2016年博士研究生入学考试试题
2016年中国科学院大学英语博士研究生考试试题及答案(样题)
2016年中国科学院大学英语博士研究生考试试题（样题）SAMPLE TESTUNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FOR DOCTORAL CANDIDATES PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the stateme nt, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Ten years ago, a house with a decent bathroom was a __________ symbol among university pr ofessors.A. postB. statusC. positionD. place2. It would be far better if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money in suppo rt of ___________ archaeological research.A. legibleB. legitimateC. legislativeD. illicit3. We seek a society that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individu al. A. end B. hand C. core D. best4. A variety of problems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.A. impededB. impartedC. imploredD. implemented5. A good education is an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.A. spell outB. call uponC. fall overD. resort to6. Oil can change a society more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. drastically7. Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ___________ is to make the world a plea santer place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.A. elitismB. eloquenceC. eminenceD. etiquette8. The New Testament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived from Greek philosophy were _____________ in many parts of it.A. alteredB. CriticizedC. incorporatedD. translated9.Nobody will ever know the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.A. overB. withC. downD. through10.While a country’s economy is becoming the most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ about their quality of life.A.discriminatingB. distributingC. disagreeingD. disclosing11. Cheated by two boys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to ____________ them.A.find fault withB. make the most ofC. look down uponD. get even with12. The Minister’s _________ answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. exhaustive13.In proportion as the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.A.intoleranceB. pessimismC. injusticeD. antagonism14. Everyone does their own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________on a fourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.A.count B .insist C.fall D. dwell15.When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their __________ and ran into the elevator. A. hearts B. tempers C. heads D. senses16. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply ___________ every cheat in the marketplace.A.at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of17.In fact the purchasing power of a single person’s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.A.equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical18.He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk ____________.A.honestlyB. graciouslyC. coherentlyD. flexibly19.The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over20.She was artful and could always ____________ her parents in the end. A. shout downB. get roundC. comply withD. pass overPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points) Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. We are entering a period in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, and dwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels for an extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason for these levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 and some rough measure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth among nations. 23 of adequate magnitude imply a willingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous 24 than the advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. The required increases in 25 in the backward regions would necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the 26 resources. It is uncertain whether the requisite energy-producing technology exists, and more serious, 27 that its application would bring us to the threshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 a consequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It is this 29 problem that poses the most demanding and difficult of the challenges. The existing 30 of industrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repair global poverty, hold 31 the risk of entering the danger zone of climatic change in as 32 as three or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrial growth will 33 have to come to an immediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 would literally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can be postponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 that technologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the use of solar energy—can be utilized. (1996)21.A. one B. it C. this D. there22.A. achieved B. succeeded C. produced D. Executed23. A. Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts24.A. extent B. scale C. measure D. range25.A. outgrowth B. outcrop C. output D. outcome26.A. needed B. needy C. needless D. needing27.A. possible B. possibly C. probable D. probably28.A. in B. with C. as D. to29.A. least B. late C. latest D. last30.A. race B. pace C. face D. lace31.A. on B. up C. down D. out32.A. less B. fewer C. many D. little33.A. rather B. hardly C. then D. yet34.A. line B. move C. drive D. track35.A. if B. or C. while D. asPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points) Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelated when viewed in a broad historical perspective. The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base. As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.36.The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.A.finding the most important cause for a particular historical eventB. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpretedC. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical eventD. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive37.The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be ____________.A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an eventB. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory”apples to the eventC. determining the common strands that make up a historical eventD. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value38.The best definition for the term “historical synthesis”would be ______________.A. combining elements of different material into a unified wholeB. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an eventC. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an eventD. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself39.A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit”of a time period because ____________.A.the events in history are more important than the people who make historyB. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical eventsC. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular actionD. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base40.Which of the following statements would the author consider false?A.One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.Passage 2When you call the police, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free to respond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and location of every police car—not an easy task for a large department.Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is that the patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars will pass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimes for times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by any particular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should be no guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simply ordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos. A computer dispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no trouble keeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, it can determine instantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And with the aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routine patrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car will pass through a particular area. (Before computers, police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make random assignments.) Computers also can relieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. The police car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver. The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of the car—patrolling, directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and so on. When necessary, the computer at headquarters could poll the car for its status. The voice radio channels would not beclogged with cars constantly reporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically could determine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The location of the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.41. The best title for this passage should be ___________.A. Computers and CrimesB. Patrol Car DispatchingC. The Powerful ComputersD. The Police with Modern Equipment42.A police dispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.A.locate every patrol carB. guarantee cars on regular patrolsC. keep in touch with each police carD. find out which car should respond to the incoming call43. If the patrols are too regular, _____________.A.the dispatchers will be bored with itB. the officers may become carelessC. the criminals may take advantage of itD. the streets will be in a state of chaos44.The computer dispatching system is particularly good at ______________.A.assigning cars to regular patrolsB. responding to the incoming callsC. ordering officers to report their locationD. making routine patrols unpredictable45.According to the account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located without computers?A.Police officers report their status constantly.B. The headquarters poll the car for its status.C. A radio transmitter and receiver is installed in a car.D. A dial in the car indicates its current status.Passage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better. A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend. No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.46.According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.A.tell it in a creative wayB. take from it what the child likesC. add to it whatever at handD. read it out of the story book.47.In the second paragraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towards fairy stories?A.He sees in them the worst of human nature.B. He dislikes everything about them.C. He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.D. He is expectant of the experimental results.48.According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to ____________.A.make children aggressive the whole lifeB. incite destructiveness in childrenC. function as a safety valve for childrenD. add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others49. If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be ______________.A.scared to deathB. taking it and even enjoying itC. suffering more the pain of fearD. dangerously terrified50.The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that ___________.A.old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB. fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC. fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD. fairy stories are after all fairy storiesPassage 4There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her. The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated andrepresented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parent al privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunctio n against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes whe n there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state i ntervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.”More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ con duct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate chil d abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.51. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parents of __ __________.A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family52. “Sparing the rod” (in boldface) means ____________.A. spoiling childrenB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children53. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is _____________.A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers54. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of ____________.A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentD. street violence55. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run _______ ______.A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the system Passage 5With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter and widely-var ying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a se parate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditional novel.The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word ) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university scholars, literary economist s, scientists or even poets. Disastrous deaths may occur more frequently and mysteriously than m ight be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or th e lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably huma n and consistent as our less intimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle o r Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably true background. Th e elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant” novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. Wit h the guilt of escapism from real life nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion whi ch has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and cre dible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cel lars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain wi th the physique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscient arch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenu es to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicari ously.56. The crime novel is regarded by the author as _________________.A. a not respectable form of the traditional novelB. not a true novel at allC. related in some ways to the historical novelD. a distinct branch of the traditional novel57. The creation of detective stories has its origin in _______________.A. seeking rest from work or worriesB. solving mysterious deaths in this societyC. restoring expectations in polite societyD. preventing crimes58. The characters of the detective stories are, generally speaking, _____________.A. more profound than those of the traditional novelsB. as real as life itselfC. not like human beings at allD. not very profound but not unlikely59. The setting of the detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because __________ _.A. it is more realB. our friends are familiar with itC. it pleases the readers in a wayD. it needs the readers’ support60. The writer of this passage thinks _____________.A. what people hope for from life can finally be granted if they have confidenceB. people like to f eel that justice and goodness will always triumphC. they know in the real world good does not pr evail over evilD. their hopes in life can only be fulfilled through fiction readingPassage 6Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us—a feeling that we can call “flow.” When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate a n energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance for floors. I become one with the atm osphere.”