifies Victorian qualities: earnestness, moral responsibility, domestic propriety⏹The Victorian Period was an age of transition⏹An age characterized by energy and high moral purpose1819年生于伦敦,1837年继位成为英国女王。
维多利亚时代英国文学
Gothic Elements in Jane Eyre
As a girl, Jane’s punishment is
to be locked in a red room where a relative had previously died. She later sees the ghost. Some characters hold frightening and dark secrets, contributing to the atmosphere of mystery. Two terrible and destructive fires occur. We eventually discover the fact that a menacing and insane woman has been in the home of Jane’s employer (and love interest) for most of the plot. One character, Rochester, receives disfiguring injuries.
Frankenstein
Story opens on the ship
of an English explorer, Robert Walton, in the Arctic Ocean Walton serves as a framing device for the real action of the story: the creation of a monster by Dr. Victor Frankenstein
Victorian novel
Victorian novels tend to focus on the difficult
The Victorian Age英国文学维多利亚时期
--The 1st Reform Act of 1832 and the 2nd Reform act of 1867 : reform in the electoral system leading to a more democratic society
---,1830, 1850, 1900, Public railway across England and an underground rail system beneath London ---Great Exhibition of 1851 and Crystal Palace (locomotives, machine tools, power looms, reapers, steamboat engines and etc)
huge profit worse living condition workers long-hour working never-adequate food
conflicts
the Chartist Movement
（宪章运动）
What is the Chartist Movement ? 宪章运动
The Victorian age (1832-1901)
◆ Historical Situation An Age of Unrest and Dispute
Social unrest unemployment, poverty, slums in large cites, terrible working conditions; Chartist Movement; petitions for women’s suffrage; the Married Women's Property Acts Intellectual diversity
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
• Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign of Queen Victoria, England grew the workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.
• With the introduction of the steam engine, it was possible for the capitalists to hire unskilled workers, such as women and children. Many skilled workers were unemployed, and what made the situations worse was the enforcement of the Corn Laws, which forbade importing any grain from foreign countries when the price of wheat dropped to a certain price; this measure kept wheat at a high price in the interests of the landed class. In 1845 serious crop failures in England and the potato blight in Ireland kept the price of bread still higher.
英国文学维多利亚时期全集
Victorian
literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented 空前的. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their harvest.
. Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
the
greatest representive of English critical realism Born at Portsmouth, his father was put into the prison for debt when he was only 12 Worked in underground shoeblacking then lawyer’s office as a junior clerk In 1835, became a reporter, later an editor, manager
Chapter II the Victorian Literature
magnitude众多
& diversity: Great writers and great works abounded It was many-sided, complex, reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life and thought.
英国维多利亚时期
换言之，自从狄更斯在维多利亚女王即位的同年发表第一部小说起，小说领域就新人辈出，争奇斗艳。19世纪40年代出现了勃朗特姐妹的《简·爱》和《呼啸山庄》(Wuthering Heights,1847)50年代萨克雷以其《名利场》向魅力加经久不衰的狄更斯提出挑战，60年代特罗洛普成描绘维多利亚中期的社会现实的“肖像画大师”，70年代艾略特发表了他的传世之作《米德尔马奇》(Middlemarch,1872)80年代《唯我主义者》(The Egoist,1879)的作者梅瑞狄斯和巴特勒开始受到广泛关注，90年代哈代的一系列富有悲剧色彩的“威塞克斯”小说为维多利亚时期的小说划上一个圆满的句号。当然，梅瑞狄斯，哈代和巴特勒生活在心就相替的转折时期，他们的创作内容和风格上与维多利亚的小说家们相比，有很大不同，也有很大创新。梅瑞狄斯的小说以喜剧讽刺手法见长，是最先涉及婚外恋和妇女解放问题的作家之一。他还善于使用殿玉和隐喻，善于对于人物进行心理分析。巴特勒的小说偏重对维多利亚时期的宗教和家庭进行犀利的批评，他的《艾瑞璜》是一部讽刺社会传统的乌托邦小说，采取颠倒和夸张的讽刺手法，艾瑞璜这一名字就来自于“乌有乡”(NOWHERE)一次地倒写。哈代的小说带有浓厚的“乡土气息”和“宿命色彩”，实际上则表达了作家对工业化所造成喧嚣和丑恶的都市生活的一种反抗。他善于使用象征手法和心理描写，既继承了现实主义小说的优良传统，又表现了一个现代作家的艺术创新。他的小说揭露社会的伪善和不公，为小人物的灾难和不辛鸣冤，然而又透射出某种无奈和迷茫。
维多利亚时期的散文也成就斐然.仅一长串散文家的名字就令刮目相看：卡莱尔,纽曼(John Henry Cardinal Newman ,1801-1890),穆勒(John Start Mill,1806-1873),罗斯金，阿诺德,赫胥黎(Thomas Henry Huxley ,1825-1895)和佩特等等.他们主要的作品,如卡莱尔的《法国革命》,《过去与现在》,纽曼的《自辩》(Apologia pro Vita sua ,1864)穆勒的《论自由》(On Liberty,1859),罗斯金《威尼斯之石》,阿诺德的《文化与无政府》,《批评文集》(Esasays in Criticism,1865-1888),赫胥黎的《人在自然界的位置》（Evidenceas as to Man’s Place inn Nature ,1863）,佩特的《文艺复兴历史研究》(Studies IN The History Renaissance ,1873)等，都应其独具的风格与魅力被载入英国文学史册。佩特在《风格》(Style)一文中指出散文是一门特殊的，恰好适合现代世界的艺术，它更适于表现现代生活“混乱的多样性和复杂性”。散文家对这一世界做出各种各样的反应，以不同风格在混乱中寻求秩序。卡莱尔在《论英雄》(On Heroes )中非常强调作家的责任，他的写作追求一种预言家的效果，而罗斯金更是事事都发表独到的见解，散文的内容涉及宗教，政治，经济，美学及现实生活的各个方面，说理方式也各不相同。穆勒和赫胥黎依靠思路清晰的逻辑推理，模仿18世纪散文家崇尚的理智，明快当文风，不带浪漫主义感情色彩。卡莱额外任何罗斯金则更靠近17世纪的文风，他们的所谓的“复调风格”对读者的耳朵和眼睛都有一种感染力，以生动的综合效果打动读者的心弦。
《维多利亚时代的英国文学：繁荣与社会变革的时代见证》
维多利亚时代的英国文学：繁荣与社会变革的时代见证概述维多利亚时代是英国历史上一个极为重要的时期，从1837年至1901年，由女王维多利亚统治。
这一时期不仅对英国社会和政治产生了深远影响，同时也诞生了许多杰出的作家和作品，使维多利亚时代成为英国文学发展史上的黄金时代。
社会背景与变革工业革命与城市化工业革命催生了大规模的工业化和城市发展。
英国迅速成为世界上第一个工业化国家之一。
随着城市人口急剧增长，劳动阶层、中产阶级和贵族之间的社会结构发生巨大变化。
女性地位提升与教育改革在维多利亚时代，女性地位逐渐提升。
教育机会扩大，越来越多的女性得到接受教育的机会。
这对于女性作家们来说是一个重要突破，她们开始在文学领域崭露头角。
社会道德与宗教信仰维多利亚时代强调社会道德和宗教信仰的重要性，这在一定程度上影响了当时的文学创作。
作家们通过描绘生活中的困境、道德冲突和宗教矛盾来探讨人类行为与伦理的问题。
主要作家与作品查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）狄更斯是维多利亚时代最知名也最受欢迎的小说家之一。
他以其真实而生动的描写风格，揭示了工业革命带来的社会问题，并关注弱势群体面临的挑战。
他的代表作品包括《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》和《大卫·科波菲尔》等。
爱丽丝·门罗（Alice Munro）门罗是一位杰出的短篇小说家，在维多利亚时代末期取得了重要成就。
她以其精确而充满人性关怀的写作风格而闻名，通过深入剖析个体经历来探索女性在当时社会中所面临的限制和挑战。
奥斯卡·王尔德（Oscar Wilde）王尔德是一位才华横溢的剧作家和小说家，他的作品糅合了幽默和深刻的社会评论。
