英语语言学期末考试重点

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成人教育《英语语言学》期末考试复习题及参考答案

一、单项选择题1.The manager would rather his daughter _____ in the same company.DA、would not workB、will not workC、does not workD、did not work2.Mike promised to keep me ______ how our business was going on.BA、informedB、informed ofC、to be informedD、to be informed of3.I have no objection ______ for a hike on the mountains with Cynthia.CA、to goB、goingC、to goingD、of going4.____ a teacher in our college, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.AA、To becomeB、One becomesC、Becoming ofD、Who becomes5.All the task ______ ahead of time, we planned to go on holiday for a week.DA、had fulfilledB、having fulfilledC、were fulfilledD、having been fulfilled6.Not until the game had begun ______ the sports ground.AA、did Peter arrive atB、Peter arrived atC、didn’t Peter arrive atD、Peter didn’t arrive at7.I didn’t send out my application form last week, but I ________.DA、had toB、might have toC、have hadD、should have8.I will give the ticket to _______ wants to have it.BA、whomeverB、whoeverC、some oneD、anyone9.The reason _______ I did not go to the lecture yesterday was that I had something important to do.DA、whichB、for thatC、becauseD、why10.Be careful with those explosives _______ end up killing ourselves.CA、then we won’tB、but we won’tC、or we willD、and we will11.The two scholars worked at the task of writing a preface to the new dictionary for three hours ____ last night.CA、at lengthB、in fullC、on endD、in time12.I don’t play basketball any more, _________ when I was a child.AA、but I used toB、I used toC、but I used to doD、I used to do13.Living here at the top of the mountain with no one else near, the old man must be very ____. DA、onlyB、aloneC、loneD、lonely14.I can’t read the marks and notes Jim made in the margin. They are too____.AA、faintB、foggyC、transparentD、misty15. A highly organized system of irrigation is ____ Chinese agriculture.AA、typical ofB、consistent withC、famous forD、subject to16.Jack is very ____ about wines.BA、awareB、knowledgeableC、learnedD、informed17.As for Ann, I am not sure about her ____ in Italian.AA、fluencyB、clarityC、coherenceD、excellency18.It was _____ that we went for a picnic in the country.CA、such nic e a dayB、such nice dayC、so nice a dayD、so nice day19.By the end of next month I ______ here for five years.DA、will workB、have been workingC、have workedD、will have been working20.Much research _______ into the possible causes of the disease in the past few years.AA、has been doneB、was doneC、have been doneD、were done21.The teacher told us that we didn’t have to _____ every new word we ran into when reading. CA、look overB、look throughC、look upD、look into22.When he wrote to his father that he wanted to ____ his education and get married, his father cut off his allowance.AA、give upB、give outC、give inD、give away23.His speech was warmly received. It was several minutes before the applause _______.AA、died downB、died ofC、died outD、died off24.Mr. Zhang makes _____ a point to keep up with the latest development in his field.CA、thisB、thatC、itD、these25.In many countries now seat belts are _____ for the driver and front seat passengers at least.。

北京语言大学英语专业语言学期末考试试题

第一次第一次期末考试提纲及解析Final examination for Introduction to Linguistics (June, 2008) Ⅰ.Translation(1x20=20%)Chinese into English=10English into Chinese=10Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks (2x15=30%)Fill in the blanks in sentences using linguistic termsⅢ.Answer briefly the following questions (5x4=20%)Ⅳ.Short Essays (15x2=30%)Preparatory work expectedⅠ. The list of terms for section Ⅰand Ⅱ.Chapter 1: 1.duality 2.arbitrariness 3.creativity 4.onomatopoeia 5.ideational or informative function 6.interpersonal function 7.displacement 8.pragmatics 9.psycholinguistics 10.emotive functionChapter 2:1.allophone 2.vowel 3.phoneme 4.stressed syllables 5.consonant 6.the international phonetic alphabet 7.nasalization 8.distinctive features 9.tone 10.aspiration 11.vocal cords 12.place of articulation 13.manner of articulation 14. peak or nucleus 15.open syllable 16.dental 17.voicing 18.assimilation 19. articulation 20.speech organsChapter 3:1.grammatical word 2.lexical word 3. particle 4.auxiliary 5.morpheme 6.affix 7.free morpheme 8.bound morpheme 9.inflection 10.derivation11.morphology 12.semantic change 13.root 14.stem 15.allomorphChapter 4: 1.syntactic relations 2.grammatical construction 3.immediate constituent 4.endocentric constructions 5.exocentric constructions 6.coordination 7.subordination 8.subject 9.prdicate 10.object 11.case 12.gender 13.tense 14.aspect 15.clauseChapter 5: 1.conceptual meaning 2.connotative meaning 3.thematic meaning 4.hyponymy 5. synonymy 6.antonymy 7.semantic features or components 8.metaphor 9.proposition 10. composite propositionⅡ. Short questions for section Ⅲ.1. What does the “emotive function” of language mean?2. What does duality as a design feature of language mean?3. What is the basic difference between the synchronic and diachronic studies of language?4. What is the difference between the descriptive and prescriptive studies of language?5. What is the difference between a free and bound morpheme? Give examples6. What is the difference between a root and a stem?7. What is the difference between tense and aspect?8. What is the difference between construction and constituents?9. What are the three categories of antonymy? Give examples.10. What is a preposition? Give examples.Ⅲ.Essay questions for section Ⅳ.1. Discuss “creativity” and “displacement” as two design features of language.2. How are phonemes identified in the study of language?3. Discuss 5 common ways of English word formation. Give examples.4. How is the grammatical subject identified in the study of English?5. Discuss the difference between conceptual and associative meanings. Give examples.Preparatory Work of LinguisticsI. the list of termsChapter 1:term meaningduality二层性 The two subsystems of sound and meaning. (from notes). By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary levels are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(from textbook)二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则。

[资料]-英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案---副本

[资料]-英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案---副本5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked”is a(n) __________ morpheme.A. derivationalB.inflectionalC. freeD.word-forming6. WH-movement is __________ in Englishwhich changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.A. obligatoryB.optionalC. selectionalD.arbitrary7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________.A. GriceB.PlatoC. SaussureD.Ogden and Richards8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous withB. isinconsistent withC. entailsD.presupposes9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basicunit is called _______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A. utterance B.referenceC. predicationD.morpheme10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.A. a perlocutionary actB. alocutionary actC. a constative actD. anillocutionary act第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of thefollowing statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. P___________ relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language.12. A d_________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d___________. 14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_________ cavity and the nasal cavity.15. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l_____________.16. S_____________ features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning.17. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length, due to their r_________ properties.18. H__________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.19. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p____________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.20. In Sociolinguistics, speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social group isolated for any given study is called thespeech c___________.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%×10=20%)( ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection betweenwords and what these words actually referto.( ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can begeneralized into the study of anotherlanguage.( ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in Englishbecause English, unlike Chinese, is atypical tone language.( ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit tothe number of sentences native speakers ofthat language are able to produce andcomprehend.( ) 26. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in ourmind’s eye every time we come across alinguistic symbol.( ) 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Goodmorning!” can be restored to “I wish you agood morning.”( ) 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the sameregional dialect may speak differentlybecause of a number of social factors. ( ) 29. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English isnot as systematic as standard English. ( ) 30. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capableof acquiring any human languagespontaneously and effortlessly.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms. (3%×10=30%)31. parole:32. broad transcription:33. allophones:34. phrase structure rules:35. context36. Historical Linguistics:37. standard language:38. linguistic taboo:39. acculturation:40. care-taker speech:V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Enumerate three causes that lead to thesystematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition and give your examples.42. English has undergone tremendous changes since its Anglo-Saxon days. Identify the major periods in its historical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.参考答案第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. A2. D3. C4. C5.B6. A7. B8.C 9. C 10. D第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11. Psycholinguistics12. diachronic13. duality14. oral15. lateralization16. Suprasegmental17. recursive18. Homonymy19. protolanguage20. communityIII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%X10=20%)( T ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( T ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection betweenwords and what these words actually referto.( F ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can begeneralized into the study of anotherlanguage.( F ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in Englishbecause English, unlike Chinese, is atypical tone language.( T ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit tothe number of sentences native speakers ofthat language are able to produce andcomprehend.( F ) 26. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in ourmind’s eye every time we come across alinguistic symbol.( F ) 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Goodmorning!” can be restored to “I wish you agood morning.”( T ) 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the sameregional dialect may speak differentlybecause of a number of social factors.( F ) 29. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English isnot as systematic as standard English.( T ) 30. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capableof acquiring any human languagespontaneously and effortlessly.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms. (3%X10=30%)31. parole: It refers to the realization of languein actual use. It is concrete and varies with context.32. Broad transcription is the transcription withletter symbols only. It is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.33. Allophones are the different phones thatrepresent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.34. Phrase structure rules are the rewrite ruleswhich allow for the possible combination of words to form phrases and sentences.35. Context is generally considered asconstituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.36. Historical linguistics studies languagechange ( or historical development of language).37. Standard language is a superposed, sociallyprestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media and taught in educational institutions.38. Linguistic taboo refers to a word orexpression that is prohibited by the “polite”society from general use.39. Acculturation is a process of adapting to theculture and value system of the secondlanguage community.40. It is simple and modified speech used byparents, baby-sitter, etc. when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.V. Answer the following questions. (10%X2=20%)41. Enumerate three causes that lead to thesystematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition and give your examples.1) Mother tongue interference2) interlingual interference3) Overgeneralization42. English has undergone tremendous changes since its Anglo-Saxon days. Identify the major periods in its historical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.Major periods: Old English (449-1100)Middle English (1100-1500)Modern English (1500-present)Historical events: The old English period began with the invasion of the British Isles by English-speaking Anglo-Saxons from Europe, and ended with the arrival of Norman French invaders historically known as the Norman Conquest. The Middle English period is distinguished from the Old English period by the Norman Conquest. The European renaissance movement marked the beginning of the Modern English period.。

