南方医科大学免疫学2005,2014--2018年考博真题
免疫学考博试题
四军医大201 31.试比较T细胞受体（TCR）、B细胞受体（BCR）和NK细胞受体（NKCR）的组成，识别配体以及信号转导的异同点。
2.以胸腺依赖抗原刺激机体产生抗体的免疫应答为例，T细胞和B细胞是如何相互作用？有哪些粘附分子和共刺激分子参与T、B细胞的相互作用？四、简答题1、半抗原与载体连接成为完全抗原，试述载体蛋白的作用2、T细胞表位与B细胞表位的区别3、双向琼脂扩散的工作原理五、论述题1、初次免疫应答与再次免疫应答的区别，举出三个并说明其原理2、举出B细胞所有的亚群，并说明其各自的特点和功能北京协和医学院2013考博免疫学真题回顾（部分）一名解:hybridomahomingreceptorsurogatelightchainMACAntibodyidotype比如补体精典与旁路途径共用的分子，BCR与TCR发育区别，HLA-DM分子参与MHC2类分子组装与转运，重症肌无力产生针对何种物质的自身抗体，BCR 由细胞表面免疫球蛋白和何种物质构成，IgE重链恒定区由几部分构成，CD28拮抗分子等，克隆选择学说由谁提出的，不过其中有两道题一点都不会，也记不清了四、简答：名词解释效价ELISAAICDIFNTCRCDRMACPRR免疫监视免疫耐受问答题1人工抗体的分类及作用2机体抗肿瘤免疫机制3HLA作用以及和临床关系4初次应答和再次应答抗体产生机制5NK、CTL杀伤机制相同与不同安徽医科大学2013年医学免疫学考博试题（真题回忆完整版）一、名词解释（40分）：1.SuperAntigen2.MHC3.AICD4.FADD5.ITIM6.DAMPs7.PRRs8.BAS-ELISA9.ImmuneTolerence10.Immunecomplex-mediatedhypersensitivity1.Ig类别转换2.细胞因子3.ADCC4.抗原决定簇5.肿瘤抗原问答题：（16分X5)1.试述T细胞与APC的相互作用？2.HLAI类分子和Ⅱ类分子的结构、功能的不同？3.T细胞表面有哪些分子？作用如何？4.Ig的分类、特点及各自的功能？5.食物过敏的机制和治疗原则？2013北京协和医学院免疫学（专业基础）回忆版一.?名词解释(4?分×10)讨论题自身免疫疾病及治疗专业1、免疫细胞的免疫调节作用及机制2、基因工程抗体的概念，主要种类及其特征肿瘤生物学专业1、列举4个近5年内的Nobel生理学奖的主要贡献2、实验设计：在BL10转基因小鼠中，MALT淋巴瘤的前体细胞-脾脏中的marginalzoneB细胞高度增生，请设计实验检测该增生细胞是否具有抗凋亡特性感染免疫专业1、共刺激分子家族的成员，分类及主要功能2、以丙型肝炎为例，试述慢性病毒性肝炎的免疫病理特点及机制免疫疾病的细胞和分子调控专业1、TH17cell在免疫疾病的发生发展过程中起着关键的作用，简述这个细胞亚型涉及的分子发生机制，例如涉及的重要细胞因子，转录因子等。
中山大学免疫学(A)2018年考博真题试卷
4、试比较分析固有免疫与适应性免疫的异同点，以及在机体免疫应答过程中二者如何相互作用和相互协调。
5、从免疫学的角度，结核分枝杆菌引起的超敏反应可能会是哪一类型的，这一类型的超敏反应与其他几种类型超敏反应有哪些异同点。
中山大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中山大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：免疫学（A）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、5个论述题100分
1、列表比较分析初次体液免疫应答源自再次体液免疫应答各自特点。2、试述免疫细胞在淋巴器官发育、分化过程中如何形成免疫耐受的。
南方医科大学儿科学2018年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：儿科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（6选5）
1、新生儿黄疸的诊断指征。
2、小儿佝偻病的诊断及治疗。
3、小儿ARDS的治疗原则。
4、简述腹泻时代谢性酸中毒的治疗。
5、法洛氏四联症的解剖异常有哪些。
6、小儿肾病综合征的临床特点。
二、问答题（1-4选道，5必选）
1、新生儿黄疸的诊断与治疗。
2、小儿感染性腹泻的诊断与治疗。
3、艾森曼格综合征的解剖与病生机制。
4、小儿感染性休克的诊断与治疗。
5、小儿化脓性脑膜炎的诊断、确诊所需检查及治疗措施。
南方医科大学考博题库 - 神经病学问答题
神经病学试题问答题一、总论1、简述神经系统疾病诊断原则2、左侧额叶损害可出现哪些临床表现？3、Wallenberg综合征的临床特点。
4、交叉性麻痹。
5、分离性感觉障碍。
6、内囊损害的临床特点7、何谓病理反射？常见的有哪些？8、何谓Babinski征等位征？如何检查？9、脑膜刺激征的检查方法。
10、Gower征11、脊髓休克二、脑血管病1、何谓腔隙性脑梗塞？有哪些常见临床类型？2、简述TIA的临床特征和可能的发病机制。
3、脑出血与脑血栓形成的鉴别要点。
4、简述脑栓塞的临床特点。
5、脑梗塞超早期溶栓的适应症和禁忌症。
6、脑叶出血的临床特点。
三、脊髓疾病1、何谓Brown-Sequard综合征？2、何谓脊髓疾病的纵定位和横定位3、简述急性脊髓炎的临床特征。
四、运动障碍性疾病1、结合生化改变阐述Parkinson病的主要药物治疗机制。
2、简述帕金森病的诊断要点和鉴别诊断。
3、帕金森病的“四主征”是什么？五、肌肉疾病1、低钾性周期性麻痹的临床特点？2、何谓重症肌无力危象？分为几型？如何抢救？六、周围神经疾病1、简述急性炎症性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病（Guillain-Barre氏综合征）的临床特征。
2、原发性三叉神经痛的临床特点3、特发性面神经麻痹的临床特点4、坐骨神经痛的临床特点七、癫痫1、癫痫2、何谓癫痫持续状态？简述其抢救原则。
3、癫痫常见发作类型的首选药物。
八、痴呆1、痴呆的定义2、痴呆的“ABC”症状3、痴呆常见的原因有哪些？各有何临床特点？4、Alzheimer病的临床特点5、Lewy小体痴呆的核心症状九、脱髓鞘疾病1、视神经脊髓炎的临床特点2、多发性硬化的临床特点3、如何理解多发性硬化的空间多灶性和时间的多向性？神经病学考试题库(一)一、填空(总分20分,每空1分)１、一般感觉包括________、________、________。
２、头不能向左侧偏以对杭检查者的阻力是________侧________肌瘫痪。
南方医科大学外科学(神外)2004,2009,2012,2015--2016,2018年考博真题
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学2004年神经外科学（博士）
1垂体腺瘤经蝶窦入路的手术指征和手术注意事项
2颅脑损伤或脑部手术后呼吸机治疗的适应征和使用要点
3写出颅内动脉瘤Hunt和Hess临床分级
4写出下列词汇相对应的中文或英文名称
(1) subdural perimedullary arteriovenous fistuala;
(2)中枢神经细胞瘤
(3)深部脑刺激(DBS)
(4) craniopharyngioma
(5) subfrontal approach
5写出你对博士研究生课题研究的设想
南方医科大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
2.简述何为脑室裂隙综合征？及临床表现。
3.开放性非火器伤颅脑损伤的救治原则。
4.中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血定义及可能出血来源。
二、问答题
1.听神经瘤进展分期及临床表现。
2.简述缺血性疾病的检查手段的优缺点。
南方医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神经外科学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
外科总论
一、名词解释
1.体液容量失调
2.CVP
3.冷休克
4.血清肿
5.消毒
二、简答题
1.高钾血症诊断，治疗
2.输血溶血的诊断，治疗
3.S评分，病情判断的意义。
2，动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血双H分级。
3，视野缺损的解剖基础，常见疾病。
2014年广州医科大学博士入学考试真题(免疫学)
2014年广州医科大学博士入学考试
免疫学
简答/问答题
1.免疫球蛋白（Ig）异质性。
、
2.举六种细胞因子产品及其临床应用
3.体液免疫中，Th细胞与B细胞之间的相互作用
4.自身抗体为什么有负反馈作用
5.固有免疫与适应性免疫的特征
6.Th1，Th2的生物效应功能
7.破伤风抗毒素引起哪几种超敏反应
8.巨噬细胞在固有免疫和适应性免疫中的功能
9.免疫抑制受体有哪些及其原理
10.移植排斥中的直接识别与间接识别
11.抗原影响免疫反应的因素
12.如何检测组织中的抗原
13.模式识别受体，病原相关分子模式的概念并举例
14.T细胞表面的主要分子及功能
15.B细胞表面的主要分子及功能
16.C D分子，人类白细胞分化抗原，黏附分子的概念。
1-Toeful语法1-20