他以描绘上层社会世界为主题，对当时的道德观念进行嘲讽和挑战。
他的代表作品包括《道林·格雷的画像》和《重要的是不太认真》等。
文学特点与影响社会写实主义与评论性维多利亚时代文学注重真实记录生活，特别关注社会问题和阶级差异。
English Literature of the Victorian Age 维多利亚时期的英国文学
English Literature of the Victorian Age1. The Victorian Period:Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides withthe reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from1836to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. II. Historical Background1. economy: Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840)2. politics: Chartist movement (1838 – 1848) 宪章运动3. science: Darwin’s theory of evolution(1859)4. society: the women question Queen Victoria ( 1837 – 1901)The early years of the Victorian England was a time of rapid economic development as well as serious social problems.III. Critical Realism1. definition----English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of novel. The critical realists, most of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.2. Features:Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude & diversity. It was many-sided & complex, & reflected both romantically & realistically the great changes that were going on in people’s life & thought. Great writers & great works abounded.a. introduction of characters from the working classb. strong hatred for vices in the societyc. an illusion of bringing about social justice and harmony by reformsd. an interest in woman emancipation (Charlotte Bronte)3. Representatives:Charles Dickens; William Thackeray etc.4. Features of Victorian novelsIn this period，the novel became the most widely read & the most vital & challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society & the defense of the mass. Although writing from different points of view & with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. Their truthful depiction of people’s life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor & unbounded imagination are all unprecedented. In almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their bumper harvest.The Chartist Movement （1836-1848）The English workers got themselves organized in big cities & brought forth the People’s charter, in which they demanded basic rights & better living & working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people’s signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.UtilitarianismAlmost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost & brought greater suffering & poverty to the working mass.Critical RealismThe Victorian Age is an age of realism rather than of romanticism-a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral & physical diseases as they are. To be true to life becomes the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems & interests & is used as a powerful instrument of human progress.Dramatic MonologueBy dramatic monologue, it is meant that a poet chooses a dramatic moment or a crisis, in which his characters are made to talk about their lives, & about their minds & hearts. In “listening” to those one-sided talks, readers can form their own opinions & judgments about the speaker’s personality & about what has really happened. Robert Browning brought this poetic form to its maturity & perfection & his “My Last Duchess” is one of the best-known dramatic monologues.Further Reading:After the Reform Bill of 1832 passed the political powerfrom the decaying aristocrats into the hands of the middle-class industrial capitalists, the Industrial Revolution soongeared up. Towards the mid-century, England had reachedits highest point of development as a world power. Andyet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existedwidespread poverty & wretchedness among the workingclass. The worsening living & working conditions, themass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 with itsworkhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848).During the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability & material progress.But the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire & the decay of the Victorian values.Ideologically, the Victorians experienced fundamental changes. The rapid development of science & technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook people’s religious convictions. Darwin’s The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism was widely accepted & practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.Charles Dickens (1812-1870)I. Life:1. a middle class family2. once was a child labor in a shoe-blacking factory3. a clerk, a reporter, a writer4. the poets’ cornerII. Major Works1. Oliver Twist;雾都孤儿2. David Copperfield;大卫·科波菲尔(autobiographical)3. Hard Times; 艰难时世4. A Tale of Two Cities双城记III. three periodsa. optimismb. frustrationc. pessimism1. Period of youthful optimistSketches by Boz 《博兹札记》(1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 《匹克威克外传》(1836-1837); Oliver Twist 《雾都孤儿》or 《苦海孤雏》(1837-1838); Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》(1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》( 1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge《巴纳比·拉奇》(1841)2. Period of excitement & irritationAmerican Notes 《美国纪行》(1842); Martin Chuzzlewit 《马丁·翟述伟》(1843-1845)；A Christmas Carol 《圣诞颂歌》(1843); Dombey & Son 《董贝父子》(1846-1848); David Copperfield 《大卫·科波菲尔》(1849-1850)3. Period of steadily intensifying pessimismBleak House 《荒凉山庄》( 1852-1853); Hard Times 《艰难时世》(1854); Little