《高级英语》下辅导资料
高级英语下册1-8__(最终)
高级英语下册Lesson One The Company in Which I work (2)我工作的公司Lesson Two Eveline 伊芙林 (13)Lesson Three What’s Wrong with Our Press (22)我们的报纸问题何在Lesson Four The Tragedy of Old Age in America (32)美国老龄的悲剧Lesson Five Trifles(Part One) 琐事(第一部分) (44)Lesson Six Trifles(Part Two) 琐事(第二部分) (55)Lesson Seven Ace in the Hole 埃斯身陷困境 (68)Lesson Eight Science Has Spoiled My Supper (84)科学毁了我的晚餐Lesson one The Company in Which I Work 我工作的公司In the company in which I work, each of us is afraid of at least one person. The lower your position is, the more people you are afraid of. And all the people are afraid of the twelve men at the top who helped found and build the company and now own and direct it.我工作的公司里，每个人都至少害怕一个人。
职位越低，所惧怕的人越多。
所有的人都害怕那十二位顶层上司，他们帮助创建了这个公司，而且现在仍然大权在握。
All these twelve men are elderly now and drained by time and success of energy and ambition. Many have spent their whole lives here. They seem friendly, slow, and content when I come upon them in the halls and always courteous and mute when they ride with others in the public elevators. They no longer work hard. They hold meetings, make promotions, and allow their names to be used on announcements that are prepared and issued by somebody else. Nobody is sure anymore who really runs the company (not even the people who are credited with running it), but the company does run. (横线句子翻译)所有这十二位都已经上了年纪，而且岁月的沧桑和对成功的执著追求使他们心力交瘁。
高级英语下讲义Lesson3
Lesson Three What's Wrong with Our Press?一、Words and Expressions1.balance n. 平衡Riders should have a sense of balance.His wife’s sudden death upset the balance of his mind.（使他六神无主）Try to achieve a better balance between work and play.keep/lose one’s balance保持/失去平衡It is difficult to keep one’s balance on an icy pavement.She cycled too fast around the corner, lost her balance and fell off.Balance 余额（常作单数）I must check my bank balance.2.bolster v. 支持，加强 strengthen, reinforce, supportbolster sb./sth. upbolster one’s morale/courage 增强士气/勇气It bolstered my belief that 加强我的信念The government borrowed money to bolster up the economy.政府借贷以促进经济发展。
3.cater to sth./for sb.迎合，投合newspaper catering to people’s love of scandalTV must cater for many different tastes.4.degrade v. 贬低，降低身份degrade oneself by cheating and telling liesI felt degraded by having to ask for money. = beneath one’s dignity, lose one’s facen. degradation5.current events 时事6.entrust v. 委托，托付 trust sb. to take charge of sth.entrust sth. to sb./ entrust sb. with sth.entrust an assistant with a task/ entrust a task to an assistantCan I entrust you with the secret plan? 我能托付给你秘密的计划吗？He entrusted his children to me for the day.他托我照看一天孩子。
(完整word版)《高级英语》第二册paraphrase整理
第二课1.The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelictbuilding-lot.The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.2.All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact.All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).3.They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sinkback into the nameless mounds of the graveyard.They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.4. A carpenter sits crosslegged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightningspeed.Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.5.Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews. Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.6.every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.7.Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable.8.In a tropical landscape one’s eye takes in everything except the human beings.If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.9.No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas.No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas(for these trips would not be interesting).10.For nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, backbreaking struggleto wring a little food out of an eroded soil. Life is very hard for ninety percent of the people. With hard backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil.11.She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community, that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.12.People with brown skins are next door to invisible.People with brown skins are almost invisible.13.The splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniformsThe Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies.14.How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack us?15.Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind. Every white man, the onlookers, the officers on their horses and the white N. C. Os.marching with the black soldiers, had this thought hidden somewhere or other in his mind.第三课1.And it is an activity only of humans.And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings. (Animals and birds are not capable of conversation.)2.Conversation is not for making a point.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view.3.In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.In fact a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives.5.It could still go ignorantly on.The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6.There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef.These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feeding in the fields; butwhen we sit down at the table to eat. We call their meat beef.7.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their Frenchagainst his own language.The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.8.English had come royally into its own.The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.9.The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by thelower classed.The phrase, the King’s English, has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes. The working people very often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.10.Te rebellion against a cultural dominance is still here.There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11.There is always a great danger that “words will harden into things for us.”There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent．For example，the word “dog” is a symbol representing a kind of animal. We mustn’t regard the word “dog” as being the animal itself.12.Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips andslides in conversation.Even the most educated and literate people do not use standard, formal English all the time in their conversation.第四课1.And yet the same revolutionary beliet for which our forebears fought is still at issuearound the globe.Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been decided in many countries around the world. 2.This much we pledge---and more.This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.3.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint undertakings.4.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.We will not allow any enemy country to subvert this peaceful revolution which brings hope of progress to all our countries.5.Our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced theinstruments of peace.The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the instruments of war have far surpassed the instruments of peace.6.To enlarge the area in which its writ may run.We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the area in which its authority and mandate would continue to be in effect or in force.7.Before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity inplanned or accidental self-destruction.Before the terrible forces of destruction, which science can now release, overwhelm mankind; before this self-destruction, which may be planned or brought about by an accident, takes place8.Yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand ofmankind’s final war.Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind's final war.9.So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign ofweakness.So let us start once again (to discuss and negotiate) and let us remember that being polite is not a sign of weakness.10.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Let both sides try to call forth the wonderful things that science can do for mankind instead of the frightful things it can do.11.Each generation of American has been summoned to give testimony to its nationalloyalty.Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country's cause).12.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of ourdeeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love.Let history finally judge whether we have done our task welt or not, but our sure reward will be a good con-science for we will have worked sincerely and to the best of our ability.第七课1.Boy and man, I had been through it often before.As a boy and later when I was a grown-up man, I had of- ten travelled through the region.2.But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling desolation.But somehow in the past I never really perceived how shocking and wretched this whole region was.3.It reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke.This dreadful scene makes all human endeavors to advance and improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke.4.The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills.The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region.5.They have taken as their model a brick set on end.The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. / All the houses they built looked like bricks standing upright.6.This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards, with a narrow,low-pitched roof.These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope.7.When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past allhope or caring.When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg. 8.Red brick, even in a steel town, ages with some dignity.Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. / Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye.9.I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer.I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying.10.They show grotesqueries of ugliness that, in retrospect, become almost diabolical. They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked./ When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre, one feels they must be the work of the devil himself.11.It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces ofhorror.It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like.12.On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be a positive libidofor the ugly.People in certain strata of American society seem definitely to hunger after ugly things; while in other less Christian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful. 13.They meet, in some unfathomable way, its obscure and unintelligible demands. These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot understand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind.14.They made it perfect in their own sight by putting a completely impossiblepenthouse, painted a staring yellow, on top of it.They put a penthouse on top of it, painted in a bright, conspicuous yellow color and thought it looked perfect but they only managed to make it absolutely intolerable. 15.Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth.From the intermingling of different nationalities and races in the United States emerges the American race which hates beauty as strongly as it hates truth．。
高级英语下册ppt课件
6
• The title of the story “Love is a fallacy” has two meanings . When “fallacy” is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means “ there is a deceptive or delusive quality about love”, or love is not one hundred percent true or pure. When taken as a specific term in logic, the title means “ love can not be deduced from a set of given premises” or love is illogical.
6.What’s the writer’s purpose of writing this essay? Do you agree with him?
explain it?
4
❖ “Love is kind and patient, never jealous, boastful, proud, or rude. Love is not selfish or quick-tempered. It does not keep a record of wrongs that others do. Love rejoices in the truth, but not in evil. Love is always supportive, loyal, hopeful, and trusting.
downgrading of his roommates. ❖ Part 3: (Paras. 6—59) ❖ Narrator’s deal with Petey Burch. ❖ Part 4 : (Paras 60—154) ❖ Narrator’s dates with Polly.
《高级英语》复习资料 The Review of Advanced English2
The Review of Advanced English (Book 1)一、修辞（rhetoric）Ⅰ. 修辞手法：1）明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。
常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等。
2）隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不用比喻词进行，而直接将甲事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。
3）提喻（synecdoche）又称举隅法，主要特点是局部代表全体，或以全体喻指部分，或以抽象代具体，或以具体代抽象。
[用部分代整体，有隶属关系]4）借代（metonymy）是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
[用部分代整体，非隶属关系]5）拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。
6）叠言（rhetorical repetition）这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。
7）双关语（pun）是以一个词或词组，用巧妙的办法同时把互不关联的两种含义结合起来，以取得一种诙谐有趣的效果。
8）拟声（onomatopoeia）是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。
9）讽刺（irony）是指用含蓄的褒义词语来表示其反面的意义，从而达到使本义更加幽默，更加讽刺的效果。
10）通感（synesthesia）是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。
11）alliteration（头韵）：在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。
assonance（腹韵）：相同或相近的元音在诗行中重复出现；consonance（假韵）：两个以上词的词尾辅音完全一致，但其前面的元音不相同；the end rhyme(尾韵)：诗行与诗行之间在末尾的压韵/ 尾韵/脚韵12）anadiplosis（联珠）：将一个或一组单词重复多遍；anticlimax（突降法）：也叫先扬后抑。
自考高级英语下册Lesson 2
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现代主义小说的结构
在这种结构里，时间、空间、因果 等逻辑关系的观念已被突破，故事情 节的完整性和连贯性已被放到可有可 无的地位；只有意识在过去、现在和 将来往返穿梭，片段的回忆、破碎的 现实与残存的梦幻交织成一体，呈现 出一片光怪陆离的景象。 • 在个人经验与感觉的无限扩散与复 杂运动中，传统概念上的人物性格刻 画与故事高潮结局几乎不复存在，故 事情节是在对内心世界的描述中零零 碎碎地逐渐浮现出来的。
.the Revelation of his Works
the dublin of his experience and imagination was the setting for all his major work. Joyce had ever stated clearly the aim of his creation of Dubliners was to write a chapter for a moral history of his mother land On the one hand,to denounce the moral paralysis, numbness and backwardness of the dubliners. On the other hand,intend to arouse the awareness of people's senses.
What is the conflict in the story?
• The conflict is between Eveline‘s desire to leave and her duty to the family or between her desire for freedom and her conservative ideas.