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结英语语言学一、名词解释第一课1.Synchronic共时性: Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time.\ A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.ngue语言: The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication.4.Arbitrariness任意性: One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.第二课1.Phoneme音位: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.2.Allophone音位变体: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.3.Minimal pair最小对立体: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.第三课1.Morphology形态学: Morphology is a branch of grammarwhich studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Derivational morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are called…3.Inflectional morphemes曲折词素: Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on.第四课1.Syntax语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2.Syntactic categories句法范畴: Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories.3.Deep structure 深层结构: Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D- structure.4.Surface structure 表层结构: Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure.第五课1.Reference指称: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.2.Homonymy同音异义: Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.3.Hyponymy 上下义关系: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.第六课1.Pragmatics语用学: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.2.Utterance话语: a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication.3.Utterance meaning话语意义: Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.4.Illocutionary act言外行为: An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.二、简答题第一课1．What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? The study of sounds used in linguistic communication. It describes individual speech sounds and indicates their physical or phonetic properties. It studies the ways in which these sounds form patterns and systems and how they work to convey meaning in the system of language. 2．What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?The important characteristics which should be included in a good definition of language are separately: systematic, arbitrary and vocal.First of all, language is a system. It has its own set of rules forpeople to abide by, or people will use the language in a wrong way. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.3．What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1) Arbitrariness: no natural/motivated/logical relationship between the sign and what the sign stands for.2) Productivity: provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding novel messages.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.4) Displacement: can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future5) Cultural transmission第二课1. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do you think will be moreinterested in the different between say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a philologist? Why? 语音学和音位学的研究中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别?为什么?Phonetics — description of all speech sounds and th e i r f i n d d i f f e r e n c e s . / p > p > P h o n o l o g y d e s c r i p t i o n o f s o u n d s y s t e m s o f p a r t i c u l a r l a n g u a g e s a n d h o w s o u n d s f u n c t i o n t o d i s t i n g u i s h m e a n i ng . / p > p > A p h o n e t i c i a n w o u l d b e m o r e i n t e r e s t e d i n s u c h d i f f e r e n c e s c o s s u c h d i f f e r e n c e s w i l l n o t c o s d i f f e r e n c e s i n m e a n i n g . / p > p > 2 . W h a t i s p h o n e ? H o w i s i t d i f f e r e n t f r o m a p h o n e m e ? h o w a r e a l l o p h o n e s r e l a t e d t o a p h o n e m e ? / p > p > P h o n e i s a p h o n e t i c u n i t , i t h a s n o m e a n i n g . / p > p > P h o n e m e i s a p h o n o l o g i c a l u n i t w i t h d i s t i n c t i v e v a l u e . / p > p > T h e p h o n e m e / l / c a n b e r e a l i z e d a s d a r k / l - / a n d c l e a r / l / , w h i c h a r e a l l o p h o n e s o f t h e p h o n e m e / l / / p > p > A l l o p h o n e s - - - a c t u a l r e a l i z a t i o n o f a p h o n e m e i n d i f f e r e n t p h o n e t i c c o n t e x t s . / p >。

英语语言学考点测试第二章

A B
a. [k] 1. velar
b.[]2. nasal
c. [] 3. dental
d. [] 4. fricative
e. [l] 5.voiced
f [t]6.voiceless
g.[m] 7.bilabial
h.[h] 8.alveolar
9. plosive
10 glottal
3. Word Completion
4)is one of the suprasegmental features
A Stop B Voicing C Deletion D Tone
5) Narrowtranscriptionis the phonetic transcription with
A diacritics B distinctive features C voicing D articulation
11)The oral stops in English are,,,,,and
12)When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as
A nucleus BcodaC onset
3) A sound which capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language is a
A allophone BphoneCphoneme
语言学考点英语语言学英语语言学论文英语语言学试卷英语语言学复习资料英语语言学试题英语语言学论文题目英语语言学期末考试英语语言学博士英语语言学毕业论文

精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件,期末考试必备Chapter 4

8
1.2 Relation of Substitutability

The ______ smiles.
man student policeman boy girl …..

The Relation of Substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable for each other grammatically in sentences with the same structure.
smiles. yesterday. last week. the day before.
10

He went there

This is also called Associative Relations by Saussure, and Paradigmatic Relations by Hjemslev.
17
A(S)
B
C
IC Analysis
Tree diagram
NP Det N V
S
VP NP
Det
N
The girl ate the apple
18
Word-level
Phrasal
N=noun A=adjective V=verb P=preposition Det=determiner Adv=adverb Conj=conjunction
13
2. Grammatical construction and its constituents Syntactic studies from the different viewpoints of the three linguistic schools:

英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案

英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案英语语言学期末考试试卷第一部分选择题I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%X10=20%)1. Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, but theydiffer in that ____________.A. Saussure took a sociological view of language while Chomskytook a psychological point of viewB. Saussure took a psychological view of language whileChomsky took a sociological point of viewC. Saussure took a pragmatic view of language while Chomskytook a semantic point of viewD. Saussure took a structural view of language while Chomskytook a pragmatic point of view2. Language is a system of ____________ vocal symbols used for human communication.A. unnaturalB. artificialC. superficialD. arbitrary3. We are born with the ability to acquire language, _______________.A. and the details of any language system are genetically transmittedB. therefore, we needn’t learn the details of our mother tongueC. but the details of language have to be learnt.D. and the details are acquired by instinct4. A(n)________ is a phonological unit of distinctive value. It is acollection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. allophoneC. phonemeD. sound5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked”is a(n) __________ morpheme.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. freeD. word-forming6. WH-movement is __________ in English which changes asentence from affirmative to interrogative.A. obligatoryB. optionalC. selectionalD. arbitrary7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________.A. GriceB. PlatoC. SaussureD. Ogden andRichards8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John marrieda blond.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called_______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.A. utteranceB. referenceC. predicationD. morpheme10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act ofexpressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.A. a perlocutionary actB. a locutionary actC. a constative actD. an illocutionary act第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11. P___________ relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language.12. A d_________ study of language is a historical study; itstudies the historical development of language over a period of time.13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, ortwo levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d___________.14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in threeimportant areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_________ cavity and the nasal cavity.15. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in aparticular hemisphere of the brain is called l_____________. 16. S_____________ features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning.17. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number ofsentences, and sentences with infinite length, due to their r_________ properties.18. H__________ refers to the phenomenon that words havingdifferent meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.19. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identifyand classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p____________, the original form of alanguage family that has ceased to exist.20. In Sociolinguistics, speakers are treated as members ofsocialgroups. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech c___________.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%×10=20%)( ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between words and what these words actuallyrefer to.( ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can be generalized into the study of another language.( ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in English because English, unlike Chinese, is atypical tone language.( ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native。

