自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理

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英语词汇学自考重点

各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。

（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。

2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）（1）Two approachesThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.synchronic 共时法diachronic 历时法（2）Definition: A, synchronicFrom a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）a minimal free form of a language1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。

自考英语词汇学学术语单词对照表

∙aallomorph['æləumɔ:f]基本释义同近义词∙n. 同质异晶；同质异形体ambiguity[,æmbi'ɡju:iti]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 含糊；不明确；暧昧；模棱两可的amelioration[ə,mi:ljə'reiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 改进，改善analytic[,ænə'litik,-kəl]基本释义词组短语antithesis[æn'tiθisis]基本释义同近义词∙n. 对立面；对照；对仗∙adj. 分析的；解析的；善于分析的antonymy[æn'tɔnimi]基本释义∙n. 反义词组；反义现象appreciative[ə'pri:ʃiətiv]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 感激的；赏识的；有欣赏力的；承认有价值的archaic[ɑ:'keiik]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 古代的；陈旧的；古体的；古色古香的archaism['ɑ:keiizəm, -ki-]基本释义n. 古语；拟古主义；古体argot['ɑ:ɡəu, 'ɑ:ɡət]基本释义同近义词∙n. 隐语；暗语；暗号；俚语；黑话armenian[ɑ:'mi:njən]基本释义∙n. 亚美尼亚人；亚美尼亚语∙adj. 亚美尼亚的；亚美尼亚人的clipping ['klipiŋ]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 剪裁，剪断；剪报，剪辑；剪下物，剪下的东西∙adj. 头等的，第一流的；极好的，恰好的balto-slavic['bɔ:ltən'slɑ:vik]基本释义∙n. 印欧语中的波罗的海语系bound [baund]英汉翻译∙adj. 受约束的；装有封面的；有义务的∙vt. 束缚；使跳跃∙n. 跳跃；范围∙vi. 弹起；限制catchphrase['kætʃfreiz]基本释义同近义词∙n. 标语，警句Celtic ['keltik;'sel-]基本释义∙adj. 凯尔特人的；凯尔特语的∙n. 凯尔特语（等于Keltic）collocation[,kɔləu'keiʃən]英汉翻译∙n. 搭配；配置；排列colloquialism[kə'ləukwiəlizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 白话，口语；口语体；方言用语concatenation[kɔn,kæti'neiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 串联，连结connotation[,kɔnəu'teiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 内涵；含蓄；暗示，隐含意义；储蓄的东西（词、语等）constituent[kən'stitjuənt]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 成分；选民；委托人∙adj. 构成的；选举的consultative[kən'sʌltətiv]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 咨询的couplet ['kʌplit]基本释义同近义词∙n. 对联；对句degradation[,deɡrə'deiʃən]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 退化；降格，降级；堕落deletion[di'li:ʃən]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 删除；[遗]缺失；删除部分denizen['denizən]基本释义同近义词∙vt. 给…居住权；移植∙n. 居民；外来语；外籍居民denominal[di'nɔminəl]基本释义∙adj. 来自名词（形容词）的∙n. 来自名词（形容词）的词denotation[,di:nəu'teiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 符号；表示；意义；指示derivation[,deri'veiʃən]∙基本释义词组短语同近义词n. 引出；来历；词源derogatory[di'rɔɡətəri]基本释义词组短语同近义词adj. 贬损的diachronic[,daiə'krɔnik,-kəl]基本释义∙adj. 探求现象变化的；历经时间长河duplication[,dju:pli'keiʃən]英汉翻译∙n. 复制；副本；成倍equivalent[i'kwivələnt]英汉翻译∙adj. 等价的，相等的；同意义的∙n. 等价物，相等物etymology[,eti'mɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 语源，[语] 语源学[ 复数etymologies ]euphemism['ju:fimizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 委婉语；委婉说法morpheme['mɔ:fi:m]基本释义∙n. [语] 词素；形态素generalisation[,dʒenərəlai'zeiʃən, -li'z-]基本释义同近义词∙n. （英）一般化；归纳；普遍原理（等于generalization）grammatical[ɡrə'mætikəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 文法的；符合语法规则的graphology[ɡræ'fɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 笔迹学；笔迹相法；图表法hellenic[he'lenik, -'li:-]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 希腊的；希腊人的；希腊语的heterogeneous[,hetərəu'dʒi:njəs]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. [化学]多相的；异种的；[化学] 不均匀的；由不同成分形成的homograph['hɔməuɡrɑ:f, -ɡræf]基本释义∙n. 同形异义字homonym['hɔməunim]基本释义∙n. 同音异义词；同形异义词；同形同音异义词；同名异物homonymy[hɔ'mɔnimi]基本释义∙n. 同音异义homophone['hɔməufəun]基本释义∙n. 同音异形异义字idiom ['idiəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 成语，习语；土话idiomatic[,idiə'mætik]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 惯用的；符合语言习惯的；通顺的Iranian[i'reinjən]基本释义∙adj. 伊朗的；伊朗人的；伊朗语的∙n. 伊朗人；伊朗语initialism[i'niʃəlizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 首字母缩略词intimate['intimət]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 亲密的；私人的；精通的；有性关系的∙n. 知己；至交∙vt. 暗示；通知；宣布juxtaposition[,dʒʌkstəpə'ziʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 并置，并列；毗邻lexical['leksikəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 词汇的；[语] 词典的；词典编纂的lexicography[,leksi'kɔɡrəfi]基本释义∙n. 词典编纂lexicology[,leksi'kɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 词汇学；词典学lexis ['leksis]基本释义同近义词∙n. 词汇；词语literary ['litərəri]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 文学的；书面的；精通文学的loan [ləun]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 贷款；借款∙vi. 借出∙vt. 借；借给metaphor['metəfə]基本释义同近义词∙n. 暗喻，隐喻；比喻说法metonymy[mi'tɔnimi, mə-]基本释义∙n. 转喻monolingual[,mɔnəu'liŋɡwəl]基本释义∙adj. 单语的；仅用一种语言的；仅懂一种语言的∙n. 只用一种语言的人monosomic[,mɔnəu'səumik]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 单（染色）体的morphology[mɔ:'fɔlədʒi]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 形态学，形态论；[语] 词法，[语]词态学neoclassical[,ni:əu'klæsikəl]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 新古典主义的neologism[ni:'ɔlədʒizəm,ni-]基本释义同近义词∙n. 新词；新义；新词的使用notional['nəuʃənəl]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 概念性的；想像的；抽象的；不切实际的obsolete['ɔbsəli:t, ,ɔbsə'li:t]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 废弃的；老式的∙n. 废词；陈腐的人vt. 淘汰；废弃onomatopoeic[,ɔnə,mætə'pi:k]英汉翻译∙adj. 拟声的；声喻的orthographic[,ɔ:θəu'ɡræfik]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 正字法的；拼字正确的；直角的pejoration[,pi:dʒə'reiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 恶化；堕落；语义的转贬polysemic网络释义多义性polysemous[,pɔli'si:məs]基本释义∙adj. 一词多义的；有多种解释的reduplication[ri,dju:pli'keiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 加倍；复本；复制器；重复referential[,refə'renʃəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 指示的；用作参考的Scandinavian[,skændi'neiviən; -vjən]基本释义∙n. 斯堪的纳维亚人；斯堪的纳维亚语；北欧日耳曼语系∙adj. 斯堪的纳维亚的；斯堪的纳维亚人的；斯堪的纳维亚语的；北欧日耳曼语系的semantic[si'mæntik]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 语义的；语义学的（等于semanticalsubordinate[sə'bɔ:dinət,-neit,sə'bɔ:dineit]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 下属，下级；部属，属下∙adj. 从属的；次要的∙vt. 使……居下位；使……服从[ 过去式subordinated过去分词subordinated 现在分词subordinatingsuperordinate[,sju:pə'rɔ:dinət]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 上级的，地位高的；高级的[ 过去式superordinated 过去分词superordinated现在分词superordinating ]synthetic[sin'θetik]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 综合的；合成的，人造的∙n. 合成物triplet ['triplit]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 三个一组；三连音符；三元组中的一个；三胞胎之一verbal ['və:bəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 口头的；言语的；动词的；照字面的∙n. 动词的非谓语形式unabridged[,ʌnə'bridʒd]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 完整的；未经删节的；足本的。