高级英语下册课文+知识点+课后练习+答案13
Britannia Rues the WavesAndrew NeilBritain's merchant navy seldom grabs the headlines these days; it is almost a forgotten industry. Yet shipping is the essential lifeline for the nation's economy. Ninety-nine percent of our trade in and out of the country goes by ship—and over half of it in British ships.Shipping is also a significant British success story. It earns over￡1000 million a year in foreign exchange earnings: without our merchant fleet, the balance of payments would be permanently in deficit, despite North Sea oil. But ,today this vital British industry is more in peril than ever before. On almost all the major sea routes of the world, the British fleet risks being elbowed out by stiff foreign competition.The threat comes from two main directions: from the Russians and the Eastern bloc countries who are now in the middle of a massive expansion of their merchant navies, and carving their way into the international shipping trade by severely undercutting Western shipping compaines; and from the merchant fleets of the developing nations, who are bent on taking over the lion's share of the trade between Europe and Africa, Asia and the Far East-- routes in which Britain has a bib stake.Today, the British fleet no longer dominates the high seas: our share of the world's merchant fleet has fallen from 40 per cent to around eight per cent. But, in terms of tonnage, the British merchant navy has continued to expand, it can now carry over two-thirds more than it could in 1914, and, almost alone among our traditional industries, shipping has remained a major success story.Unlike the rest of British industry, ship-owners invested big. In the early 1960s, the shipping companies cashed in on government grants and tax concessions. Between 1966 and 1976, British shippinglines invested at a rate of over ￡1 million a day. By the early 1970s, itseemed that, some-where in the world, a new British ship was being launched every week. The result is that Britain has a very modern fleet: the average age of our merchant ships is only six years, and over half the fleet is under five years old. For some time now, British shipping managers have stayed ahead of the competition by investing in the most sophisticated ships.The other major factor which has played a key role in the dominance of the British merchant navy is an institution invented by the British well over 100 years ago: the ‘conference'.In the middle of the 19th century, competition betweensailing-ships and steam-ships became out-throat, and price cutting ruined many long-established companies. So the ship owners got together to establish a more settled system, and they set up a system of price fixing. In other words, every possible type of cargo had a price, which all owners agreed to charge. It was, in fact, a cartel, though the British ship owners gave it the more dignified name of a’ conference'. The system has certainly stood the test of time. Today, there are about 300 conferences governing the trade-routes of the world, and the British still play a major role.By reducing competition, shipping conferences have taken some of the risk out of the dodgy business of moving goods by sea. They make it harder, perhaps, to make a big killing in good times, because you have to share the trade with other conference members. But they make it easier to weather the bad times, because there is no mad, competitive scramble for the available trade.By the early 1970s, bad times were just around the corner. The world shipbuilding boom reached its peak in 1973,but that was the year of the Arab-lsraeli war, which was followed rapidly by the quadrupling of oil prices. By 1974, the industrialised world had begun its slide into the worst depression since the 1980s, and the shipping industry had entered its long years of crisis.The first to be affected were the oil-tanker fleets. As oil demand was cut back, charter rates plummeted, and the estuaries of the world became jammed with the steadily increasing numbers of moth-ball tankers. Norway and Greece suffered most. British ship owners had not become so involved in the tanker boom in the first place, so they were not so badly affected. By 1976, the slump had begun to bite into the bulk-carrier trade. Bulk carriers are ships that carry dry cargo of one particular kind, such as sugar, coal or wheat, with iron ore being by far the most important. But with the world steel industry deep in the doldrums, who needed iron ore carriers? With its big bulk-carrier fleet, the British shipping industry now began to feel the pinch.Even though the slump spread fast into most shipping sectors, the British fleet was still a long way from bankruptcy. The one area which has weathered the economic storms best is that controlled by the conferences: the scheduled freight-liner services -- and that is where Britain's fleet is strongly entrenched.Liner-freight vessels offer people who want to send goods by sea a regular, scheduled shipping service; they follow agreed routes, or ‘lines', and call at ports on a greed dates. For example, i f I want to send a shipment of spare tractor parts from Taiwan to Bangkok, all I have to do is contact the Far East Freight Conference, and that will be able to tell me when the next liner ship will be calling at Taiwan, theexact date on which it will get to Bangkok, and the going freight rate. It is an ideal ‘parcel' service for people with cargoes that are not big enough to make it worth chartering a whole ship.It is also a plus for the ship owners not to be dependent on only one customer. Liner ships carry all sorts of different cargoes -- mainly finished manufactured goods -- so, if there is a slump in one particular industry, provided there is still buoyancy in other industries, the liner fleets can still survive. That gives them a distinct advantage over oil tankers or bulk carriers, because the latter are dependent on one or two basic raw materials. That is why Britain has remained relatively strong.Much of Britain's liner fleet rarely sees a British port. Our ships are extensive cross-traders; that is, they carry goods between foreign countries. British companies are big, for example, on theJapan-to-Australia run, and on the growing trade routes between the Far East and the Middle East, around the Persian Gulf. Until recently, those routes were highly profitable for the British companies, and a major source of foreign currency for Britain. They are also the routes on which the Third World and the Russians are out to make the biggest inroads.Most emerging countries in the Third World are out to carry a bigger share of their trade in their own ships. Developing countries regard a merchant navy as something of a status symbol -- the next thing to go for after a national airline. Singapore has expanded their fleet by 6 000 percent in the last 15 years, India by 400 percent.The challenge from the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies. P & O, for example, while still out to increase the total freight it carries, is planning for a gradual reduction in its percentage share of the trade with the new shipping powers of the Third World. But P & O has no intention of throwing in the towel. The key tactic behind its strategy of holding on to the richest slice of the trade has been to move up-market -- to go where the Third World cannot follow: into high-technology investment.Containers, for example, were an American invention, but it was British ship owners who put up the money to pioneer the international deep-sea container service. Containers save time, because the loading is done in the factory or warehouse, rather than on the dockside, and they are very secure against theft; except for a code number on the outside, there is no indication of what is inside the box. To cash in on the container revolution, you need a sophisticated system of roads and railways, something that most Third World countries do not have: And container ships are expensive, around ￡50 million each.P & O's high-technology, high-investment strategy,however, is far from being the whole answer to the Third World threat. The developing countries are not out to compete with Western fleets by commercial means; they want to impose a set of rules which will guarantee them a major slice of the shipping trade. This demand has found official expression in the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD. The UNCTAD liner code lays down that between two trading partners, 80 per cent of the freight should be split equally between their respective merchant fleets. That leaves only 20 per cent to go into the numerous cross-traders, all fighting for a share, and it is on these cross-trades that British liner companies earn 40 per cent of their revenue. Not enough countries have ratified the UNCTAD code yet to bring it into force. But if it does become universal, it could strike a severe blow to Britain's liner trade.The Iron Curtain countries represent an even greater and more organised threat to the future of Britain's liner ships, and it is a threat that is much more difficult to counter.Russia has expanded its cargo-liner fleet far faster than the growth in either its own trade or world trade would justify. Today, it has the largest liner fleet in the world and another one million tons should come into service before 1980. And with its policy of excessively low freight rates, the Russian merchant navy has already made major inroads into Western trade.Russia now carries 95 per cent of its seaborne trade with the EEC in its own ships. More important, it is biting deeply into the major cross-trading routes of the world. Eastern bloc countries -- Russia, with Poland and East Germany- have already captured 20 per cent of the cargo traffic on the busy sea-lanes of the North Atlantic, almost 25 per cent of the trade between Europe and South America and just about the same percentage of the trade between Europe and East Africa.How can the Russians afford to undercut by up to 40 percent? Well, Soviet ships are not necessarily out to make a profit, in our sense of the word. The name of the same ,for Russian ships, is hard currency. The Soviet Union is becoming more dependent on Western imports -- from grain to technology -- but the West will not accept roubles in payment. So Russia needs hard currencies, tike the dollar, the mark or the yen, even sterling, to pay for its imports. It is these currencies Russian ships earn as cross-traders. It does not matter very much if they are operating at a loss; that can be made up by the Soviet government in roubles.But there is more to it than that for the Russians. The Soviet mercantile marine obviously acts as a support to the Soviet navy, very much as Western fleets used to do. But there are importantdifferences. The Soviet merchant fleet, which has now been almost 20 years in growing, has developed the kinds of ships which would certainly expand the Soviet reach well beyond its perimeters. For example, much of the heavy equipment for the Cubans and Angolans was brought in Soviet merchant ships. So this mercantile marine capability is certainly a great advance in the Soviet ability to project their power at some distance from their own frontiers.And this is also part of a general Soviet hydrographic policy to map the oceans of the world, to get to know the ports and, above all, to deepen contacts with the states with whom the Russians are developing close trading ties.How can Western ship owners react to undercutting of 40 per cent that would drive them out of business if they did the same?There is a limit, of course, to what any British government can do on its own. Shipping is an essentially international business, and Britain can only counter the challenges of the developing world and the Russians at an international level. But whom could we count on for support? The EEC is so divided about shipping that it is almost powerless to act .Take the challenge of the developing world. The French do not mind the UNCTAD code on liner shipping because it would help them to increase their share of the liner trade; the same is true for the Germans and the Belgians. So Britain cannot rely on concerted EEC action on that issue. As far as the Russians are concerned, Britain, along with West Germany and Denmark, has been calling for a coordinated response; the monitoring of Russian ship movements and restrictions on the number of Russian ships allowed to call at EEC ports. But, last June, the French, because of their Russian ties, blocked plans along these lines. It will be November before the question is considered again.British ship owners are so far happy with the strength of the British government attempts to force the EEC into action. They believe that the Trade Department, which looks after shipping, understands their problems. But they are far less sure about other government ministers, especially those in the powerful Industry Department, which oversees shipbuilding. Ship owners fear that saving jobs in Britain's ailing shipyards comes well before saving its merchant fleet.British shipyards are currently churning out 24 vessels for Poland. The Poles were lured to Britain by the gift of a￡28 million subsidy and the promise that British shipbuilders would raise all the credit; so while our shipping fleet is under attack from communist ships, our government is using British taxpayers' money to out their shipbuilding costs. We are doing the same for developing countries'fleets. India is now a major Third World shipping power, yet Britain is to build six ships for the Indians -- for nothing.In the end, British companies could be driven out of shipping altogether. Some, such as P & O, have already moved into other fields, from house building to oil. Smaller shipping lines do not have the resources to diversify. They face extinction. And when they go, so does a huge slice of the few traditional industries worth keeping.