Dorrit 《小杜丽》(1855-1857); A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》(1859); Great Expectations 《远大前程》or 《孤星血泪》(1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend 《我们共同的朋友》(1864-1865); Edwin Drood 《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》(unfinished) (1870)Distinct Features of His Novels1. Character Sketches & ExaggerationIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such “typical characters under typical circumstances”, that they b ecome proverbial or representative of a whole group of similar persons.As a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid caricatural sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.2. Broad Humor & Penetrating SatireDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric, whimsical, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule human follies or vices, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.3. Complicated & Fascinating PlotDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one，or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.4. The Power of ExposureAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.5.unnatural happy endingHis Literary Creation & Literary AchievementsCharles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realistic writers of the Victorian Age. It is his serious intention to expose & criticize in his works all the poverty, injustice, hypocrisy & corruptness he saw all around him. In his works, Dickens sets a full map & a large-scale criticism of the 19th-century England, particularly London. A combination of optimism about people & realism about society is obvious in these works. His representative works in the early period include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield & so on.His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more complicated; the stories are better structured. Most novels of this period present a sharper criticism of social evils & morals of the Victorian England, for example, Bleak House, Hard Times, Great Expectations & so on. The early optimism could no more be found.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller. His language could, in a way, be compared with Shakespeare’s. His humor & wit seem inexhaustible. Character-portrayal is the most outstanding feature of his works. His characterizations of child (Oliver Twist, etc.), some grotesque people (Fagin, etc.) & some comical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employsexaggeration in his works. Dickens’ works are also characterized by a mixture of humor & pathos. William Makepeace ThackerayI. Lifea. born in India;b. studied in Cambridge;c. gambling and bad investmentsd. has to make a living by writing articles for newspapers and magazines.II. featuresa. Just like Dickens, Thackeray is one of the greatest critical realists of the 19th century Europe. He paints life as he has seen it. With his precise and thorough observation, rich knowledge of social life and of the human heart, the pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life.b. Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic and his humour subtle.c. Besides being a realist and satirist, Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novelsIII. Vanity Fair ----masterpiece1. title: from John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.2. Subtitle: “A novel without a hero”the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a wholeno positive characters (c) female3. plot( p193 -196)Read the story from P137 to P138 by yourself. Make clear about the development of the plot and relations between main characters. (Rebecca Sharp, Amelia Sedley, Joseph Sedley, Sir Pitt Crawley, Rawdon Crawley, Lord Steyne, George Osborne, William Dobbin)Amelia: good-natured, sentimental, and simple-mindedGeorge Osborne: snobbish, caustic, selfish and simple-mindedJoseph Sedley: vain, selfish, effeminateWilliam Dobbin: good-natured, honestIII. Comparison between Thackeray and Dickenssimilarities:① both representatives of critical realism;② both novelists, humorists;③ both criticized the Victorian society satirically.2. differences:① D described the common people, T mainly described the lives of aristocrats and rich people.②D was a sentimentalist. T was a cynic who doubted the goodness of human nature as a spectator.③ D advocated social reforms, T was not a crusader for good causes.④ D was a romanticist, T was against all romantic conventions.George eliotI. life1. George Eliot (1819-1880), pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans, was born on Nov. 22, 1819 into anestate agent’s family in Warwickshire, England.2. Though brought up under strict religious influences, she early abandoned religious beliefs, adopted agnostic opinions about Christian doctrine, & showed a great interest in social & philosophical problems.3. At the age of 39, she started he literary career. Being a woman of intelligence & versatility, she quickly found herself ranking high among the great writers.4. In 1857, she wrote her first three stories which were later published in book form under the title of Scenes of Clerical Life.II. Literary Career1. her three most popular novels came successively, Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860) & Silas Marner (1861), all drawn from her lifelong knowledge of English country life & notable for their realistic details, pungent characterization & high moral tone.2. 