《英语语言学概论》期末考试doc

《英语语⾔学概论》期末考试docI．Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points, 1 point each)1.Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.2.Adjectives belong to open class words.3.John Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.4.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study ofmeaning the context of use is considered.5.English is a typical intonation language.6.Phones in complementary distribution should be assigned to the same phoneme.7.Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.8.There are words of more or less the same meaning used in different regionaldialects.9.Transformations are the rules which can change the meaning of sentence.10.Sense and reference are two different notions of semantics, and they are related toeach other.II. Fill in the following blanks. (10 points, 1 point each)1.The word “and” is a c____________ conjunction.2.Linguistic c__________ is a native speaker’s linguistic knowledge of his language.3.The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is a________.4. A m________ is the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning.5. A sentence is formed by phonological rules, m______ rules, syntactic rules andsemantic rules.6.The most recognizable difference between American English and British English arein p________ and vocabulary.7.Speech v________refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker ora group of speakers.8.P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.9.Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.10.As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, i_______ is a product of L2 training,mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner..III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (20 points, 1 point each)1. Which of the following branch of linguistics takes the inner structure of word as its main object of study?A. Phonetics.B. Semantics.C. Morphology.D. Sociolinguistics.2. ________refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. DialectB. IdiolectC. PidginD. Register3. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop?A.[w].B. [m].C. [b].D. [p].4. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy5. Which of the following words is NOT formed by blending?A. Smog.B. Botel.C. Brunch.D. Edit.6. What phonetic feature distinguishes the [p] in please and the [p] in speak?A.V oicingB. AspirationC. RoundnessD. Nasality7. The word boyguard is a ______.A. compound wordB. complex wordC. derivational wordD. free morpheme8. All words contain a _________.A. rootB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix9. Of the following sound combinations, only ______ is permissible.A. kiblB. hkilC. ilkbD. ilbk10. Where is the primary stress of the word phonology?A. pho.B. no.C. lo.D. gy.11. Conventionally a ________ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme12. The plural affix in the word tables is a(n) _______.A. inflectional suffixB. derivational suffixC. free morphemeD. root13. Language is tool of communication. The symbol “highway closed”serves___.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function14. Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pair?A. but/pubB. wet/whichC. cool/curlD. fail/find15. Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experienced the world differently, that is relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of ______________.A. linguistic determinationB. linguistic relativismC. linguistic nativismD. linguistic behaviorism16. What are the dual structures of language?A. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.17. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic18. According to Krashen ______ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communication.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition19. Which of the following is one of the core branches of linguistics?A. Phonology.B. Psycho-linguistics.C. Sociolinguistics.D. Anthropology.20. The relationship between “flower” and “tulip” is _________.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymyIV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)A. From English to ChineseB. From Chinese to English1. acoustic phonetics 6. 应⽤语⾔学2. closed class words 7. 格语法3. componential analysis 8. 积极迁移4. distinctive features 9. 历史语⾔学5. Critical Period Hypothesis 10. 声调语⾔V. Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence by applying TG Grammar. (10 points)The man saw a horse.VI. Answer the following questions briefly. (20 points)1. Define phoneme. (4 points)2. Explain complementary distribution with an example.(5 points)3. What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels. (4 points)4. Analyze the following conversation by applying the Cooperative Principles.(7points)A: Teheran is in Turkey, isn’t it, teacher?B: And London is in France, I suppose.VII. Do the following analysis. (20 points)1. Write the one proper description from the list under B for the underlined part of each word in A. (5 points, 1 point each)A B(1) terroriz ed a. free root(2) un civil ized b. bound root(3) terror ize c. inflectional suffix(4) luke warm d. derivational suffix(5) im possible e. inflectional prefixf. derivational prefix2. Consider the following sentences in Swahili, and anwer the questions:(15 points) mtu amelala The man has slept. mtu analala The man is sleeping.mtu atalala The man will sleep.watu wamelala The men have slept.watu wanalala The men are sleeping.watu watalala The men will sleep.visu vinaanguka The knives are falling.kikapu kimeanguka The basket has fallen.watoto watafika The children will arrive.1)toto in Swahili means ______ in English.2)The meaning of the morpheme wa- in Swahili is _______.3)______ in Swahili means “sleep” in English.4)Translate mtoto anaanguka into English.5)Translate vikapu vimefika into English.台州学院_____学年第___学期___级____专业《英语语⾔学概论》期末试卷A卷（闭卷）参考答案及评分说明I．Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points, 1 point each)II. Fill in the following blanks. (10 points, 1 point each)1. coordinate2. competence3. arbitrary4. morpheme5. morphological6. pronunciation7. variety8. performance9. scientific 10. interlanguage III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (20 points, 1 point each)IV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)1. 声学语⾳学 6. applied linguistics2. 封闭词类7. case grammar3. 成分分析8. positive transfer4. 区别性特征9. historical linguistics5. 临界期假说10. tone languageV. Draw a tree diagram for the sentence by applying TG Grammar. (10 points)SNP Infl VPDet N pst V NPDet Nthe man saw a horseVI. Answer the following questions. (20 points)1. A contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable by rules. (4 points)(or: A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.)2. The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment.（4 points）e.g. [p] and [p h] never occur in the same position. （1 point）3. the position of the tongue in the mouth(1 point), the openness of the mouth(1 point), the shape of the lips(1 point), and the length of the vowels. (1 point)4. According to the Cooperative Principle, the participants of the conversation should obey the four maxims of the principle: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, the maxim of manner. (2 points) In this conversation, B’s reply deliberately violated the maxim of quality, (2 points) because B wanted A to infer the information that Teheran is not in Turkey. The main purpose of B is to let A know that it is absurd to make such a mistake.(3 points)VII. Do the following analysis. (20 points)1. (1) c (2) a (3) d (4) b (5) f (1 point each)2. 1) child （2 points）2) human, plural （3 points）3)lala （2 points）4)The child is falling.（4 points）5)The baskets have arrived.（4 points）。

语言学教程[第四章句法：从语词到篇章]山东大学期末考试知识点复习

第四章句法：从语词到篇章复习笔记I.句法1.定义句法就是研究语言不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。

2．句法关系(1)位置关系位置关系或词序指的是一门语言中词语的排列顺序。

位置关系是任何人类语言中的基本句法关系，也是语言的句法可接受性和语义可理解性的要求。

(2)替代关系替代关系指在相同的句子结构中，语法上可以互相代替的词类或语词的集合，它还可指由多个词组成的词组，语法上代替特定集合中的单个语词。

(3)同现关系共现关系指不同词类的不同词汇集合允许另一个词类或集合的词出现构成一个句子或句子的某一特定成分。

II.传统语法学派传统语法认为句子是词的序列。

因此句子构造的研究涉及了对词的大量研究，例如词类是对词进行的分类，主语、谓语是对词的功能的描写等。

这些词类和功能有时叫做范畴。

1．数、性和格(1)数是用来分析词类的语法范畴，有单数、双数和复数等。

在英语中，数主要是名词的范畴，包括两种形式：单数和复数。

数还体现在代词和动词的屈折变化上。

(2)性指的是依照性别把名词分成不同类别的语法范畴。

性主要也是名词和代词的范畴。

在英语中，性的差别是自然的，由动物本身的生理性别决定。

然而准确地讲，性在这里指的是语法性，语法性主要有阴性、阳性和中性三种。

(3)格主要是名词的屈折范畴，它典型地标识着它们和句子其他部分之间的关系。

在英语中，代词一般有三种格。

即：主格、宾格和属格；名词只有两种格：普通格和属格。

2．时态与体时态与体是动词的两个重要范畴，传统语法没有对它们加以区分。

时态与体之间的区别在于：时态是指示性的，也就是说指明的时间与说话的时间相关；体则不是指示性的，指明的时间与说话的时间没有关系，却与叙述中描写或暗示的另一个事件的时间相关。

