高分子化学常见名词(中英文)

高分子化学常见名词（中英文）

∙Biopolymer

A polymer produced by a living plant, animal fungus, bacterium, or

other biological entity.

生物高分子：生物高分子是一种由活的植物、生物真菌、细菌或其

他生物体提炼出的一种聚合物。

∙Ceiling Temperature

Above a certain temperature, monomers can no longer be persuaded to

form polymers by chain polymerisation. This occurs when the loss

in entropy arising from joining many molecules into one outweighs the

energetic benefit of converting double bonds to single bonds. A

chain-growth polymer raised above the ceiling temperature will

degrade, or depolymerise.

聚合上限温度：单体聚合时，当聚合和解聚处于平衡状态，这时的

聚合温度称为聚合上限温度。当反应温度高于聚合上限温度时，聚

合物会解聚成小分子单体。

∙Plastic

What most people think of when they think of polymers. Strictly

speaking, a plastic is a polymeric material that can be molded into

different shapes when heated (a thermoplastic) - this is true for most

of the materials mentioned on this website, including poly(styrene),

nylon66, PVC, and PET. Some misguided people say nasty things about

plastic, but it wouldn't be everywhere if it wasn't (a) incredibly useful

and (b) incredibly cheap.

塑料：从严格意义上来讲，塑料（热塑性）是一种加热后可以浇铸

成不同形状的聚合物，包括聚苯乙烯、尼龙66、PVC、PET等。

∙Elastomer

A polymer that, when deformed (stretched, twisted, spindled, mutilated,

etc.) springs back into its original shape. The elastomer par excellence

is lightly-crosslinked natural rubber.

弹性体：弹性体是一种发生形变（如拉伸、扭转、损坏等）后能够

恢复原始形状的聚合物。性能最优异的弹性体是轻度交联的天然橡

胶。

∙Fiber

Fibers are polymers that have very high resistance to deformation-they

undergo only low elongation( <10-50%) and have very high

moduli(>35000N/cm2) and tensile strengths (>35000N/cm2).

纤维：纤维是一种具有较高抗变形能力的高聚物。其伸长率小

（<10-50％），模量很高(>35000N/cm2)，抗张强度很高

(>35000N/cm2)。

∙Synthetic Rubber

Any synthetic polymer that mimics the properties of natural rubber. One

of the earliest was ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) rubber,

a copolymer containing long segments of each of those three monomers.

合成橡胶：合成橡胶的性能类似于天然橡胶的性能。最早的合成橡胶品种是ABS（丙烯腈－丁二烯－苯乙烯）橡胶。

∙Free Radical

A member of the socialist party not caught by McCarthy's inquisition.

Also a molecule which has an odd number of electrons. The "unpaired"

electron feels lonely and wants to find a friend. If it finds something that might be willing to give it an electron it reacts very quickly with it.

Molecules such as other radicals and alkenes turn out to be good things for radicals to attack. The reaction of radicals with the double bonds in alkenes is how some of us earn our living.

自由基：化合物中共价键发生均裂时，共价键上两个电子分属于两个基团，这种带独电子的基团呈中性。

∙Side groups

All the carbon based polymers you will find mentioned on this site have the structure -C-C-C-C-C-C- etc. Anything hanging off that centre chain that is not a hydrogen atom is a side group.

侧基：任何悬挂在高分子主链上的非氢原子均称为侧基。

∙Functional Group

An atom or group of atoms that has similar chemical behavior, no matter what the rest of the molecule looks like. For example, the hydroxy (OH) group in all alcohols has similar reactivity, as does the thio (SH) group in all thiols.

官能团：分子中存在的一部分原子、原子团或特征结构，容易发生体现分子主要性质的某些特征反应，因此称它们为官能团。

∙Hydrogen bond

The strongest attraction between two dipoles is when one or both of

them involves a bond between hydrogen and a strongly

electronegative atom, like oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen. Because

hydrogen only has one electron, if it forms a bond with an element that is very keen to grab an electron, it becomes much more positive than an element that has plenty of other electrons left to hang around the

positively charged nucleus. Dipole-dipole interactions between these sort of molecules (like water {H2O}, ammonia {NH3}, hydrofluoric

acid{HF}) are so much stronger than ordinary dipole-dipole bonds that we give them the special name of 'hydrogen bonds'.

氢键：氢键是极性很强的X－H键上的氢原子与另外一个键上电负性很大的原子上的孤对电子相互吸引而形成的一种键。氢键作用力比一般的偶极间相互作用力大。氢键具有饱和性和方向性。

∙Oligomer

An oligomer is a molecule which is formed from a few smaller

(identical) molecules joined together. Just as a monomer is one (mono)