1863, Romola, a full elaborately documented story of Florence in the time of Savornarola.3. Felix Holt, the Radical, her only novel on English politics.4. 1872, Middlemarch, a panoramic book, George Eliot’s greatest achievement5. 1876, last novel, Daniel Deronda.These novels, together with a number of poems & a collection of satirical essays, The Impressions of Theophrastus Such, constitute a formidable body of work from a woman frail in health & working constantly under the apprehension of failure or worthlessness.III. Achievements1. Writing at the latter half of the 19th century & closely following the critical realist writers, George Eliot was working at something new.2. By joining the worlds of inward propensity & outward circumstances & showing them in the lives of her characters, she starts a new type of realism & sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic & psychological novel.3. In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a person & to reveal the motives, impulses & hereditary influences which govern human action.4. She is interested in the development of a soul, the slow growth or decline of moral power of the character.5. Eliot holds the belief that a certain act in daily life will produce a definite moral effect on the individual.6. Most of her novels are characterized by two features: moral teaching & psychological realism. IV.The theme of her worksAs a woman of exceptional intelligence & life experience, George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of women, especially those with great intelligence, potential & social aspirations. In her mind, the pathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth. Their inferior education & limited social life determine that they must depend on men for sustenance & realization of their goals, & they have only to fulfill the domestic duties expected of them by the society. Their opportunities of success are not even increased by wealth.Charlotte Bronte & Emily BronteI. Life of the Bronte sistersCharlotte(39), Emily(30) ,Anne(29)1. born in Yorkshire moors, daughters of a poor country clergyman.2. 2 elder daughters died in the charity school3. Charlotte and Emily once worked as governessesII. Jane Eyre 简·爱III. Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄1. Plot (P264-268)a story about two families and an intruding stranger2. Point of view: first person point of view;3. narration: two dramatic narrators (Mr. Lockwood, and Nelly Dean)IV. detail-reading (268-278)1. content: Final meeting of Heathcliff and Catherine before Catherine’s death2. narrator: Nelly Dean3. their love: passion, love, agony, horror4. Catherine:a common girl who met an uncommon love. In her heart, the struggle between true love and tradition never ceased, and finally caused her early death.5. theme :a. criticism upon the materialism and social discrimination.b. hatred and revenge are meaningless; only love lasts forever.6. features: Romantic color (private passion and personal emotions; description of nature; Gothic elements)Gothic NovelThe word “Gothic”originally implied medieval, but in the later 18th century, when the Gothic novel became influential, the word added the implication of mystery, horror and supernatural. Gothic novel is a type of prose fiction which flourished in 1790s and early years in the 19th century. It once refers to the novel which produces stories set in lonely frightening Gothic places. It is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers.On Gothic NovelThere is a strong Gothic strain in many mainstream 19th century works, including the works of the Brontes, Dickens, Edgar Allan Poe, and Hawthorne.In the 20th century, the genre flourished notably in popular horror fiction and films.Jane eyreSignificance:1. one of the most popular & important novels of the Victorian age.2. its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.II. Point of viewfirst person point of viewIII. Character (Jane Eyre)1. a naïve, kind-hearted, noble-minded woman who pursues a genuine kind of love.2. a middle-class workingwomen (governesses) struggling for recognition of her rights & equality as a human being.3. possessed of strong feelings, fiery passions & extraordinary personalities.IV. Themethe struggle of an individual towards self-realization.V. Style1. realism (criticism of the existing society) combined with romanticism (horror, mystery & prophesy)2. intensity of vision and passion3. The vividness of her subjective narration, the intensely achieved characterization4. vivid description of her intense feelingsVI. Detail-reading (Chapter XXIII)Jane finds herself hopelessly in love with Mr. Rochester but she is aware that her love is out of the question. So, when forced to confront Mr. Rochester, she desperately & openly declared her equality with him & her love for him. The passion described here is intense & genuine.Alfred Tennyson (1809－1892)I. life1809: Born at Somersby rectory, 4th son of the rector.1827: Poems by Two Brothers. Enters Trinity College, Cambridge.1829: Friendship with Arthur Hallam. love with Emily Tennyson.1831: Father dies.1832: brother Edward goes insane.1833: Hallam dies.1834: love with Rosa Baring1838: Engaged to Emily Sellwood.1840: Engagement broken off.1844: Has an emotional breakdown.1850: In Memoriam published anonymously. Marries Emily Sellwood. Appointed Poet Laureate. 