3．一致关系与支配关系一致关系是指在一个给定的语言结构中，词和短语之间利用至少它们中的一个所携带的屈折形式互相匹配的句法关系。

支配关系是指句法结构中某些词的形式受另一种其他类型词的控制。

东北师范大学22春“英语”《英语语言学》期末考试高频考点版(带答案)试卷号：1

东北师范大学22春“英语”《英语语言学》期末考试高频考点版（带答案）一.综合考核(共50题)1.Krashen’s Monitor Theory belongs to nativist theories.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A2.Words like man and woman are gradable antonyms.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A3.The term ____ is used for less drastic difference restricted to variation in pronunciation.A.sociolectB.dialectC.geographical dialectD.accent参考答案：D4.peddle (为下列单词选择相对应的构词法)A.ConversionB.BackformationC.Blendingpounding参考答案：BCognition refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A6.The structural syllabus takes the sentence as the basic teaching unit.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B7.It is the interpersonal function of language, in a sense, that brings the world into our mind.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：B8.Insertion sequences refer to having the right to speak by turns.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A9.The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：AMetaphor is an essential element in our categorization of the world and our thinking process.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B11.Immediate constituent analysis adds a new dimension to the analysis of sentence structure.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B12.The following are all suprasegmental features except ____.A、stressB、toneC、voicingD、intonation参考答案：C13.Blending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. A well-known example is smog (smoke and fog).()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B14.A polyseme is a word which has several related senses.()A、正确B、错误15.A phoneme is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B16.A natural language is a mixed language which has become the mother tongue of a speech community.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：B17.A textbook is an official document that authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A18.I like to have (brunch) quite often. (为括号部分的单词选择相对应的构词法)A.ConversionB.BackformationC.Blendingpounding参考答案：C19.The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morph.()A.错误参考答案：A20.Children all undergo babbling, holophrastic, two-word, and the telegraphic speech stages of language development.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A21.Functional linguistics is based on the view that language as a system, which is composed of three aspects: sound, structure and meaning.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A22.A syllabus is an official document which authoritatively determines the content and principles of teaching and learning.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A23.What kind of pre-sequence is A's first utterance in the following discourse? A: Do you know what I want to tell you about Mr.Smith? B: What? A: I saw him flirting with a lady at a party. B: Does his wife know that? A: Of course, she does. The lady is his wife.A.Pre-invitationB.Pre-requestC.Pre-announcementD.Pre-apology参考答案：CThe structural syllabus takes the sentence as the basic teaching unit.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A25.The ____________ function (sometimes also referred to as experiential function) is realized by the transitivity system of language.A、ideationalB、interpersonalC、textualD、logical参考答案：A26.Sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B27.A green bottle is a kind of fly.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B28.Applied linguistic is concerned with the application of linguistic theories and descriptions in other fields.()A、正确B、错误29.A green bottle is a kind of fly.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A30.Back-channel signals are a fundamental unit of conversational structure.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：B31.The term Creole is the label given to the form. of a language used by any group of speakers or used in a particular field.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A32.Conversion is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：B33.Pragmatics is defined as the study of meaning.()A.错误B.正确34.The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A35.A social dialect is a variety of a language spoken by people living in an area.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A36.___________ are minimal pairs.A、moon/noonB、foot/foodC、she/sheetD、sea/sea参考答案：A37.Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future because it has the feature of interchangeability.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：B38.Eponyms is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.()A.错误B.正确39.When we speak or write we usually confine ourselves to single phrases or sentences.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A40.There are two types of language in the world natural language and artificial language.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A41.The textual function is realized by the transitivity system of language.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：B42.A phoneme is a minimal distinctive linguistic unit.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：A43.Overgeneralization is found universal in second language acquisition.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：Binfotech (为下列单词选择相对应的构词法)A.ConversionB.BackformationC.Blendingpounding参考答案：C45.Consonants can be described in terms of places of articulation, manners of articulation, and vibrating.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A46.The word “multinationality” has 2 morphemes.()A、正确B、错误参考答案：B47.____ is, fundamentally speaking, logic-oriented.A.Sperber and Wilson's principle of RelevanceB.Leech's theory of Politeness PrincipleC.Grice's theory of Cooperative PrincipleD.Horn's Q-principle and R-principle参考答案：C48.Kodak (为下列单词选择相对应的构词法)A、Sound Reduplication书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她D、Clipping参考答案：B49.The majority of English prefixes change the part of speech when added to free morpheme or word.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A50.sonorant is only shared by all the vowels.()A.错误B.正确参考答案：A。

英语语言学期末复习1

期末考试语言学复习范围2：名词解释复习范围language，speech community, bilingualism, semantics, context, locutionary act, language acquisition, phonology, psycholinguistics, langue, phoneme, culture, intercultural communication, linguistics, phonetics, competence，interlanguage, neurolinguistics, sense, morphology3：术语翻译都选自教材最后的glossary；4：简答题复习范围（主要限定在第一章、第五章、第六章、和第十章）1.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?3.What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?4.What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?5.What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?6.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance? Give an example.7.What are the three variables that determine register? Interpret them with an example.8.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?9.What are the major types of synonyms in English?10.What are the five design features of language specified by C. Hockeet to show that human language is essentially differentfrom any animal communication system?11.What are the four major views concerning the study of meaning?12.Why is the notion of context essential in the pragmatic study of linguistic communication?13.What are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle (CP)? List their names and explain them briefly.14.To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your ownlearning experience?15.What is the Critical Period Hypothesis (CPH) concerning language acquisition?16.Explain the definition：“Linguistics is the scientific study of language”.17.What are suprasegmental features? Use examples to illustrate your points.18.What is grammaticality? Is a grammatically meaningful sentence necessarily a semantically meaningful sentence?19.How are “sentence” and “utterance” and “sentence meaning” and “utterance meaning” related and how d o they differ?20.What distinction, if any, can you draw between bilingualism and diglossia?Ⅰ.For each question, there is only ONE correct answer. Choose the one from A, B, C and D.1.Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle____A. arbitrariness and creativityB. generalizations and abstractionsC. interpersonal relationshipD. performative functions2. Using language for the sheer joy of using it shows that language has a ____ function.A. recreationalB. metalingualC. informativeD. performative3. According to_____, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.A. Roman JacobsonB. Leonard BloomfieldC. Kenneth PikeD. Noam Chomsky4. Whose Cardinal V owel system is still in use?A. A.J. EllisB. A.M. BellC. Daniel JonesD. A. C. Gimson5. Which of the following words involves“nasalization”?A. rapB. readC. roseD. running6. Which of the following words is likely to have stress in sentences?A. aB. andC. toD. sun7. “_______” is the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language.A. WordB. LexemeC. MorphemeD. Vocabulary8. Word Class is known as in traditional grammar as _______.A. ConstructionB. parts of speechC. inflectionD. categories9. Which of the following are NOT prefixes?A. paraB. disC. irD. ion10._________is NOT included in the studies of traditional grammar.A. Classifying words into parts of speechB. Defining the properties of sentencesC. Identifying the functions of wordsD. Recognizing certain categories, like number and tense11. “Concord” has the same meaning as_____A. perfectiveB. progressiveC. agreementD. government12. Which of the following is NOT related to Noam Chomsky?A. Deep StructureB. Surface StructureC. Transformational ComponentD. Theme and Rheme13. The “semantic triangle” was proposed by______A. Plato and AristotleB. Ogden and RichardsC. Chomsky and HalleD. Leech and Palmer14. Which of the following are NOT converse antonyms?A. clever: stupidB. boy: girlC. give: receiveD. teacher: student15. “ I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of ________A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. DualityD. Displacement16. “Don’t end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of _____ rules.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. transformationalD. functional17. According to G.B. Shaw’s ridicule of English orthography, the non-existed word ghoti can be pronounced in the same way as______A. goatB. hotC. fishD. floor18. Which of the following is the correct description of [v]?A. voiceless labiodental fricativeB. voiced labiodental fricativeC. voiceless labiodental stopD. voiced labiodental stop19. “New elements are not to be inserted into a word even though there are several parts in a word.” This is known as ________A. uninterruptibilityB. stabilityC. extremityD. variability20. Which of the following word class is the closed-class?A preposition B. adverb C. adjective D. noun21. Which of the following are NOT suffixesA. inB. iseC. lyD. ful22. Traditional grammar sees a sentence as _________A. a sequence of morphemesB. a sequence of clausesC. a sequence of wordsD. a sequence of phrases23. _________meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to.A. ConnotativeB. DenotativeC. AffectiveD. Reflective24. Which of the following are gradable antonyms?A. good---badB. male----femaleC. alive----deadD. buy-----sell25. The fact that sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages proves the ________of language.A. dualityB. creativityC. arbitrarinessD. displacement26. Which of the following are correct descriptions of Langue and Parole?A. It was Chomsky that distinguished langue from parole.B. It was Martin Joo that distinguished langue from parole.C. Langue constitutes the immediately accessible data.D. The linguist’s proper object is the langue of each community.27. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ________.A. the manners of articulationB. the places of articulationC. the position of the soft palateD. the obstruction of airstream28. When the different forms, such as tin and din, are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form_______A. allophonesB. a minimal pairC. a maximal pairD. phonemes29. The process of word formation in which a verb, for example, blacken, is formed by adding–en to the adjective black, is called_____A. inflectionB. derivationC. compoundD. backformation30. The sense relation between rose and flower is _________A. synonymB. polysemyC. hyponymyD. homonymy31.Which of the following are NOT instances of blending?A. transistorB. classroomC. boatelD. brunch32. The one that is NOT one of the suprasegmental features is ________A. syllableB. stressC. coarticulationD. intonation33. What the element”-es”indicates is third person singular, present tense, and the element “-ed”past tense, and “-ing”progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unity of language and meaningful, they are also called_______A. phonemesB. phonesC. allophonesD. morphemes34. The term“_______”in linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative35. Since early 1990s, Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the _______theoryA. speech actB. TGC. minimalist programD. principles-and- parametersII Decide whether the following statements are true(T) or false (F) .1.Arbitrariness means you can use languages in any way you like.（F）2.“Radar” is an invented word.(F)3.The consonant [x] existed in Old English.(T)4.Today, we normally say that English has two tenses: present and past.(T)5.Leech’s conceptual meaning has two sides: sense and reference.(T)6.Historical linguistics is a synchronic study of language.(F)7. A good method to determine the phonemes in a language is the Minimal Pairs Test.(T)8.Phonology is concerned with speech production and speech perception.(F)9.Leech uses the term “connotative” in the same sense as that in philosophical discussion.(F)10.Duality is the physical manifestation of the “ infinite use of finite terms”(T)11.The idea of a system of cardinal vowels was first suggested by Danniel Jones.(T)12.Word is the smallest unit of meaning which can constitute, by itself, a complete utterance.(T)Ⅲ. Fill in each blank with ONE word.1. There are two aspects to meaning: denotation and connotation .2. Phonology is the branch of theoretical linguistics concerned with speech sounds at a higher level thanPholotics i.e. their structure and organization in human languages.3. The fact that a word may have more than one meaning is called___ in semantics.4. There are at least 4 design features of language: Arbitrariness, , __________, and ___________5 Relational antonyms are pairs in which one describes a relationship between two objects and the otherdescribes the same relationship when the two objects are reversed, such as parent and child, teacher and student.6 antonyms are pairs that express absolute opposites, like mortal and immortal.7. F.de Saussure , founder of modern linguistics, taught linguistics in Geneva University during 1907-1911.His theory has put great influence on semiotics, humanities study and literary studies.8. Lexical semantics is concerned with the meanings of words and the meaning among words; and phrasal or semantics is concerned with the meaning of syntactic units larger than the word.9. Reference theory in semantics holds the viewpoint that there is a___direct__ relation between forms of language and those the relevant language forms refer to.10.Nominalism refers to the idea that there is no conventional relation or link between the words that people choose and the objects that the words refer to. That is to say, language is .11. Complementery antonyms are pairs that express absolute opposites, like mortal and immortal.12. 荀子（约公元前298～前238）在《正名篇》中说，“名无固宜，约之以命。