1. Remember that the following verbs require an infinitive in the complement.Agree Appear Arrange Ask Claim ConsentDecide Demand Deserve Expect Fail ForgetHesitate Hope Intend Learn Manage MeanNeed Offer Plan Prepare Pretend PromiseRefuse Seem Tend Threaten Wait Want1.He wanted speak with Mr. Brown.1.We demand knowing our status.2.I intend the inform you that we cannot approve yourapplication.1.They didn't plan buying a car.5.The weather tends improving in May.1.One of the least effective ways of storing information islearning _____________ it.How repeatRepeatingTo repeatRepeatOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.Representative democracyseemed evolve simultaneously during the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries in Britain, Europe, and the UnitedStates.2. Remember that the following verbs require an -ing form for a verb in the complement.Admit Appreciate Avoid Complete Consider DelayDeny Discuss Enjoy Finish Keep MentionMiss Postpone Practice Quit Recall RecommendRegret Risk Stop Suggest Tolerate UnderstandReview QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.She is considering not to go.1.We enjoyed talk with your friend.1.Hank completed the writing his thesis this summer.1.I miss to watch the news when I am traveling.5.She mentions stop at El Paso in her letter.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Strauss finished ____________ two of his publishedcompositions before his tenth birthday.WrittenWriteTo writeWritingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.Many people have stopped to smoke because they are afraidthat it may be harmful to their health.Grammar Lesson 4 - Verb Phrases that Require an -ing Form in the ComplementRemember that the following verb phrases require an -ing form for a verb in the complement.Approve of Be better off Can't help Count on Do not mindForget about Get through Insist on Keep on Look forward toObject to Think about Think ofAvoid using an infinitive after the verbs phrases listed. Avoid using a verb word after look forward to and object to (refer to Toeful Grammar Lesson 6 for more on verb words) Remember that the verb phrase BE likely does not require an -ing form, but requires an infinitive in the complement.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.She is likely knowing.1.Let's go to the movie when you get through to study.1.We can't help to wonder why she left.1.I have been looking forward to meet you.5.We wouldn't mind to wait.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Many modern architects insist on ____________ materialsnative to the region that will blend into the surrounding landscape.UseTo useThe useUsingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.During Jackson's administration, those who did not approveof permit common people in the White House were shocked by the President's insistence that they be invited into the mansion.Grammar Lesson 5 - Irregular Past FormsRemember that past forms of the following irregular verbs are not the same as the participles.Verb Word Past Form Participle Verb Word Past Form Participle Be Was/Were Been Hide Hid HiddenBeat Beat Beaten Know Knew Known Become Became Become Ride Rode RiddenBegin Began Begun Run Ran RunBite Bit Bitten See Saw SeenBlow Blew Blown Shake Shook Shaken Break Broke Broken Show Showed Shown Choose Chose Chosen Shrink Shrank Shrunk Come Came Come Sing Sang SungDo Did Done Speak Spoke SpokenDraw Drew Drawn Swear Swore SwornDrink Drank Drunk Swim Swam SwumDrive Drove Driven Take Took TakenEat Ate Eaten Tear Tore TornFall Fell Fallen Throw Threw ThrownFly Flew Flown Wear Wore WornForget Forgot Forgotten Weave Wove Woven Forgive Forgave Forgiven Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Freeze Froze Frozen Write Wrote WrittenGet Got Gotten or GotGive Gave GivenGo Went GoneGrow Grew GrownReview QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.They done it very well after they had practiced.1.Before she run the computer program, she had checked it outwith her supervisor.1.We eat dinner in Albuquerque on our vacation last year.1.My nephew begun working for me about ten years ago.5.I know that you been forty on your last birthday. Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Before the Angles and the Saxons ____________ to England,the Iberians had lived there.ComingComeCameDid comeOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.When Columbus seen the New World, he thought that he hadreached the East Indies by way of a new Western route. CanPossibility, ability, permissionCouldPossibility, ability in the pastMayProbability, permissionMightProbabilityMustNecessity, logical conclusionShallFuture with emphasisShouldAdvice, obligation, predictionWillFutureWouldConditionGrammar Lesson 7 - Logical Conclusions - Events in the Past Remember that must is a modal. Must followed by the verbword have and a participle expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happened in the past.Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for a conclusion about something that happened in the past. Forexample, "here's a message on my desk." It may be concluded that "my friend must have called last night."My friend must have called last nightSubject Must Have Participle Past TimeAvoid using should or can instead of must. Avoid using a verb word instead of have and a participle when referring to events in the past.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.The streets are wet; it should have rained last night.1.This pen won't write; it can have run out of ink (in thepast).1.The ring that I was looking at is gone; someone else mustbuy it.1.He doesn't have his keys; he must locked them in the car.5.I don't see Martha anywhere; she must be left early.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.The theory of Continental Drift assumes that there____________ long-term climatic changes in many areasduring the past.Must have beenMust beMust haveMustOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.When the weather becomes colder we know that the airmass must originated in the Arctic rather than over theGulf of Mexico.Grammar Lesson 8 - Logical Conclusions - Events in the Present Remember that must is a modal. Must followed by be and an -ing form or an adjective expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. the conclusion is about an event that is happening now.My friend must be calling nowSubject Must Be-ing form Present TimeHe must be upset nowSubject Must Be Adjective Present TimeAvoid using a verb word instead of an -ing form after must be. Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.The line is busy; someone should be using the telephone now.1.Bob is absent; he must have been sick again (now).1.He is taking a walk; he must have felt better now.1.She must be study at the library now because all of her booksare gone.5.Sarah must get a divorce (now) because her husband is livingin an apartment.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.The general public ___________ a large number of computersnow, because prices are beginning to decrease.Must buyMust have boughtMust be buyingMust buyingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.The American buffalo mustbe reproduce itself again because it has been removedfrom the endangered species list.Grammar Lesson 9 - Logical Conclusions - Events that Repeat Remember that must is a modal. Must followed by a verb word expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. the conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly.My friend must call oftenSubject Must Verb Word Repeated TimeAvoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after must.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.The light is always out in her room at ten o'clock; she musthave go to bed early every night.1.Our neighbors must having a lot of money because they arealways taking expensive trips.1.He can like his job because he seem s very happy.1.Her English is very good; she must spoken it very often.5.Carol always gets good grades; she should study a lot.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Since more than 50 percent of all marriages in the UnitedStates end in divorce, about half of the children in America must ___________ in single parent homes.Grow upTo grow upGrowing upHave grow upOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.Sheep must have mate in fall since the young are born inearly spring every year.Grammar Lesson 10 - Knowledge and Ability - Know and Know How Remember that know followed by a noun expresses knowledge.I know the answerSubject Know NounAvoid using an infinitive after know.Remember that know how followed by an infinitiveexpresses ability.I know how to answer the questionSubject Know How InfinitiveReview QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.If she knew to drive, he would lend her his car.1.I don't know to use the card catalog in the library.1.Until he came to the United States to study, he didn't knowto cook.1.Do you know to type?5.You'll have to help her because she doesn't know to do it.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.In a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that graduateswill ___________ about English, languages, literature,history, and the other social sciences.KnowKnow howKnowledgeKnowingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.The impressionists like Monet and Manet knew to use colorin order to create an image of reality rather thanreality itself.Grammar Lesson 11 - Past Custom - Used to and BE Used to Remember that used to is similar to a modal. Used to with a verb word means that a custom in the past has not continued.He used to live in the countrySubject Used To Verb WordAvoid using a form of BE after the subject. Avoid using the incorrect form use to.Remember that BE used to with an -ing form means tobe accustomed to.He was used to living in the countrySubject BE Used TO-ing formAvoid using a form of BE after used to. Avoid using a verb word instead of an -ing form. Avoid using the incorrect form use to. Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the spaces provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using each modal from the material learned in this lesson.1.I used to was studying at the University of SouthernCalifornia before I transferred here.or1.We use to go to the movies quite frequently.or1.She was used to get up early.or1.He was used to drink too much.or5.She used to speaking in public.orMultiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Harvard ______________ a school for men, but now it iscoeducational, serving as many women as men.Was usedUsed to beWas used toWas used to beOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.As television images of the astronauts showed, even fortrained professionals who are used to move about in alessened gravitational field, there arestill problems.Grammar Lesson 12 - Advisability - Had BetterRemember that had better is similar to a modal.Although had appears to be a past form, had better expresses advice for the future.You had better take Chemistry 600 this semester Subject Had better Verb WordYou had better not take Chemistry 600 this semester Subject Had Better Not Verb WordAvoid using an infinitive or a past form of a verb instead of a verb word. Avoid using don't instead of not, in the negative. Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.You had better to hurry if you don't want to miss the bus.1.We had better made reservations so that we will be sure ofgetting a good table.1.We had better to check the schedule.1.You had better don't quit your job until you find anotherone.5.You had better don't go alone.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.To check for acidity, one had better _____________ litmuspaper.UseUsingTo useUsefulOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.In today's competitive markets, even small business hadbetter to advertise on TV and radio in order to gain ashare of the market.Grammar Lesson 13 - Preference - Would RatherRemember that the phrase would rather is similar to a modal. Although would rather appears to be a past form, it expresses preference in present and future time.I would rather driveSubject Would Rather Verb WordI would rather not driveSubject Would Rather Negative Verb WordAvoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word. Avoid using don't or no in the negative. Remember that would is often contracted to 'd.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.She told me that she'd rather not to serve on the committee.1.If you don't mind, I'd rather not going.1.He said that he's rather went to a small college instead ofto a large university.1.I'd rather writing this than print it because I don't printwell.5.Greg would rather has a Pepsi than a beer.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Rhododendrons would rather _____________ in shady places,and so would azaleas.To growGrowingGrownGrowOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.The Amish people. descended from the German and the Swiss,would rather using horses than machines fortransportation and farm work because they believe that a simple life keeps them closer to God.Grammar Lesson 14 - Preference for Another - Would Rather That Remember that when the preference is for another person or thing, would rather that introduces a clause. The other personor thing is the subject of the clause. Although the verb is a past form, the preference is for the present or future time.I would rather that you droveSubject Would Rather That Subject Past VerbAvoid using a present verb or a verb word instead of a past verb. Avoid using should and a verb word instead of a past verb.I would rather that you didn't driveSubject Would Rather That Subject Negative Past Verb WordAvoid using don't or doesn't instead of didn't when using the negative. This form still uses the past form - notice that it is now on DO,becoming didn't.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.I'd rather that you don't do that.1.Diane would rather that her husband doesn't working so hard.1.The dean would rather that studentsmake appointments instead of dropping by.1.My roommate would rather that I don't keep the light on after10 o'clock.5.We'd rather that you should come tomorrow.