自考英语词汇学名词解释(54个全)

词汇学名词解释1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words.3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk.4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. T ake -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand".6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion.7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes.There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks.8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word.Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base)Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective)11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16. Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Prefixation--Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.18. Suffixation--Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.19. Compounding（Compositon）--Compounding is a process of word- formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. E.g. hen-packed; short-sighted.20. Conversion--Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process of creating new words without adding any affixes is also called zero-derivation. E.g. dry (a.)-->to dry.21. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.22. Abbreviation ( shortening )-- is a process of word-formation by which the syllables of words are abbreviated or shortened.23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms IV. Blends.I. Clipped words--are those created by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. E.g. telephone-->phone, professional-->pro.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III. Acronyms--are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words. E.g. NATO/'neito/=North Atlantic Treaty Organization.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other words. E.g. smoke+fog=smog.24. Polysemy--The same word may have two or more different meanings. This is known as "polysemy". The word "flight", for example, may mean "passing through the air", "power of flying", "air of journey", etc.Two approaches to polysemy: Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronically, we study the growth or change in the semantic structure of a word , or how the semantic structure of a word has developed from primary meaning to the present polysemic state .Synchronically, we are interested in the comparative value of individual meanings and the interrelation between the central meaning and the secondary meanings.Two processes leading to polysemy: Radiation and concatenationRadiation : Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. Concatenation : is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, untill there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.25. Homonyms--are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical『a.同一的，完全相同的』only in sound or spelling.26. Perfect Homonyms--are words identical both in sound and spelling,but different in meaning。