英语语言学期末复习考点

1. Define the following terms.1）structureIt consists of the way in which the words are organized into phrases and the phrases are organized into larger phrases.2）grammarIt is the process of describing the structure of phrases and sentences in such a way that we account for all the grammatical sequences in a language and rule out all the ungrammatical sequences; or can be defined as the study of phrases and sentences structure.3）structural ambiguityIt happens when two distinct underlying interpretations are represented differently in deep structure. There are two different underlying structures with the same surface structure.4）deep structureIt is an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining structural interpretation are represented.5）SyntaxIt deals with how sentences are constructed with words.2. Draw the phrase structure tree for the sentence "Bill ran to the park slowly."Bill ran to the park slowly.3. Draw two different phrase structure trees to illustrate the ambiguity involved in the sentence" I once shot an elephant in my pajamas.” Under each tree write the way to understand the sentence embodied by the tree.I once shot an elephant in my pajamas.I once shot an elephant, and the elephant was in my pajamas.I once shot an elephant in my pajamas.I once shot an elephant when I was wearing my pajamas.4. Draw two different phrase structure trees to illustrate the ambiguity involved in "tall boys and girls." Under each tree write the way to understand the phrase embodied by the tree.tall boys and girls.Both boys and girls are tall.tall boys and girls.Only the boys are tall.5. Define the following terms.1) semanticsSemantics is the study of meaning in human language.2) lexical gapLexical gap is the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. 3) semantic rolesSemantic role is a way of categorizing the relation between a sentence’s parts and the event that it describes. to categorize the relation between a sentence’s parts and the event that it describes.6. Define the approaches to meaning and state their problems.1) meaning as naming:the meaning of an expression is what it refers to.Problem: it is not always immediately clear what is being named. What do conjunctions like but and and refer to? What do prepositions like for and to stand for? What do we say about names for imaginary objects or actions? The concert word tree can stand for a particular tree or any tree or all trees in the world.2) meaning as concept:expressions mean the concept or idea associated with them. Any particular sound image is psychologically associated with a particular concept.Prob: To state that meaning is a concept does not overcome all the problems that the naming theory has. We can still ask what are the concepts that and or but stand for?3) meaning as behaviour:a STIMULUS (S) produced a linguistic response (r), which works as a stimulus (s), and results in a non-linguistic response (R). The meaning of a linguistic form is defined as observable behaviours.Prob: Since the practical stimulus S is not always obvious, so how do we identify it?4) meaning as context:meaning is found in the context within which a particular expression is uttered. It suggests thatwe can derive meaning from, or reduce it to, the observable context.Prob: What are we actually observing in a context?5) meaning as truth conditions:the sense of a declarative sentence permits you to know under what circumstances a sentence is true. Those circumstances are called “truth conditions” of the sentence. The truth conditions of a declarative sentence are the same as the sense of the sentence. Knowing the meaning of a sentence is the same as knowing the conditions under which the sentence is true or false.Prob: This approach limits semantics to being concerned principally about meaning in relation to truth and falsehood. How can we discuss the meaning of interrogatives and imperatives?7. Define the seven types of meaning with one example for each.1) Conceptual meaning:what words denote or refer to.It can be studied in terms of contrastive features or binary feature format.e.g. man: [ +HUMAN +ADULT +MALE] woman: [+HUMAN +ADULT +FEMALE]2) Connotative meaning:the communicative value that a word or a combination of words has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual meaning.e.g. dragon in Western countries means an evil monster, but in China it refers to an auspicious animal.3)Social meaning:the meaning which an expression conveys about the contexts or social circumstances of its use.e.g. larceny, used in court of law, is of French origin; theft, used in informal settings, is of Anglo-Saxon origin. There is no real difference in conceptual meaning. The differences have to do with levels of formality.4) Affective meaning:the level of meaning that conveys the language user’s feeling, including his attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of language.e.g. statesman indicates a wise and respected political leader, while politician refers to someone who is good at taking advantage of different conditions in an organization.5) Reflective meaning:the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word forms parts of our response to another sense.e.g. nuclear family6) Collocative meaning:the associations a word gets because of the meanings which tend to occur in its linguistics context.e.g. clear could mean free from complications (as in a clear case), free from guilt (as in a clear conscience) or clear from clouds (as in a clear sky).7) Thematic meaning:meaning that arises out of the way in which the writer or speaker organizes his message.e.g. an active sentence has a different meaning from its passive equivalent although in conceptual meaning they seem to be the same.8. What are the differences between less marked and more marked terms in the same semantic field?1) The less marked members of a semantic field will usually be easier to learn and remember than more marked members.2) A less marked word consists of only one morpheme, in contrast to more marked words.3) The less marked member of a semantic field cannot be described by using the name of another member of the same set, while more marked members can be thus described.4) Less marked terms tend to be used more frequently than more marked terms.5) Less marked terms are broader in meaning than more marked terms.6) Less marked words are not the result of the metaphorical usage of the name of another object or concept, whereas more marked words often are.9. Use contrastive features to illustrate the conceptual meanings of the words "boy","girl", "mare" and "stallion".boy: [+HUMAN -ADULT +MALE]girl: [+HUMAN -ADULT +FEMALE]mare: [+ANIMAL +HORSE -MALE +ADULT]stallion: [+ANIMAL +HORSE +MALE +ADULT]10. Identify the difference between homonymy and polysemy. Make sure you include examples.HOMONYMY is words that have the same linguistic forms but are different in meaning, e.g. bank (of a river)- bank (financial institution); while POL YSEMY is one world which has two or more meanings that are related conceptually or historically, e.g. foot.11. Identify the difference between hyponymy and meronymy. Make sure you include examples.HYPONYMY is when a word is a member of the denotation of another word, e.g. Potato is a hyponym of vegetable ; while MERONYMY is when a word is a part of the denotation of another word, e.g. wheel, door, window, etc. are all meronyms of car.12. Define semantic roles with one example for each.1)Agent:the responsible initiator of an action; the entity that performs an actione.g. David washed the dishes.2) Patient:the entity that undergoes a certain change of state; the entity that undergoes the effect of some action.e.g. The sun melted the ice.3) Experiencer:the entity that experiences a physical or mental sensation; the one that receives a sensory input.e.g. John likes blueberry pancakes.4) Instrument:the means by which an action is performed or something comes aboute.g. They signed the treaty with the same pen.5) Cause:any natural force that brings about a change of statee.g. The snow caved in the roof.6) Recipient:the entity that receives a physical objecte.g. He sold me this camera.7) Benefactive:the entity for which an action is performed.e.g. They baked me a cake.8) Locative:the location of an action or state.e.g. The band performed in a park.9) Temporal:the time at which the action or state occurred.e.g. She left home yesterday.13. Define semantic relationships between sentences with one example for each.1) Entailment:when the truth of one sentence guarantees the truth of another sentence. In terms of truth value: when a is true, b is necessarily true; when b is false, a is false; when b is true, a may be true or false.e.g. a: That person is a bachelor.b: That person is a man.2) Presupposition:the assumption or belief implied by the use of a particular word or structure. When a is true, bis necessarily true; when a is false, b is still true; when b is true, a can be either true or false; when b is false, no truth value can be said about a.e.g. a. John’s son is an engineer.b. John has a son.3) Paraphrase:two sentences have the same meaning.e.g. a: I gave the book to John.b: I gave John the book.4) Contradiction:two sentences have contradict meaninge.g. a: Charles is a bachelor.b: Charles is married.5) Implicature:when one sentence can be concluded from another sentencee.g. Speaker 1. I’d like a cup of coffee.Speaker 2: There’s a place around the corner called Joe’s.14. Define the following concepts.Pragmatics is the study of what speakers mean, or “speaker meaning”. It is the study of language in use.Micropragmatics is the study about the mechanisms by which speakers/writers encode their message in skilful ways and how hearers/readers arrive at the intended meaning in spite of the differences between the literal meaning and the intended meaning.e.g. I was waiting for the bus, but he just drove by without stopping.15. Define speech acts and classify.Speech acts: the acts people perform by using language.1) Locutionary act: the act of saying, the literal meaning of the utterance.2) Illocutionary act: the extra meaning of the utterances produced on the basis of its literal meaning.3) Perlocutionary act: the effect of the utterance on the hearer depending on specific circumstances16. Classification of illocutionary acts1) Representatives:speech acts stating that the speaker is committed to the truth of a statement. e.g. statements of fact, assertions, conclusions and descriptions.e.g. The earth is flat.2) Directives:speech acts that the speaker uses to get the hearer to do something. e.g. commands, orders, requests, suggestions, begging and pleading.e.g. Could you le n t me a pen, please?3) Commissives:speech acts that the speaker uses to commit himself to some future action. e.g. promises, threats, refusals and pledges.e.g. I’ll be back.4) Expressives:utterances stating that the speaker expresses an attitude about the situation. e.g. pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy or sorrow.e.g. I’m really sorry.5) Declarations:those utterances that the speaker uses to change a situation.e.g. Jury foreman: We find the defendant guilty.17. Sentence forms & speech act18. Common Speech Acts & its Function19. Indirect speech acts1) QuestionsDirecta: Did John marry Helen?b. I ask you whether or not John married Helen.Indirecta. I don’t know if John married Helen.b. I would like to know if John married Helen.c. Do you know if John married Helen?2) RequestsDirecta: Please take out the garbage.b. I request that you take out the garbage.Indirecta. The garbage isn’t out yet.b. Could you take out the garbage?c. Would you mind taking out the garbage?d. I would like for you to take out the garbage.。