词汇(Vocabulary):[poetic]Great Britain or the British Islands[诗]大不列颠；不列颠群岛---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :repent of；regret having entered into：wish nonexistent懊悔；抱憾---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :the amount by which a sum of money is less than the required amount 亏空，亏损；赤字---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :exposure to harm or injury；danger；jeopardy(严重的)危险；冒险----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:sell goods more cheaply or work for smaller wages than(sb．doing the same)；sell at lower prices or work at lower wages than比以别人低的价格出售(商品)；索价低于他人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:the total amount of shipping of a country or port，calculated in tons(一国或一港口的)船舶总吨数---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :an association of industrialists，business firms. etc．for establishing a national or international monopoly by price fixing，ownership of controlling stock，etc．[经]卡特尔----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:[BrE]risky and possibly dangerous[英]冒险的；危险的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:rough struggle；a disorderly struggle or rush争夺，抢夺----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:make or become four times as much or as many；multiply by four(使)成四倍；以四乘----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:drop drastically垂直落下；骤然跌落----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:an inlet or arm of the sea；the wide mouth of a river where the tide meets the current(江河人海的)河口，港湾----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:①marble—sized balls of naphthalene. stored with clothes (esp．woolens)to repel moths；②the state of being stored，or kept in existence but not used①樟脑丸；卫生球②封存；保藏---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :a decline in business activity，price，etc．(物价等)暴跌；(市场等)萧条----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:low spirits；dull，gloomy，listless feeling情绪低落，意志消沉；忧闷，忧郁，忧愁---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :a painful，difficult，or straitened circumstance困苦的处境，贫困的境地----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:establish securely(used in passive voice or with a reflexive pronoun)确保(地位等)；确立(用于被动语态或与反身代词连用)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:(usu．pl．)injurious intrusion on or into；influence of one party that undermines that of another(通常为复数)损害，侵蚀----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:the property(as of price or business activity)of maintaining a satisfactory high level(物价)上涨的趋向；(生意)兴盛的趋向---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :the monetary of the former Soviet Union卢布(前苏联货币单位)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:British money英国货币----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:of or characteristic of merchants or trade；commercial商人的；贸易的；商业的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:the outer boundary of a figure or area；circumference周；周边；周围----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:of the study，description，and mapping of oceans，lakes，and rivers，esp. with reference to their navigational and commercial uses水文学的；水文测验学的；水文地理学的(尤指水道测量学)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:in poor health；sickly患病的；病痛的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------:(used in churn out)produce a large quantity of sth．; produce in quantity without quality；produce in a regular flow without much thought or expression，usu．with some abundance(用于churn out)大量生产出；大量地粗制滥造；大量写出----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语(Expressions): be determined on(a coupe of action)决心采取(某行动) 例：He is bent on winning at all costs．他决心不惜一切去争取胜利。
高级英语(下)教案
Lesson One1. The lower your position is, the more people you are afraid of . (1)—此处采用了”the + 比较级…+ the + 比较级…”结构，表示”越…，就越…”，前者是状语从句，后者是主句。
E.g. the more, the better 越多越好。
The harder she worked, the more progress she made. 她工作越努力，进步越大。
2. And all the people are afraid of the twelve men at the top who helped found and build the company and now own and direct it. (1)—who found and build the company and now own and direct it为men 的定语从句。
另外注意，found 意为”创立、设立”。
E.g. The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. 中华人民共和国于1949年成立。
这里不要与find 的过去分词found混淆，因常用的搭配形式为help (to) do sth.3. In the normal course of a business day…(3)—in the course of为固定词组，意为”在…当中”。
E.g. In the course of the discussion many constructive opinions were heard.在讨论当中，听到了很多具有建设性的意见。
4. Green is afraid of me because most of the work in my department is done for the Sales Department, which is more important than his department,…(3)—which is more important than his department为the Sales Department 的非限时性定语从句。
高级英语下册unit2马尔喀什Marrakech
帕金森病非运动症状及治疗发表时间：2011-01-15 发表者：崔群力 (访问人次：381)内容导读：帕金森病非运动症状及治疗，帕金森病非运动症状可导致患者生活质量降低，甚至加重帕金森病患者的运动症状和功能残疾。
帕金森病(PD)非运动症状可导致患者生活质量降低，甚至加重帕金森病患者的运动症状和功能残疾。
为提高广大临床医师对帕金森病非运动症状诊疗的认识，中国医学论坛报就美国神经病学学会(AAN)近期推出的帕金森病非运动症状治疗指南，以及于2006年推出的帕金森病相关抑郁、精神异常和痴呆的评估与治疗指南进行简要介绍。
植物神经功能、感觉和睡眠障碍：直立性低血压：尚缺乏盐皮质激素、a-肾上腺素受体激动剂治疗帕金森病患者体位性低血压的随机对照试验。
然而，上述药物的药理学作用与体位性低血压的改善相一致。
目前，经FDA批准可治疗体位性低血压的药物仅有米多君（a-肾上腺素受体激动剂）和屈昔多巴，后者是一种口服去甲肾上腺素的活性合成前体。
推荐如何治疗帕金森病患者体位性低血压的资料尚缺不足。
勃起功能障碍：应进行全面的医疗评估，以确定是否存在诸如药物副作用等可治疗的可能引起勃起功能障碍的原因。
美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)已批准构椽酸西地那非作为勃起功能障碍的治疗药物。
推荐构椽酸西地那非可用于治疗帕金森病患者的勃起功能障碍(C级)。
便秘：尽管尚缺乏帕金森病患者便秘治疗的随机对照研究，但聚乙二醇和肉毒毒素的药理学作用和广泛临床应用与帕金森病患者便秘的改善相一致。
此外，提高饮食中水和纤维含量等非药物治疗也具有缓解患者便秘的临床益处。
许多治疗药物可导致便秘。
推荐聚乙二醇可用于治疗帕金森病患者便秘(C级)肉毒毒素治疗帕金森病患者便秘的证据尚不充足(u级)尿失禁：尽管抗胆碱药治疗帕金森病患者尿失禁的随机对照研究尚缺乏，但其药理学作用和广泛的临床应用与帕金森病患者尿失禁的改善相一致。
抗胆碱药可能导致帕金森病患者出现意识混乱。
推荐如何治疗帕金森病患者尿失禁的资料尚缺乏(u级)疲乏：哌醋甲酯存在被误用的可能。
高级英语第二册讲义11
Lesson Eleven The Future of the EnglishBackground InformationJohn Boynton Priestley (1894-1984)English writer, born on 13, Sept. 1894, Bradford, Yorkshire, son of a schoolmaster, served in the infantry during WWI, after which he attended the University of Cambridge where he studied English literature, modern history, and political science. A newspaper essayist and critic, he wrote on a variety of subjects and often revealed his opposition to materialism and mechanization in society. The publication of The Good Companions (1929) and Angel Pavement (1930) established him as a successful popular novelist. These novels—long, often sentimental, packed with living characters—testify to Priestley’s astounding power of observation, to his narrative gifts, and to his craftsmanship. Priestley began his career as a playwright in 1932 with Dangerous Corner. Whereas his novels were traditional in form, his plays were experimental, particularly in their treatment of time and of past and future events. Priestley's major plays include When We Are Married (1938), An Inspector Calls (1946), and Dragon's Mouth (1952). Later books include the autobiographical Margin Released(1962), Man and Time(1964), Essays of Two Decades(1968), The Edwardians(1970), and The English(1973). Priestley has perhaps identified himself more successfully than any other novelist in the first half of the 20th century with the thoughts and feelings of the ordinary Englishman, a being whose character he outlines with vigor and good humor. After declining a knighthood and a peerage, Priestley accepted the Order of Merit from Queen Elizabeth II in 1977.Type of the TextIt is part an exposition and part a persuasion or an argument. In many respects exposition and argument are closely related. All argument contains a large amount of exposition, for we must make our hearers and readers understand before we can really convince them that our opinion is the right one. The chief difference between exposition and argument is this: exposition is an explanation of facts or of the way in which sth. is done, to make other people understand; argument is an attempt to lead other people to believe that our opinion about sth. is the correct one and to induce them to adopt this opinion as their own.Some people differentiate between persuasion and argument. The purpose of persuasion is to make people act in a certain way, while the purpose of argument is convince others of the truth or falsity of sth. in dispute. But many combine these two functions under one beading, either that of persuasion or argument. Persuasion may be honest or dishonest. The speaker or the writer may use or misuse emotional appeals. Honest persuasion presents facts honestly and clearly to convince and persuade and it may be reinforced by a sincere appeal to the emotions. An honest persuader admits his purpose, eliminates opposing views without attacking those who hold them, avoids excessive appeals to emotions, presents cogently but fairly his position, and allows the reader or listener to draw his own conclusions or accept the conclusion advanced on the basis of the evidence as well as the power of the persuader.Dishonest persuasion misuses emotional appeals by appealing to the baser emotions of men such as hate, jealousy, envy, greed, etc.; or by abusing the appeals to love of freedom, country and fellowmen. The dishonest persuader will distort his facts and evidence. Such distortions may be done by omission, flattery, the use of superlatives and connotative words, false analogy, etc.Arguments are sometimes classified as either formal or informal. Formal argument is an attempt, by means of systematic reasoning and direct proof, to convince persons of the truth or falsity of a given proposition. It demands that all important contentions (issues) be supported by material evidence in the form of proof and that this evidence be arranged and presented according to a fixed logical plan. Informal argument is closely akin to logical exposition. In informal argument there is not the same necessity as in formal argument to cite material evidence fro every statement made. Though informal argument lacks the elaborate structure and the exhaustive treatment of formal argument, it is often very effective. Persuasionnaturally plays an important part.An argument or persuasion is generally centered around a controversial topic or thesis and around this are developed the main points of the argument. The thesis and the issues are generally presented clearly and unambiguously so the readers know what the argument is about. The writer then presents the issues cogently but honestly, putting forward all relevant evidence, proof, or reasoning to support his point or to refute that of his opponent. It generally ends with a summary of the conclusions reached or with an emphatic repletion of the position of the writer.“The Future of the English” is loosely organized and as aforementioned, it is part exposition and part argument. The thesis of the exposition is stated in the title. The writer is trying to explain the future of the English people but he doesn’t really state what that future is going to be. He leaves the question open and concludes the essay with statements pointing out what he thinks will help the English people to face the future properly and not be defeated by a poorer and harder way of life. He thinks the English need both a direction and a great lift of the heart and they must not reject their Englishness.The dominant intention or the controversial topic (thesis) of his argument is stated early in para. 1 in one succinct sentence: “The English are different”. Around this central topic, Priestley develops 5 or 6 points of the argument: 1. It is instinctive feeling and not rational thought that shapes and colors actual events in England. 2. The English do not feel at home in the contemporary world, representing the accelerated development of our whole age. They are suspicious of largeness, severe efficiency and admass. 