自考英语词汇学学术语单词对照表

∙aallomorph['æləumɔ:f]基本释义同近义词∙n. 同质异晶；同质异形体ambiguity[,æmbi'ɡju:iti]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 含糊；不明确；暧昧；模棱两可的amelioration[ə,mi:ljə'reiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 改进，改善analytic[,ænə'litik,-kəl]基本释义词组短语antithesis[æn'tiθisis]基本释义同近义词∙n. 对立面；对照；对仗∙adj. 分析的；解析的；善于分析的antonymy[æn'tɔnimi]基本释义∙n. 反义词组；反义现象appreciative[ə'pri:ʃiətiv]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 感激的；赏识的；有欣赏力的；承认有价值的archaic[ɑ:'keiik]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 古代的；陈旧的；古体的；古色古香的archaism['ɑ:keiizəm, -ki-]基本释义n. 古语；拟古主义；古体argot['ɑ:ɡəu, 'ɑ:ɡət]基本释义同近义词∙n. 隐语；暗语；暗号；俚语；黑话armenian[ɑ:'mi:njən]基本释义∙n. 亚美尼亚人；亚美尼亚语∙adj. 亚美尼亚的；亚美尼亚人的clipping ['klipiŋ]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 剪裁，剪断；剪报，剪辑；剪下物，剪下的东西∙adj. 头等的，第一流的；极好的，恰好的balto-slavic['bɔ:ltən'slɑ:vik]基本释义∙n. 印欧语中的波罗的海语系bound [baund]英汉翻译∙adj. 受约束的；装有封面的；有义务的∙vt. 束缚；使跳跃∙n. 跳跃；范围∙vi. 弹起；限制catchphrase['kætʃfreiz]基本释义同近义词∙n. 标语，警句Celtic ['keltik;'sel-]基本释义∙adj. 凯尔特人的；凯尔特语的∙n. 凯尔特语（等于Keltic）collocation[,kɔləu'keiʃən]英汉翻译∙n. 搭配；配置；排列colloquialism[kə'ləukwiəlizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 白话，口语；口语体；方言用语concatenation[kɔn,kæti'neiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 串联，连结connotation[,kɔnəu'teiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 内涵；含蓄；暗示，隐含意义；储蓄的东西（词、语等）constituent[kən'stitjuənt] 基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 成分；选民；委托人∙adj. 构成的；选举的consultative[kən'sʌltətiv]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 咨询的couplet ['kʌplit]基本释义同近义词∙n. 对联；对句degradation[,deɡrə'deiʃən]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 退化；降格，降级；堕落deletion[di'li:ʃən]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 删除；[遗]缺失；删除部分denizen['denizən]基本释义同近义词∙vt. 给…居住权；移植∙n. 居民；外来语；外籍居民denominal[di'nɔminəl]基本释义∙adj. 来自名词（形容词）的∙n. 来自名词（形容词）的词denotation[,di:nəu'teiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 符号；表示；意义；指示derivation[,deri'veiʃən]∙基本释义词组短语同近义词n. 引出；来历；词源derogatory[di'rɔɡətəri]基本释义词组短语同近义词adj. 贬损的diachronic[,daiə'krɔnik,-kəl]基本释义∙adj. 探求现象变化的；历经时间长河duplication[,dju:pli'keiʃən]英汉翻译∙n. 复制；副本；成倍equivalent[i'kwivələnt]英汉翻译∙adj. 等价的，相等的；同意义的∙n. 等价物，相等物etymology[,eti'mɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 语源，[语] 语源学[ 复数etymologies ]euphemism['ju:fimizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 委婉语；委婉说法morpheme['mɔ:fi:m]基本释义∙n. [语] 词素；形态素generalisation[,dʒenərəlai'zeiʃən, -li'z-] 基本释义同近义词∙n. （英）一般化；归纳；普遍原理（等于generalization）grammatical[ɡrə'mætikəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 文法的；符合语法规则的graphology[ɡræ'fɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 笔迹学；笔迹相法；图表法hellenic[he'lenik, -'li:-]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 希腊的；希腊人的；希腊语的heterogeneous[,hetərəu'dʒi:njəs]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. [化学]多相的；异种的；[化学] 不均匀的；由不同成分形成的homograph['hɔməuɡrɑ:f, -ɡræf]基本释义∙n. 同形异义字homonym['hɔməunim]基本释义∙n. 同音异义词；同形异义词；同形同音异义词；同名异物homonymy[hɔ'mɔnimi]基本释义∙n. 同音异义homophone['hɔməufəun]基本释义∙n. 同音异形异义字idiom ['idiəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 成语，习语；土话idiomatic[,idiə'mætik]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 惯用的；符合语言习惯的；通顺的Iranian[i'reinjən]基本释义∙adj. 伊朗的；伊朗人的；伊朗语的∙n. 伊朗人；伊朗语initialism[i'niʃəlizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 首字母缩略词intimate['intimət]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 亲密的；私人的；精通的；有性关系的∙n. 知己；至交∙vt. 暗示；通知；宣布juxtaposition[,dʒʌkstəpə'ziʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 并置，并列；毗邻lexical['leksikəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 词汇的；[语] 词典的；词典编纂的lexicography[,leksi'kɔɡrəfi]基本释义∙n. 词典编纂lexicology[,leksi'kɔlədʒi]基本释义∙n. 词汇学；词典学lexis ['leksis]基本释义同近义词∙n. 词汇；词语literary ['litərəri]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 文学的；书面的；精通文学的loan [ləun]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 贷款；借款∙vi. 借出∙vt. 借；借给metaphor['metəfə]基本释义同近义词∙n. 暗喻，隐喻；比喻说法metonymy[mi'tɔnimi, mə-]基本释义∙n. 转喻monolingual[,mɔnəu'liŋɡwəl]基本释义∙adj. 单语的；仅用一种语言的；仅懂一种语言的∙n. 只用一种语言的人monosomic[,mɔnəu'səumik]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 单（染色）体的morphology[mɔ:'fɔlədʒi]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 形态学，形态论；[语] 词法，[语]词态学neoclassical[,ni:əu'klæsikəl]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 新古典主义的neologism[ni:'ɔlədʒizəm,ni-]基本释义同近义词∙n. 新词；新义；新词的使用notional['nəuʃənəl]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 概念性的；想像的；抽象的；不切实际的obsolete['ɔbsəli:t, ,ɔbsə'li:t]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 废弃的；老式的∙n. 废词；陈腐的人vt. 淘汰；废弃onomatopoeic[,ɔnə,mætə'pi:k]英汉翻译∙adj. 拟声的；声喻的orthographic[,ɔ:θəu'ɡræfik]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 正字法的；拼字正确的；直角的pejoration[,pi:dʒə'reiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 恶化；堕落；语义的转贬polysemic网络释义多义性polysemous[,pɔli'si:məs]基本释义∙adj. 一词多义的；有多种解释的reduplication[ri,dju:pli'keiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 加倍；复本；复制器；重复referential[,refə'renʃəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 指示的；用作参考的Scandinavian[,skændi'neiviən; -vjən]基本释义∙n. 斯堪的纳维亚人；斯堪的纳维亚语；北欧日耳曼语系∙adj. 斯堪的纳维亚的；斯堪的纳维亚人的；斯堪的纳维亚语的；北欧日耳曼语系的semantic[si'mæntik]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 语义的；语义学的（等于semanticalsubordinate[sə'bɔ:dinət,-neit,sə'bɔ:dineit]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 下属，下级；部属，属下∙adj. 从属的；次要的∙vt. 使……居下位；使……服从[ 过去式subordinated过去分词subordinated 现在分词subordinatingsuperordinate[,sju:pə'rɔ:dinət]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 上级的，地位高的；高级的[ 过去式superordinated 过去分词superordinated现在分词superordinating ]synthetic[sin'θetik]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 综合的；合成的，人造的∙n. 合成物triplet ['triplit]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 三个一组；三连音符；三元组中的一个；三胞胎之一verbal ['və:bəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 口头的；言语的；动词的；照字面的∙n. 动词的非谓语形式unabridged[,ʌnə'bridʒd]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 完整的；未经删节的；足本的。