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.A good counselor would rather that the patient ____________his or her own decisions after being helped to arrive at a general understanding of the alternatives.MakesMakingWill makeMadeOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.It is said that the American flag has five-pointed starsbecause Betsy Ross told General Washington she wouldrather that he changing the six-pointed ones.Grammar Lesson 15 - Negative ImperativesRemember that an imperative is expressed by a verb word.Please don't tell anyonePlease Don't Verb WordAvoid using an infinitive instead of a verb word.Would you please not tell anyoneWould You Please Not Verb WordAvoid using an infinitive instead of a verb word. Avoidusing don't after would you please. Please is used for politeness. All the same rules apply without please.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.Would you please don't smoke.or1.Please don't to park here.or1.Would you please not to be late.or1.Please don't to go yet.or5.Would you please don't worry.orMultiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Please ___________ photocopies of copyrighted materialwithout the permission of the publisher.No makeDon't makeNot makeNot to makeOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.Please don't parking in those spaces that havesigns reserving them for the handicapped.Toeful Grammar - Patterns.Section: Problems with VerbsSubsection: Problems with CausativesCausatives are main verbs that cause people or machines to do things or cause things to change. They are listed below in order of themost forceful to the least forceful.∙Make∙Get∙Have∙Let∙HelpFor students doing the Grammar Lesson while connected to the Internet, an Online Dictionary link accompanies each lesson. Any hyperlinked words within the lesson will take you to the dictionary by clicking on them, so that the student can quickly find the definition of a new word. A student can also at any time, consult the Online Dictionary for words not linked by clicking on the link at the bottom of the lessons.Grammar Lesson 16 - Causative MAKERemember that MAKE can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. The person causes it to happen by forcing another person to do it.His mother made him take his medicineSubject MAKE Someone Verb WordI made the machine workSubject MAKE Something Verb WordAvoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after a person or thing in a causative with MAKE.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.She made the baby to take a nap.1.Professor Rogers didn't make us typed up our lab reports.1.Are you going to make your daughter to work part time in the storethis summer?1.I can't seem to make this dishwasher running.5.Patsy makes everyone doing his share around the house.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Psychologists believe that incentives ______________ to increaseour productivity.make us wantmake us to wantmaking us wantmakes us wantingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.Too much water makes plants turning brown on the edgesof their leaves.Toeful Grammar - Patterns.Section: Problems with VerbsSubsection: Problems with CausativesFor students doing the Grammar Lesson while connected to the Internet, an Online Dictionary link accompanies each lesson. Any hyperlinked words within the lesson will take you to the dictionary by clicking on them, so that the student can quickly find the definition of a new word. A student can also at any time, consult the Online Dictionary for words not linked by clicking on the link at the bottom of the lessons.Grammar Lesson 17 - Causative GETRemember that GET can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. GET has less force and authority than MAKE.Let's get Ralph to go with usSubject GET Someone InfinitiveLet's get our car fixed firstSubject GET Something ParticipleAvoid using a verb word instead of an infinitive after a person in a causative with GET. Avoid using a verb word instead of a participle after things in a causative with GET.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.Do you think that we can get Karen takes us to San Diego?1.I want to get the house paint before winter.1.Let's get some of our money exchange for dollars.1.Nora got her mother's wedding dress to alter so that it fitperfectly.5.We will have to get someone fixing the phone right away.