3. The English are also deeply suspicious of change for change’s sake. 4. The English can soon feel bored and that’s why they gamble and booze so much and enjoy any dramatic change in public life. 5. The English have a sense of community, decent fellow feeling, fairness. 6. The English are at heart and at root an imaginative people immediately responsive to any suggestion of drama in their lives.Priestly, however, does not provide sufficient evidence to support his position, nor is his reasoning on some points logically sound. Hence not all his issues or conflicts all resolved. This is a rather informal piece of argument so the writer doesn’t marshal enough evidence to prove his points. In fact he appeals more to the emotions of his English readers than to their reason to drive home his point of view. For example in his first issue he states that it is instinctive feeling and not rational thought that shapes and colors actual events in England. To support this point of view, Priestly states there are fewer fascists in England than in many other countries. From this the reader concludes more fascists are to be found in countries where rational thought and not instinctive feeling shape and colours actual events. But one fails to find the logical connection between rational thought and fascism. Furthermore one has to accept Priestley’s statement that there are fewer fascists and fanatical believers in England without any supporting evidence or proof.Despite some of these shortcomings, the essay is highly readable. The reader is moved by the sincerity and intensity of the feelings of the writer and feels that the writer, perhaps, has the right instinctive feeling of what the English are like. Priestley’s smooth and polished style makes the essay a pleasure to read.Detailed Study of the Text§What is being talked about in this essay? What is the theme of it?In the essay Priestly doesn’t explain what the future of the English is going to be, but he does explain what the future of the English hangs upon. Their future depends on the outcome of the struggle between their Englishness and Admass; on the role of the English workers and their union bosses play; on the role the men and women in the professional classes play; on how the young develop; on the kind of political leaders they have; on whether they reject their Englishness or not.P 1: standard: regular, typicalcosmopolitan: common to the whole worldstuff: foolish or worthless ideas, words, actions, etcleft: the people and groups who advocate liberal, often radical measures to effect change in the established order, esp. in politics, usu. to achieve the equality, freedom, and well-being of the commoncitizens of a stateright: the people and groups who advocate the adoption of conservative or reactionary measures, esp. in government and politicstrouble: effort, bother, painsTo write about…trouble: To describe the English people in political terms that are generally used all over the world such as being politically left, centre or right, will result in a waste of time and effort.§Where is the topic being proposed?The English are different is the thesis or controversial topic of the argument of this essay.The English are even…feel they are: The English both think and feel they are different. But what they feel and not what they think is closer to actual reality. Their instinctive feeling is more reliable than their rational thought.§This is an inserted elliptical phrase “Englishness again”, will you complete it into a clause?It stands for perhaps: “This shows their Englishness again”And what they feel…they think: So from the proceeding sentence one concludes what the English feel is more important than what they think. This is a part of the English national character.instinctive feeling: natural or inborn feeling of a personrational thought: thought arrived at after reasoning; thought not influenced by the emotionsshape: to direct or conduct (one’s life, the course of events)color: to alter or influence to some degree, as by distortion or exaggerationIt is instinctive feeling…in England: Everything that happens in England is directed and influenced by instinctive feeling and not rational thought.§What is the function of this sentence in the whole essay?This is the first point supporting Priestley’s argument that the English are different.P 2: seem to be so sharply divided: seem to have serious disagreements among themselvesindulge: to yield to the desires of, esp. to an excessive degreeof loud political abuse: always to be abusing politically each other loudlyneofascists: a new type, or new breed of fascists (different from the old fascists who first appeared in Mussolini’s Italy or Hitler’s Germany)potential fascists: possible fascists; people who might become fasciststhere are nothing like so many…: a British English construction. Ordinarily one would just say: there aren’t so many…there are fewer Communists or fascists in England than in most other countries.§What is the function of the sentence: “For example…other countries”?It is the material evidence to support Priestley’s first point or issue.§What can we infer from the adv. “Again” that begins another sentence?We could infer that the following sentence could be a second piece of material evidence to support the writer’s first point.have more than their share: have more than they should have; have comparatively more than other countries (esp. when considering the small size of the country and the population)confrontations with authority: to oppose defiantly the government, police, bosses, etcmurderous: capable of, guilty of, or intending murderencounter: a hostile or adversarial confrontationscuffle: a rough, disorderly struggle at close quartersend at worse in a few scuffles and arrests: the worst thing that would happen would be some fist fight and the arrests of a few demonstrators or protestersreservoir: a supply, esp. an extra or reserve supplybelow the noisy arguments…fellow-feeling: the English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each otherdraw on: to obtain sth. from a reserve, store, etc.eg. to draw on one’s imaginationNot everybody…reservoir: Not everybody may have or be able to display this instinctive fellow-feeling. shop steward: a person chosen by his fellow trade unionists in an industrial establishment to speak for them to the management and to watch over their interests商店服务员snarling shop stewards: these shop stewards when they negotiate with the management always speak harshly and angrilywhat they really want…of liberty: what these shop stewards really want to do is to overthrow the whole existing system of government, together with every guarantee of liberty which the workers now enjoy. who smile at the TV cameras: who smile when they are being filmed by TV camerasat heart: in one’s innermost or hidden nature; secretly or fundamentallyto take a whip to: to whipwhole idle troublesome mob of them: all the workers who are lazy and cause trouble all the timeat heart they…mob of them: what the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the workers whom they consider to be lazy and troublesome peopleboard: board of managers; governing board of a factoryshop: abbreviated form of workshopthere are not many…shop floor: there are not many snarling shop stewards in the workshop, nor are there many cruel wealthy employers on the board of managers (or government board of a factory)§What does “cancer” refer to here?It refers to something destructive and malignant in their character. It is a metaphor.Some cancer…Englishness: These people no longer behave like typical Englishmen because some disease has warped their character.P 3: §What does “inheritance” refer to here? What is being proposed in this sentence by Priestley?It refers to the Englishness or qualities that go together with Englishness and which have been handed down generation after generation. This is the second point in Priestley’s argument.cannot feel at home…our whole age: The English are different because they do not feel comfortable living in the world today, where all kinds of development are taking place at a faster and faster rate bigness: the quality/feature of being big; here it refers things that are done/produced on a big scale suspicious: tending to suspect; distrustfulIt demands bigness…of bigness: The contemporary world demands that everything be done on a big scale and the English do not like or trust bignessAnd there is now not only…scientific bigness: Today, not only industry does everything on a big scale, all scientific work and research are also done on a big scale§What is the thing that scientists need more and more? And what does “discover less and less” mean?It is a play on words. Priestley means that the scientists need more money, more people, more instruments, etc., for their work but they discover fewer things now.reasonably human: human (having human qualities) to a fairly sufficient extentClearly everything…enterprises: It is clear that everything cannot be done by enterprises that are rather small and still preserve reasonably human qualitiescozy: smallish but comfortable and relaxingNo cozy shipyard…such a ship: No small comfortable shipyard can undertake to build a 150,000-ton ship. However, wanting such a big ship shows that our minds may not be sound or normal (that we may not be mentally sane)safe to say: may be said without risk of exaggeration or falsehoodmonster: one who inspires horror or disgustBut it is safe to say…heartily welcome: But it won’t be wrong to say that while Englishness may unwillingly accept bigness, they will never heartily welcome things that are abnormally large.scale: proportion; relative dimensionsseem altogether out of scale in English: The abnormally large things may look all right in a large country like America, but they look out of proportion in a small country like Englandsevere efficiency: strict and demanding efficiency§What’s the difference between “rational” and “reasonable”?Rational means “consistent with or based on reason” while reasonable means “being within the bounds of common sense” Therefore this phrase means that this is often the product of cold logical thinking but not sensible.alien to: dissimilar, inconsistent, or opposed, as in nature to; Therefore it is opposed or repugnant to Englishness.figure: an amount represented in numbers, here it may refer to the amount of production or sales brigade: a group of persons organized for a specific purposerazor-keen: as sharp as a razorA further necessary demand…salesman: In order to keep these abnormally huge enterprises and projects going by supplying them with more money and things and getting large profits out of them, a further demand becomes necessary. They need very big advertising campaigns and a whole army of very smart and shrewd salesmen.postscript: additional information appended to the manuscript, as of a book or an articlea postscript…in thy purse: as an afterthought the words spoken by Iago, “Put money in thy purse”, may be added hereP 4: §When the word admass was first coined, it means “section of the public that is thought t be easily influenced by advertising and the media”. But here it has a different meaning from its original one, what is your understanding of this word which is capitalized by Priestley?admass: the art of advertising or way of persuading people to buy stuff which they may not needhang upon: depend uponto keep clear of: avoid, refrain fromI will also announce…economics: I will also announce on what thins the future of the English depends, while at the same time, unlike any other person, I shall not talk about economics§What does battle refer to here?Here Priestley uses the word “battle” to refer to conflict or struggle between Admass and Englishness. impoverished: deprived of natural richness or strength; powerlesssubsidy: financial assistance given by one person or government to anotherIt is between Admass…advertising campaigns: The future of the English hangs upon the outcome of the battle between Admass and Englishness. Admass has won in most countries in the Western world such as the U. S. (dollars), France (francs), Germany (Deutschmarks), etc. In most Western countries Admass gets huge grants of money from the government to improve public relations and mount big advertising campaigns; whereas Englishness is sick and poor and receives no subsidies.triumph: a noteworthy or spectacular successshadowy show: a performance like a shadow play, without reality or substancefull: (of color) deep; (of light) intensebelonging as it really does…of things: Englishness really belongs to the inner invisible world of the mind and spirit. It does not offer a rich variety of