自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理

自考词汇学简答题名词解释个人整理简答题和名词解释汇总0 introductionLexicology is a branch of linguistics, which is both a theoretical and practical course.There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely ____ and _____. synchronic, diachronicC1 Basic Concepts of Word and VocabularywordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.What is the relationship between sound and meaningThere is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.Eg. Dog means gou in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound rait can mean right, rite, and write, though denoting different things, them have the same sound.Why do more and more differences occur between sound and form?Why is English sound an imperfect representation of the spoken form?●English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.●Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years.●Borrowing of foreign language.●Some of the differences were created by the early scribes.●Printing freezes the spelling of words while soundcontinues to change as usual.VocabularyVocabulary refers to the total number of thewords in a language, all the words used in a particular historical period, and all the words of a given dialect and so on.By __, words can be classified into ___.by use frequency, basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary;by notion, content words and functional words;by origin, native words and borrowed words.the basic word stockThe basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.What is the character of basic word stock?●All national character. The basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us.●Stability, they are likely to remain relatively unchanged.●Productivity, they are mostly root words, means they can form new words with other roots and affixes.●Polysemy, they often possess more than one meaning.●Collocability, many of them have many set expressions, proverbial sayings and so on. Eg, heart, a heart of gold, learn by heart.terminologyTerminology is technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in music, symphony.jargonJargon is the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves as in business, bottom line for unavoidableresult.slangSlang is the sub-standard language, which seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like jargon and argot, eg. Dough and bread means money.argotArgot is the jargon of criminals. Only thesub-cultural groups use it, and outsiders can hardly understand it, eg, Persuader means dagger.dialectal wordsDialectal words is words used only by speakers of the dialect in question, eg. Beauty in Australia means excellent.archaismsArchaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. Eg, brethren means brother.neologismsNeologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. Eg, internet.functional wordsFunctional words, also called empty words, form words, do not have notions of their own. Their chief function is to express the relation between words or between sentences. Prepositions, conjunctions belong to it. Eg, on, to.What are the features of native words? 7 They are in basic word stock.They are neutral in style.They are frequent in use.borrowingsWe can classified the borrowed words into four classes according to ____.the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing.The four classes of borrowings are ____. denizens, aliens, translation-loans, semantic-loans.denizensDenizens is words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language. Eg. Pork.aliensAliens are borrowings which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. Eg, decor.translation-loansTranslation-loans is words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language. Eg. Mothertongue from Latin.semantic-loansSemantic-loans is words not borrow with reference to the form, but borrow their meanings. Eg, the modern meaning of dream borrowed from Norse.C2 The Development of the English VocabularyThree main period in English historyOld English, Anglo-Saxon; Middle English, 1150-1500; Modern English.If we say that Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language (Old English) to the present analytic language.Three main sources of new words of present-day English vocabulary(1) the rapid development of modern science and technology；(2) social, economic and political changes；(3) the influence of other cultures and languages.modes of vocabulary development in English historycreation, semantic change, borrowing, reviving archaic.C3 Word Formation P208树状图morphemeMorpheme is the minimal meaningful unit in word formation.Structurally, a morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of language.monomorphemic words monomorphemic words is the morphemes coincide with words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence, eg, bird, tree, green.allomorphsAllomorphs is morphemes realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word, eg, in cats /s/, in bags/z/.free morphemesfree morphemes, also called free root, is the morphemes which have complete meaning and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, eg. cat, walk.bound morphemesBound morphemes is Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words, eg, recollection = re+collect+ion.bound rootBound root is that part of the word thatcarries the fundamental meaning like a free root, but it is bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to makewords.affixesAffixes is forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.The difference between inflection affixes and derivational affixesinflectional affixesInflectional affixes, also called inflectional morphemes, is affixes which attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectionalderivational affixesDerivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.rootA root is the basic form of a word, which can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity, eg, international, the root is nation.stemA stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added in word formation.P44 一个词，拆分分析。