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Lobbyists who represent special interest groups get ____________that benefits their groups.Congress to pass the legislationCongress passed the legislationthe legislation to pass by Congressthe legislation that Congress passingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.In order to receive full reimbursement for jewelry that might bestolen, the owner must get all pieces appraise.Toeful Grammar - Patterns.Section: Problems with VerbsSubsection: Problems with CausativesFor students doing the Grammar Lesson while connected to the Internet, an Online Dictionary link accompanies each lesson. Any hyperlinked words within the lesson will take you to the dictionary by clicking on them, so that the student can quickly find the definition of a new word. A student can also at any time, consult the Online Dictionary for words not linked by clicking on the link at the bottom of the lessons.Grammar Lesson 18 - Causative HAVERemember that HAVE can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. HAVE has even less force and authority than get.My English teacher had us give oral reportsSubject HAVE Someone Verb WordI want to have this book renewed, pleaseSubject HAVE Something ParticipleAvoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after a person in a causative with HAVE. Avoid using a verb word or an infinitive instead of a participle after things in a causative with GET.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.Tom had a tooth fill.1.Have you had your temperature taking yet?1.They had their lawyers to change their wills.1.I like the way you had the beautician done your hair.5.We are going to have our car fix before we go to Toronto.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Like humans, zoo animals must have a dentist ____________ theirteeth.fillfilledfillingto be filledOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.Most presidential candidates have their names print on the ballotin the New Hampshire primary election because itis customarily the first one in the nation, and winning it can give them a good chance to be nominated by their parties.Toeful Grammar - PatternsSection: Problems with VerbsSubsection: Problems with CausativesFor students doing the Grammar Lesson while connected to the Internet, an Online Dictionary link accompanies each lesson. Any hyperlinked words within the lesson will take you to the dictionary by clicking on them,so that the student can quickly find the definition of a new word. A student can also at any time, consult the Online Dictionary for words not linked by clicking on the link at the bottom of the lessons.Grammar Lesson 19 - Causative LETRemember that LET can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. With LET, a person gives permission for another person to do something.His mother let him go to schoolSubject LET Someone Verb WordI am letting this machine coolSubject LET Something Verb WordAvoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after a person or thing in a causative with LET.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.Professor Baker let us to write a paper instead of taking a finalexam.1.When I was learning to drive, my Dad let me using his car.1.Would you let us the borrow your notes?rry is so good-hearted, he lets people took advantage of him.5.Don't let that bothers you.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.The Immigration and Naturalization Service often _____________their visas if they fill out the appropriate papers.lets students extendlets students for extendletting students to extendlet students extendingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.The National Basketball Association will not let any athlete tocontinue playing in the league unless he submits voluntarily to treatment for drug addiction.Toeful Grammar - PatternsSection: Problems with VerbsSubsection: Problems with CausativesFor students doing the Grammar Lesson while connected to the Internet, an Online Dictionary link accompanies each lesson. Any hyperlinked words within the lesson will take you to the dictionary by clicking on them, so that the student can quickly find the definition of a new word. A student can also at any time, consult the Online Dictionary for words not linked by clicking on the link at the bottom of the lessons.Grammar Lesson 20 - Causative HELPRemember that HELP can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. With HELP, a person assists another person to do something.He is helping me type my paperHe is helping me to type my paper Subject HELP Someone Verb Word or Infinitive。
南方医科大学考博外科真题部分答案
1 骨折内置物术后感染的诊断和治疗策略急性感染:内固定术后急性感染的诊断较容易，一般根据患者的临床表现如现发热、夜间出汗、寒战、肿胀、僵硬以及活动性疼痛可有助于确定感染。
体查发现感染体征，如发红、发硬、苍白、肿胀、局部淋巴结肿大、伤口渗出、窦道和活动性疼痛。