material goods as Admass does but only offers different mental and emotional conditions.state of mind: a part. mental or emotional condition such as being in a state of bliss, in a state of depression, in a state of despair, etcAgainst this…is full color: metaphor. Admass is compared to a poster in full color and Englishness to a faint pencil sketch. At least on the surface, when Englishness is put against the power and success of Admass, Englishness seems to put up a rather poor weak performance. Admass is like a poster painted in deep colours and Englishness is like a faint sketch drawn in pencil.P 5: central: most important; main; basicWhat is central…consumption of goods: The most important or basic thing in Admass is the production and consumption of material goods.build into: to construct or include as an integral part ofdissatisfaction is…Admass: Admass contains within itself factors that cause or lead to dissatisfaction. along the way: in passing; incidentally; by the wayearly graves: transferred epithet; dropping early into their graves; dying youngtake refuge in bars: euphemism; getting drunk in bars to get over their miseriesmonotony: tedious sameness or repetitiousnesstime-and-motion studies: it is also known as Taylorism or the Taylor system of time-and-motion study. The purpose is to increase efficiency of production by close observation of individual worker, identifying and eliminating wasted time and motion.trap: desperate situationBut it is worth noting…into these traps: But it is worth nothing in passing that in American, the chief advocate of Admass, there are too many very worried executives dying young, too many tired salesmen getting drunk in bars and getting divorced, too many workmen suffering from monotony or time-and-motion studies and wondering how they got into such desperate situations from which they cannot escape.to its credit: which is praiseworthywalk out of sth.: to leave suddenly and angrily;it has deep long roots: metaphor, Englishness is compared to a tree with very long roots. It draws nourishment from the past.Now Englishness…long roots: Englishness depends upon instinct and intuition and is connected to the unconscious. Therefore it cannot break away from past tradition. This link with national customs, beliefs, etc. goes a long way back in history.Being itself a state of mind…states of mind: Englishness is a state of mind (mental and emotional condition), so it cannot disregard other states of mind. It cannot help feeling that Admass produces bad states of mind because Admass encourages ruthless competitiveness, because it treats man simply as a producer and consumer of material goods and because it depends upon dissatisfaction, greed and envy for its success.while Englishness is not hostile…change‟s sake: Another point in Priestley’s argument to prove that the English are different. Englishness is not against change, but it believes that changing just for changing and for no other useful purpose could be very wrong and harmful.inevitable: that cannot be avoided or evadedrejecting the idea…mechanical progress: Englishness does not accept the idea that people must now accept (go in for) mechanical progress whether they like it or not.a decent place to call their own: a reasonably good house which they themselves ownwider motorway…to take the cars: wide roads (highways, speedways), that spoil the countryside, for large carsput sth. before/above sth.: treat/regard sth. as more important than sth. elseimbecility: great stupidity or foolishnessTo put cars….imbecility: To regard cars and motorways as more important than houses seems to Englishness a public stupidity.p 6: I must add…be winning: I must further say that while Englishness can go on fighting, there is a great possibility of Admass winning.to begin with: firstlyhold fast to: stick firmly totrain themselves out of it: deliberately and intentionally throw away their Englishnesshorde: a large group or crowdshrug off: dismiss sth. as not deserving one’s attentionand a horde of others…their inheritance: and a lot of shallow, foolish people drift away from Englishness, throwing away their inheritance carelesslynourish: to foster the development of; promote§What is your understanding of “moral capital”? And what is your understanding of overdraft? What rhetorical device is being used in this sentence?It refers to a reservoir of strong moral and ethical principles. Metaphor is used, Englishness is being compared to a man drawing money form a bank.overdraft: 1. a withdrawal of money from a bank in excess of the amount credited to the drawer2. the amount withdrawn in excessIt must have some…an overdraft: Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strong moral and ethical principles, and soon it may be asking for strength which this reservoir of principles cannot supply. Zeitgeist: the spirit of the age; trend of thought and feeling in a period; the taste and outlook characteristic of a period or generationThe Zeitgeist…Admass: The spirit of the age seems to be in favor of Admass. The spirit of the age seems to be helping Admass.So does…we hear: So also everything we read and hear seems to be helping Admass.nudge: to draw the attention of sb. by gently pushing, esp. with the elbow. Here it means trying different means to get some money out of others.Even our inflation…less Admass: Even inflation which keeps people pushing and squeezing each other for more money, is often not seen as a warning that things are getting bad, nor is it seen as an enemy of real good life. It is often regarded as a proof that people need more Admass (or the things that Admass promises)P 7: sides: attitudes or position or opinion held in an argumentgoing: in existence or availablehigh time: none too soon; quite certainly time; without more delayThese men believe…share of it: A section of English workers, together with their union bosses, believe that if there is a “Good Life” available, then they should certainly get some share of it without delay. whisper: to tell sth. to sb. privately or as a secretcatch: a deception; surprise; a hidden qualification; tricky conditionBut some remaining…in it: But some remaining Englishness in them tells them privately that there must be some trick or deception in it.sweat one‟s guts out: to work extremely hardWhere‟s this “Good Life”…caper: How can there be a “Good Life” when one has to work extremely raising the productivity of every man every hour.on: used to indicate the object of perception or thoughtproductivity-per-man-hour: productivity of a man in an hour; productivity of a man each hourcaper: a wild, foolish action; fantastic proceedingracket: a dishonest business or practice, esp. one that obtains money through fraud or extortionIt‟s all a racket anyhow: In any case all this is but a dishonest schemeold man: fatherturn out: end up; result; producehonest stuff: good, genuine articles; things of good qualityIf we don‟t work…to turn out: If we don’t work as our father used to, then we won’t be producing good, genuine products that our father was expected to produce.§Will you complete the sentence?It’s the profit not the quality of the products that people are interested in now.Okay…adverts for us.: All right; if we want to work shorter hours, to have more holidays and to earn bigger wages or salaries, then it is the “Good Life” of the advertisements that we want.Or are we kidding ourselves: Or are we deceiving ourselves? Or are we being duped by Admass?P 8: certainly not where…on hand: certainly in places where workers still take real pride, though this may seem rather old-fashioned, in the work they are doing, people do not think and talk like this (referring to the last two sentences in the foregoing para.).industrial action: a term in syndicalism工联主义, an ideology legitimizing direct industrial action by the workers. The syndicalists’rejected politics, regarding class struggle in the form of industrial action as most effective; the fight on the shop floor was eventually to lead to a “general strike”.But sth., like it…most Admass: But people talk, think or feel like this in places where there is most money, where work is most boring, where there is most trouble and “industrial action”, indeed where there is the most Admassbicker: to engage in a petty, bad-tempered quarrel; squabblewalk-out: a strike (generally spontaneous and of a short duration)bloody-mindedness: the aggressive obstinacy顽固; the disgusting obstinacycommentator: a broadcaster or writer who reports and analyzes events in the news; criticsrecoil: to shrink back, as in fear or repugnanceBehind the constant bickering…life-style: Behind the petty quarrels, the sudden walk-outs and strikes, the show of aggressive obstinacy, which confuses so many foreign commentators, is the conflict between Admass, which offers so many good things, and the Englishness that instinctively shrinks back in disgust from the social principles and standards and the kind of life that Admass advocates.spoils: used figuratively here to mean “profit, advantage, etc. accruing from Admass”. The literal meaning is “plunder, booty taken from enemy in war”战利品.There are, of course,…so strong: Some people on the management side may feel this conflict in themselves; but the conflict couldn’t be as sharp as those felt by the workers because these people receive more of the good things promised by Admass and their instinctive feeling of Englishness is not so strong. anomalous: deviating from the normal or common order, form, or rule§What does “these huge organizations” refer to?This is the anomalous…organizations: These powerful trade unions behave in a rather abnormal or contradictory manner.one day…another day: on some occasion…on some other occasion; sometimes…sometimes syndicalism: a theory and movement of trade unionism in which all means of production and distribution would be brought under the control of federations of labor unions by the use of direct action, such as general strikes 工联主义van: the foremost position in a line, movement, field of endeavor, etc.; forefront of an army or fleet Another day…in the van: Sometimes they talk and behave as if the country was moving towards syndicalism and they were the leaders of the movement.§What does this simile indicate?As it is…tea party: simile, At present they only create disorder and confusion (like a hippopotamus going in and out of a tea party held by small tamed domesticated animals).put an end to: to stop sth. from happening any more; abolishcoming down decisively…both together: they must make up their minds to support firmly either Admass or Englishness for they cannot have both.§Why does Priestley believe that the future of the English may be shaped by the decision of the trade unions? What is the main idea of this para?P 9: count: any of the charges in an indictment, each of which gives a reason and is sufficient for。
高级英语下册
Pre-reading Questions
1. How do you define “LOVE”? 2. Is schoolyard love faddish ( fashionable) now? 3. What is your criteria of choosing husbands
and wives? 4. How do you define the word “ fallacy”? 5. Do you think “ Love is a fallacy”? How do you
2.Explain ‘pausing in my flight’. 3.What is ‘ Charleston’? 4.What does he imply by saying ‘Where have you been’? 5.Do you think the narrator really take Petey’s words
❖ Questions for Group 1 ( Paras. 1—5) 1.Why did the writer mention Charles Lamb? 2.What can you infer about his (Lamb’s) writing style? 3.Explain the figurative meaning of “ unfettered”. 4.What is compared to “ a frontier”? 5.The writer thinks ‘ limp, flaccid, spongy ’ are the
❖ Questions for Group 3 ( paras. 28—59)
1. Notice a lot of American colloquial and slangy expressions used in this part identify them and explain them?
《高级英语(下)》课文要点