1852: Son Hallam born.1862: Has first audience with Queen Victoria.II. Works:1. Poems by Two Brothers2. Poems, Chiefly Lyrical3. Poems (two volumes)4. The Princess5. Maud6. The Idylls of the King7. In MemoriamIII. Break, break, break(p294)IV. Features:1. T’s thoughts on the problems of life, death and immortality2. the conflict between the spirit and the flesh3. classical materialsRobert Browning & Elizabeth BarrettI. LifeLegendary love, happy marriageII. E’s WorksFrom Sonnets from the Portuguese(p305)III. Features:1. theme: love2. Feature: reason & emotion3. significance: set up new belief for Victorians who were thrown into a crisis in faithRobert BrowningRobert Browning (1812-1889) was born in a well-off family & received his education mainly from his private tutor, & from his father, who gave him the freedom to follow his own interest. In 1833, he published his first poetic work Pauline, which brought great embarrassment upon him. But in his second attempt Sordello (1840), he went too far in self-correction that the poem became so obscure as to be hardly readable. He even tried play writing but failed. All these frustrating experiences forced the poet to develop a literary form that suited him best & actually give full swing to this genius, i.e. the dramatic monologue.In 1846, Browning married Elizabeth Barrett, a famous poetess whose famous book of love poetry was Sonnets from the Portuguese. In 1869 Browing’s masterpiece, The Ring & the Book, came out. In 1889, Browning died & was buried in the Poet’s Corner, Westminster Abbey, beside Tennyson.My Last Duchess"My Last Duchess" is Browning’s best-known dramatic monologue. The poem takes its sources from the life of Alfonso II, duke of Ferrara of the 16th-century Italy, whose young wife died suspiciously after three years of marriage. Not long after her death, the duke managed to arrange a marriage with the niece of another noble man. This dramatic monologue is the duke’s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage. In his talk about his "last duchess," the duke reveals himself as a self-conceited, cruel & tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse.V. the Dramatic Monologue戏剧独白The dramatic monologue is a soliloquy in drama in which the voice speaking is not the poet himself, but a character invented by the poet, so that it reflects life objectively.Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)I. Life (novelist and poet)a. Born in Dorchester —“Wessex”b. close to peasantryc. belief in evolutionII. Works:1. Tess of the D’Urbervilles《德伯家的苔丝》2. Jude the Obscure《无名的裘德》3. The Return of the Native《还乡》4. Far from the Madding Crowd《远离尘嚣》5. The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特桥市长》III. Tess of the D’Urbervilles1. subtitle “a pure woman”2. Plot (p315-319)3. Pessimistic philosophy; critical realism; symbolism; naturalism;IV. H’s Ideas of FateMost of Hardy’s novels are tragic. The cause is not man’s own behavior or his own fault but the supernatural forces that rule his fate. According to Hardy, man is not the master of his destiny; he is at the mercy of indifferent forces which manipulate his behavior and his relations with others.John Galsworthy(1867-1933)I. lifeBorn in a rich bourgeois familyA representative of bourgeois realism in English novel of 20th centuryII. work1. The Island Pharisees岛国的法利赛人2. The Man of Property有产业的人3. Forsyte Saga福尔赛世家4. The End of the Chapter尾声III. Forsyte Saga(p352-356)1. powerful sweep2. brilliant illustrations3. deep psychological analysis4. satire & criticismIV. point of viewG’s works give a complete picture of English bourgeois society. Yet his criticism was limited to the spheres of ethics and aesthetics. Facing the crisis of British imperialism and the growing forces of socialism, Galsworthy began to idealize the decadent bourgeoisie.1. Modernism in English Literature prevailed during the 20s and 30s of the 20th century2. OriginThe concept of modernism emerged in the eighteenth century when the classicists mocked those who opposed them and called them modernists. Now it is a comprehensive term applied to international tendencies and movements in all creative arts in the 20th century. In a broad sense, it is applied to writing marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression.3. Major philosophical Influences on modernism1) Darwinism 2) Marxism 3) Freudianism4. Major ideas of modernism1) It employs a distinctive kind of imagination. Thus it practicessolipsism( 唯我论). It believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it.2) It implies a historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, loss and despair. It rejects traditional values and assumptions. And it looks forfresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe.Many modernists are philosophical existentialists.3) It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man andprefers the unconscious to the self-conscious. It celebrates passion andwill over reason and systematic morality.4) It rejects the traditional rhetoric by which tradition values and assumptions were communicated. It is bent on stylistic innovations and experiments with language, form, symbol and myth.4. Modernist movements1)Symbolism 2)imagism 3)aestheticism 4)expressionism5) the stream of consciousness 6)surrealism 7) existentialism8) theatre of the absurdLawranceI. TitleThe representative of psychological fiction.II. Life(p415-417)III. works(1) Sons and Lovers儿子与情人(2) The Rainbow虹(3) Women in Love恋爱中的女人(4) Lady