结合实验室检查（全血细胞计数、血沉和C反应蛋白）即可做出明确诊断。
迟发感染:迟发感染因其发病隐匿，在诊断上有一定的困难。
目前诊断标准是：①原骨折处出现酸胀感、深部疼痛、休息痛或原有疼痛加剧，患肢肿胀持续不退。
②原切口局部出现红肿、发热，部分有全身发热发冷等中毒症状。
③有窦道形成。
④穿刺培养可得到阳性结果，但穿刺有脓性液者不一定能培养出细菌⑤实验室检查：早期WBC一过性升高、ESR持续加快，有诊断价值。
⑥X线片表现为软组织肿胀阴影，骨折端有吸收、变位，钉道有透光区出现，内固定物结构不良等。
⑦x线片示骨折端常没有外骨痂形成。
急性感染的治疗:•①清创:彻底清除所有的血肿．坏死组织(皮缘．皮下组织及肌肉组织)．死骨及增生的肉芽组织。
从多个部位切取标本送细菌学及组织学检查。
髓内感染如果存在骨坏死行锉髓清创，通过锉髓将坏死组织清除，并在髓腔远端开将坏死物排出。
•②内固定物处理:只要内固定还能提供稳定的固定，就将其保留到骨性连接出现。
即使是置于皮下的钢板，感染后外露．如果稳定性还在，仍然可以保留，开放换药，并用消毒剂保护伤口，防止外源性感染，髓内钉固定后感染．如果骨折有愈合征像．就保留髓内钉．先行清创．引流脓肿，待骨折愈合后再取出髓内钉．外固定支架钉道感染时通过X线拍片检查确定钉道周围有无环行死骨形成。
如果有骨坏死．就进行清创冲洗更换支架固定螺钉。
•③伤口的处理:有开放治疗和闭合治疗两种方法。
开放治疗效果比较可靠．但病程较长。
具体做法是用含消毒剂的敷料保护伤口，每天换药防止外源性细菌感染。
闭合性治疗：虽然有风险．但可望使伤口较快愈合。
伤口深层一般不缝合放置大号引流营．用林格氏液或伤口冲洗剂行闭式引流、冲洗。
南方医科大学内科学(血液病)2014,2018年考博真题
一、名词解释5选4每题3分
1.伴瘤内分泌综合症
2.医院获得性肺炎
3.代谢综合症
4.心脏射频消融术
5.早期胃癌
二、简答题3选2每题8分
1.糖尿病的慢性并发症有哪些？
2.非ST抬高性心肌梗死与ST抬高性心肌梗死的临床诊断
3.ARDS的临床诊断
第二部分血液病学共78分
一、简答题
1.单倍体核型以及其意义、
Hale Waihona Puke 2.血管内溶血以及病因、3.BALL移植后复发的综合治疗措施、
4.何为单倍体移植以及供者选择原则
二、问答题
1.MRD、常用方法、敏感性差异以及其意义；
2.病例分析，初诊老年M5合并FLT3-ITD阳性病人的综合治疗方案
医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（血液病）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
南方医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（血液病）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
湘雅历年免疫基础考博真题
呵呵这是当时买的卷子，十分完整，对考试非常有帮助，望版主加分鼓励哦！2008年
1.试述免疫耐受与临床医学的关系。
2.试述NK细胞自身耐受的主要集中。
3.试述抗体在免疫治疗中的应用。
4.试述IV型超敏反应的组织损伤集中与I/II/III型比较有何特点。
5.免疫标记技术有哪些基本方法。
20009年
1.试述巨噬细胞在固有免疫应答各阶段中的主要作用。
2.试述细胞因子是怎样构成机体的抗菌防卫体系的
3.试述NK细胞杀伤靶细胞的作用机制
4.试述CD和黏附分子及其单克隆抗体的临床应用
5.测定T细胞功能的方法有哪些？
2010年
1.试述影响抗原诱导免疫应答的主要因素
2.试述补体在抗感染中的作用
3.为什么说血中检测出高滴度的抗原特异性的IgM类抗体表示有近期感染？
4.试述防治人类同种异基因移植排斥反应可采用的方法或措施
5.比较两种血型不符引起的新生儿溶血症的发生机制、特点和预防措施。
2011年
1.试述Th1和Th2细胞的效应功能
2、试述淋巴细胞再循环的生物学意义
3.在II和III型超敏反应性疾病的发生过程中，其参与因素有何异同，请举例说明
4.试述细胞因子在临床疾病防治中的应用
5.简述酶联免疫吸附试验的原理和常用的检测方法
2012年
1.适应性免疫应答特性
2.试叙抗原有道CD4+增值活化过程和机制
3.目前诱导移植耐受的策略
4.哪些免疫学指标可以监测HIV感染过程
5.单克隆抗体定义及特性。
南方医科大学内科学(风湿病)考博真题
南方医科大学内科学(风湿病)考博真题名词解释1 代谢性碱中毒2 休克代偿期3 冷沉淀4 心肺复苏5 败血症6 气性坏疽简答题1 低钾血症的临床表现和治疗原则2 感染性休克的治疗原则骨科部分简答题，5 选41 周围神经损伤的分类，临床表现，治疗原则2 腰椎间盘突出的诊断与鉴别诊断，治疗原则3 腕管综合症的病因，临床表现和治疗原则4 股骨颈骨折的garden 分型和治疗原则5 四肢骨折的ao 分型和治疗原则问答题，3 选21 开放性骨折的分类和治疗原则2 骨折内置物术后感染的诊断和治疗策略3 发育性髋关节不良的临床表现和治疗原则一名词解释急性肾衰ARDS脑疝休克1.无菌术定义及内容2.少尿期处理原则3. 剖腹探查的指征4. 输血并发症骨科部分1. 数字骨科在临床应用①计算机导航手术，是指利用X线装置、CT、MRI等提供的图像信息、先进的立体定位系统进行配准、定位，辅助外科医生进行各种手术干预。
计算机导航手术已经遍及到矫形和创伤外科的各个领域。
②3D打印技术，自上世纪80年代末以来, 这项起源于先进制造技术的建模方法迅速得到医学领域的高度重视。
在骨科首先被应用于术前模拟椎弓根的定位。
随之被应用于骨盆及其肿瘤切除后假体的制作。
通过与快速成形技术和逆向工程软件的结合, 不但可以重建骨折的模型, 还可以设计出与之相对应的阴模, 实现个体化模板,从而进行内固定材料的预塑形或数字化导航模板，这样大大节省了术中的时间, 提高手术精确度。
③虚拟手术规划，基于CT 数据重建三维模型，在术前模拟手术，为骨折的复位、内固定的选择、手术设计、手术模拟等提供更为准确的依据。
④有限元分析，工程上广泛使用的有限元法也是生物力学重要的研究手段之一。
由于人体结构的复杂且难于直接测量，所以最初的有限元模型都是二维模型。
医学影像科学的进步使得现在研究者可以借助医学图像来建立三维有限元模型。
⑤数字解剖学，新的计算机技术可以利用连续断层图像进行三维重建，可以精确地显示生物组织复杂的三维结构，并可进行任意旋转、剖切等观察和操作；可以对重建的三维结构进行测量，获得长度、面积、体积和角度等大量精确的解剖参数。
南方医科大学病理生理学2018年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学
2018年攻读博Байду номын сангаас学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、简答题（5道，每题8分） 1.什么是疾病？举例说明疾病发生的机制及对防治的意义。
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2.为什么长期慢性肾小球肾炎病人会出现高血压？ 3.细胞因子在ARDS发病中的作用？ 4.细胞信号转导的定义及过程？ 5.所有的呼吸衰竭都需要高压氧治疗吗？为什么？ 二、问答题（4选3，每题20分） 1.什么是细胞凋亡？细胞凋亡的形态学及生物化学改变，及其分子生物学基础。 2.心功能的评价指标有哪些？临床应用有何优缺点？ 3.失血性休克过程中，微循环从代偿性调节到失代偿性变化的发生机制，并以此提出失血性休 克的治疗原则。
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博士免疫学-超好的试题解析
博士免疫学-超好的试题解析第四军医大学一九九二年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题学科专业：传染病学考试科目: 免疫学一. 名词解释(每题4分,共32分)1. ICAM-1 细胞间黏附分子-1 （CD54）：ICAM-1是最早发现的免疫球蛋白超家族黏附分子之一，在体内分布广泛，如淋巴结和扁桃体血管内皮细胞，胸腺树突状细胞，扁桃体和肾小球上皮细胞，白细胞，巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞等，IL-1、TNF-α、IFN和LPS可促进其表达，其配体是LFA-1（integrin）和CD43.2. interleukin 12(IL-12) 白细胞介素-12：主要由B细胞产生，是由二硫键联接的异源双体，其作用为：与IL-2协同诱导CTL的分化，促进同种异体CTL反应；刺激PHA活化CD3+T细胞增殖；与IL-2协同诱导CD56+NK细胞增殖以及LAK细胞产生，促进ADCC 作用、NKSF释放，诱导CD56、CD2、CD11a、IL-2R、TNFR、LFA-1和ICAM-1等分子的表达；促进B细胞Ig类型转换，由IgM转为IgG，抑制IL-4诱导B细胞IgE合成。
3. tumor infiltrating lymphocyte 肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞：是肿瘤间质组织中的免疫活性细胞，以T细胞为主，CD3、CD4、CD8阳性T 细胞核B细胞的计数大多与患者术后生存期的长短呈正相关，但也有一部分病例相反，可能与抗原递呈、细胞活化密切相关的共刺激因子的存在与否有关，也可能由于某些肿瘤相关抗原诱导T淋巴细胞凋亡。
目前用于肿瘤的免疫治疗。
4. TCR/CD3 complex ：TCR/CD3复合物是T细胞抗原受体与一组CD3分子以非共价键结合而形成的复合物，是T细胞识别抗原和转导信号的主要单位，TCR特异识别由MHC分子提呈的抗原肽，而CD3转导T细胞活化的第一信号。
5. hematopoietin receptor family 红细胞生成素受体家族（Ⅰ型细胞因子受体家族）：其胞膜外有两个不连续的半胱氨酸残基和WSXWS基序，包括IL-2~7、IL-9、IL-11、IL-13、IL-15、GM-CSF和G-CSF受体属于此类。
南京医科大学医学免疫学2004,2006,2015年考博真题
3.免疫应答的功能?并举例说明
4.HLA
5.变态反应的机制
6.肿瘤的免疫逃逸
7.同种异型移植排斥反应类型,机制
8.MHC1,MHC2比较
南京医科大学
2006年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：医学免疫学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