自考2英语词汇学考试重点精华整理

自考2英语词汇学考试重点精华整理一、词汇学概述1、语言与词汇的关系：语言是词汇和语法规则的总和，而词汇则是语言中最基本的元素。

2、词汇学的定义：词汇学是研究语言的词汇以及词汇的起源、演变、语义和语用等方面的学科。

3、词汇学的研究对象：主要包括词汇的起源、演变过程、语义变化、文化背景等。

二、英语词汇的历史演变1、英语的起源：英语起源于古代日耳曼语，经过长时间的演变和发展，形成了今天的英语。

2、英语词汇的演变：英语词汇经历了许多变化，包括词义的变化、词形的变化、外来词的引入等。

3、英语词汇的分类：英语词汇可以根据其来源、语义、语法等方面进行分类。

三、英语词汇的语义关系1、同义词与反义词：同义词是指具有相同或相似意义的词汇，而反义词则是指具有相反意义的词汇。

2、上下义词与下义词：上下义词是指在一个词汇的语义场中，一个词可以表示另一个词的上层概念或下层概念。

3、词汇的文化意义：词汇的文化意义是指词汇在特定文化背景中所具有的意义。

四、英语词汇的记忆与运用1、记忆策略：记忆策略是指通过一定的方法来提高记忆效率，包括联想记忆、语境记忆等。

2、运用技巧：运用技巧是指在使用词汇时需要注意的事项，包括语用、语法等方面。

3、常见错误分析：常见错误分析是指对学生在使用词汇时容易犯的错误进行分析和纠正。

五、英语词汇的学习方法与技巧1、学习策略：学习策略是指通过一定的方法来提高学习效率，包括制定学习计划、使用学习工具等。

2、学习技巧：学习技巧是指在学习过程中需要注意的事项，包括如何集中注意力、如何提高学习效率等。

3、学习资源：学习资源是指在学习过程中可以使用的各种资源，包括书籍、网站、课程等。

词汇学是语言学的一个分支，主要研究词汇的起源、发展、变化和用法。

它涉及对单词的音、形、义、语法特征和语用意义等方面的研究。

词汇学有一些基本概念，包括词、词汇、词素、词义、语境等。

词是语言中最小的、可以独立使用的意义单位，词汇是语言中所有词的总和，词素是构成词的要素，词义是词的含义，语境是指词所处的语言环境。

英语词汇学自考重点

自考_00832_英语词汇学-自考本科词汇学重点笔记

自考本科词汇学重点笔记Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学),etymology(词源学),styl istics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学)The reason for a student to study English lexicology：According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost ar bitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabularyClassification of English Words：By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):1)All-National character（全民通用性most important）2)Stability（相对稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语）(7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words 虚词(on, of, and, be, but)Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words: 1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections.English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式):1)creation创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式)2)semantic change旧词新义:does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words.3) borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new words Reviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of wordsAllomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme(词素的分类)（1）Free Morphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent).（2）Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根) (2)Affix(词缀)Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix:An adjective suffix（形容词后缀）that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective.Free Morpheme =free root（自由词根）Morpheme(词素)Bound rootbound derivationalaffix suffixinflectionalRoot and stem（词根和词干）The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)1.Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.（1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(not obey)2)Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap(open)3) Pejorative prefixes: mis（贬义前缀）：mis-，mal-, pseudo- etc.misconduct(bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc.anti-nuclear6)Locative prefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，etc.bilingual(concerning two languages)9) Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman(deputy chairman)(2)Suffixation（后缀法）: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixespounding复合法（also called composition）Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stemsCompounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)and open分开写(air force, air raid)Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）（1）noun compounds ：e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot（2）adjective compounds ： e.g. acid + head = acid-head（3）verb compounds ：e.g. house + keep = housekeep3.Conversion转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation）4.Blending拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN5.Clipping截短法Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone. 四种形式：1).Front clippings删节前面(phone from telephone) 2).Back clippings删节后面(dorm from dormitory) 3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza) 4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music) 6.Acronymy首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It‟s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)8.Words From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):Names of people, places, book, and tradenames (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning” (“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. …The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.‟Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. E.g.: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. E.g:pen-feather Types of meaning(词义的类别)1.Grammatical Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)2.Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.[4types:（1）Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)（2）Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.（3）Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker‟s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative（4）Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.]Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field（语义关系和语义场）Polysemy（多义关系）Two approached to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）:1.diachronic approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings.2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning. Two processes of development（词义的两种发展类型）:1.radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondarymeanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. (e.g: face, neck)2.concatenation（连锁型）:is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word move gradually away from itsfirst sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.(e.g:treacle)3.In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning. In concatenation, eachof the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.4.They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiationprecedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other. Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2)Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见) 3）Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源)1）change in sound and spelling ：(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long)2）borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )3）Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,)The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.2)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源)：Homonymys are from different sources. Polysemant is from the same source.3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness(语义关联): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning. Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listedas separate entries.Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)：As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule.Synonymy (同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .Types of Synonymy(同义词的类别) :(1)Absolute synonyms（完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning inall aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ](2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, butembrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.(e.g: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer, idle/lazy/indolent)Sources of synonyms(同义词的来源) :1)Borrowing（借词）：最重要的来源(room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, leave-depart, wise-sage, buy-purchase)2)Dialects and regional English （方言和地区英语）3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words （单词的修饰和委婉用法）:occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact.4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions（与习惯表达一致）:win-gain the upper hand, decide-make up one‟s mind, finish-get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand.Discrimination of Synonyms(1)difference in denotation外延不同. Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity of meaning.(rich-wealthy,work-toil, want-wish-desire)(2)difference in connotation内涵不同. By connotation we mean the stylistic and emotive colouring of words. Somewords share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. (借词：answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual, unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal.中性词：policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request. 古语词、诗歌：ire/anger, bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake )(3)difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but difference in usage in simple terms. Theyform different collocations and fit into difference sentence patterns. (allow sb. to do sth.- let sb. do sth. / answer the letter-reply to the letter)Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms:1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词): these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 特点：①The assertion of one is the denial of the other. ②Such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very” to qualify them . (e.g: single/married)2)contrary terms（对立反义词）: antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.(e.g: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.3)relative terms（关系反义词）：this type consists of relational opposites.（parent/child, husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give）Some of the characteristics of antonyms(反义关系的特点):1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition(语义对立)2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion（语义内涵）4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms，differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool)The use of antonyms（反义词的使用）1）Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words.2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast.(e.g :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe敌友，weal and woe哀乐)3）To form antithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together. (proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go./ more haste, less speed.)Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animal Superordinate and Subordinate (上义词和下义词)：use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea.Semantic Field(语义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory.e.g.(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of …fruits‟)The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language.e.g.(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)1.Extension /generalization(词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.(e.g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)2.Narrowing/ specialization(词义的缩小)：is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.(e.g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]3.Elevation /amelioration(词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的）beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]4.Degradation / pejoration(词义的降格):A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损的）sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ]5.Transfer(词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因)1.Extra-linguistic factors(词义演变的语言外部因素):1) Historical reason(历史原因)：Increased scientific knowledge and discovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time. E.g: pen, car, computer.2 )Class reason(阶级原因)：The attitude of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation.3) Psychological reason(心理原因)：the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. Such slow, humble and despised occupations take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons.2.Linguistic factors（语言内部原因）：the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system.1)shorting缩略:gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3)analogy类推:Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义和语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.Two types of context（语境的种类）1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation（非语言语境）：In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord )2.Linguistic context/ grammatical context(语言语境)：In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类：1) Lexical context（词汇语境）：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. (e.g: paper, do)2) Grammatical context（语法语境）：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. (e.g: become)The role of context(语境的作用)1.Elimination of ambiguity(消除歧义)1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy. 2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity如何消除歧义？——①extend the original sentence ②alter the context a little2.Indication of referents(限定所指)如何限定所指？——①with clear context ②with adequate verbal context3.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning (提供线索以猜测词义)1)definition 2)explanation 3)example 4)synonymy 5)antonymy 6)hyponymy（上下义关系）7)relevant details 8)word structureChapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms（英语习语的特点）1.Semantic unity （语意的整体性）：words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom.The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each of the idiom.2.Structural stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced 2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableThe fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms（英语习语的分类）1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语(white elephant累赘物)2 .idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）4 .idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命）5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）Use of idioms（习语的使用）1.Stylistic features（文体色彩）：1）colloquialisms（俗语）slang （俚语）2）literary expressions（书面表达）The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meanings.2.Rhetorical features(修辞色彩)1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）：（1）alliteration头韵法（2）rhyme尾韵法2）lexical manipulation（词法处理）（1）reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词并举[scream and shout] （2）repetition 重复[out and out] （3）juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置[here and there]3.figures of speech（修辞格）（1）simile明喻（2）metaphor暗喻（3）metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：live by one‟s pen （4）synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earn one‟s bread （5）Personification拟人法（6）Euphemism委婉语：kick the bucket(die) （7）hyperbole 夸张：a world of troubleVariations of idioms(习语的变异形式)：1.addition增加2.deletion删除3.replacement替换4.position-shifting位置转移5.dismembering分解Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源）.Types of dictionaries(词典的种类):1.Monolingual & bilingual dictionaries（单语词典和双语词典）：最早的词典都是双语的(1).Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD). The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language.(2).Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, A Chinese-English D)2.Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）（1）Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的（2）Encyclopedic dictionary:1）encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information.2）Encyclopedic Dictionaries: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia (<Chamber‟s Encyclopedic English Dictionary>)3.Unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词典)（1）Unabridged D: basic information about a word——its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, derived forms, synonyms and homonyms(同音异意) <Webster‟s Third New International Dictionary>（2）Desk D: medium-sized [50,000-150,000]（3）Pocket D: 只有拼写、发音和最重要的意义，很少或者几乎不举例。