《高级英语（下）》课文要点1. Lesson One The Company in Which I Work1. What kind of life are the salesmen leading?They live and work under extraordinary pressure. When things are bad, they are worse for the salesmen; when things are good, they are not much better. However, they react very well to the constant pressure and rigid supervision to which they are subjected. They love their work, work hard, and earn big salaries.2. How does the narrator feel about his work now?He is bored with his work very often now. He would pass the routine work to the others. He enjoys his work only when the assignments are large and urgent. He frequently feels that he is being taken advantage of, and does not want to spend the rest of his life working for the company. However, he finds there is no way out.3. What do you think is the theme of this passage?This passage is a dark satire on the capacity of the modern corporation world to destroy the human spirit, and on the sacrifice of human dignity because of the desire for personal fame and gain.2. Lesson Two Eveline1. What changes had taken place in her family?In the past, "they seemed to have been rather happy."Now, 1) Her mother was dead;2) Her father became worse;3) Ernest was dead; Harry not at home.2. What made her decide to leave home?1) Hard lifea. no respect at work and at home, though hardworking (a dutiful daughter and sister);b. no protection: her father's violence;c. money affair2) Frank would give her life, perhaps love, too.(p17)3) Her mother's life"Frank would save her." "But she wanted to live."3. Why was she in two minds on the question of leaving or not leaving?A life of quiet desperation.---She had never dreamed of leaving (p3)---At least she had shelter and food and familiar people, and she did not find it a wholly undesirable life (p7)--- She had to explore another life with Frank (p9). She had no confidence.4. Why did she finally refuse to leave?--- National character: Irish paralysis (paralysis: loss or lack of ability to move, act, think, etc.) as shown in the last par.--- Individual character: her timidity (timid: fearful, lacking courage)the image of boat: a strange monsterthe symbol of sea: while offering escape and life, giving warning of death. These opposites reveal her dilemma.3. Lesson Three What's Wrong with Our Press?OutlinePart I IntroductionA. (Par. 1) Newspapers' two advantages over TV (sarcastic)B. (Par.2-4) Survey: People no longer believe in our press.C. (Par. 5) TV does better than the press in informing the public.*How do you interpret newspapers' two advantages?The author is sarcastic in talking about newspapers' "two great advantages". She makes us realize that something is wrong with the press: they have become a habit rather than a function.Part II (Par. 6) What's wrong with our press: Partisanship (rabid bias; one-sidedness)A. (Par. 7)TV presents more than one aspect of an issue.B. (Par. 8) TV provides a wide range of opinion.C. (Par. 9) TV does not feed the appetite for hate.D. (Par. 10-11) TV provides background information.*What's wrong with the American press according to the author?* In what way does TV do a better job than the press in informing the public?Part III ConclusionA. (Par. 12) Good newspapers are hard to find.B. (Par. 13-14) Newspapers have become a habit rather than a function. (resistance to change)C. (Par. 15) The word should be treated with the respect it deserves.* Apart from partisanship, what marks the end of newspapers' usefulness?Newspapers' resistance to change marks the end of their usefulness. Without change they have become a habit rather than a function. They can not perform the vital service of informing the public.*What is the author's purpose in writing the article?The author points out the problems of the American local press in order to call for the press people to treat the word with the respect it deserves, and she also reveals her belief that no picture can ever be an adequate substitute of the word.4. Lesson Four The Tragedy of Old Age in AmericaOutlineI. Attitude toward old ageA. (1) We have not examined old age.B. (2-4) Popular attitudeC. (5) Correct attitudeII. Old age in AmericaA. (6) Root cause of the tragedy: societyB. (7-9) The basic daily requirements for survival: income and housingC. (10) EmploymentD. (11) Heath problemsE. (12) Other problemsF. (13) Old womenG. (14-15) MinoritiesQuestions:1. What are the popular attitudes towards old age?2. What are the interconnected elements that determine the quality of late life?3. Why is old age a tragedy for many elderly Americans?4. What are the major problems the elderly Americans confront?5. What is the author's view of old age?5. Lesson Seven Ace in the HoleAce has just been fired by his boss for damaging a car. He is worried that this might infuriate his wife Eey, and perhaps break up their already shaky marriage. On his way home, he stops by his mother's place to pick up the baby. His mother complains about Evey and hints he should divorce her. All this puts him in a confused and anxious mood. When Evey returns home, they have a squabble, and Evey blurts out a threat to divorce him. It is the baby's funny and clever act that comes to his rescue. Switching on the radio, Ace leads Evey into a dance and the music eases off the tension between them.Ace's experience reflects the plight of the typical American lower-middle class of the 1950s. Life has lost its fresh appeal and drive to him. His social existence is more of a sacrifice than an enterprise. By marrying a Catholic girl, he entraps himself in entangled relationships of family dispute and religious discord. The marriage itself is precarious, and due to recurring crises, it plunges now and then to the brink of collapse. His past glory as a basketball star will not get him any nearer a solution. His only hope seems to lie in the possibility of having more children who might grow up to fulfil his broken dreams.Questions:1. What made Ace so restless during his drive home that day? What was he worried about in particular?2. What do you think their married life was like?3. Was Ace out of the hole at the end of the story? What makes you think so?6. Lesson Eight Science Has Spoiled My SupperOutline:I. (par.1-2) American food is becoming tastelessII. (par.15-17) Tastelessness leads to obesityIII. (par. 19-23) Americans are losing individualityA. (3-8) CheeseB. (9-14) VegetablesC. (18) Deep-freezingQuestions:1. Why does the author make a distinction between science and the so-called science at the very beginning of the essay?The author wants to make clear to the readers that he himself is an honest lover of science and what he opposes here is the so-called science. This distinction is important for otherwise his essay would be weightless from the outset.2. Why does the author suggest that the tastelessness leads to the national problem of obesity? According to the author, the need to satisfy the sense of taste may be innate and important. When food is tasteless, it may be the instinct of mankind to go on eating in the subconscious hope offinally satisfying the frustrated taste buds. Since American food is becoming more and more tasteless, obesity, therefore, becomes such a national curse.3. Apart from obesity, what are the other consequences of Americans as a nation eating standardized tasteless food?Apart from obesity, the application of "science" to food production also causes people to abandon the quality as people and to become a faceless mob of mediocrities. Besides, American people are losing the great ideas of colorful liberty and dignified individualism.7. Lesson Nine I'll Never Escape the GhettoHis experience:4 years at Whittier College: 1959-632 years at Oxford: Fall 1963-65University of Vienna: Summer 1964Returned home: August 19652 years at Yale Law School: Fall 1965-67Returned home: Summer 1966Wrote the article: 1967Facts:I returned home in Aug. 1965I was home last summerHarlem rioting: Summer 1964Watts rioting: Fall 1965Questions:1. What made him decide to return home and make a career there when he left watts for Whittier College?2. Why did he hide the fact that he was from Watts?3. What did he realize when he was studying at Oxford? What made him realize that?4. What was his reaction to the Harlem rioting?5. How does he compare the wisdom of the street corner with his own schooling?8. Lesson Eleven On Human Nature and PoliticsOutlineI. (1-6) Four fundamental motivesA. Introduction (1)*desire for food*human desires: infinite*other fundamental desires: fourB Acquisitiveness (2-3)*origin: a combination of fear with the desire for necessaries*mainspring of the capitalist system; infiniteC. Rivalry (4)*stronger*dangerousD. Vanity (5)*powerful*a variety of forms*growing with what it feeds onE. Love of power (6)*most powerful*increasing by the experience of power* apt to inflict pain: dangerous*desirable sideII. (7-15) Love of excitementA. A very important motive, though less fundamental (7-10)B. Cause (11-12)C. Necessity of securing innocent outlets (13-15)*social reformers and moralists*Many of its forms are destructive*Civilized life is too tameQuestions:1. What are the four fundamental motives? Explain.2. What is the root cause of love of excitement as a motive?3. Why is it so important to secure an innocent outlet in the modern society?9. Lesson Twelve The Everlasting WitnessOutline:Par.1-2: At breakfast; in her sister's house in MexicoPar. 3-4: The night before; finding three cinemas (recent flashback)Par. 5-12: In America; the newsreel (earlier flashback)*What was the newsreel she chanced to see about?*Why did she come to Mexico?Par.13-end: In Mexico, going to the film alone*What decision did she make on the way to the cinema?*Why did she buy the flowers and then carry them in her heart?Flowers: beauty, peace, hope, affection; mother's love (carnations)in contrast with the cruelty of warFlowers (a big wheel) to life/death: she is ready to accept either*What is the everlasting witness? What is it a witness to? Explain?Open.Jerry's face on the screen (close-up): recorded in form of documentary; the image stamped in the mind of Marian and the audience, and the readers; Jerry is still alive.A witness to the cruelty of war.10. Lesson Thirteen Selected snobberiesThe author's views concerning snobbery:1. All men are snobs about something. (par. 1)2. Snobberies ebb and flow. (par. 2)3. Snobberies stimulate activity. (par. 6)4. Each group of people have their own most highly esteemed snobbery. ("Each hierarchy culminates in its own particular Pope." (par. 7)Chief snobberies discussed in the essay:1. Disease2. Booze3. Modernity4. ArtQuestions:1. What is the motive for disease-snobbery?problematical diseases of the rich; romantic adolescents2. How has modernity-snobbery become so popular in modern society?of a strictly economic character; production is outrunning consumption; organized waste; most perishable articles by producers; advertising; newspapers; docile public.3. What are the two kinds of art-snobs? In what way does the author think the unplatonic art-snobs contribute to society?Platonic snobs are truly interested in artUnplatonic snobs buy art because a collections of works of art is a collection of culture symbols, and culture-symbols still carry social prestige, and, moreover, it is also a collection of wealth symbols.It compels the philistines to pay at least some slight tribute to the things of the mind and so helps to make the world less dangerously unsafe for ideas.And even though they buy works of art because they are modernity-snobs at the same time, it has provided the living artists with the means of subsistence.。
高级英语重点下册重点讲义
第一课：The Company in Which I work1、章节知识点1) 背景知识〔Background knowledge〕Joseph Heller2) 词汇(Vocabulary)a.Joseph Hellerb.drainc.bypassd.straine.distributef.grudgeg.incurh.stimulatei.motivatej.budgetk.boost3) 短语(Expressions)e upon / onb.credit sb. / sth. with sth.c.in the long rund.on triale.brood on / over sth.f.look aheadg.thrive onh.convert… to / into …i.fall victim (to sth.)j.take advantage of sth. / sb.4) 词语辨析(Word analysis)a.occur, incurb.ingenuous ,ingeniousc.implicit, explicitpliment, complemente.stimulate, simulatef.wonder, broodg.grudge, maliceh.cunning, shrewd5) 难句理解〔Sentence comprehension〕a.All these twelve men are elderly now and drained by timeand success of energy and ambition.b.They seem friendly, slow, and content when I come uponthem in the halls and always courteous and mute when theyride with others in the public elevators.c....and I will bypass him on most of our assignments ratherthan take up his time and delay their delivery to people whohave an immediate need for them.d.They are always on trial, always on the verge of failure,collectively and individually.e.They strain, even the most secure and self-assured of them,to look good on paper; and there is much paper for them to look good on.f.The result of this photocopying and distributing is that thereis almost continuous public scrutiny and discussionthroughout the company of how well or poorly the salesmen in each sales office of each division of the company aredoing at any given tune.g.When they are doing poorly, they are doing terribly.h.The company, in fact, will pay for their country clubmembership and all charges they incur there, and rewards salesmen who make a good impression on the golf course.i.In fact, I am continuously astonished by people in thecompany who fall victim to their own propaganda.j.Virtually, I am constantly astonished by people in the company who were fooled by their own exaggeratedstatements.k.Every time we launch a new advertising campaign, for example, people inside the company are the first ones to betaken in by it.l.These exercises in malice never fail to boost my spirits ——but only for a white.2、考核知识点本课文章中作者通过描写公司里人人自危、相互惧怕的心态，挖苦了大公司对人性的摧残，挖苦了为争名夺利而牺牲了人的尊严的可悲。