“You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,” says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.” Players of any sport throu ghout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, an d mountain climbers.Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it thi s way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.” People who flow feel part of this energy; that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of t hemselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Mo reover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, howev er; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathi ng. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems lar ger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers p er hour.It seems then that flow is a “floating action” in which the individual is aware of his actions but not aware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing w ell?” or “Did everyone see my jump?”Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading, learning, working on what you enjoy, and even d ay-dreaming.61. What is the main purpose of the article?A. to illustrate the feeling of “flow”B. to analyze the causes of a special feelingC. to define the new psychological term “flow”D. to lead people to acquire the feeling of “flow”62. In this article, “flow” refers to a feeling which probably results from _____________.A. awarenessB. ecstasyC. unconsciousnessD. self-rewarding63. The word “immersed” (in boldface) is closest in meaning to _____________.A. occupiedB. engrossedC. soakedD. committed64. What does one usually act while “flowing” in reading? A. thinks what he is doingB. wonders how fast he can readC. turns the pagesD. minds the page number65. The activity which can successfully bring about “flow” is most probably ____________.A. grippingB. difficultC. boringD. easySection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence fr om the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one senten ce that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your machine scoring Answer She et.Passage 1。
博士研究生入学考试真题英语-2016
装备学院2016年博士研究生入学考试英语(1001)试题(注意：答案必须定在答题纸上，本试卷满分100分)PART I VOCABULARY (10 points, 0.5 point each)Section ADirection:There are 10 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest inmeaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.1. Many women prefer to use cosmetics to enhance their beauty and make them lookyounger.A. revealB. underlineC. improveD. integrate2. What players and coaches fear most is the partiality on the part of the referees in agame.A. justiceB. biasC. participationD. regionalism3. The sale has been on for a long time because the price is reckoned to be too high.A. consideredB. stipulatedC. raisedD. stimulated4. Smugglers try every means to lay hands on unearthed relics for their personal gains.A. set foot onB. lose their heart toC. set their mind onD. get hold of5. There must have been round about a thousand people participating in the forum.A. approximatelyB. exactlyC. less thanD. more than6. These old shabby houses will be demolished for the construction of residentialbuildings.A. pulled outB. pulled inC. pulled downD. pulled up7. Readers are required to comply with the rules of the library and mind their manners.A. observeB. memorizeC. commentD. request8. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the analogy between the computer and thehuman brain.A. likenessB. relationC. contradictionD. difference9. It is often the case that some superficially unrelated events turn out to be linked insome aspects.A. practicallyB. wonderfullyC. beneficiallyD. seemingly10. The alleged all-powerful master of chi kong was arrested on a charge of fraud.A. so-calledB. well-knowsC. esteemedD. undoubted Section BDirection:There are 10 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases markedA, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracketson your Answer Sheet.11. It is hoped that pork can be made leaner by introducing a cow gene into the pig‟sgenetic _______.A. reservoirB. warehouseC. poolD. storehouse12. The chairman said that he was prepared to ________ the younger people in thedecision making.A. put up withB. make way forC. shed light onD. take charge of13. Tom is angry at Linda because she _____ him _______ all the time.A. sets…upB. puts…downC. runs…outD. drops…in14. The ability to focus attention on important things is a ________ characteristic ofintelligence.A. definingB. decliningC. defeatingD. deceiving15. Our picnic having been _____ by the thunderstorm, we had to wait in the pavilionuntil it cleared up.A. destroyedB. underminedC. spoiltD. contaminated16. I was disappointed to see that those people I had sort of ____ were pretty ordinary.A. despisedB. resentedC. worshipedD. ridiculed17. One of the main purpose of using slang is to consolidate one‟s ____ with a group.A. specificationB. unificationC. notificationD. identification18. The _____ from underdeveloped countries may well increase in response to thesoaring demand for high-tech professionals in developed nations.A. brain damageB. brain trustC. brain feverD. brain drain19. This matter settled, we decided to _______ to the next item on the agenda.A. succeedB. exceedC. proceedD. precede20. Listening is as important as taking. If you are a good listener, people often _____you for being a good conversationalist.A. complementB. complimentC. compelD. complainPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions:There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through.Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, orD for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the wordor phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets onyour Answer Sheet.It has been said that in a high-divorce society, not only are more unhappy marriages likely to end in divorce, but in addition, more marriages are likely to become unhappy. Much of life‟s happiness and much of its 21 come from the same source—one‟s marriage. Indeed, few things in life have the potential to provide as much 22 or as much anguish. As the accompanying box indicates, many couples are having more than their share of the 23 .But divorce statistics reveal only part of the problem. For each marriage that sinks, countless others remain 24 but are stuck in stagnant waters. “We used to be a happy family, but the last 12 years have been horrible,”25 a woman married for more than 30 years. “My husband is not interested in my feelings. He is truly my worst 26 enemy.” Similarly, a husband of nearly 25 years said: “My wife has told me that she doesn‟t love me anymore. She says that if we can just exist as roommates and each go our 27 ways when it comes to leisure time, the situation can be 28 .”Of course, some in such terrible straits 29 their marriage. For many, however, divorce is 30 . Why? According to Dr. Karen Kavser, factors such as children, community disgrace, finances, friends, relatives, and religious beliefs might keep a couple together, even in a 31 state. “Unlikely to divorce, legally,” she says, “these spouses choose to 32 a partner from whom they are emotionally divorced.”Must a couple whose relationship has cooled 33 themselves to a life of dissatisfaction? Is a loveless marriage the only 34 to divorce? Experience proves that many troubled marriages can be saved—not only from the 35 of breakup but also from the misery of lovelessness.21. A. mighty B. misery C. mystery D. myth22. A. delight B. dismay C. dignity D. destiny23. A. late B. later C. latter D. last24. A. ashore B. afloat C. arrogant D. ascended25. A. conferred B. compromised C. confessed D. confided26. A. passional B. feeling C. emotional D. sensational27. A. separate B. parting C. different D. divided28. A. excused B. forgiven C. comprehended D. tolerated29. A. intensify B. terminate C. reinforce D. betray30. A. in the end B. out of the count C. in the way D. out of the question31. A. loving B. lovely C. loved D. loveless32. A. insist on B. persist in C. remain with D. keep in with33. A. resign B. deposit C. expel D. return34. A. pattern B. destination C. alternative D. route35. A. addiction B. agony C. abuse D. abolition Part III Reading Comprehension (30 point)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answerfrom the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and other trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language,”says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately, it‟s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.”One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said “These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We‟re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it‟s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims no t only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suicide. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful” Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent game still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?36. Which of the following computer games is NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that help people learn more about computers.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C. Those that provide special training for writers online.D. Those that provide special training for pilots.37. According to one study, more computer and online games _______.A. allow the players to take part in killing actsB. teach the players to be antisocialC. make the players forget the real life resultsD. that young people like contain violence38. What does the underlined word “dismember” in paragraph 4 mean?A. To kick somebody out.B. To cut somebody into pieces.C. To dismiss somebody.D. To stab a knife into somebody.39. Many studies have suggested that _________.A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB. violence in computer games makes their players more aggressiveC. there are now far more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence40. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that _______.A. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeD. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifePassage TwoThe collapse of the Earth‟s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field‟s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet‟s lines of magnetic force.During a reversal, the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity. The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and animals that rely on the magnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite claims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world‟s largest effort at tracking the field‟s shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather,” said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working out the first predictions by the end of the mission.”No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is coming on its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago, when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.41. According to the passage, the Earth‟s magnetic field has __________.A. begun to change in the opposite directionB. been weakening in strength for a long timeC. caused the changes on the polaritiesD. misguided many a man and animal42. During the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic field ____________.A. the compass will become uselessB. man and animals will be confused as to directionsC. the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD. the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger43. According to the experts, the reversal of the Earth‟s magnetic field would ______.A. destroy almost all the creatures on the EarthB. cause some species extinctions on the EarthC. not be as disastrous as the previous oneD. cause no big trouble for man and animals44. According to the passage, ___________.A. we should not worry about the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic fieldB. the Earth‟s magnetic field will not change for at least 2,000 yearsC. the Earth‟s magnetic field has decreased its strength rapidlyD. the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic field can be controlled by modern science45. The author says “…the public has no reason to panic” because _________.A. the transition is still thousands of years awayB. the new transition will come 780,000 years from nowC. the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsD. the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishPassage ThreeThe terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder hat in today‟s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it‟s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren‟t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that is disproportionate with the actual threat,” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn‟t what do, but it‟s how it‟s covered that determines the effect.”For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one ofthe most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the US hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening‟s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group‟s power rather than an individual criminal act. “You don‟t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It‟s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,”says Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the US Army reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it‟s the only tactic they have available to them. “They don‟t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don‟t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,” says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,” Haroun tells WebMD. “You haven‟t really harmed the enemy every much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you‟ve achieved a lot of demoralization.”46. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare? ___________.A. Terrorist attacksB. The increase of military conflictsC. Advances in nuclear weaponsD. Prosperity of the media47. The goal of psychological warfare is to ____________.A. change the ideology of the opponentB. win a battle without military attacksC. generate a greater sense of fearD. bring about more physical damage48. According to Richard Bulliet, publicized an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ____________.A. psychological terrorism is a tacticB. terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC. the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD. publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat49. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that __________.A. means determines effectsB. hostage crises are prevalentC. psychological terrors remain harmlessD. the American media is effective50. Terrorists hold an individual as a hostage to ___________.A. scare the publicB. demonstrate their crueltyC. manipulate the government concernedD. show their group powerPassage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall‟s entering classes—the first since Katrina—will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students—who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions—to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications—about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillaed won‟t release numbers, but spokeswoman Maureen Larkins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year‟s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted student s will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class—1,400 compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to please admitted student, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mail, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year‟s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It‟s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from …august to mid-September “to turn away from the majority of the hurricaneseason,”Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-one-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other things, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted student and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants. “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city are saying, …I want to be a part of the action,‟” says Stieffel, noting that Loyola‟s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come,” he says.51. The word “Katrina” in Para. 1 probably refers to _____________.A. a hurricaneB. an admission officialC. a universityD. a student52. It can be learned from the passage that ____________.A. most colleges requires students to apply and commit to their institutionsB. more students are applying to multiple institutionsC. all students are required to make their institution choices by May 1D. university trustees make decisions on enrollment53. The following statements are all true EXCEPT ____________.A. Tulane University also saw drops in applications this yearB. Xavier University fell behind its recruitment scheduleC. applicants to Xavier University fell by about half of last year‟s recordD. Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions54. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are both _.A. freezing tuitionsB. extending application deadlinesC. hosting meetingsD. increasing scholarships55. Tulane University enjoyed an increase in applicants due to its ____________.A. new enrollment policiesB. aggressive recruitment scheduleC. academic positionD. financial situationSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions orcomplete the statements in the fewest possible words on the Answer Sheet.In all of the industrial countries and many less developed countries, a debate along the lines of government vs. business prevails. This struggle has gone on for so long, and is so pervasive, that many who participate in it have come to think of these two social institutions as natural and permanent enemies, each striving to oppose the other.Viewing the struggle in that format diminishes the chance of attaining more harmonious relations between government and business. Moreover, if these two are seen as natural and deadly enemies, then business has no long-range future. It is self-evident that government, as the only social instrument that can legally enforce its will by physical control, must win any struggle that is reduced to naked power.A more realistic, and most constructive, approach to the conflict between business and government starts by noticing the many ways in which they are dependent on each other. Business cannot exist without social order. Business can and does generate its own order, its own regularities of procedure and behavior; but at bottom these rest upon more fundamental patterns of order which can be maintained and evolved by the political state.The dependence of government on business is less absolute. Governments can absorb direct responsibility for organizing economic functions. In many cases, ancient and modern, government-run economic activities seem to have operated at a level of efficiency not markedly inferior to comparable work organized by business. If society‟s sole purpose is to achieve a bare survival for its members, there can be no substantial objection to governmental absorption of economic arrangements.(注意：此部分试题请在答题纸上作答)56. What is the passage mainly about?57. The function of the government is to ________________________________?58. What is the starting point of a more realistic approach?59. Business can and does generate its own order, but ________________.60. Government depend less on business because ___________________________.Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each) Directions:The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved youshould proofread the passage and correct it in the following way. Writedown your correction on the Answer Sheet.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correctone in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “Λ”sign and write the word you believe to be missingin the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word Cross the unnecessary with a slash “/” and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line. Example:When Λ art museum wants a new exhibit, it never buys things in finished form and hangs them on the wall When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (1) an(2) never(3) exhibitAs one of the many outgrowths of the sweeping federal health carelaw, health insurances and employers must now pay the cost of screening 61.____ children for obesity and providing them with appropriate counseling.With about one in three children in America obese and overweight, 62.____ the need for such programs is clear. But experts say, creating them willbe challenging. More than intensive hospital-based programs, few proven 63.____ models exist for helping children and adolescents achieve and maintain ahealthier weight, and researchers do not even fully understand the factorsthat contributed the rapid rise in childhood obesity in recent years. 64.____ While there are many community efforts aimed at getting every childto eat better and exercise more, including Michelle Obama‟s “Let‟s Move”initiative, there is also growing demand for programs help children who 65.____ are already seriously overweight. WellPoint and the UnitedHealth Group,another large insurer, are experimenting with the new approaches, and 66.____ even Weight Watchers says it is working to develop a program for childrenand teenagers. Drug companies and medical device makers are also testingsome products for children. 67.____ Adults have a difficult enough time lose weight, and the issues are 68.____ even more complicated with children and teenagers, experts say. Childrenare still growing, and the goal of any program maybe to help them grow 69.____ into a healthier weight rather than to actually gain pounds. Experts also 70.____ say that to be successful, programs need to focus on the family as a whole,changing what everybody eats and how much time they are all active, notsitting in front of a computer screen or television.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions:Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet..。
解放军医学院(301医院)呼吸内科学2016年考博真题考博试卷
2016 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：呼吸内科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 题型：选择，填空，名解，论述 一、 选择题 1. HAP 感染细菌 2. 肺癌靶向治疗药 二、 填空题 1. 特发性间质性肺疾病分类 2. 肺癌病理分型 3. 支气管扩张影像表现分型 4. HAP 常见感染菌 三、 名词解释 1. 气胸 2. 支气管哮喘 3. 靶向基因 4. 保护性支持通气 5. 广谱β -内酰胺酶（英文） 四、 论述题 1. 阻塞性肺疾病的扩容治疗 2. 哮喘阶梯治疗 3. COPD 的 GOLD 分级 4. ARDS 柏林定义和诊断
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昆明理工大学2016年博士研究生招生考试试题及答案西医综合
昆明理工大学2016年博士研究生招生考试试题
考试科目代码：2031 考试科目名称：西医综合
试题适用招生专业：质量工程与管理；环境医学工程
考生答题须知
1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。
2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。
3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。
4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。
昆明理工大学2014年博士研究生招生考试试题。
中央党校-2015年、2016年-博士研究生入学考试试题-普博-政治经济学
中央党校博士研究生入学考试试题
（政治经济学）
2015年
考试科目：资本论和当代西方经济学理论
一、简述题（2题，每题15分，共30分）
1．简述马克思在《资本论》第一卷是如何论述“商品的拜物教性质及其秘密”的。
2．简述凯恩斯《就业、利息和货币通论》的核心思想。
二、论述题（2题，每题35分，共70分）
1．试述马克思的资本有机构成及其变化趋势理论，论述其现实意义。
2．比较与评析哈罗德—多马增长模型、新古典经济增长理论和新经济增长理论，并分析它们对中国当前经济增长的借鉴意义。
考试科目：社会主义市场经济理论
一、运用经济学原理，论述发展混合所有制经济问题。
（50分）
二、运用经济学原理，阐述中国特色新型城镇化问题。
（50分）
2016年
考试科目：资本论和当代西方经济学理论
一、如何理解马克思关于货币职能及其与经济危机可能性关系的论述？（50分）
二、试述新制度经济学的主要观点及其对我国的借鉴意义。
（50分）
考试科目：社会主义市场经济理论
一、运用相关经济学原理，论述“更好利用两个市场、两种资源”。
（50分）
二、结合“共同富裕”的有关理论，谈谈你对坚持共享发展理念的认识。
（50分）。
2016-2017年沈阳自动化所博士入学考试试卷真题
科目名称：机器人学
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四、（20 分）设有一个旋转关节的单自由度操作臂处于静止状态，0 15o ，要在 3s 之内平稳运动到达终止位置： f 75o ，并且在终止点的速度为零。试用三次多项 式插值求 (t) ，(t) ，(t) 。
二、（14 分）试写出齐次变换阵 BAH ，它表示坐标系{B}连续相对固定坐标系{A} 作以下变换： （1）绕 Z A 轴旋转 90 。 （2）绕 X A 轴旋转-90 。
（3）移动 3 7 9T 。
三、（20 分）如图所示的三自由度机械手（两个旋转关节加一个平移关节，简称 RPR 机械手），三个关节的运动参数分别为θ1，d2 和θ3，连杆长度分别为 L1，L2 和 L3。
三、（20 分）如图所示，均质杆 AB 和 OD，质量均为 m，长度均为 l，垂直的固接 成 T 字型，且 D 为 AB 杆的中点，置于铅垂平面内，该 T 字杆可绕光滑固定轴 O 转动。开始时系统静止，OD 杆铅垂。在一常值力偶 M =(20/π)∙mgl 作用下转动。 求 OD 杆至水平位置时，（1）OD 杆角速度和角加速度；（2）支座 O 处的反力。
P
A
C
B
M D
二、（20 分）图示机构中，杆 AB 上的销钉 E 可在构件 CD 的滑槽内滑动。当机构 运动到图示位置时，滑块 A 的速度为 40cm/s，加速度为 140cm/s2。试求构件 CD 在铅垂位置时的角加速度。
B D
200mm
E
A
vA
C
aA
75mm
75mm
中国科学院2016年博士研究生入学考试试题(生态学B)
中国科学院2016年博士研究生入学考试试题（生态学B）
一、名词解释（6*5分=30）
1、偏利共栖
2、Gaia假说
3、林德曼效率
4、拮抗作用
5、尺度推绎
6、生长呼吸
二、简述（3*10分=30）
1、简述森林生态系统与CO2交换（通量）的主要过程及其主要生物物理驱动机制。
2、生态对策？举例说明R/K对策者的差异性。
3、利用生态学原理，简述“封育”对草地生态系统碳循环影响。
三、论述（2*20分=40）
1、人类活动引起全球变化降水格局，对干旱和半干旱地区生态系统影响深刻。
试论降水属性（降水强度、降水频率、降水时间）的变化
对草地生产力季节和年际变异的影响。
2、生态系统由生产者、消费者、分解者组成。
请以草地生态系统为例，试论如何进行可持续的草地管理才能提高各组分的生态服务功能。
南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题考生答题须知：1．所有题目（包括填空、选择、图表等类型题目）答题答案必须做在考点发给的答题纸上，做在本试题册上无效。
请考生务必在答题纸上写清题号。
2．评卷时不评阅本试题册，答题如有做在本试题册上而影响成绩的，后果由考生自己负责。
3．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔或圆珠笔作答（画图可用铅笔），用其它笔答题不给分。
4．答题时不准使用涂改液等具有明显标记的涂改用品。
PART I Vocabulary (15points)Section ADirections: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.A. demandB. viewC. requestD. opinion2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.A. written-aboutB. productiveC. artfulD. religious3. Imagine my vexation when they said they would come to dinner and then didn't show.A. enlightenmentB. astonishmentC. annoyanceD. contrariness4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.A. fearlesslyB. confidentlyC. silentlyD. prudently5. There is little learning involved when one is reprimanded two or three months after the deed.A. recommendedB. reproachedC. recompensedD. reversed6. Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.A. tracesB. shardsC. productsD. artifacts7. Packaging is designed so as to encourage impetuous shopping.A. extravagantB. carefulC. impotentD. impulsive8. Pan of his general thrift is to be meticulous in verifying monthly expenses.A. painstakingB. dilatoryC. meretriciousD. gaudy9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant's trial for murder.A. a decision of guiltyB. a decision to punish by electrocutionC. an impasseD. an unusual verdict10. Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercise jurisdictionover a variety of misdemeanors.A. guidanceB. sovereigntyC. authorityD. suzerainty11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.A. extravagantB. producedC. divergentD. repetitious12. Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional.A. permanentB. temporaryC. corruptD. craven13. The burglars ransacked the room taking anything of value they found.A. demolishedB. took overC. inhabitedD. thoroughly searched14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.A. millionairesB. endorsementsC. governmentsD. donations15. The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.A. overlookedB. praiseC. condemnedD. satisfiedSection BDirections: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.16. When he realized the true nature of the proposal, he ________ all communication with the group.A. convertB. avertedC. severedD. make17. The worsening financial situation made it obvious that an economic depression was _____.A. attainableB. remoteC. imminentD. eminent18. All of the dental instruments need to be _______ before the next patient is seen.A. heatedB. scaldedC. sterilizedD. burned19. Rock climbing is so popular now that many people are able to ________ the steepest face with greatagility.A. scaleB. surpassC. overcomeD. mount20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will ________ firemen, policemen, and paramedicsimmediately.A. assignB. detachC. attachD. dispatch21. His evident _______ to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.A. personalityB. characterC. fidelityD. morality22. I don't know why he has been given ________. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife's.A. acclaimB. confidenceC. reimbursementD. robustness23. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U. S., he will _______ work on a five-language opera.A. confineB. indulgeC. resumeD. undergo24. When Ph. D candidates ________ their impending professorships, they consider housing benefits offeredby the prospective universities.A. anticipateB. assumeC. applyD. demand25. My supply of confidence slowly ________ as the deadline approached.A. withdrewB. eliminatedC. exterminatedD. diminished26. The battle is of great significance when viewed in the ________ of the progress of the war.A. prospectiveB. respectiveC. perspectiveD. prescriptive27. It has long been known that total sleep ________ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of thedead bodies, the animals look completely normal.A. depositionB. destructionC. deprivationD. reduction28. In that country, hospital doctors don't go sightseeing very often because their work ________ almost alltheir time.A. takes upB. takes offC. takes apartD. takes over29. According to the law of that country, the Parliament will have to be ________ before the General Election.A. decomposedB. dispersedC. dissolvedD. disintegrated30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________ theconsequences.A. answer forB. run intoC. abide byD. step intoPART Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)Section ADirections: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.31. Switzerland is best known for its majesty mountain range and thousands flock to the AlpsA B Ceach year to take advantage of their ideal skiing conditions.D32. Police were sent to disperse the crowds but ended up by shooting down protesters and itA Bwas in this chaos that the seeds of political liberation were sown.C D33. Even today, through the hustle and bustle of Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg's main street,A Bthe classical beauty of the city mesmerizes the eye.C D34. She is furious of her son's grades in school, which explains why Mark is jealous of Julia's high AB Cmarks on the exam.D35. Smog-choked Southern California demands them. It's a car for people who never want to goAto a gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling gas-less machines has been aB Chard-sell.D36. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in what it is that gives you these fishA Btheir long life-span. Of course, it hasn't done a lot of good for these carp.C D37. In deciding to undertake dangerous pursuits, people usually strive for their maximumApersonal ability rating, when they are challenged but can he victorious, rather than merelyB Csurmounting the mediocre.D38. In proposing such philanthropic donations, the director of the company certainly spoke fromA Ba genuine concern for the needy and not any desire for personal accolades.C D39. The armor, infantry and other military forces were held up by the enemy counter attack,A B Cthus caused the delay in the advance.D40. Just as children the world over like Christmas rooming, adults so like Christmas eveningA B Cwhen peace and calm return to the household.D41. Each employee with a modicum of intelligence would be able to undertake such a basic process.A B C D42. The economic situation will improve given that there is forecast to be less unemploymentA Band closures than in previous years.C D43. The three most important issues of concern to citizens today are prison reform,A Babusing children and toxic waste.C D44. I was on the verge of incurring Mr. Rochester's wrath by not listening to his prohibitions,A Bwhile a ray once more shone almost imperceptibly on the hallway wall and I heard his muffledC Dstep on the carpet.45. The above is the most important aspect which apes can be told from more primitive socialA B C Dgroupings.Section BDirections: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.46. ________ that the earth was flat?A. Used it to be thoughtB. Did it used to be thoughtC. Was it need to being thoughtD. Does it used to be thought47. It is most inappropriate ________ in the college VIP lounge.A. for any students to be thereB. for there to be any studentsC. to be any students thereD. to have there any students48. She ________ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising the questions.A. gotB. would have gotC. had gotD. would be getting49. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students, ________.A. whether they are future physicists or chemists.B. be they future physicists or chemists.C. they are future physicists or chemists.D. they should be future physicists or chemists.50. The general opinion is that he is ________ to complain.A. so much a milquetoastB. too a milquetoastC. too much of a milquetoastD. so much of a milquetoast51. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably dear that in certain countries - Rwanda,Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslavia come to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolute foodshortage, ________ a policy decision or the political situation.A. than ofB. rather thanC. but the result ofD. than is52. The ozone layer plays as great a role in the suability of spaceship Earth as ________ the waters of its lakes,ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.A. doB. doesC. playD. are53. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ________last week.A. to be startedB. to have startedC. to have been startingD. start54. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of 1066, thedaily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, _______ its grammatical structure.A. the same areB. and so areC. as didD. and so were55. Although money is always useful, it isn't all ________.A. what there is to lifeB. to which there is in lifeC. there is to lifeD. that is in life56. ________ ever so humble, there's no plane like home.A. It beB. Be itC. It wasD. Was it57. ________ all customs, no matter how sacrosanct, are essentially learned reactions appropriate, perhapsonly to the holders thereof is a basic assumption of anthropologists.A. NearlyB. It is nearlyC. That nearlyD. When nearly58. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none ______ happier for it.A. butB. theC. matchD. any59. The major reason why Americans enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at their disposalfor food production is ________.A. three times more the world averageB. three times as much the world averageC. three times the world averageD. the world average is three times60. The sound of the roaring of a tiger is ________ heard by jungle dwellers ________ feelings of unease, for ayear does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.A. always...withB. ever...withoutC. ever...withD. never...withoutPART ⅢClone test (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production-capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring __61__ profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists, 62 have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of 63 _that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such society is that the ownership of 64 amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important 65 of profits and influence; knowledge as well as 66 capital brings profits and influence.There are many 67 with the thesis above, not the least of 68 is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not 69 the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the 70 of some new industries indicates.71 , genetic engineering and the new computer technology have 72 many new fines and made some scientists quite rich. In 73 with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be 74 that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i.e., major corporations) soon 75 to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly 76 . Many newhigh-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service 77 . Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the 78 of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Illiteracy in English language has been a severe 79 for marry years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and 80 them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.61. A. quantitative B. extensive C. comprehensive D. sophisticated62. A. moreover B. however C. therefore D. nevertheless63. A. aggression B. proficiency C. productivity D. evolution64. A. dominant B. impressive C. magnificent D. significant65. A. source B. factor C. component D. element66. A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual67. A. advantages B. consequences C. problems D. potentials68. A. them B. those C. which D. that69. A. deny B. refuse C. admit D. acknowledge70. A. emergence B. innovation C. extinction D. discovery71. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short72. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated73. A. line B. need C. doubt D. match74. A. idealized B. recognized C. supervised D. summarized75. A. stepped in B. settled down C. leaned over D. mined out76. A. accessible B. important C. popular D. abundant77. A. enterprises B. employment C. professions D. industries78. A. control B. mastery C. search D. pursuit79. A. handicap B. penalty C. inconvenience D. shortcoming80. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemnPART ⅣREADING OOMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1Let us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawal from the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of the existing money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter. In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for a minimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve no significant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of real wages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement of prices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case.Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits) for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilst workers will usually resist a reduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, this might not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausible to assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity of the economic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Labor is not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-fax from it. Nor is its physical productivity less. These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.81. "Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage". The sentence means ________.A. a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of laborB. a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of laborC. the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wageD. the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages82. The classical school refers to ________.A. those scholars with traditional ideaB. the traditional schoolC. the experts who hold to the standard theoryD. all of the above83. According to the author, the supply curve for labor depends on the ________.A. red money wagesB. movement of priceC. function of money-wagesD. both A & B84. “Their" method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realized that________.A. a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of laborB. a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the labor market oflaborC. the supply of labor is not a function of real wagesD. the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages85. How dose labor usually behave?A. Labor would stipulate for money-wage.B. Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wages.C. Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.D. Labor would stipulate for real wages.86. The last paragraph of thus passage indicates that ________.A. labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.S.B. labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U. S.C. neither labor refusing to work for a lower money-wage nor demanding a real wage could characterize thedepression of 1930s in the U. S.D. both A & BPassage 2The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory rules as to the type of interests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and international arbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitrators move in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to the party or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment.The uncertainty in the held is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill he same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standard of neutrality and disinterestedness on them would he futile.It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party-appointed arbitrators that opinion on the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national. This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy.The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflict of interests. Considering only the matter of ex-parte communications, American case law is astonishing lax, refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both patties. The differences in views on this topic indicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.87. The best title for this passage is __________.A. International Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsB. Arbitrators: Causes and SolutionsC. Arbitrators: Problems in PracticeD. International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests88. The expression "They may treat" refers to __________.A. arbitrators and judgesB. national legal systemsC. experiencesD. disqualifying factors89. Courts and agencies __________.A. do not apply their regulations strictlyB. often consider arbitrators as judgesC. understand the general relationship between business and arbitratorsD. may be described by all of the above90. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen __________.A. to supplement the two arbitrators chosen by the contending sidesB. to reach a final decision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decisionC. by someone not involved in the matter in disputeD. as a pawn of the appointers91. A foreign enterprises contract is a bad idea __________.A. in all casesB. when each partner picks an arbitratorC. when third party arbitrators are involvedD. when a government agency is one side of the contract92. "Ex-parte communications" refer to __________.A. something that cannot be determined by the textB. all parties being present when matters involving them are discussedC. the requirement to set aside a decisionD. impartialityPassage 3Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get a reply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here’s the answer: Americans nowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty old subjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy stone book rack, next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is 'Dysfunctional"'. It's a teacher's guide called "Happy to Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem”. Self-esteem as it turns out, is a big subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching reading and writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.No one ever spent a moment building my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroom my self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit", "friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgot what a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation as consistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed.Whereas I learned English, modern kids learn something called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven per cent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty percent body language. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in "How to Win Friends and Influence People". Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one high school English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writers who confided indimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper."Happy to Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings. Tell students they can write one sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and will want to share some of their entries with the class.There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great” or "hopefully" that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique term for "Unit") was not to help students "feel good about themselves". Which is good, because all that reviling di dn’t make me feel p articularly good about anything.93. In paragraph 2, "whole language" teaching is in inverted commas because __________.A. the writer is using direct speechB. the writer is questioning the education conceptC. the words quoted have been extracted from a translationD. the writer is quoting from another source94. In paragraph 3, the author is clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is__________.A. essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author used to suffer froma lack of self-esteem as a childB. equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledge they will require in the futureC. important to remember how mush school children used to suffer from a lack of self-esteemD. reassuring to observe that children benefit from the promotion of a positive image96. Which of the following is the writer implying in paragraph 4?A. Self-criticism has gone too far.B. Evaluating criteria are inappropriate nowadays.C. Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.D. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.96. We may infer from paragraph 4 that the writer generally disagrees with one of the following ideas__________.A. the whole concept of communication is being perceived differentlyB. the way American children communicate among themselves is more important than anything elseC. academic skills should be encouraged and promoted in the American education systemD. the progress that American children could be monitor with more traditional methods97. In this passage, the writer is clearly stating the intention which is to get the reader to _____.A. confirm current education trends and teaching methodsB. rethink and reorganize educational strategiesC. think about the various elements which constitute what we call "communication" nowadaysD. reassure the parents about the methodology currently being used in American schools98. What's the best summary for this passage?A. New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.B. The influence of new methodology will spread worldwide.C. Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in the future.D. Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.。
全国医学博士英语统考试题和参考答案
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Listening Comprehension (30%)Section A1. B. At three next Wednesday.2. B. A piercing pain.3. A. He is going to get married.4. D. She couldn't agree with the man more.5. A. Jack's girlfriend is mad at him.6. B. It's wise to be prepared.7. B. He is a trouble-maker.8. D. $309. C. Work out in the gym.10. B. 23211. A. Mary isn't his type.12. A. Play tennis.13. C. In the hospital.14. A. She is seriously ill.15. B. She makes a living now as a landlady.Section BDialogue16. A. A duodenal ulcer.17. B. Try medical means.18. A. Overweight.19. C. He is a heavy smoker.20. D. Make an appointment with Dr. Oaks.Passage One21. D. He is the creator of a website on longevity.22. C. Women develop cardiovascular disease much later than men.23. B. In their 60s and 70s.24. D. Iron.25. C. Another possibility for women's longevity.Passage Two26. C. He struggled under the strain of poverty.27. B. He is an investment advisor.28. D. Fear.29. B. He began reading investment books and then began practicing.30. C. Where there is a will, there is a way.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Employers have a legal obligation to pay _______ to their workers for injuries.A. compensationB. compromiseC. commodityD. consumptionKey: A32. The argument between the two patients became so fierce that the doctor had to _________.A. alleviateB. aggravateC. extinguishD. interveneKey: D33. But despite all the legal hustle and bustle, they don’t actually expect to _______ death sentences to life terms without parole.A. induceB. convertC. reviveD. swerveKey: B34. To maintain physical well-being, a person should eat _______ food and get sufficient exercise.A. integralB. grossC. wholesomeD. intactKey: C35. The Central Government’s pledge to maintain the ______ and stability of Hong Kong at all costs is a great encouragement to the local finance.A. provisionB. prosperityC. privilegeD. preferenceKey: B36. It is pointed out that patients must be reassured that “their lives will not be ______ as a result of bed shortages.”A. facilitatedB. forfeitedC. fulfilledD. furnishedKey: B37. The cause of his death has been a mystery and _______ unknown so far.A. exclusivelyB. superficiallyC. utterlyD. doubtfullyKey: C38. It is known that some ways of using resources _______ can destroy the environment as well as the people living in it.A. recklesslyB. sparinglyC. sensiblyD. incrediblyKey: A39. Cholera is a preventable waterborne bacterial infection that is spread through ______ water.A. filteredB. distilledC. contaminatedD. purifiedKey: C40. We welcome him not ____________ as a new broom but rather as a very old friend.A. by the wayB. at all eventsC. by no meansD. in any senseKey: C阅读理解答案如下：Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Passage One61. To have a journey of discovery witheach child, according to the passage, is _____________.A. to discover their unique sleep-wakecycles62. In the first paragraph, the authorsuggests that parents ____________.D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for theirchild63. Wh en there exists a “marker” in thechild, according to the passage, __________.A. it might lead to his or her earlysubstance use64. What is the author trying to tell us inthe third paragraph?B. Sometimes parents need to seek professionalassistance.65. What is the main idea of the passage?C. Parents’ role in building their child’shealthy sleeping habit.Passage Two66. The study's results indicated_____________.A. health disparities between English andAmerican senior citizens67. Which of the following is uniquehealth-care challenge for English senior citizens when compared with theirAmerican counterparts?A. A higher death rate.68. What does James Smith imply by anAmerican plate?C. A large portion of food consumed byAmericans.69. The Americans' unique health-carechallenge, according to James Smith, is derived form ______________.D. their unhealthy lifestyle factors70. Even though it is much more aggressive,the American medicine __________.B. benefits more seniors who need medicalcare.Passage Three71. The current PIK study ___________.B. was based on the global land-use models72. As the PIK results imply, it ispossible ____________.D. to return to the emission levels around199573. Simply put, to produce and consume lessmeat and dairy is to __________.A. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxideemissions74. The greenhouse gas pie tells us__________.C. the priorities in the environmentalprotection75. What can be the best title for thepassage?D. Diet for a Healthier PlanetPassage Four76. What can be said of Henry?C. His life was improved with telehealth.77. Henry activates his daily healthmanagement __________.B. By getting hooked up to the monitoringdevices78. As one of the pioneering patients,Henry __________.A. receives the most benefits fromtelehealth79. What is the most important about thetelehealth technology in the case of Henry?D. His condition can be kept undercontinuous surveillance at home.80. Thanks to the telehealth technology, Henry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus __________.C. getting hospitalized in no timePassage Five81. Rappaport argues that a major threat toour human health __________.A. lies in our exposome82. What can be said of the exposomeaccording to Rappaport?D. Changeable.83. Speaking of genes, Rappaport would saythat __________.B. there is no such a thing as predictivemedicine.84. Even though we cannot pinpoint theexact impact of environmental influences. Wild contends that __________.C. each of us leaves a unique exposurehistory in the environment85. Particularly important, according toNicholson, is the time when __________.C. the exposome comes inPassage Six86. The author cries for a change in____________.D. global science publishing87. According to the author, the lowinternational recognition and impact of scientists in the developing countriescan be attributed to __________.C. their limited publications in globalindexing databases88. The survey conducted by Tijssenjustified the author's view that __________.D. most scientists in developing countriesremain marginalized in global science publishing89. To address the current situation, theauthor argues that it is imperative that __________.D. quality and quantity be desired in thelocal journals90. Which of the following can be the besttitle for the passage?C. Globalizing Science Publishing写作英语作文：With the development of medical career, people increasingly high demand for community services, at present Chinese medicine in development stage, general practitioners training become a kind of trend, general practitioners in the community as a medical, health care, prevention, health management, training and education level, problems still exist and need to be improved.随着医学事业的发展,人们越来越高的对社区服务的需求,目前中医在发展阶段,全科医生培训成为一种趋势,在社区全科医生作为医疗、保健、预防、健康管理,培训和教育水平,问题仍然存在,需要改善。
2016-医学 考博试题
2016协和医学院病理学真题回忆一、名词解释6分×8题:①metaplasia、②opsonin、③Tetralogy of Fallot、④Zollinger-Ellison综合征、⑤tubercle、⑥chloroma、⑦MEN、⑧Verocay小体二、单选1分×30题急性普通性肝炎的镜下改变胰腺癌早期转移途径痰涂片检出率最高的肺癌类型食管癌好发部位：中段＞下段＞上段猝死好发于：缺血性心脏病or心律失常风湿性心脏病赘生物好发于哪个瓣膜哪个部位病例题：葡萄胎？恶性葡萄胎？子宫内膜癌？葡萄胎的特点B细胞淋巴瘤乳头血性溢液：导管内乳头状瘤Negri bodies：狂犬病毒形成的包涵体三、简答8分×4题:1.溃结和克罗恩病区别2.风湿病对心脏的影响3.子宫内膜癌I型与II型区别4.胃肠胰神经内分泌瘤定义，其分级和免疫组化的意义以及病理报告包括啥四、问答20分×2题:1.中年女性，低分化胃癌，伴有阴道出血2月，查体及超声显示双侧卵巢大，子宫不大，CEA高。
三个问题:①进展型胃癌分型，转移途径，②卵巢肿瘤可能的类型，③结合病例，卵巢病变最可能是啥2.非浸润性乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤分类，组织学表型及此分类的意义2016年南方医科大学神经外科博士试题-神经解剖一：简答题1.神经活动的形式是什么？其结构基础是？2.是否可根据脊柱损伤来推断脊髓损伤节段？3.光反射的传导通路？4.内囊血肿会损伤那些结构，其结果？5.股神经的走行及体表投影6.深浅感觉的异同点。
二：简答题1.面神经的成分，结构，分支及损伤后有哪些表现。
2.54岁患者突发右侧上下肢偏瘫，膝跳反射亢进，巴氏征阳性，面部以下深浅感觉消失，腹壁反射减弱，考虑那个部位损伤，试简述其结构。
3.左足被蚊虫叮咬，右手去打蚊虫，试述其传道通路。
4.十二对脑神经出入颅位置及途径5.手神经的组成北京协和，病理生理，刚回旅舍整理出来的南京医科大学第一附属医院，外科学专业病理生理学真题回忆简答题（6题）钙超载在缺血—再灌注中的作用应激时交感—肾上腺髓质系统兴奋对机体的作用腺苷酸环化酶在信号转导通路中的作用应激性溃疡的发生机制临床输血和输液时常发生高热，简述其原因心力衰竭时心率加快的机制，对心功能的影响问答题（2题）严重代谢性酸中毒引起DIC的机制并简述出血的原因什么是肝性脑病？肝性脑病血氨增高的机制？临床中有何降血氨措施哈尔滨医科大学免疫一名解抗原，单克隆抗体，MAC,细胞因子，MHC限制性，PRR,免疫调节，调理作用，凝集反应，M细胞。
中国科学院大学2016年博士入学考试试题.doc
中国科学院大学2016年博士入学考试试题科目名称：精密机械设计注意事项：1、本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为180分钟。
2、所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或者草稿纸上一律无效。
-、判断题（每题2分，共20分）1.使用唇形密封圈，如果主要是为了封油，密封唇应对着轴承，如果主要为了防止外物侵入，密圭寸唇应背着轴承。
2.滚动轴承在高速高温时，通常采用油润滑，高速重载的情况下，应选用高粘度的润滑油。
3.滚动轴承预紧，可以增加轴承装置的刚性，提高轴承的旋转精度，但承受工作载荷时，内外圈的径向、轴向相对移动量要比未预紧的轴承大些。
4.蜗杆传动通常用于减速装置，但也有个别机器用作增速装置。
5.滚动轴承具有启动所需力矩小、旋转精度高、选用方便的特点。
6.螺纹的中径在标准中定为公称直径。
7.螺纹防松的实质在于防止螺纹副在受载时发生相对转动。
8.装配时，为避免连接件过载，需要控制螺纹预紧力。
|9.齿轮传动传递的功率范围大，可用于空间任意两轴间传动。
10.渐开线齿廓啮合的两轮，当中心矩略有改变时，仍能保持原传动比。
二、名词解释（每题4分，共20分）1.死点位置2.机构的自由度3.虚约束4.机构的急回特性5.周转轮系三、填空题（每题4分，共20分）1.齿轮材料的种类很多，选用时首先要考虑的因素是_____________ 。
2.齿轮表面硬化的方法有 _____ ，______ ，_______ 。
3.滑动轴承的润滑剂通常有 ________ ，_______ ， _______ , ______ 。
4.螺旋副的自锁条件是 ________________ 。
5.普通平键静连接时，主要失效形式是 _____ ，动连接时，主要失效形式是中国科学院大学2016年博士入学考试试题科目名称：精密机械设计注意事项：1、本试卷满分为100分，考试时间为180分钟。
2、所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或者草稿纸上一律无效。
2016年中国科学院大学英语博士研究生考试试题(样题)附答案