4、CTL细胞、Th细胞和B细来自概念和功能。5、II型超敏反应的机制。
6、体液免疫应答的一般规律。
二、论述题（2×20=40分）
1、IgG、IgM、IgA、IgE、IgD的主要特性和主要功能。
2、肿瘤细胞逃逸免疫杀伤的机制。
免疫监视、TD－Ag、ADCC、CTL细胞、甲胎蛋白、NK细胞、TCR－CD3复合物、免疫耐受、GVHR、免疫缺陷病
二、简答题
1，谈谈淋巴细胞归巢现象的分子基础
2，Ag根据其与机体的亲缘关系可分为哪几类
3，Ig的功能
4，CK有那些重要生物学活性
5，HLAI和I类抗原的组织分布和功能
6，B细胞功能
7，专职APC有哪几种
医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南京医科大学
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：医学免疫学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释:
1.免疫球蛋白超家族
2.单克隆抗体
3.肿瘤特异性抗原
4.ELASA
二、问答题
1.T,B细胞表面分子
8，初次，二次应答的区别
三、论述题
1，三条补体激活途径的异同
2，CK的作用方式及特点
第三军医大学免疫学2005年考博真题考博试卷
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三、选择(单选)1 分 x10 个 略 四、问答题 1.参与夭然免疫的细胞有哪些?如何发挥作用?夭然免疫怎样与获得性免疫相联 系? 2. CD8 T 是通过哪些机制发挥作用的?你认为有什么措施能增强 CD8 CTL 的功 能?
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
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第三军医大学
2005 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：免疫学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释 1 .Toll likeห้องสมุดไป่ตู้rceptor 2.T 细胞极化 3.胸腺的阳性选择 4.直接识别(提示:移植免疫的内容) 5. MHC 分子限制性 6.免疫球蛋白的类别转化 7. CR1 8.chemokine receptor 9 .TSA 10.抗体的独特型
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医学历年考博真题汇编
国家医学考试中心2005年病理学（博士全国统考题）一、简答题（20）：1.肿瘤的定义，肿瘤与反应性增生的区别和联系。
2.乙性脑炎的镜下病理改变。
3.乳头状甲状腺癌的病理特点。
4.列举导致心、肺、肠、脑等坏死的疾病，及坏死类型。
二、论述题（40）：1.举例五种肉芽肿性疾病，病理特点及具有诊断价值的病理改变。
2.原发性肺结核的病变特点、病理变化过程、预后。
3.病例分析：一个典型的慢性支气管炎--肺气肿--肺心病--合并上呼吸道感染--右心衰的病变过程，病理变化与临床表现的联系。
4.多在半年内可痊愈的肝炎，问其属于哪一型肝炎？结合病理特点，分析为何可在半年内痊愈？协和医科大学2005年血液内科（博士）协和医科大学2005年血液内科（博士）一、名词解释（30分）：APS、WAS、PRCA、HES、ALIP、LGLL、VOD、PV、TPO、MALT二、填空（？分记不清了）1.已发现与遗传性出血性毛细血管扩张症相关的基因有（）（）（）（）。
2.WHO将MDS分为（）（）（）（）（）（）（）七类。
3.先天性再生障碍性贫血包括（）（）（）。
4.遗传球主要的分子病变涉及（）（）（）（）。
5.EPO在胚胎期由（）合成，成体则主要由（）合成。
6.WHO关于伴有重现性细胞遗传学异常的AML分类为（）（）（）（）。
7.国际多发性骨髓瘤工作组在MM新的分期标准中采用的两项客观指标为（）（）。
8.国际组织细胞协会将langerhans细胞组织细胞增多症分为单系统疾病和多系统疾病。
其中单系统疾病中的单部位型有（）（）（），多部位型有（）（）。
9.诊断幼年型粒单细胞白血病的最低实验室标准有（）（）（）。
10.MYH-9相关性疾病包括（）（）（）（）（）。
11.VitK依赖的凝/抗凝因子包括（）（）（）（）（）（）（）。
12.Gaucher病分为（）（）（），Nieman-Pick病A/B型为（）缺乏所致，C型为（）缺乏所致。
13.Downey将传单患者异型淋巴分为（）（）（）。
南方医科大学病理生理学2003--2005,2012--2019年考博真题
南方医科大学2003年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释：1、热限2、缺氧诱导因子3、脑死亡4、阴离子间隙二、问答题：1、DIC时为什么不用止血药止血？2、什么是EPO？它在体内的病理生理作用？3、各型休克为什么都要进行补液？南方医科大学2004年病理生理学（博士）一、选择题：40题×1分A1、A2、B、X型二、简答题：4题×5分1.简述GABA在肝性脑病中的作用2.为什么部分肺泡通气/血流比例下降只导致低氧血症，而不会导致PaCO2升高？3.简述DIC时出血的机制4.肾性高血压的发病机制三、论述题：1.一患者，血压波动于160/100近十年，近期发生左心衰竭，，请分析其发病机制（15分）2.试述休克I 期微循环变化的特点、机制和代偿意义（10分）3.一肺心病患者，入院呈昏睡状态，查：PH 7.26，PaCO2 65.5, HCO3－30,CL－92, Na＋145,试分析患者为何种酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱？根据是什么？并分析期昏睡的机制？（15分）南方医科大学2005年病理生理学（专基）（博士）1.请简述肾素——血管紧张素系统2.请简述第二心音固定分裂的病理生理基础3.请简述心室舒张充盈受阻的病理生理基础4.请简述心源性休克的病理基础5.请简述环形运动折返的三个条件6.请描述心肌收缩和舒张的基本过程，并从而阐述心力衰竭发生的基本机制。
7.请描述酸中毒对心肌收缩力的影响。
8.临床对心力衰竭病人检测心率的基本意义是什么？9.休克早期病人通过什么途径代偿血压的下降？10.请区分SIRS、Sepsis和Septic shock的概念。
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：病理生理学注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题1、健康与疾病关系，有哪些影响因素2、DIC诱因有哪些，其影响机制如何3、左心衰与右心衰引起水肿的异同4、SIRS、MODS为什么均是肺先受累5、第二信使6、VEC抗凝血与促凝血的机制二、问答题1、失血性休克从代偿到失代偿的机制？从中可以给临床什么启示2、心功能的定义及判断指标3、何为蛋白质修饰？对细胞传导的影响三、病例分析题题目太长，大意是外伤后的一个年轻人表现为肾功能进行性恶化，少尿、肺部病变、昏迷、代谢性酸中毒、多器官功能衰竭。
南方医科大学肿瘤学2014年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：肿瘤学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答：1.肿瘤放疗剂量 Nhomakorabea概念和原则
2.胰腺癌姑息手术的作用
3.术中冰冻切片的作用
4.AFP阳性原发性肝癌与其他的鉴别诊断
5.铂类化疗药物注意事项（4个以上）
二、问答：
1.肿瘤耐药，晚期肺癌综合治疗
2.乳腺癌内分泌治疗原则适应证以及进展
3.肿瘤急症有哪些，肿瘤溶解综合征及预防措施
南方医科大学神经病学2014年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
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南方医科大学
2014 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 第一大类简答题，共六题，选做五题，每题 8 分 1.前核间性眼肌麻痹的解剖基础及其临床表现 2.基底动脉尖综合征的结构及其临床表现 3.颅高压的处理流程 4.神经梅毒的分类极其生物学诊断 5.偏头痛、肌紧张头痛和丛集性头痛的临床鉴别 6.血管性痴呆，Alzheimer 病和路易体痴呆的临床鉴别 第二大类为问答题，共三题，每题 20 分 1.第一个题目是中年女性，既往有几十年房颤病史，临床有头晕，恶心呕吐， 共济失调，感觉障碍，锥体束征，应该是 Wallenberg 综合征，根据查体分别写 出定位诊断，得出最终最可能临床诊断，但患者发病为 3h 入院，首要治疗是 什么，为进一步明确病因和发表机制，还需要行哪些检查？ 2.第二个题目是青年男性，前驱有感冒症状，突然出现运动、感觉和膀胱直肠 功能障碍，双乳头平面以下深浅感觉减退，定位脊髓损害节段，得出最可能诊 断和处理原则，还需要和哪些疾病鉴别及需要哪些检查？ 3.第三个题目是一个前驱有感冒症状的高颅压患者，脑脊液压力>320mmH2O， 细胞数 160*10~6/mm3，蛋白 2.45g/l 左右(具体不详，反正很高的水平)，糖 1.5mmol/l 左右(具体不详，很低的水平)，氯化物 110mmol/l，得出初步诊断和 分析依据？新利蓝染色阳性，是什么诊断，治疗措施？患者在治疗过程中突然 出现呼吸衰竭和心跳骤停，可能是什么原因。
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南方医科大学2005免疫学（专基）（博士）
一、名词解释
1、异嗜性抗原
2、膜攻击复合体
3、分子模拟
4、细胞因子
5、共刺激因子
6、粘附分子
7、模式识别受体
8、SmIg
9、HLA
10、Westenbloting
二、问答题
1、免疫的现代概念是什么？如何理解它的双重性？
2、细胞因子的共同特征？有哪些主要的生物学特征？
3、CD4 Th1、Th2在免疫应答中的作用？
4、免疫耐受、免疫抑制和免疫缺陷的异同点！
5、决定抗原免疫原性的因素有哪些？实践中如何制备高效价的抗体？
6、举例说明人工免疫的方法，简述其在疾病防治中的作用和地位？
7、抗感染免疫中，天然免疫与获得性免疫是如何配合、相互补充？。