语言学教程[第三章词汇]山东大学期末考试知识点复习

第三章词汇复习笔记I．词词是个语言表达单位，无论是在口语还是在书面语中，说母语的人都能够凭直觉识别这个语言单位。

1．词的三种含义(1)词是自然的有界限的对立单位；(2)词既是一个普通术语又是一个专门术语；(3)词是一个语法单位。

2．词的识别(1)稳定性就词的内部结构而言，词是所有语言单位中最稳定的。

(2)相对连续性连续性指的是一个词的几个成分之间不可介入新的成分，即使这个词由多个成分构成。

(3)最小的自由形式词是能够独立构成一个完整语句的最小单位。

3．词的分类(1)可变词和不变词可变词有形态变化，即词的一部分保持不变，另一部分有规则地变化以实现不同的语法功能。

小变词没有形态变化。

具有词汇意义 (指代物质、动作和性质)的词称为词汇词，例如名词、动词、形容词和副词。

表达语法意义的词是语法词，例如连词、介词和代词。

(3)封闭类词和开放类词封闭类词的成员数目固定，数量有限。

像代词、介词、连词和冠词都属于封闭类词，一般不能轻易增加或衍生新的成员。

相比之下，开放类词的成员数目基本上是无限的，其数目会随着社会发展不断地、经常地增加。

名同、动词、形容词和副词属于开放类词。

(4)词类在传统的名词、代词、形容词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词和冠词的基础上，可新增助词、助动词、代词形式、限定词。

Ⅱ．语素和形态学1．定义语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分成更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。

形态学研究词的内部结构以及词的构造规则，包括屈折变化和词的形成两个领域。

2．语素的类型(1)自由语素和粘着语素①自由语素指能够单独出现或独立成词的语素。

所有的单语素词都是自由语素，由自由语素构成的多语素词为复合词。

②粘着语素指不能单独出现，必须跟至少一个其他语素共同出现的语素。

①词根是构成词的基础成分，不能再做进一步分析而不破坏其意义。

每个词都包括一个词根语素．它可以是自由语素或粘着语素。

②词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素 (词根或词干)上的一类语素的总称。

华中师大《英语语言学入门》期末考试备考资料全集题

华中师范大学网络教育学院《英语语言学入门》练习测试题库一、选择题1.It is generally agreed that linguistics should include atleast five parameters, namely, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and .A.socialB. psychologyC. culturalD. pragmatic2. A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system ofrules is called his linguistic .prehensionB. performanceC. perceptionD. competence3.The distinction between competence and performance was putforward by .A.BloomfieldB. SaussureC. ChomskyD.Halliday4.The description of a language as it changes through time isa study.parativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive5.“I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000years ago.”This shows that language has the design featureof .A.arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement6.The study of language at one point in time is astudy.A.historicalB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. diachronic7. function constructs a model of experience andlogical relations.A.IdeationalB. TextualC. InterpersonalD. Logical8.Which is the description of the consonant [b]?A.voiceless bilabial stopB. voiced bilabialstopC. voiceless alveolar fricativeD. voiced alveolarfricative9. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speakerand the actual phenomena or data of utterances as langue and .A.grammarB. lexiconC. paroleD. syntax10. The principle suprasegmentals are .A. syllable, stress, tone and intonationB. monosyllabic and polysyllabicC. stressed and unstressedD. rhyme, onset, outset and coda11. Which of the following is a suprasegmental feature?A. Deletion.B. VoicedC. StressD. Stop12. The number of morphemes in the word “girls” is .A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four13. Which of the following is not a bound root morpheme?A. –putB. –ceiveC. –mitD.–tain14. in the word “international” is called ROOT.A. nationB. inter-C. –tionD. –al15. The morpheme “vision”in the word “television”is a(n) .A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme16. is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.A. AllomorphB. WordC. MorphemeD. Root17. The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify therelationship between words in a sentence.A. pragmaticB. syntacticC. phoneticD. semantic18. We can often find the phrase immediate constituents in .。