2016年中国科学院大学英语博士研究生考试试题（样题）SAMPLE TESTUNIVERSITY OF CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESPAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Ten years ago, a house with a decent bathroom was a __________ symbol among university professors.A. postB. statusC. positionD. place2. It would be far better if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money in support of ___________ archaeological research.A. legibleB. legitimateC. legislativeD. illicit3. We seek a society that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. endB. handC. coreD. best4. A variety of problems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.A. impededB. impartedC. imploredD. implemented5. A good education is an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.A. spell outB. call uponC. fall overD. resort to6. Oil can change a society more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. drastically7. Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ___________ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.A. elitismB. eloquenceC. eminenceD. etiquette8. The New Testament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived from Greek philosophy were _____________ in many parts of it.A. alteredB. criticizedC. incorporatedD. translated9. Nobody will ever know the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.A. overB. withC. downD. through10. While a country’s economy is becoming the most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ about their quality of life.A. discriminatingB. distributingC. disagreeingD. disclosing11. Cheated by two boys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to ____________ them.A. find fault withB. make the most ofC. look down uponD. get even with12. The Minister’s _________ answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. exhaustive13. In proportion as the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.A. intoleranceB. pessimismC. injusticeD. antagonism14. Everyone does their own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________ on a fourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.A. countB. insistC. fallD. dwell15. When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their __________ and ran into the elevator.A. heartsB. tempersC. headsD. senses16. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply ___________ every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of17. In fact the purchasing power of a single person’s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.A. equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical18. He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk ____________.A. honestlyB. graciouslyC. coherentlyD. flexibly19. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over20. She was artful and could always ____________ her parents in the end.A. shout downB. get roundC. comply withD. pass overPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.We are entering a period in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, and dwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels for an extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason for these levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 and some rough measure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth among nations.23 of adequate magnitude imply a willingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous 24 than the advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. The required increases in 25 in the backward regions would necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the 26 resources.It is uncertain whether the requisite energy-producing technology exists, and more serious, 27 that its application would bring us to the threshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 a consequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It is this 29 problem that poses the most demanding and difficult of the challenges. The existing 30 of industrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repair global poverty, hold 31 the risk of entering the danger zone of climatic change in as 32 as three or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrial growth will 33 have to come to an immediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 would literally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can be postponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 that technologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the use of solar energy—can be utilized. (1996)21. A. one B. it C. this D. there22. A. achieved B. succeeded C. produced D. executed23. A. Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts24. A. extent B. scale C. measure D. range25. A. outgrowth B. outcrop C. output D. outcome26. A. needed B. needy C. needless D. needing27. A. possible B. possibly C. probable D. probably28. A. in B. with C. as D. to29. A. least B. late C. latest D. last30. A. race B. pace C. face D. lace31. A. on B. up C. down D. out32. A. less B. fewer C. many D. little33. A. rather B. hardly C. then D. yet34. A. line B. move C. drive D. track35. A. if B. or C. while D. asPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes thestatement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materials available to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelated when viewed in a broad historical perspective.The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological, etc., factors within a common base.As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.36. The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.A. finding the most important cause for a particular historical eventB. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpretedC. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical eventD. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive37. The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be ____________.A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an eventB. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory”apples to the eventC. determining the common strands that make up a historical eventD. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value38. The best definition for the term “historical synthesis”would be ______________.A. combining elements of different material into a unified wholeB. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an eventC. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an eventD. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself39. A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit”of a time period because ____________.A. the events in history are more important than the people who make historyB. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical eventsC. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular actionD. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base40. Which of the following statements would the author consider false?A. One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.Passage 2When you call the police, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free to respond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and location of every police car —not an easy task for a large department.Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is that the patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars will pass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimes for times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by any particular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should be no guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simply ordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos.A computer dispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no trouble keeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, it can determine instantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And with the aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routine patrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car will pass through a particular area.(Before computers, police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make random assignments.)Computers also can relieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. The police car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver. The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of the car—patrolling, directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and so on. When necessary, the computer at headquarters could poll the car for its status. The voice radio channels would not be clogged with cars constantly reporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically could determine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The location of the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.41. The best title for this passage should be ___________.A. Computers and CrimesB. Patrol Car DispatchingC. The Powerful ComputersD. The Police with Modern Equipment42. A police dispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.A. locate every patrol carB. guarantee cars on regular patrolsC. keep in touch with each police carD. find out which car should respond to the incoming call43. If the patrols are too regular, _____________.A. the dispatchers will be bored with itB. the officers may become carelessC. the criminals may take advantage of itD. the streets will be in a state of chaos44. The computer dispatching system is particularly good at ______________.A. assigning cars to regular patrolsB. responding to the incoming callsC. ordering officers to report their locationD. making routine patrols unpredictable45. According to the account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located without computers?A. Police officers report their status constantly.B. The headquarters poll the car for its status.C. A radio transmitter and receiver is installed in a car.D. A dial in the car indicates its current status.Passage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.46. According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.A. tell it in a creative wayB. take from it what the child likesC. add to it whatever at handD. read it out of the story book.47. In the second paragraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towards fairy stories?A. He sees in them the worst of human nature.B. He dislikes everything about them.C. He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.D. He is expectant of the experimental results.48. According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to ____________.A. make children aggressive the whole lifeB. incite destructiveness in childrenC. function as a safety valve for childrenD. add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others49. If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be ______________.A. scared to deathB. taking it and even enjoying itC. suffering more the pain of fearD. dangerously terrified50. The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that ___________.A. old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB. fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC. fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD. fairy stories are after all fairy storiesPassage 4There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.”More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.51. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parents of ____________.A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family52. “Sparing the rod”(in boldface) means ____________.A. spoiling childrenB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children53. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is _____________.A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers54. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of ____________.A. teachers’corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ill-treatmentD. street violence55. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run_____________.A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 5With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter and widely-varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditional novel.The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university scholars, literary economists, scientists or even poets. Disastrous deaths may occur more frequently and mysteriously than might be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably human and consistent as our less intimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle or Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably true background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant”novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from real life nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two broken ribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain with the physique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with a near-omniscient arch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously.56. The crime novel is regarded by the author as _________________.A. a not respectable form of the traditional novelB. not a true novel at allC. related in some ways to the historical novelD. a distinct branch of the traditional novel57. The creation of detective stories has its origin in _______________.A. seeking rest from work or worriesB. solving mysterious deaths in this societyC. restoring expectations in polite societyD. preventing crimes58. The characters of the detective stories are, generally speaking, _____________.A. more profound than those of the traditional novelsB. as real as life itselfC. not like human beings at allD. not very profound but not unlikely59. The setting of the detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because ___________.A. it is more realB. our friends are familiar with itC. it pleases the readers in a wayD. it needs the readers’support60. The writer of this passage thinks _____________.A. what people hope for from life can finally be granted if they have confidenceB. people like to feel that justice and goodness will always triumphC. they know in the real world good does not prevail over evilD. their hopes in life can only be fulfilled through fiction readingPassage 6Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that is self-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us—a feeling that we can call “flow.”When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate an energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance for floors. I become one with the atmosphere.”