Chatterlay’s Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人IV. Sons and Lovers1. autobiographical2. the Oedipus complex3. themea) the damage caused in family relationship by industrial forceb) the split of human beingsc) natural love as the only cureWoolfI. title:The representative of “stream of consciousness”school of novelII. LifeA novelist, critic and feminist; nervous breakdown since childhood; self-suicide III. Works1. Mrs. Dalloway达洛维夫人2. To the Lighthouse到灯塔去3. The Waves海浪4. A Room of One’s Own一间自己的房间5. Modern Fiction现代小说IV. Mrs. Dalloway (p441-445)V. point of view1. She challenged the traditional way of writing.2. She thought the depiction of details darkened the characters.3. She called the writers for writing about events of daily life that gave one deep impression.V. Influence(1) The stream of consciousness presented by Joyce and Woolf marks a total break from the tradition of fiction and has promoted the development of modernism.(2) However, because of the newness in form but hard to understand, this kind of fiction cannot attract readers.(3) The writers showed interest in the psychological depiction of the bourgeoisie but neglected the conflict that most people cared about at that time.James joyceI. Title: the representative of the “stream of consciousness”school of novelII. “stream of consciousness”1. definition:a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”2. time: in the 20th century3. foundations:a. the literary device of “interior monologue”内心独白b. Freud’s theory of psychological analysisIII. J’s worksa. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man青年艺术家的画像b. Dubliners都柏林人c. Ulysses尤利西斯d. Finnegans Wake芬尼根觉醒IV. significance of his worksa. He changed the old style of fictions and created a strange mode of art to show the chaos and crisis of consciousness of that period.b. From him, stream of consciousness came to the highest point as a genre of modern literature.c. In Finnegans Wake, this pursue of newness overrode the normalness and showed atendency of vanity.William Butler Yeats(1865-1939)I. title“the greatest poet of our age –certainly the greatest in this (English) language”-----T. S. Eliot II. LifePoet and dramatistIrishLifelong love for Maud GonneIII. Works1. The Responsibilities责任2. The Land of Heart’s Desire理想的国土3. When You Are Old4. The Winding Stair盘旋的楼梯5. The Hour Glass时漏6. The Tower塔IV. FeatureHe is a celebrated and accomplished symbolist poet, using an elaborate system of symbols in his poems. But read as a whole, his poetry is elucidated by itself and gives the reader many memorable stanzas and lines of great poetry. (moon, water, rose)V. Themes1. Patriotism;2. love;3. civilization;4. age;5. the relation between imagination, history and the occultVI. When you are oldWhen you are old and gray and full of sleep,And nodding by the fire, take down this book,And slowly read , and dream of the soft lookYour eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;How many loved your moments of glad grace,And loved your beauty with love false or true,But one man love d the pilgrim soul in you,And loved the sorrows of your changing face;And bending down beside the glowing bars,Murmur, a little sadly, how love fledAnd paced upon the mountains overheadAnd hid his face amid a crowd of stars.George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950)I. TitleA representative of critical realism in modern English literatureII. lifeIreland;socialist Movement;criticize the evil of capitalism;support the forces of revolution and democracyIII. works (plays unpleasant)Widower’s Houses 鳏夫的房产Major Barbara巴巴拉少校Heartbreak House伤心之家Mrs. Warren’s Profession华伦夫人的职业The Apple Cart苹果车。
英国文学维多利亚时期全集
Important Works & Characters
first period—youthful optimist The Pickwick Papers (the supreme epic of English life): Mr. Pickwick , Sam Weller Oliver Twist (a description of the lowerdepth) Nicholas Nickleby : Mr. Squeers The Old Curiosity Shop: Trent, Nell
Darwin’s
The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. On the other hand, Utilitarianism实用主义 was widely accepted & practiced. (Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.)
Part V The Victorian Age
(1832-1901)
Chapter I A Survey of the Victorian Period
(1)
Definition: the Victorian Period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1837 to 1901. one of the most Glorious period in the English history
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
Thirdly, during their reigns, literature flourished. In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare. whereas in the age of Queen Victoria, novel flourished and with it a galaxy of brilliant novelists appeared on the literary scene.
The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods
the early period 1832-1854, a time of social unrest;
the middle period 1855-1879, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy;
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
2. To know something about the critical realist 3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing
The second accomplishment of the Reform Bill was to eliminate the “rotten boroughs” and gave the vacant seats to the industrial cities. This Bill broke the monopoly in Parliament of the conservative landowners and ended the long reign of the Tory party which had been in power almost continuously from 1783 to 1830. The Whig party, which represented the interests of the industrial capitalists and businessmen, came into power.