英语语言学期末考试重点

第一章1.What is languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication2.Design features of language①Arbitrariness任意性refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. sounds and meanings②Duality二层性:The property of having two levels of structures; such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.③Productivity/creativity创造性:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.④Displacement移位性:Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects; events and concepts which are not present in time and space at moment of communication. p73.Functions of language①Informative信息功能: to give information about facts. ideational②Interpersonal人际功能: to establish and maintain social status in a society.age; sex; language; background; accent; status③Performative施为功能 : language is used to do things; to performcertain actions. name; promise; apologize; sorry; declare④. Emotive/Expressive 情感功能: to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker.⑤Phatic communion寒暄交流: to use small and meaningless expressions to establish a comfortable relationship or maintain social contact between people without any factual content. health; weather⑥ Recreational function娱乐: the use of language for sheer joy. lyrics; poetry⑦Metalingual function元语言功能: to talk about language itself.4. What is linguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.5. Important distinctions in linguisticsDescriptive & prescriptiveSynchronic & diachronicLangue & paroleCompetence & performance6.Descriptive描写/述性—describe and analyze linguistic facts or the language people actually use modern linguisticPrescriptive规定性—lay down rules for “correct and standard”linguistic behavior in using language traditional grammar: “neveruse a double negative”7.Synchronic study 共时—description of a language at some point of time modern linguisticsDiachronic study 历时— description of a language as it changes through time historical development of language over a period of time第四章1．What is Syntax 句法Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences.句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则2．Four Approaches :The traditional approach传统语言观 Parts of speech、Syntactic Function不考、Category范畴、Concord and government一致关系和支配关系、The structural approach结构语言观、The generative approach、The functional approach功能语言观3．The traditional grammar regards sentences as a sequence of words ; so it pays great attention to the study of words ; such as the classification of words in terms of parts of speech ; the identification of function of words in terms of subject; predicate ; etc.4. Parts of speechTraditional grammar defines 8 parts of speech: nouns; verbs;pronouns; adjectives; adverbs; prepositions; conjunctions and interjections.5．The term Category范畴 in some approaches refers to word classes and functions in its narrow sense;范畴这一术语狭义上是指词类和功能eg. Noun; Verb; Subject; Predicate. More specifically; it refers to the defining properties of these general units:the categories of the noun名词的范畴; include number; gender; case and countabilitycase;the categories of the verb动词的范畴: tense; aspect; voice; etc. 6．Number is mostly a category of the noun and pronoun名词和不可数名词.Two terms of number in nouns: singular and plural单数和复数Number is also reflected in the inflections of pronouns and verbs 7. Gender is also mostly a category of the noun and pronoun.In English; the gender distinctions are on the whole natural; determined by the biological gender of the creature.8. Case is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship between words in a sentence.在词类分析中;格范畴用来辨别句子中词之间的句法关系In English; pronouns have three cases of nominative主格; accusative 受格; and genitive与格. Nouns have two of general and genitive 所有格In English; the case of noun is realized in three channels:a inflectionb following a prepositionc word order9. Tense时态:the absolute location of an event or action on time. It is marked by an inflection of the verb. As a result; there are only two tenses recognized now: past and present.Since the future time does not involve any inflection of the verb; we do not refer to a “future tense”; even though in many different ways we can talk about the future.10. Aspect体: It has nothing with time; and it tells us whether an action is ongoing or completed.Perfective完成体 and Imperfective进行体Perfective and Progressive in English11. Voice语态: describe the relationship between verb and subject Passive被动语态 and active主动语态12. Concord and government①Concord 一致关系 refers to agreement between words; especially between a verb and the subject of a sentence.②Government 支配关系is a type of grammatical relationship between two or more elements in a sentence.In traditional grammar; the term government has typically been used to refer to the relationship between verbs and nouns or between prepositions and nouns.13.The Structural Approach ;由Ferdinand de Saussure提出14.Syntactic Relations：Positional relations位置关系、Relations of substitutability替代关系、Relations of co-occurrence同现关系15.Immediate constituent 直接成分 is any meaningful constituent at the first step in an analysis.16.An endocentric construction向心结构is a construction that contains:1 a head; which is the single obligatory element in the construction;2 one or more optional elements subordinate to the head.17.them e主位 refers to the known information which is not new to the reader or listenerRheme述位refers to the information that is new. The new information is what is to be transmitted to the reader or listener The linguists of the Prague school believed that sentence may be analyzed from the functional side as well as the grammatical side. subject; predicate grammatical sidetheme; rheme functional side第五章1. What is SemanticsSemantics is the study of the meaning of words; phrases and sentences.语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科② The Semantic Triangle③ Sense and Reference7.The referential theory指称理论 is the theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to.指称论是把词语意义跟它所指称的事物联系起来的理论8. The semantic triangle语意三角 is the indirect relation betweena word and a thing it refers to and it is mediated by concept.语意三角指词和所指事物之间没有直接关系;它们是以概念为中介的9.Sense涵义 is a set of properties possessed by a name.10.Reference指称 is the symbolic relationship that a linguistic expression has with the concrete object.11. The sense of an expression is the thought it expresses; while its reference is the object it representsEvery word has a sense; but not every word has a reference.12. Sense Relations涵义关系①Synonymy同义关系②Antonymy反义关系 Gradable、Complementary、Converse③Hyponymy上下义关系13.But total synonymy is rare. They may differ in style; connotations and dialect.14.Gradable antonymy 等级反义关系、Complementary antonymy 互补反义关系、Converse antonymy 反向反义关系15. Componential analysis is an approach to the study of meaning which analyses a word into a set of meaning components.16. Sentence Meaning17. Sense relations between sentences① Synonymity 同义a. He was a bachelor all his life.b. He never married all his boy.Sentences a and b are in a synonymous relationship: the truth of one sentence necessarily implies the truth of another sentence②Inconsistency矛盾a. Elizabeth II is Queen of England.b. Elizabeth II is a man.Sentences a and b are in a relationship of contradiction: the truth of one sentence necessarily implies the falseness of another sentence.③Entailment 蕴涵a. He married a blonde heiress.b. He married a blonde.Entailment refers to a kind of meaning inclusion. If x entails y; the meaning of x is included in y.④Presupposition前提预设It is what a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of themessage already knows.⑤Contradiction矛盾⑥Semantic anomaly语义反常18. An integrated theory﹡Compositionality组合性原则：the meaning of a sentence depends on the meaning of the constituent words and the way they are combined.﹡This semantic theory is the integration of syntax and semantics ﹡Their basic idea is that a semantic theory consists of two parts: a dictionary and a set of projection rules﹡The dictionary provides the grammatical classification and semantic information of words﹡The projection rules are responsible for combining the meanings of words together.19.Logical semantics逻辑语义学﹡A proposition命题 is what is to be expressed by a declarative sentence when that sentence is uttered to make a statement.﹡It is the basic meaning which a sentence express.﹡A very important property of the proposition is that it has a truth value.第八章1.What is PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of language in context/ use/ communication.2 Semantics and PragmaticsSimilarity：Pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic study of meaningDifference：Semantic meaning: the more constant; inherent side of meaning ；Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate; the more closely related to context ；Pragmatic = meaning - semantics3.Three Contents :Speech Act Theory、The Theory of Conversational Implicature、Post-Gricean Developments4.Speech Act Theory言语行为理论：①Performatives and Constatives② A theory of the illocutionary act5.The utterance which performs an act is called a performative行事话语..6.A constative 述事话语 is an utterance which asserts something that is either true or false.7Characteristics of Implicature：Calculability、Cancellability、Non-detachability、Non-conventionality8.Calculability可推导性: means that implicature of an utterance can be calculated based on literal meaning; CP and its maxims; context; etc.9.Cancellability/Defeasibility可取消性/可废除原则 If the factors that conversational implicature relied on change; the implicature will also change.10.Relevance Theory关联理论Communicative Principle of Relevance：Every ostensive stimulus conveys a presumption of its own optimal relevance.Cognitive Principle of Relevance：Human cognition tends to be geared to the maximization of relevance.。

12-13-1 语言学概论期末考试题B (内附标准答案)

东北林业大学2012－2013学年第一学期2010级英语专业期末考试试题B 考试科目：英语语言学概论考试时间:120分钟试卷总分:100分Part I True or False (10 points) Directions: Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False.1. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of thetongue that is raised the highest.2. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation,but in context.3. Phonemes are the smallest meaningful units of sounds.4. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.5. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categoriessuch as number, tense, degree, and case.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.9. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English is not assystematic as standard English.10. The figurative use of language has the effect of making the concepts under discussion moredomestic and acceptable.Part II Multiple Choices (40 points) Directions: There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness2. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language3. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative4. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas5. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal6. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. [z]B. [d]C. [k]D. [b]7. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar8. Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied… pragmaticD. semantic and linguistic9. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.10. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root11. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical12. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes13. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy14. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguisticworld of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense15. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaningcomponents, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis16. Syntax is the study of ______.A. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD. word formation17. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________ is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention;it is the act performed in saying something.A. a perlocutionary actB. a locutionary actC. a constative actD. an illocutionary act东北林业大学2012－2013学年第一学期2010级英语专业期末考试试题B18. The positional relations can also be called ________.A. paradigmatic relationB. vertical relationsC. associative relationsD. syntagmatic relations19. A sentence which is used to describe something and can be said to be true or false is a________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive20. “hot dog” with the first element stressed means________.A. a dog which is hotB. a barking dogC. a kind of foodD. a dead dogPart III Definitions (20 points) Directions: Define the following terms.1. duality2. consonant3. grammatical subject & logical subject4. gradable antonymyPart ⅣAnswering Questions (30 points) Directions: Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for your illustration if necessary.1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.2.Differentiate phone, phoneme and allophone by citing examples.3. Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why?标准答案及评分标准考试科目：英语语言学概论考试时间：120分钟试卷总分:100分Part I True or False (10 points) 标准答案：1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T评分标准：本题共10小题，每答对一题得1分，共计10分。