“You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,”says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.”Players of any sport throughout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, and mountain climbers.Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it this way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.”People who flow feel part of this energy; that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of themselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Moreover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, however; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathing. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems larger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers per hour.It seems then that flow is a “floating action”in which the individual is aware of his actions but not aware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people thinkabout it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing well?”or “Did everyone see my jump?”Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading, learning, working on what you enjoy, and even day-dreaming.61. What is the main purpose of the article?A. to illustrate the feeling of “flow”B. to analyze the causes of a special feelingC. to define the new psychological term “flow”D. to lead people to acquire the feeling of “flow”62. In this article, “flow”refers to a feeling which probably results from _____________.A. awarenessB. ecstasyC. unconsciousnessD. self-rewarding63. The word “immersed”(in boldface) is closest in meaning to _____________.A. occupiedB. engrossedC. soakedD. committed64. What does one usually act while “flowing”in reading?A. thinks what he is doingB. wonders how fast he can readC. turns the pagesD. minds the page number65. The activity which can successfully bring about “flow”is most probably ____________.A. grippingB. difficultC. boringD. easySection B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your machine scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. --- 66 --- America and Americans were prosperous beyond the。
2016年社科院博士研究生入学考试英语试题 (1)
中国社会科学院研究生院2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语（A卷）2016年3月26日8:30–11:30答题说明1.请考生按照答题卡的要求填写相关内容。
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PART I:Cloze(20points)Directions:Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank.Production workers must be able to do statistical quality control.Production workers must be able to do just-in-time inventories.Managers are increasingly shifting from a"don't think,do what you are told"to a"think,I am not going to tell you what to do"style of management.This shift occurs not because today's managers are more___(1)___than yesterday's managers, but because the evidence is mounting that the second style of management is more___(2)___than the first style of management.But this means that problems of training and motivating the work force both become more central and require different models of behavior.To be on top of this situation,tomorrow's managers will have to have strong background in organizational psychology,human relations,and labor___(3)___.The MIT Sloan School of quickly management attempts to___(4)___our understanding in these areas through research and then quickly bring the___(5)___of this new research to our students so that they can be leading-edge managers when it comes to the human side of the equation.The first three decades after World War II were___(6)___in___(7)___the United States had a huge technological lead___(8)___all the rest in the world.In a very real sense,___(9)___ technological competitive.American firms did not have to worry about their technological competitiveness because they were___(10)___.But that world has disappeared.Today we live in a world where American firms___(11)___ have automatic technological___(12)___.In some areas they are still ahead,in some areas they are ___(13)___,and in some areas they are behind,but on average,they are average.___(14)___this means is that American managers have to understand the forces of technical change in ways___(15)___were not necessary in the past.Conversely,managers from the rest of the world know that it is now possible for them to dominate their American competitors if they understand the forces of technical change better than their American competitors do.In the world of tomorrow managers cannot be technologically___(16)______(17)___their functional tasks within the firm.They don't have to be scientists or engineers inventing new technologies,___(18)___they have to be managers who understand when to bet and when not bet on new technologies.If they___(19)___what is going on and technology effectively becomes a black box,they___(20)___to make the changes.They will be losers,not winners.1.a.enlightened b.enlightening c.enlightenment d.enlighten2.a.sterile b.producing c.productive d.extravagant3.a.economics b.economic c.economy d.economies4.a.take b.arouse c.rise d.advance5.a.results b.evidence c.content d.fruitsual b.flawed c.unusual d.unessential7.a.which b./ c.that d.those8.a.by b.over c.on d.upon9.a.was the world not b.the world was notc.did the world be notd.was not the world10.a.superior b.super c.inferior d.junior11.a.still b.even c.neither d.no longer12.a.superiority b.inferiority c.majority d.minoritymon b.average c.ignorant d.exceptional14.a.How b.That c.What d.Which15.a.that b.they c.those d.who16.a.illiterate b.sophisticated c.literate d.omniscient17.a.regardless b.in spite of c.despite d.regardless of18.a.and b.likewise c.furthermore d.but19.a.didn’t understand b.don't understandc.haven’t understoodd.hadn’t understood20.a.failed b.would have failedc.would faild.would be failedPART II:Reading Comprehension(30points)Directions:Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage1The leaders of the mythopoetic men's movement believe that modernization has led to the feminization of men.Mythopoets believe that the rise of the urban industrial society"trapped men into straitjackets of rationality,thus blunting the powerful emotional communion and collective spiritual transcendence that they believe men in tribal societies typically enjoyed".Most importantly,the movement seeks to restore the"deep masculine"to men who have lost it in their more modern lifestyles.Other causes for the loss of the"deep masculine"include:Men no longer being comrades who celebrated their masculinity together.Rather,they had become competitors within their workplaces;Men spending more time in their houses with women than they did with men(in non-competitive terms outside of work).Excessive interaction with women generally kept men from realizing their internal masculinity;Feminism is bringing attention to the“feminine voice.”Through this,the mythopoetic men felt that their voices had been muted(though Bly and others are careful in not blaming feminism for this);The separation of men from their fathers kept them from being truly initiated into manhood,and was a source of emotional damage.Men were suffering further emotional damage due to feminist accusations about sexism.Men should celebrate their differences from women,rather than feeling guilty about them.Men is being discouraged from expressing their emotions.Male inexpressivity is an epidemic and does not correspond to their "deep masculine"natures.Groups of primarily white,middle-aged,heterosexual men from the professional class retreated from their female loved ones in order to join in spiritual rituals that emphasized homosociality,with the central goal of reclaiming the parts of their masculinity that they had lost called the"deep masculine."Because most men no longer perform masculine rituals, mythopoets assert that men have mutated into destructive,hypermasculine chauvinists,or,in the opposite direction,have become too feminized.The mythopoetic men performed rituals at these gatherings,which were meant to imitate those performed by tribal societies when men initiated boys into a deeply essential natural manhood.The movement emphasized the importance of including multiple generations of men in the rituals,so that the men could learn about masculinity from those who were older and wiser.Characteristic of the early mythopoetic movement was a tendency to retell myths,legends and folktales,and engage in their exegesis as a tool for personal ing frequent references to archetypes as drawn from Jungiananalytical psychology,themovement focused on issues of gender role,gender identity and wellness for the modern man(and woman).Advocates would often engage in storytelling with music,these acts being seen as a modern extension to a form of"new ageshamanism"popularized by Michael Harner at approximately the same time.The movement sought to empower men by means of equating archetypal characters with their own emotions and abilities.For instance,Michael Messner describes the concept of"Zeus energy"as emphasizing"male authority accepted for the good of the community".Beliefs about the emotional system based in archetypes of great men,mythopoets sought to channel these characters in themselves,so that they could unleash their"animal-males". This group primarily analyzed the archetypes of King,Warrior,Magician,Lover and Wildman.As a self-help movement the mythopoetic movement tends not to take explicit stances on political issues such as feminism,gay rights or family law(such as the issues of divorce,domestic violence or child custody),preferring instead to stay focused on emotional and psychological well-being.Because of this neutrality,the movement became a site of social criticism by feminists, and was often characterized as anti-intellectual as well as apolitical.Michael Messner once gave a speech at a gathering,in which he addressed the dangers of celebrating the warrior,as instances of rape are higher in countries that glorify war.The mythopoets responded that they were not interested in intellectual or political pursuits,but were primarily concerned with conducting spiritual and emotional work.Additional feminist critique revolved around the movement's absence of women's perspectives,as well as the essentialism in the movement's teachings. Comprehension Questions:21.The mythopoetic men's movement can best be understood as________________.a.a men’s literary movementb.a men's liberation movementc.a men's rights movementd.a second-wave feminist movement22.The mythopoetic men's movement consists of groups of men who retreated from their femaleloved ones in order to strive for________________.a.gay rightsb.same-sex marriagec.masculinityd.myths,legends and folktales23.The idea that modernization has led to the feminization of men means that_________________.a.men cannot be themselvesb.men can no longer make friendsc.men’s voices have changedd.men cannot express themselves24.The root issue is________________.a.feminismb.masculinityc.sexd.gender25.According to the text,the causes for rape must be sought in_________________.a.the celebration of the archetype of the warriorb.the unleashing of men’s"animal-males”c.domestic violenced.the loss of masculine ritualsPassage2Although in the novel the millennium has been and gone,there are no references at all to real contemporary American or global political events of the time of writing.Chapstick,Pledge,and Skevener in their study The Endless Loop of History:Space Time in the work of David Foster Wallace(London2001)have already noted the way Infinite Jest divorces itself from history by the use of sci fi elements.They note how compared with the American post moderns,whose works interact with real historical time,Infinite Jest takes place in an ahistorical,allegorical time.DFW’s invention of Subsidized Time,and the renaming of years after products and companies shows the way in which the soul-rotting effects of advertising infect time as well as internal and external space(cf:Phillip K Dick’s adverts projected onto the moon in The Man in the High Castle). Otherwise,the ubiquitous presence of advertising in contemporary daily life is absent from the novel.Actually,this is not correct.The theme of waste management(also the underlying structure of Don DeLillo’s novel Underworld)reflects some of the anxieties of the90s,the decade in which the novel was written:namely,global warming,environmental concerns,nuclear waste management,including its export to third world countries,the trading of carbon emission points, futures swaps in carbon footprints etc.DFW is here simply satirizing contemporary concerns;and a Freudian reading of this theme is both unnecessary and not really illuminating,Don Gately’s work as a shit hoser notwithstanding.DFW’s use of spurious knowledge and scholarship(including a spurious academic apparatus at the back of the book)has been amply commented on,especially the doubtful physics of J.O.Incandenza’s work with lenses and nuclear annulation,and the iffey math involved in the Eschaton game.By his use of the spurious DFW is not only satirizing the discourse of academic knowledge,but making a serious point about the extent and typology of knowledge itself.Once knowledge becomes so specialized as to become comprehensible to only a very few –those firmly inside the discourse-what status does that knowledge gain?To those outside the discourse,the knowledge can only be taken on trust,and therefore all manner of hoods may be winked.In this case the boundaries between the fictional and the real become blurred,a matter for argument.We are used to questioning the reliability of the narrative voice in fiction,but not so able to question in the same way the reliability of academic discourse or specialist knowledge.The presence of the spurious next to the real infects the real,inviting us to extend our distrust of fictional narrative to non-fictional exposition,the fiction(le mensonge)and the truth become mirrors of each other.The title of a work stands in metonymic relationship to the content of the work:War and Peace,for example,signifies the two main themes and structuring devices of that novel.For existing books,(real,read books),the title summons up everything we know or remember about the book.Where that work is non-existent(fictional,spurious,lost or simply unknown/unread)the title acts as an empty