自考英语词汇学

自考英语词汇学一、基本概念。

1. Word（单词）- 发音：[wɜːd]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：A word is a single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes alone) to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed.例如：“book”“run”“happy”都是单词。

2. Lexicon（词汇）- 发音：[ˈleksɪkən]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge. 一个人、一种语言或者一个知识领域的词汇总和。

例如：The lexicon of medical terms is very large.（医学术语的词汇量非常大。

）3. Morpheme（语素）- 发音：[ˈmɔːfiːm]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The smallest meaningful unit in a language. 语言中最小的有意义的单位。

例如，“un - happy”中，“un -”（否定前缀，表“不”）和“happy”都是语素。

二、构词法（Word - formation）1. Prefixation（前缀法）- 发音：[priːfɪkˈseɪʃn]- 词性：名词（n.）- 定义：The formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases or stems. 通过给词根或词干添加前缀来构成新词。

- 例子：- “un -”（不） + “kind”（善良的） = “unkind”（不善良的），“un -”的发音：[ʌn]。

《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照

1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are usedtoname objects, qualities, actions, processes or states,and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning handcan derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of alanguage may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixeshave been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words arecreated by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms 首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of anorganization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its fullform or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of one word or of two almost identical words with achange in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense:there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/ onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it isusually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugatedandgradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or aphrase suggests in one ’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudesof the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such ananalysis is called componential analysis.1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every directionlike rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word movesgradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain,until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and theprimary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more wordswhich once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extentthat there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.1. Synonyms 同义词A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as anotherword: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use.2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaningand interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution.4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness.5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that theycan be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved.6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition sothat the assertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other.7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other.8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically.10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate.11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field arejoinedtogether by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before andafter any wordin an act of communication. But, in broadersense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only tothe actual speech situation in whichawordis usedbut alsotothe entire cultural backgroundagainst which a word, or anutterance or a speech event is set.4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemousword.5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or evenan entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or groupof sentences with morethan one possible interpretation or meaning.8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy.9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or aphrase.1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaningrefers tothe alteration of the meaningof existingwords as wellas the addition of new meaning to establish words.2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaningor specialization of meaningmeans that a wordof widemeaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word ’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration.One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift toa less respectable, oreven derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakeningof meaningresultingfrom habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.1. Idiom 习语An English idiomis a groupof words with a special meaningdifferent fromthe meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words whichare usually structurally fixedandsemantically opaque, andfunction as a single unitof meaning.2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverbas thecentral word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function.3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements.4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions.5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in aconcise and witty style.。