“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案 (1)

各位好！请大家注意以下几点：1. 英语语言学期末考试及其补考的复习范围和题型一致；2. 收到此邮件，请在同学之间传阅；3. 本邮件内容有三：考试题型、参考问答题、课堂练习及其答案。

祝大家学习快乐！考试顺利！Examination Items考试题型上海外国语大学继续教育学院2014年第1学期英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级“语言学”期末试卷考试时间：60分钟班级____________ 学号____________ 姓名____________I. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms. (30%)II. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (30%)III. Choose any two of the following questions to answer. (40%)Questions for Reference参考问答题1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? (P6)2. Please differentiate the following pairs of terms.voicing and voiceless (P16)vowels and consonants (P18) aspirated and unaspirated (P18)phones and phonemes (P23)3. Give a brief account of the kinds of morphemes in English language with examples. (P33-36)4. Why is English rich in synonyms? And how can we classify them? (P66-68)Exercises and Key 课堂练习及其答案Practice 1 Introduction1.Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.2.__________ linguistics studies language change over various periods of time andat various historical stages while __________ linguistics studies language at one particular point of time.3.The __________ study of language studies the historical development of languageover a period of time, and it is a historical study.4.__________ and __________ are the two major media of linguisticcommunication.5.The distinction between __________ and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure in the early 20th century while the distinction between competence and _________ was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.6.Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.7.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several different ways.Firstly, linguistics is __________ while traditional grammar is __________;Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as __________, not the written; Thirdly, modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a _________-based framework.8.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actuallyuse, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be __________.9.The defining properties of human language are: creativity, __________,__________, __________, __________.10.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is __________.11.Generally speaking, three main functions are often recognized of language: thedescriptive functions, the expressive function, and the __________ function. 12.According to the British linguist Halliday’s simpler system of language functions,the ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world, and the __________ function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationship between people while the __________ function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.Practice 2 Introduction1.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.2.Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in theworld today can be both spoken and written.3.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.4.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.5.With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence andperformance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.6.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.7.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists intheir study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.nguage can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The twoapproaches are equally favored by modern linguists.nguage is entirely arbitrary.10.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with theability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.1.Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It has three branches:__________, __________ and auditory phonetics.2.The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is ofgreat interest to those working in __________ phonetics.3.The articulatory apparatus of a human being contains three important areas(cavities): __________, __________ and nasal cavity.4.Of all the speech organs, the __________ is the most flexible.5.V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of __________ .6. A sound is __________ when its production is accompanied by a puff of breath.This is characteristic of the English voiceless stops in initial position, e.g. [pi:l]. 7.__________ transcription is the one required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.8.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] sharethe feature __________.9.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded lips except__________.10.__________ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another throughintervening positions.11.The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally notused in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.12.V oicing is a feature of all consonants and some vowels.13.In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with noobstruction whatsoever while in the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another.14.The English stops include [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v].15.All the English nasal consonants are voiced.16.With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded.17.With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded.18.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a longvowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.19.Although the [l] sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinationsof [li:f] and [fi:l], it is actually pronounced differently.20.If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ not as a dark [], but as aclear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.1.[p], and [p] are the __________ of the same phoneme /p/.2.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are calledsuprasegmental features. They include __________, __________ and intonation.3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature oftone languages such as __________.4.The negative prefix “in-” in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, isactually pronounced /im/, and spelt as “im-”. This is the result of the __________ rule at work.5.To form the present tense, 3rd person singular, of the verb “teach”, we have to add“-es”, instead of just “-s” to it. This is required by the __________rule of English.6. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focusedon the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.7. A phone is a phonetic segment while a phoneme is a phonological unit.8.Clear [l] and dark [] form the relation of complementary distribution for theyoccur in the same position in sound combinations and also distinguish meaning.9./p/ and /b/ in [ pit ] and [ bit ] are in contrastive distribution.10.Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.11.In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel.12.The three voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated when preceded by /s/ andfollowed by a vowel.ually in the two-syllable words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable andthe corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.14.Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.15.Chinese is often cited as examples of typical tone language because tone plays animportant role in distinguishing meaning.1.is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.2.The morpheme “-vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)________morpheme.3.There are different types of morphemes. “-ed” in the word "lea rned" is known asa(n)__________ morpheme.4.The words that contain only one morpheme can be called ________ morphemes.5.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined withother morphemes to form words are called morphemes.6.In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions make up the largestpart of the vocabulary. They are open classes.7.Such endings as “-ed”and “-ing” are called derivational morphemes because newgrammatical forms are derived by adding them to existing words.8.The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.9. A compound is the combination of only two words.10.The word “carelessness” is a three-morpheme word formed by a free morpheme“care” + affix “-less” + affix “-ness”.11.The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.12.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicatesthat the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.13.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.14.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech ofthe second element, without exception.15.A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.1.Historically, different views have been suggested concerning the study of meaning.In our textbook, some views on semantics have been exemplified. They are naming things, __________, __________, __________ and mentalism.2.The naming theory was proposed by __________.3.Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning isexplained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as __________.4.__________ is concerned with the inherent meaning if the linguistic form. It is thecollection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5.Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called__________ synonyms.6.C omplete Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong is called __________ synonym.7.Antonyms are divided into several kinds. They are gradable antonyms,__________ antonyms and __________ opposites.8.“Cold” and “hot” are called __________ antonyms.9.__________ refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific, orsubordinate, lexeme and a more general, or superordinate, lexeme. This can be exemplified by such pairs as cow: animal; rose: flower.10.__________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set ofdifferent meanings. For example, “mouth” means “organ of body”, “entrance of cave” etc.11.“Lead” (metal) and “lead” (dog’s lead) are spelt in the same way, but pronounceddifferently. This is called __________.12.“Can I borrow your bike?”__________ “You have a bike.”13.__________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing themeaning of words.14.Predication analysis is a way to analyze __________ meaning.15.In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?”is a __________ -place predication.1.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.2.The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between asymbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.4.“Site” and “sight”, “meat”and “meet”, “sow” and “sew” are in relationship ofhomography.5.English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e.synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.6.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such asBritish English and American English, but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.7.There are different kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do notcontrast each other only on a single dimension.8.The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymologyof the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.9.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is thatpresupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.10.A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.Key to ExercisesPractice 1 Introduction1. language or languages in general2. Diachronic, synchronic3. diachronic4. Speech, writing5. langue, performance6. performance7. descriptive, prescriptive; primary; Latin8. descriptive9. arbitrariness, duality; displacement, cultural transmission10. arbitrary11. social12. interpersonal, textualPractice 2 Introduction1. F;2. F;3. T;4. F;5. T6. T;7. T;8. F;9. F; 10. FPractice 3 Phonetics1. articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics2. articulatory3. pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity4. tongue5. vocal cords6. aspirated7. Narrow8. alveolar9. []10. Diphthongs11. T; 12. F; 13. T; 14. F; 15. T16.T; 17. F; 18. T; 19. T; 20. FPractice 4 Phonology1. allophones2. stress, tone3. Chinese4. assimilation5. sequential6. T;7. T;8. F;9. T; 10. F11. T; 12. F; 13.T; 14. F. 15. TPractice 5 Morphology1. Morphology2. free3. inflectional4. free or root5. derivational;6. F;7. F;8. T;9. F; 10. T11. T; 12. F; 13. F; 14. F; 15. TPractice 6 Semantics1. conceptualism, contextualism, behaviorism2. Plato3. behaviorism4. Sense, Reference5. complete6. dialectal7. complementary, relational8. gradable9. Hyponymy10. Polysemy11. homonymy or homography12. presupposes13. Componential analysis14. sentence15. noPractice 7 Semantics1. T;2. F;3. F;4. F;5. T6. F;7. T;8. T;9. T; 10. F童年，一起玩耍嬉戏；少年，一起努力学习；青年，互相聆听各自的小秘密；愿中年的彼此，都能好好保重自己；愿我们老的时候还能一起喝茶、一起聊聊不太完美的却又共同参与过的往昔。

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