signifier,which we can fill with our imagination, effectively writing the work ourselves in a flash.Barthes calls these bookless titles prolepses; Nabokov creates summaries and detailed commentaries for them(in Pale Fire and The Real life of Sebastian Knight);Borges bases his whole stylistics on this process of metonymic expansion;and Eco fills entire imaginary libraries with these fantastical books.DFW for his imaginary works,like Hoffmann,has a penchant for excessively long and humorous titles,whose length guides us in this process of creation cf:Good Looking Men in Small Clever Rooms that Utilize Every Centimeter of Available Space With Mind-Boggling Efficiency(title of one of J.O.Incandenza’s entertainments), and Mousetraps and their Influence on the Character and Achievement of the Feline Race(title of one of Murr’s books from Hoffmann’s The Life and Opinions of the Tomcat Murr).Comprehension Questions:26.According to the author,the use of some of the anxieties of the90s does not contradict theproposition that the novel Infinite Jest takes place in an ahistorical time because _______________.a.the millennium has been and goneb.DFW is here simply satirizing contemporary concernsc.DFW’s invention of Subsidized Timed.he uses sci fi elements27.DFW’s invention of Subsidized Time exemplifies_______________.a.the ubiquitous presence of advertising in contemporary daily lifeb.the commercialization of American societyc.the endless loop of historyd.American post modernism28.Following Roland Barthes,which of the following titles would be an example of prolepsis?a.War and Peace.b.The Real life of Sebastian Knightc.Mousetraps and their Influence on the Character and Achievement of the Feline Race.d.The Life and Opinions of the Tomcat Murr29.An innovation by DFW to post modern fiction is exemplified by________________.a.the unreliable narratorb.the distrust of academic discoursec.the process of metonymic expansiond.fictional,spurious,lost or simply unknown/unread works30.The title of the novel suggests that it is________________.a.an allegoryb.a parodyc.an apophasisd.a procatalepsis Passage3According to the Koran,it was on a Tuesday that Allah created st September11, when suicide pilots were crashing commercial airliners into crowded American buildings,I did not have to look to the calendar to see what day it was:Dark Tuesday was casting its long shadow across Manhattan and along the Potomac River.I was also not surprised that despite the seven or so trillion dollars that we have spent since1950on what is euphemistically called“defense,”there would have been no advance warning from the FBI or CIA or Defense Intelligence Agency.While the Bushites have been eagerly preparing for the last war but two—missiles from North Korea,clearly marked with flags,would rain down on Portland,Oregon,only to be intercepted by our missile-shield balloons—the foxy Osama bin Laden knew that all he needed for his holy war on the infidel were fliers willing to kill themselves along with those random passengers who happened to be aboard hijacked airliners.For several decades there has been an unrelenting demonization of the Muslim world in theAmerican media.Since I am a loyal American,I am not supposed to tell you why this has taken place,but then it is not usual for us to examine why anything happens;we simply accuse others of motiveless malignity.“We are good,”G.W.proclaims,“They are evil,”which wraps that one up in a neat ter,Bush himself put,as it were,the bow on the package in an address to a joint session of Congress where he shared with them—as well as with the rest of us some-where over the Beltway—his profound knowledge of Islam’s wiles and ways:“They hate what they see right here in this Chamber.”I suspect a million Americans nodded sadly in front of their TV sets.“Their leaders are self-appointed.They hate our freedoms,our freedom of religion,our freedom of speech, our freedom to vote and assemble and disagree with each other.”At this plangent moment what American’s gorge did not rise like a Florida chad to the bait?A member of the Pentagon Junta,Rumsfeld,a skilled stand-up comic,daily made fun of a large group of“journalists”on prime-time TV.At great,and often amusing,length,Rummy tells us nothing about our losses and their losses.He did seem to believe that the sentimental Osama was holed up in a cave on the Pakistan border instead of settled in a palace in Indonesia or Malaysia, two densely populated countries where he is admired and we are not.In any case,never before in our long history of undeclared unconstitutional wars have we,the American people,been treated with such impish disdain—so many irrelevant spear carriers to be highly taxed(those of us who are not rich)and occasionally invited to participate in the odd rigged poll.The Bush administration,though eerily inept in all but its principal task,which is to exempt the rich from taxes,has casually torn up most of the treaties to which civilized nations subscribe—like the Kyoto Accords or the nuclear missile agreement with Russia.The Bushites go about their relentless plundering of the Treasury and now,thanks to Osama,Social Security(a supposedly untouchable trust fund),which,like Lucky Strike green,has gone to a war currently costing us$3 billion a month.They have also allowed the FBI and CIA either to run amok or not budge at all, leaving us,the very first“indispensable”and—at popular request—last global empire,rather like the Wizard of Oz doing his odd pretend-magic tricks while hoping not to be found out.Meanwhile, G.W.booms,“Either you are with us or you are with the Terrorists.”That’s known as asking for it. Comprehension Questions:31.The author believes that America’s defense spending______________.a.protects the national securityb.is good for humanityc.primarily fights terrord.is a misnomer32.The author uses the term“rigged pole”to______________.a.cast doubt upon the voting processb.refer to public opinion pollsc.remind the reader of political corruptiond.add humor to an otherwise serious article33.In the essay,President George W Bush’s use of dichotomy is portrayed as______________.a.jingoistic and rationalb.misleading and simplisticc.well-considered and politically expedientd.effective rhetoric that will stand the test of time34.The use of the term“Pentagon junta”indicates the author’s belief that______________.a.the Pentagon has transformed into a populist political machineb.the leaders of America’s military establishment were overrepresented in Bush’s White Housed.journalists have not been able to get solid information from the Bush administration35.When the author mentions the Tresury,Social Security,the FBI,and the CIA,he intends tohighlight the fact that______________.a.war-related expenses are like magic tricksb.America is spending harmful amounts of money on“security”c.it is difficult to fund the American empired.America’s empire is not popular,but it may be necessary to maintain“security”Passage4The ground broken by Freud and Breuer’s pronouncement,in the“Preliminary Communication”concerning the psychogenesis of hysteria,that“hysterics suffer mainly from reminiscences”brought to view the tangled roots linking the developing concept of a hidden and powerful unconscious with nineteenth century anxieties concerning memory’s absence and excess. Freud’s later emphasis upon fantasy,rather than memory,in his revised writings on hysteria’s aetiology can be regarded,in part,as the vanquishing of memory’s unbiddability by fantasy’s origins in unconscious wishes and anxieties.Two qualifying currents ran through this new emphasis upon fantasy and desire rather than upon involuntary memory.First,the issue of personal responsibility raised by this new emphasis on unconscious sexual and violent fantasies was mitigated by Freud’s consolation to his earliest hysterical patients that“we are not responsible for our feelings”.Second,the possible association only of fantasy with the determining force of unconscious inner processes.Hystories,which continues its author’s earlier study of hysteria associates this return with the development of a divisive“survivor”culture characterized by blame and vengeful litigation. Showalter’s fundamentally Enlightenment critique of this culture suggests that only a renewed emphasis upon fantasy can rescue contemporary western culture from the distortions that threaten its stability and limit its capacity for healthy and democratically organized public life.In short, Showalter calls for the nurturing of a psychically enlightened culture within which collective or individual responsibility can be acknowledged for violent,fearful,or sexual fantasies.The thesis propounded in this polemical and accessible work is that hysteria,despite the views of the psychological establishment,is“alive and well”in the late twentieth century western world, though in transformed guise.Hysteria’s domain has shifted,argues Showalter,from the clinic to the popular narrative,or“history”,in which various arguably“traumatic experiences”take centre-stage. TV,the popular press,and e-mail spread hystories with which growing numbers of troubled individuals are coming to identify.These hystories of ME,Gulf War Syndrome,recovered memory, multiple personality disorder,satanic abuse and alien abduction each provide explanatory narratives that allow somatic or psychical symptoms.The sub-title of the US version of Hystories and aspects of its argument foreground the part played by the speed and spread of contemporary electronic communications in the escalation of hystories.However,Hystories’argument,in keeping perhaps with the book’s critique of hystories themselves,eschews direct accusation.Nevertheless,the sharpest edge of Showalter’s cultural critique of hystories is directed against their crossing of the line from private narratives that enable therapeutic sense to be made of a life,to media-spurred,public,political and judicial“rituals of testimony”that involve accusation and persecution.In a final chapter that warns—a littlehysterically perhaps—of the coming hysterical plague,Showalter likens the emergence and proliferation of these public discourses to the witch-hunts of the seventeenth century.She concludes that this development,demonstrates the“human propensity to paranoia”.At base,Hystories calls for a return to those insights and values arguably delivered by Freud’s turn towards fantasy.For Showalter,hystories appear to represent a withdrawal from the hard task enjoined by those insights:that of grasping as our own unconscious fantasies the violent, destructive,or sexual forces that hystories locate and persecute elsewhere and in others. Showalter’s impassioned plea is to return to enlightenment values.“The hysterical epidemics of the 1990s continue to do damage”,she concludes“in distracting us from the real problems and crises of modern society,in undermining respect for evidence and truth,and in helping support an atmosphere of conspiracy and suspicion.They prevent us from claiming our full humanity as free and responsible beings”.It is the recognition of universal human propensities and,in particular,the grasping of responsibility for our own projections that promises to move us beyond a culture of blame inhabited by perpetrators and victims,and towards a freer and a more equal society. Comprehension Questions:36.Showalter’s interest in to be found mainly in the academic discipline of________________.a.historyb.sociologyc.psychologyd.the media37.According to Showalter,soldiers suffering from psychosomatic ailments known as the‘GulfWar Syndrome’are dealing with________________.a.repressed memories from the First Iraq War(1991)b.delusions created by chemical or biological weaponsc.unconscious fears about contact with toxinsd.somatic expression of exposure to depleted uranium38.The attitude of the reviewer of the book by Showalter may best be described as_________________.a.reservedb.ironicc.sympatheticd.convinced39.According to the researcher,mankind has always had the tendency of________________.a.externalization of the causes of unhappinessb.reduction of complexities to simplified storiesc.deification of supernatural phenomenad.schizophrenic paranoia40.The analysis and comparison with seventeenth-century witch-hunts by Showalter,successfullypredicts the hysteria and persecution in our day of_________________.a.paedophilesb.catholicsc.veganistsd.terrorists请将以下题目的答案填写在答题纸上。
中山大学人体解剖学A2016年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
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中山大学
2016 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：人体解剖学 A 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题 1.膈神经起源，走行，支配 2.甲状腺血管 3.网膜孔的位置和构成 4.动脉导管三角的构成和内容 5.前臂屈肌后间隙的位置，构成 二、论述题 1.2.前两个病例分析，面神经，海绵窦，三叉神经有关内容。 3.腹腔干分支及分布 4.门静脉的功能及临床意义 5.手肌肌群结构组成 6.踝关节韧带
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空军工程大学2016年博士研究生入学试题
空军工程大学2016年博士研究生入学试题考试科目：信息论与模式识别（A 卷） 科目代码 3002 说明：答题时必须答在配发的空白答题纸上，答题可不抄题，但必须写清题号，写在试题上不给分；考生不得在试题及试卷上做任何其它标记，否则试卷作废，试题必须同试卷一起交回。
第一部分 信息论部分（50分）一、填空题（共12.5分，前5小题每小题0.5分，其余每小题1分）1、必然事件的自信息是 。
2、两个相互独立的随机变量的联合自信息量等于 。
3、离散平稳无记忆信源X 的N 次扩展信源的熵等于离散信源X 的熵的 。
4、一维连续随即变量X 在[a ，b]区间内均匀分布时，其信源熵为 。
5、对于限峰值功率的N 维连续信源，当概率密度 时连续信源熵具有最大值。
6、若一离散无记忆信源的信源熵H （X ）等于2.5，对信源进行等长的无失真二进制编码，则编码长度至少为 。
7、具有一一对应关系的无噪信道的信道容量C= 。
8、信道编码定理是一个理想编码的存在性定理，即：信道无失真传递信息的条件是 。
9、信道矩阵⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡100101代表的信道的信道容量C= 。
10、高斯加性噪声信道中，信道带宽3kHz ，信噪比为7，则该信道的最大信息传输速率C t = 。
11、求解率失真函数的问题，即：在给定失真度的情况下，求信息率的 。
12、平均失真度的上限D max 取{D j ：j=1，2，···，m}中的 。
13、对信源⎭⎬⎫⎩⎨⎧=⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡16/116/116/116/18/18/14/14/1(87654321x x x x x x x x X P X ）进行二进制费诺编码，其编码效率为 。
14、n 位重复码的编码效率是 。
15、若纠错码的最小距离为d min ，则可以纠正任意小于等于 个差错。
二、单项选择题（共2.5分，每小题0.5分）1、下面表达式中正确的是（ ）。
A.∑=j i j x y p 1)/(B.∑=ii j x y p 1)/(C.∑=j j j i y y x p )(),(ωD.∑=i i j i x q y x p )(),( 2、率失真函数的下限为（ ）。
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中国政法大学研究生院
2016年博士研究生入学考试试题
招生专业或研究方向:思想政治教育
考试科目:马克思主义思想政治教育原著宣读
考生须知
1.所有试题均在答题纸上写清题号作答,在试题上答题不给分。
2.将答题纸和试题一起交回,否则以零分。
3.考生必须按照选题要求回答下列各题,即按照要求完成必答题和选答题。
一、简答题
1.简述改革开放以来，中国共产党是如何认识社会主义的。
2.试述马克思主义中国化的历史进程及基本经验
3.论《共产党宣传》在马克思主义发展史上的地位
4.试论当代中国，爱国主义与社会主义本质的统一性
5.试述马克思主义工农联盟理论及其在当代中国现实意义
二、论述题
1.简述马克思在《政治经济学批判（序言）》中从六个方面对资本主义的论述，阐述当前资本主义发展的现状。
2.论述马克思主义人的本质理论是什么？如何促进人的社会化？及谈谈其在马克思主义思想中的地位与意义。