高级英语下册课文讲解.doc
高级英语（下）Lesson OneWhat’s Wrong with Our Press?课文要义（Main idea of the text）As a printed - word woman, the author tries to point out the disadvantages and problemsremain in the press by making a contrast with television based on the date out of a survey. Having sharply criticized the partisan bit and the abuse of the sacred right entrusted to the press: to inform a free people. Marya Mamies has reached a conclusion that the press willbe hopeless and useless unless it has to make some dramatic changes even though change means trouble, work and cost.词汇(V ocabulary)1. conflict (v): (of opinions, desires, etc.) be in opposition or disagreement; be incompatible 不一致；冲突Their account of events conflicts with ours. 他们对事件的说法与我们截然不同。
Do British laws conflict with any international laws? 英国法与国际法是否有相违背之处？2. allot (v): give (time, money, duties, etc.) as a share of what is available; apportion sth. 分配；分给The principal allotted each grade a part in the Christmas program. 校长分给每个年级一部分圣诞礼物。
高级英语 下册学习资料
Lesson One The Company in Which I workWords and Expressions1 abdominal [ ] adj. 腹部的Of or relating to or near the abdomen2 bachelor [ ] n. 单身汉，光棍 A man who has never been married3 brood [ ] vi. 思虑，沉思Think moodily or anxiously about something4 bypass [ ] vt. 绕过，规避，回避Avoid something unpleasant or laborious5 corresponding [ ] adj. 相应的，相当的Similar especially in position or purpose6 courteous [ ] adj. 有礼貌的，谦恭的PoliteIt's courteous of you to write a letter of thanks to me.courtesy [ ] n. 礼貌，好意PolitenessThe young man did me the courtesy of opening the door for me.7 cranky [ ] adj. 古怪的，任性的Easily irritated or annoyed8 cramp [ ] n. 痉挛，抽筋 A painful and involuntary muscular contraction9 elation [ ] n. 兴高采烈，得意洋洋 A feeling of joy and prideHe jumped with elation when he won the prize.elated [ ] adj. 兴高采烈的Full of high-spirited delightHe was elated at what he did.10 distribution [ ] n. 经销，分发The act of distributing or spreading or apportioningThe Red Cross supervised the distribution of food and clothing to the flood victims.distribute [ ] v. 分发，散发distributing or spreadingHis property was distributed among his sons.distributive [ ] adj. 分配的，流通的Serving to distribute or allot or dispersedistributor [ ] n. 分发者，批发商Someone who markets merchandise11 envious [ ] adj. 嫉妒的That feels envy of another's possessionsHe is envious of his friend's success.envy [] n. 嫉妒，羡慕 A feeling of grudging admiration and desire to have something possessed by anotherHe looked with envy at my new car.enviously [ ] adv. 嫉妒地With jealousy; in an envious manner12 fitfully [ ] adv. 一阵阵地，不时地In a fitful mannerHe distrusts me fitfully.fitful [ ] adj. 发作的，不规则的Intermittently stopping and startingHe has a fitful sleep.fit [ ] n. 疾病的发作，激发 A sudden uncontrollable attackShe had a fit of coughing.13 gloomily [ ] adv. 沮丧地，忧郁地With gloom14 goose-step [ ] vi. 按命令行动，规矩March in a military fashion15 gregarious [ ] adj. 合群的，群居的Tending to form a group with others of the same kind16 grudge [ ] n. 怨恨，恶意，不满 A resentment strong enough to justify retaliation17 honors [ ] n. 学位考试成绩优异The quality of being honorable and having a good namegraduate with honors 以优等的学位考试成绩毕业18 inducement [ ] n. 诱惑，刺激 A positive motivational influenceWhat is the inducement to commit crime?induce [ ] v. 引诱，诱发，导致Cause to ariseI was induced to change my mind.19 inescapable [ ] adj. 不可避免的That is unable to escape20 ingenious [ ] adj. 机灵的，有创造性的Skillful and creative21 malice [ ] n. 恶意，敌意The quality of threatening evilI bear no malice toward him.malicious [ ] adj. 有恶意的Having the nature of or resulting from malicemaliciously [ ] adv. 心怀恶意地With malice; in a malicious mannerHe looked at the boy maliciously.22 melancholy [ ] adj. 忧郁的，哀伤的 A feeling of thoughtful sadness23 monotony [ ] n. 单调，无聊The quality of wearisome constancy and lack of varietyMonotony of the job kills workers' creativity.monotonous [ ] adj. 单调的，无聊的Tediously repetitious or lacking in varietyMary is tired of the monotonous life.monotonously [ ] adv. 单调地，无变化地In a monotonous manner24 motivate [ ] v. 给以动机，激发Give an incentiveWhat motivated him to do such a thing?motivation [ ] n. 动机，意图The reason for the actionWe don't know his motivation.25 mourning [ ] n. 悲哀，哀伤State of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved one26 photocopy [ ] vt. 影印Reproduce by xerographyphotocopying [ ] n. 影印，影印本Reproduce copy by xerography27 resounding [ ] adj. 声音洪亮的Ring or echo with sound; reverberate28 retarded [ ] adj. 发育迟缓的Slow the growth or development of29 scarlet [ ] adj. 鲜红的，猩红的Having any of numerous bright or strong colors reminiscent of the color of blood or cherries or tomatoes or rubies30 scrutiny [ ] n. 详细审查，查验 A prolonged intense look31 shrewd [ ] adj. 精明的，有判断力的Marked by practical hardheaded intelligence32 squander [ ] v. 浪费，挥霍Spend lavishly or wastefully on33 tedium [ ] n. 乏味，单调沉闷Dullness owing to length or slownessThe tedium of the job makes him feel tired.tedious [ ] adj. 乏味的，单调沉闷的So lacking in interest as to cause mental wearinessI hardly read that tedious book.tediously [ ] adv. 乏味地In a tedious mannertediousness [ ] n. 乏味，单调沉闷Dullness owing to length or slowness34 vanity [ ] n. 虚荣，自负Feelings of excessive pride35 widower [ ] n. 鳏夫 A man whose wife is dead especially one who has not remarried36 wreck [ ] vt. 毁灭，毁坏Ruin37 drain [ ] v. 耗尽Flow off or away gradually38 rage [ ] n. 愤怒Anger39 verge [ ] n. 边缘 A region marking a boundary40 strain [ ] v. 尽力To exert much effort or energy41 incur [ ] v. 招致，产生bring upon oneself42 prominent [ ] adj. 卓越的，著名的Having a quality that thrusts itself into attention43 civic [] adj. 公民的Of or relating to or befitting citizens as individuals44 thrive [ ] v. 兴旺，旺盛Grow stronger45 irritable [ ] adj. 烦躁的Abnormally sensitive to a stimulus46 reputable [ ] adj. 信誉好的Having a good reputation47 dumb [ ] adj. 笨的Slow to learn or understand; lacking intellectual acuity48 evade [ ] v. 躲避Avoid or try to avoid, as of duties, questions and issues49 drop dead 筋疲力尽50 rejoice [ ] v. 使欣喜，高兴Feel happiness or joy51 compliment [ ] n. 称赞 A remark (or act) expressing praise and admiration52 letdown [ ] n. 失落 A feeling of dissatisfaction that results when your expectations are not realized53 rivalry [ ] n. 竞争，敌对状态The act of competing as for profit or a prizeText Explanation1 All these twelve men are elderly now and drained by time and success of energy and ambition.All of them are elderly now and are exhausted, both physically and mentally, by long years of striving to fulfill theirambition for success.2 They seem…always courteous and mute when they ride with others in the public elevators.They always show good manners and do not say a word when they ride with others in the elevators that all companymembers can use.3 They …make promotions…They … decide who are given higher positions…4 …and allow their names to be used on ann ouncements that are prepared and issued by somebody else.These announcements have to bear their names to be authoritative. Although they do not prepare and issue theseannouncements, they must allow their names to be used on them.5 Nobody is sure anymore who really runs the company (not even the people who are credited with running it), but thecompany does run.Even the managers at different levels who are thought to be managing the company don't know who really manages thecompany. This is because their responsiblities are limited. They are also afraid of their superiors. They appear to be runningthe company, but they do not have the final say. Nevertheless, the company goes in working order.6 I will bypass him on most of our assignments rather than take his time and delay their delivery to people who have animmediate need for them.I will ignore him on most of our assignments and deliver them directly to people who need them. I prefer to do so becauseI do not want to take up his time and delay their delivery.7 Green distrusts me fitfully.Green distrusts me from time to time.8 He truns scarlet with rage and embarrassment if he has not seen or heard of it.His face turns red because of rage and embarrassment. He is extremely angry because the narrator does not showdue repect to him as his boss. He feels embarrassed because it is considered his neglect of duty not to have seen orheard of it.9 They are always on trial…They are always examined to see how well they do…10 The strain, …, to look good on paper; and there is much paper for them to look good on.They work hard…to make their performances look good in written form, even if their performances may not be thatgood in reality. And there are a lot of documents such as records and reports, on which they have to make themselveslook good.11 When they are doing poorly, they are doing terribly.When they are doing badly, that is, when they fail to sell products, they are getting along terribly, that is, they are havinga terrible time.12 When a salesman lands a large order or brings in an important new account…When a salesman obtains a large order of goods from a client or brings in an important new account receivable…13 They are a vigorous, fun-loving bunch when they are not suffering abdominal cramps or brooding miserably about the future.Apart from this physical trouble in digestion, they are also worried about their future. Otherwise they are vigorous, strugglingfor success.14 who he feels has a grudge against him and is determined to wreck his careerwho he feels has resentment against him and is determined to ruin his careers. This reveals the horrible human relationshipin the corporation. People bear ill will against each other.15 that they squander generously on other people in and out of the company.that they are generous in spending money on other people.16 The company, in fact, will pay for their country club membership and all charges they incur there…The company encourages salesmen to establish good relationship with their clients, so it will pay the fees for them to bemembers of country clubs, and pay them back the money they spend there.17 …it is difficult and dangerous for unmarried salesmen to mix socially with prominent executives and their wives orparticipate with them in responsible civic affairs.This is to indicate the danger of possible love affairs between unmarried salesman and the wives of prominent executives.With such a fear, prominent executives don't like to mix socially with unmarried salesmen. Yet prominent executives arethe company's important clients, whom it cannot afford to lose. So the company does not employ unmarried salesmen inorder to avoid such a difficult and dangerous situation.18 They thrive on explicit guidance toward clear objectives.They succeed and become prosperous by following their boss's clearly expressed guidance.19 There must be something in the makeup of a man that enables him not only be a salesman,but to want to be one.A man must have some special character and temperament to want to be a salesman.20 …all that does matter is that the information come form a reputable source.…what is important is that the information should come from a respected source. So long a s the source is reputable,they don't mind whether or not the information suits their individual case.21 They are not expected to change reality, but merely to find it if they can and suggest ingenious ways of disguising it.This satirizes the nature of their work, which is to use some clever ways to cover up reality.22 …in converting whole truths into half truths and half truths into whole ones.…in changing the whole truth into a half truth and changing a half truth into the whole truth. In either case, deception is done.23 I am continuously astonished by people in the company who do fall victim to their own propaganda.This is a satire on the people who are deceived by their own propaganda.to fall victim to something: to become a victim of, or be deceived by something.24 who graduated from a good business school with honors.who graduated from a good business school with special excellence, or at a level higher than the most basic level.This implies that they shouldn't have been deceived since they are intelligent people.25 We goose-step in and goose-step out, change our partners and wander all about, and go back home till we all drop dead."to goose-step" originally means to march without bending the knees.We get inot and out of the company in a seemingly important but actually foolish manner. After work, we go out withpeople from other departments instead of our working partners and stay out late having fun and then go back home tillwe are so tired out as to fall asleep at once. We live like this day after day till we die.26 This makes my boredom worse.This makes me feel even more bored.27 I rejoice with tremendous pride and vanity in the compliments I receiveI feel extremely proud and self-conceited when I receive compliments.28 I began constructing tables of organization…I began making systematic arrangements by way of tables…A table is a list of facts, information, etc. arranged in columns.29 I call these charts my Happiness Charts.Happiness Charts are charts in which one can find happiness. Only when he was arranging these charts could he forgetabout his agony and feel happy.30 These exercises in malice never fail to boost my spirits…Every time I do these exercises with ill desire to harm others, I feel I am in a much better mood…This is a dark satire on his inability to do anything against those he dislikes.31 to whom the company is not yet an institution of any sacred meritto those young people the company is not yet an organization that has any important worth. If the company has anyexcellence that is extremely important to them, they will be loyal and stick to the company, instead of taking it as atemporary place to work.32 …he would give you a resounding No!, regardless of what inducem ents were offered.