维多利亚时期英国文学
六．维多利亚时期（Victorian Era 1837年—1901年）查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）杰出的小说家，批判现实主义（Critical Realism）的代表人物。
代表作《波兹特写》（Sketches by Boz），《匹克维克外传》（The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club），《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist），《老古玩店》（The Old Curiosity Shop），《美国札记》（American Notes），《董贝父子》（Dombey and Son），《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield），《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House），《艰难时世》（Hard Times），《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities），《远大前程》（Great Expectations）。
威廉·麦克皮斯·萨克雷（William Makepeace Thackeray）：杰出的批判现实主义（Critical Realism）的小说家。
代表作长篇小说《名利场》（Vanity Fair），《亨利·艾斯蒙德》（Henry Esmond），《纽可姆一家》（The Newcomers）。
勃朗特三姐妹（The Bronte Sisters）：夏洛特·勃朗特（Charlotte Bronte）的《简爱》（Jane Eyre）；艾米丽·勃朗特（Emily Bronte）的《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights）；安尼·勃朗特（Anne Bronte）的《安格尼斯·格雷》（Agnes Grey）。
乔治·艾略特（George Eliot）：著名的现实主义女作家。
代表作《亚当·比德》（Adam Bede），《弗罗斯河上的磨坊》（The Mill on the Floss），《织工马南》（Silas Marner），《米德尔马契》（Middlemarch—A Study of Provincial Life）。
英国文学史及选读课件9TheVictoriaAg
总结词
讲述了吉卜赛弃儿希斯克利夫被山庄 老主人收养后所经历的爱情与复仇的 故事，展现了人性的复杂与矛盾。
详细描述
小说通过希斯克利夫的人生经历和爱 情故事，揭示了人性中的爱与恨、善 良与邪恶等复杂情感。作品语言独特 ，情节紧张，人物形象鲜明，具有很 高的艺术价值。
PART 04
维多利亚时期文学的影响 和意义
了工业革命后社会的变化。
浪漫主义时期文学
个性解放
强调个性的自由和情感的表达 ，反对工业化和城市化对人的 束缚。代表人物有威廉·布莱
克和约翰·济慈。
诗歌
以拜伦、雪莱和华兹华斯等为 代表的诗歌创作，表达了对自
然、自由和爱情的向往。
小说
以简·爱和呼啸山庄为代表， 关注人性的复杂性和情感的深
度。
维多利亚时期文学
维多利亚时期作家介绍
查尔斯·狄更斯
总结词
维多利亚时期最著名的作家之一，以其对社会问题的深刻洞察和生动描绘而著 称。
详细描述
狄更斯是19世纪英国文坛的巨匠，创作了多部经典小说，如《双城记》、《雾 都孤儿》和《大卫·科波菲尔》。他的作品揭示了社会不公和贫困问题，同时也 描绘了人性的复杂和多样。
勃朗特姐妹
托马斯·哈代
总结词
以描绘人物命运和社会现实而著称，作品具有强烈的悲剧色 彩。
详细描述
托马斯·哈代是维多利亚时期的一位重要作家，他的作品如《 德伯家的苔丝》和《无名的裘德》展示了其对人物命运和社 会现实的深刻洞察。他的小说常常以悲剧收场，反映了人生 的无常和社会的冷酷。
PART 03
维多利亚时期文学作品选 读
小说
出现了以《罗密欧与朱丽 叶》为代表的一系列悲剧 和喜剧作品，反映了当时 社会的矛盾和冲突。
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
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Historical Background
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Victoria age:
The Victorian Age
(1832-1902)
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Objectives
1. To have the basic knowledge about the brief history of the Victorian Period.
2. To know something about the critical realist
• the last period 1880-1901, a period of decay of Victorian values.
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• It can be divided into 2 periods:
– - Early Victoria Period （1832-1868）
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• Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign of Queen Victoria, England grew the workshop of the world as well as its financial and political center.
英国文学史维多利亚时期文学背景及特点
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The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods
• the early period 1832-1854, a time of social unrest;
• the middle period 1855-1879, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy;
3. To be familiar with Charles Dickens’ writing styles and major contribution to English literature.
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Historical Background
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Victoria age:
-- began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902.
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• Victoria ；
• the queen Victoria’s
accession in 1837 and her death in 1901. She ruled for 63 years, the longest in English
history. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.
