英语语言学复习资料.(XC)

英语语言学复习资料

一：名词解释

1. Language (语言) is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2. Linguistics(语言学)is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

3. General linguistics(普通/一般语言学)

The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.

4. Phonetics(语音学) the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics.

5. Phonology(语音体系) how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.

6. Morphology(形态学) these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology.

7. Syntax(句法学) then the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The s tudy of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies called syntax.

8. Semantics(语意学) the study of meaning is known as semantics.

9. Pragmatics(语用学) when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics.

10. Phone(音素) is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.

11. Phoneme(音位)is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.

12. Allophones(音位变体) the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones.

13. IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标) It’s a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound.

14. Diacritics(变音符) it is a set of symbols which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions.

15.broad transcription(宽式标音) one is the transcription with letter-symbols only.

16.narrow transcription(严式标音) the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.

17. open class words(开放类词)In English , open class words are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. We can regularly add new words to these classes.

18. closed class words(封闭类词) In English , closed class word are conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns. New words are not usually added to them.

19. Morpheme(词素) the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.

20. bound morpheme(黏着词素) morphemes which occurs only before other morphemes. They cannot be used alone.

21. free morpheme(自由词素)it is the morphemes which can be used alone.

22. suprasegmental features(超音段特征) the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features.

23. Category(范畴) it refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase or a verb.

24. Phrases(短语) Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases.

二：简答题

1. Three distinct of phonetics(语音学的三个分支？)

Articulatory phonetics发音语音学; auditory phonetics听觉语音学; acoustic phonetics声光语音学.

2. Main features of language(语言的主要特征？)

Language is a system. Language is arbitrary. Language is vocal. Language is human-specific.

3. Synchronic vs. diachronic(共识语言学与历史语言学的区别？)

Language exists in time and changes through time. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.

4. Speech and writing (言语与文字的区别？)

Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is