…no matter what incentives might be offered, he would still say loudly that he would not work for the company all his life.33 He makes it clear to me every now and then that…He makes it clear to me from time to time that…every now and then: from time to time 时而，不时He goes shopping with his wife every now and then.34 And I will bypass him on most of our assignments rather than take up his time…And I will not let him know on most of our assignments in order not to occupy his time…take up one's time: occupy one's time 占用某人的时间You shouldn't take up the manager's time.35 Most of the work we do in my department is, in the long run, trivial.Most of the work we do in my department is of small importance ultimately.in the long run: ultimately 最终地，终极地He will lose money in the longrun.36 They are…, always on the verge of failure…They are always on the border of failure.on the verge of: very close to, on the border of 处于……的边缘The bride was on the verge of committing sucide.37 for fear they may start doing worse.They are afraid that they may start doing worse.for fear: in order that…should not occur 以免…；唯恐...I daren't tell you what he did, for fear he should be angry with me.38 For the most part, they are cheerful, confident and gregarious…In most cases, they are happy, confident and easy-going…for the most part: in most cases, mostly 多半，就绝大部分而言The students could for the most part follow my lecture.For the ost part, she knows her husband well.Lesson Two EvelineWords and Expressions1 air [ ] n. 曲调Melody2 anguish [ ] n. 心灵上的极度痛苦Extreme mental distressHe has been in anguish since his wife died.anguished [ ] adj. 痛苦的PainfulShe was anguished and furious, seeing her father beaten by the soldiers.3 be laid up 病倒在床4 blackthorn [ ] n. 黑刺李 A thorny Eurasian bush with plumlike fruits5 Bohemian [ ] adj. 波希尼亚（人）的Bohemian [ ] n. 波希尼亚（人）6 bonnet [ ] n. 无檐女帽 A hat tied under the chin7 bronze [ ] n. 青铜，青铜色 A sculpture made of bronzebronze [ ] v. 被晒黑Get a tan, form wind or sun 8 Buenos Ayres [ ] n. 布宜诺斯艾利斯（阿根廷首都）9 cinder [ ] n. 煤渣 A fragment of incombustible matter left after a wood or coal or charcoal fire10 cretonne [ ] n. 印花装饰布An unglazed heavy fabric; brightly printed11 cripple [ ] n. 跛子，残废的人Someone whose legs are disabledcripple [ ] vt. 使残废，严重地损坏Deprive of the use of a limb, esp. a leg12 elated [ ] adj. 兴高采烈的Exultantly proud and joyful; in high spirits13 elbow one's way 用胳膊肘推挤前进14 fervent [ ] adj. 热切的，强烈的Sincerely or intensely feltThe overseas Chinese have a fervent love for China.fervently [ ] adv. 热烈地，热心地With passionate fervorfervency [ ] n. 热烈，热情Feelings of great warmth and intensityThe football players were moved by fervency of the fans.15 frenzy [ ] n. 狂乱，激动State of violent mental agitationThe old man is always in a frenzy of rage.frenzied [ ] adj. 狂乱的Excessively agitated; transported with rage or other violent emotionLots of Chinese died during the Japanese frenzied aggression.16 go for somebody 袭击某人17 harmonium [ ] n. 风琴18 have an edge on somebody 压过某人19 inhale [ ] vt. 吸入，吸气Draw in by breathingHe went out to inhale fresh air.inhalation[ ] n. 吸入，吸入剂The act of inhalingThe inhalation of gas caused her fall into a coma （昏厥）.inhaler [ ] n. 吸入者，吸入器Produces a chemical vapor to be inhaled in order to relieve nasal congestion20 invariable[ ] adj. 不变的，恒定的Not liable to or capable of changeThe invariable squabble for money with her husband made her decide to divorce.invariably [ ] adv. 不变地，恒定地In an invariable mannerinvariability [ ] n. 不变，不变性The quality of being resistant to variationPlease pay attention to its invariablility.21 keep nix [ ] 警戒22 lass [ ] n. 姑娘Girl23 maze [ ] n. 混乱，迷惑，迷宫Complex system of paths or tunnels24 mournful [ ] adj. 哀伤的，伤感的Expressing sorrowmourn [ ] v. 哀悼，哀痛Fell sadnessPeople mourned for the dead in the war.mourner [ ] n. 哀悼者，送葬者 A person who is grieving over someone who has diedmourning [ ] n. 哀悼，丧服State of sorrow over the death or departure of a loved onePeople in that country expressed their mourning for the king.25 muse [ ] v.&n. 沉思，冥想Think about at length and in depth26 nausea [ ] n. 恶心Disgust so strong it makes you feel sick；sickness27 nostril [ ] n. 鼻孔28 (where, what…) on earth 究竟，到底29 palpitation [ ] n. 心脏砰砰跳动 A rapid and irregular heart beat30 pitiful [ ] adj. 可怜的Inspiring mixed contempt and pity31 porthole [ ] n. 舷窗 A window in a ship or airplane32 quay [] n. 码头Usually built parallel to the shoreline33 quick [ ] n. 感觉敏锐部位，核心Any area of the body that is highly sensitive to pain34 spell [ ] n. 魅力，迷惑力，咒符 A verbal formula believed to have magical force35 squabble [ ] n.&v. 口角，争吵Petty quarrel；Argue over petty thingsShe always squabbles with her husband.squabbler [ ] n. 口角者Someone who quarrelsThe two squabblers became good friends at last.36 strut [ ] vi. 趾高气扬地走To walk with a lofty proud gait, often in an attempt to impress others37 the Straits of Magellan 麦哲伦海峡38 tumble [ ] v. 弄乱，摔倒，翻滚Fall down, as if collapsing；Roll over and over, back and forth39 unaccustomed [ ] adj. 不习惯的Not habituated to; unfamiliar with40 undesirable [ ] adj. 令人不快的Not desirable; unpleasant41 unspeakably [ ] adv. 难以形容地Indescribably42 invade [ ] v. 侵略，笼罩To intrude upon,infringe, encroach on, violate43 clack [ ] v.&n. 噼啪响，嘎吱嘎吱响Make a clucking sounds44 priest [ ] n. 神父 A spiritual leader in a non-Christian religion45 consent [ ] v. 同意Give an affirmative reply to; respond favorably to46 weary [ ] v. 疲倦，厌倦Exhaust or tire though overuse or great strain or stress47 court [ ] v. 求爱，恋爱Engage in social activities leading to marriage48 chap [ ] n. 家伙，小伙子 A boy or man49 sway [ ] v. 摇摆，摇动Move back and forth, like a ship50 illumine [ ] v. 照亮Make lighter or brighter51 clang [ ] v. 叮当地响Make a loud noise, as if striking metalText Explanation1 She would not cry many tears at leaving the Stores.It doesn't mean that she would still cry a little. The meaning is negative, indicating she would not feel sorry or sad to leave the Stroes.2 People would treat her with respect then.In those days a married woman was more worthy of respect than an unmarried woman.3 …and say what he would do to her only for her dead mother's sake.But for the sake of her dead mother, he said he would beat her.…并且说，要不是看在她死去的母亲的份上，看他会怎么对付她。
自考高级英语下册中英文对照
自考高级英语下册中英文对照
摘要：
1.自考高级英语下册简介
2.中英文对照的优势
3.如何有效地使用中英文对照学习
4.自考高级英语下册中英文对照的内容及特点
正文：
自考高级英语下册是一本针对自学考试高级英语科目的辅导书籍，旨在帮助学生提高英语水平，顺利通过自考。
书中涵盖了听力、语法、阅读、写作和翻译等多个方面的知识点，以满足学生在自学过程中对英语各方面技能的学习需求。
中英文对照是自考高级英语下册的一大特色，这种设计为学生提供了一个很好的学习平台。
一方面，学生可以通过对照英文原文，更好地理解文章的意思，提高阅读理解能力；另一方面，学生可以学习到英文表达方式和句型结构，丰富自己的词汇和表达能力。
要如何有效地使用中英文对照学习呢？首先，学生应充分利用书中的注释，了解词汇的含义和用法。
其次，学生可以通过阅读原文，学习到文章的结构和思路，并尝试总结文章的主旨。
最后，学生可以进行翻译练习，将中文译成英文或英文译成中文，以检验自己的学习成果。
自考高级英语下册中英文对照的内容及特点主要体现在以下几个方面：
1.丰富的话题：书中涉及的话题广泛，包括社会、文化、科技等各个方
面，有利于学生拓宽视野，丰富知识。
2.难易适中：无论是英语文章还是对应的中文翻译，都遵循难易适中的原则，使学生能够在学习过程中逐步提高。
3.注重实际应用：书中的练习题和案例注重实际应用，旨在培养学生的实际英语运用能力。
自考 高级英语 教辅
自考高级英语教辅
以下是一些常用的自考高级英语教辅书籍：
1.《全国自学考试高级英语考试指南》：这本书是自考高级英语的指导教材，其中包含了考试大纲、考试内容、考试要求和复习方法等信息。
2.《自考高级英语听力真题集》：这本书收集了历年来的自考高级英语听力真题，可以帮助考生提高听力技巧和应试能力。
3.《自考高级英语阅读真题集》：这本书收集了历年来的自考高级英语阅读真题，可以帮助考生提高阅读理解能力和应试策略。
4.《自考高级英语写作真题集》：这本书收集了历年来的自考高级英语写作真题，可以帮助考生提高写作技巧和应试水平。
5.《自考高级英语翻译真题集》：这本书收集了历年来的自考高级英语翻译真题，可以帮助考生提高翻译技巧和语言运用能力。
6.《自考高级英语词汇与语法精讲》：这本书主要讲解了自考高级英语中的词汇和语法知识点，是备考复习的重要教材。
以上是一些常用的自考高级英语教辅书籍，考生可以根据自己的需要选择合适的材料进行备考。
同时，还可以参考一些在线资源和考试辅导机构提供的教育服务。
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高级英语（下）Lesson OneThe Company in Which I work背景知识（Background knowledge）Joseph Heller himself has recounted the story of his early life in his latest book Now and Then (l998). He was born in Brooklyn in 1923 and grew up on Coney Island. At the outbreak of World War It, he worked first in a navy yard and then enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Forces, training at bases in South Carolina before flying sixty missions as bombardier in B - 255 in North Africa and Italy.After the war he went through college and graduate study at the University of Southern California, New York University (B. A. 1948), Columbia (M.A. 1949), and Oxford (Fulbright Scholar, 1949-1950). Heller wrote out longland the first section of "catch 18", the start of his war novel Catch - 22(1961). The extraordinary and sustained impact of that novel was only the beginning of a literary career that now encompasses eight major books as well as stage plays, screen plays, short stories, articles, and reviews.His other works include Something Happened (1974) Good as Gold (1979), God knows (1984) No Laughing Matter (1986) Picture This (1988) Closing Times (1994), his posthumously-published novel Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man (2000).Mr. Heller's literary achievement brought numerous awards, including the University of South Carolina's Thomas Cooper Medal in 1996. Mr. Heller died on December 14, 1999.词汇(V ocabulary)1. drain (v): make sb. /sth. weaker, poorer, etc. by gradually using up his / its strength 消耗精力、金钱The country was drained of its manpower and wealth by war. 战争使国家耗尽了人力和财力。
The illness drained his strength. 疾病耗尽了他的体力。
2. bypass (v): ignore ( a rule, procedure, etc) or fail to consult (sb) in order to act quickly; go around or avoid (sth.)置……于不顾，避开He bypassed his colleagues on the board and went ahead with the deal. 他未征求董事会中同事的意见就做了这笔买卖。
We managed to bypass the shopping center by taking side streets. 我们尽量走小路以绕过购物中心。
.3. strain (v): make the greatest possible effort; force sth. beyond a limit of what is acceptable 竭力，拼命努力They are straining to succeed in their work. 他们正尽力完成工作。
The prisoner strained to get away from his captors. 犯人拼命逃脱追捕他的人。
4. distribute (v): divide among several or many; give or send out 分配，分发People there often complain that wealth is not evenly distributed in their society. 那里人经常抱怨社会财富分配不均。
New information is quickly distributed to millions of people all over the world by means of Internet. 新的信息通过因特网很快传给全世界成千上万的人。
5. grudge(1) (n): resentment; spite; feeling of ill-will, envy 怨恨，恶意He has a grudge against me. 他对我怀有恶意。
All over the country there is a grudge against the government.. 全国人民对政府怨声载道。
(2)(v): feel resentful about sth. do or give sth. very unwillingly 怨恨，不情愿I grudge paying so much for inferior goods. 我不愿花这么多钱买次品。
He grudges her earning more than he does. 他嫉妒她挣得钱比他多。
6. incur (v): cause oneself to suffer (sth. bad); bring upon oneself 招致，带来The final rewards will more than compensate for any loss you may incur. 最后的报酬可绰绰有余地补尝你可能受到的损失。
The new tax law has incurred a protest. 新税法惹起了一场抗议。
7. stimulate (v): make more active or alert; cause to function; arouse the interest 刺激，促使发挥作用The crisis finally stimulated the government into acting. 这次危机最终促使政府采取了行动。
Better wages have stimulated them to work harder. 加薪使他们干得更买力。
8. motivate (v): cause to want to do sth. ; be the reason for 激发，促动He was motivated only by his wish to help me, and with nothing expected in return. 他只是出于自愿帮助我，并没有想得到什么回报。
The murder was motivated by hatred. 谋杀因仇恨所致。
9. budget(1) (n): amount of money needed or allotted for a specific purpose; estimate or plan of how money will be spent overa period of time 专款，预算He limited himself to a daily budget of $ 10. 他限制自己每日花费十美元。
The government is expected to announce tax cuts in this year's budget. 人们期望政府在本年度预算时削减税收。
(2) (v): plan the spending of or provide (money) in a budget 预算The government has budgeted $10,000,000 for education spending. 政府预算教育经费10,000,000美元。
10. boost (v): increase the strength or value of sth. ; help or encourage sb. or sth. 增强，提高Public speaking boosts your self -confidence and promotes your leadership skills. 在公共场合讲话可以增强你的自信和提高你的领导能力。
The government boosted security precautions to prevent further terrorist attacks. 政府加强了保安防御措施以防恐怖分子进一步袭击。
短语(Expressions)1. come upon / on: meet or find sb. /sth. by chance 偶然遇见I came upon a group of children playing in the street. 我遇到一群孩子在街上玩耍。
As we turned the comer we came upon a group of men who were waiting for the museum to open. 走到拐角时，我们碰见一群人等着物馆开门。