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维多利亚女王的名字，象征着一个时代。在维多利亚统治期间，英 国国民空前团结，英国成为一个强大的帝国，并不断壮大发展。这是女 王给英国人留下的最好遗产，也是对她一生政绩最有力的评价。极少有 坐上帝位的女人，能像维多利亚一样，如此出色地完成了女王的职责， 同时又拥有如此平凡的作为女人的幸福。她统治的时期，特别是1851 年以后，在英国历史上被称为维多利亚时代。她在位的六十余年正值英 国自由资本主义由方兴未艾到鼎盛、进而过渡到垄断资本主义的转变时 期，英国极度强盛，经济、文化空前繁荣，科学、艺术都有很大的发展， 君主立宪制得到充分成熟，维多利亚女王的名字成了英国和平与繁荣的 象征。
The Victorian age (1832-1901)
An Age of Expansion：
---British Empire at its highest point of development as a world power, or the largest nation on earth --- the largest exporter and importer of goods in the world; the primary manufacturer of goods and the wealthiest country
The Victorian Era
1)the early 30s of the 19th to the beginning years of the 20th century 2) the reign of Queen Victoria from 1832(1837) to 1901
the Reform Bill
Utilitarianism and Jeremy Bentham Liberalism and Jean-Jacque Rousseau Socialism and Karl Marx Religious debate German Higher Criticism Darwin’s The Origin of Species (1859) Oxford Movement led by Cardinal Newman The rapid growth of Evangelical Methodism(循道宗)
她是第一个以“大不列颠和爱尔兰联合王国女王和印度女皇”名号称 呼的英国君主。她在位的64年期间（1837-1901年），是英国最强盛的所 谓“日不落帝国”时期。女王统治时期，在英国历史上被称为维多利亚时 代。她在位的60余年正值英国自由资本主义由方兴未艾到鼎盛、进而过渡 到垄断资本主义的转变时期，经济、文化空前繁荣，君主立宪制得到充分 发展，使维多利亚女王成了英国和平与繁荣的象征。
The Victorian age (1832-1901)
Victorian temper
---Puritan morality: virtues of hard work; modesty and worldly success against seeking worldly pleasure
--- Victorian quality: the high standards of decency; earnest pursuit of morals vs. practices of prudery, false modesty, empty respectability
---seeing it as their duty to bring English values, laws, customs, and religion to the “savage” races around the world (Missionaries)
The Victorian age (1832-1901) An Age of change and Improvement
Queen Elizabeth & Queen Victoria
1st, on the throne for a long period of time 2nd, England developed rapidly both politically and economically 3rd, literature flourished
decaying aristocratic
industrial capitalists
political power
steam powered engines
the Industrial revolution
amazing changes
Serious social problems
capitalists
1837年维多利亚女王即位时，英国已经完成了资本主义工业革命， 为了满足国家寻找原料地和销售市场的要求，英国开始在世界各地建立 殖民地和自治领。1840年英国占领了新西兰，这标志着英国在全世界的 殖民体系形成。英国对中国的野心由来已久。英国与中国的贸易最早始 于茶叶、丝绸的贸易；但是这些商品是英国市场上的奢侈品，而中国自 给自足的经济体制使得英国的工业革命的产品毫无用武之地。为了扭转 对华贸易逆差，英国商人开始在英国政府的支持下倾销鸦片。1839年， 林则徐在虎门销烟，极大程度上打击了英国政府的倾销政策，1840年初， 维多利亚女王在议会上发表了著名的演说，呼吁“为了大英帝国的利 益”，向中国发动战争。第一次鸦片战争遂始。
--The 1st Reform Act of 1832 and the 2nd Reform act of 1867 : reform in the electoral system leading to a more democratic society
---,1830, 1850, 1900, Public railway across England and an underground rail system beneath London ---Great Exhibition of 1851 and Crystal Palace (locomotives, machine tools, power looms, reapers, steamboat engines and etc)
huge profit worse living condition workers long-hour working never-adequate food
conflicts
the Chartist Movement
（宪章运动）
What is the Chartist Movement ? 宪章运动
---avoidance of profanity and sex & exposure of the age’s hypocrisy in favor of sincerity and humanitarian love.
Influence
The Victorian period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. As a result of relative peace at home, national economy picked up at a high speed. The country changed from an agricultural to an industrialized nation. It became more urbanized, cities grew in size, and villages declined. Education became more general, and science and technology advanced. Despite the gaping extremes of wealth and poverty, life became visibly easier.
维多利亚女王性格鲜明，秉性真挚。她忠于职守，具有治国之才； 她不仅把时光消磨在工作上，也消磨在为家务操劳上；她忠于自己的丈 夫，对子女要求严格，成为一代楷模。她的不懈努力，不仅使英国的文 学，艺术、科学昌盛，经济繁荣，英国的生活方式（如英国贵族的下午 茶）也从那时候开始成为世界各国人民所追逐仿效的对象。“维多利亚 时代”被许多英国人所怀念。
The VictoriБайду номын сангаасn age (1832-1901)
◆ Historical Situation Reign of Queen Victoria: 1837-1901
An Age of Expansion An Age of change and Improvement
An Age of Unrest and Dispute
1837年，18岁的女王维多利亚登基，新女王在继位之前的日记中写 道：既然上帝把我置于这个国家的王位上，我将尽力履行自己的职责。 我尚年轻，可能在许多方面缺乏经验，但我肯定，几乎无人像我这样怀 着为国为民的良好意愿和真切希望。女王充分实现了自己的诺言：她在 其一生中模范地履行了立宪君主的职责，因此深受国民的爱戴；她还是 那个时代道德风尚的典范，她是贤妻，又是良母，是典型的大家闺秀， 也是优秀的一家主妇。她自己生活严谨，工作刻苦，对别人又充满责任 感。在许多国人眼中，她就是那个时代的缩影，她漫长的63年在位时期 则是国家繁荣昌盛的顶峰。维多利亚在位时期，被称作“维多利亚时 代”，在英国所有国王中，她享有盛誉，这不是因为她做出了什么轰动 的事业，而是因为她什么都不做，而仅仅恪守立宪君主的本分，做她那 个时代的表率。
• The Chartist Movement (1836-1848 )was organized by the English workers in big cities and brought forth the People’s Charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. The movement brought some improvement to the welfare of the working class. It was the first mass movement of the English working class and the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.