自考英语词汇学学术语单词对照表

∙∙∙aallomorph['æləumɔ:f]基本释义同近义词∙n. 同质异晶；同质异形体ambiguity[,æmbi'ɡju:iti]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 含糊；不明确；暧昧；模棱两可的amelioration[ə,mi:ljə'reiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 改进，改善analytic[,ænə'litik,-kəl]基本释义词组短语antithesis[æn'tiθisis]基本释义同近义词∙n. 对立面；对照；对仗∙adj. 分析的；解析的；善于分析的antonymy[æn'tɔnimi]基本释义∙n. 反义词组；反义现象appreciative[ə'pri:ʃiətiv]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 感激的；赏识的；有欣赏力的；承认有价值的archaic[ɑ:'keiik]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 古代的；陈旧的；古体的；古色古香的archaism['ɑ:keiizəm,-ki-]基本释义n. 古语；拟古主义；古体argot['ɑ:ɡəu, 'ɑ:ɡət]基本释义同近义词∙n. 隐语；暗语；暗号；俚语；黑话armenian[ɑ:'mi:njən]基本释义∙n. 亚美尼亚人；亚美尼亚语∙adj. 亚美尼亚的；亚美尼亚人的clipping['klipiŋ]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 剪裁，剪断；剪报，剪辑；剪下物，剪下的东西∙adj. 头等的，第一流的；极好的，恰好的balto-slavic['bɔ:ltən'slɑ:vik]基本释义∙n. 印欧语中的波罗的海语系bound [baund]英汉翻译∙adj. 受约束的；装有封面的；有义务的∙vt. 束缚；使跳跃∙n. 跳跃；范围∙vi. 弹起；限制catchphrase['kætʃfreiz]基本释义同近义词∙n. 标语，警句Celtic ['keltik;'sel-]基本释义∙adj. 凯尔特人的；凯尔特语的∙n. 凯尔特语（等于Keltic）∙collocation[,kɔləu'keiʃən]英汉翻译∙n. 搭配；配置；排列colloquialism[kə'ləukwiəlizəm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 白话，口语；口语体；方言用语concatenation[kɔn,kæti'neiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 串联，连结connotation[,kɔnəu'teiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 内涵；含蓄；暗示，隐含意义；储蓄的东西（词、语等）constituent[kən'stitjuənt]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 成分；选民；委托人∙adj. 构成的；选举的consultative[kən'sʌltətiv]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 咨询的couplet ['kʌplit]基本释义同近义词∙n. 对联；对句degradation[,deɡrə'deiʃən]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 退化；降格，降级；堕落deletion[di'li:ʃən]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 删除；[遗]缺失；删除部分denizen['denizən]基本释义同近义词∙vt. 给…居住权；移植∙n. 居民；外来语；外籍居民denominal[di'nɔminəl]基本释义∙adj. 来自名词（形容词）的∙n. 来自名词（形容词）的词denotation[,di:nəu'teiʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 符号；表示；意义；指示derivation[,deri'veiʃən]∙基本释义词组短语同近义词n. 引出；来历；词源derogatory[di'rɔɡətəri]基本释义词组短语同近义词adj. 贬损的diachronic[,daiə'krɔnik,-kəl]基本释义∙adj. 探求现象变化的；历经时间长河duplication[,dju:pli'kei ʃən]英汉翻译∙n. 复制；副本；成倍equivalent [i'kwiv əl ənt]英汉翻译∙adj. 等价的，相等的；同意义的∙ n. 等价物，相等物etymology [,eti'm ɔl əd ʒi]基本释义∙n. 语源，[语]语源学[ 复数etymologies ]euphemism['ju:fimiz əm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 委婉语；委婉说法morpheme ['m ɔ:fi:m]基本释义∙ n. [语] 词素；形态素generalisation [,d ʒen ər əlai'zei ʃən, -li'z-]基本释义同近义词∙n. （英）一般化；归纳；普遍原理（等于generalization ）grammatical[ɡr ə'mætik əl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 文法的；符合语法规则的graphology [ɡræ'f ɔl əd ʒi]基本释义∙n. 笔迹学；笔迹相法；图表法hellenic[he'lenik, -'li:-] 基本释义同近义词∙adj. 希腊的；希腊人的；希腊语的heterogeneous [,het ər əu'd ʒi:nj əs]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. [化学]多相的；异种的；[化学] 不均匀的；由不同成分形成的homograph ['h ɔm əu ɡr ɑ:f, -ɡræf]基本释义∙n. 同形异义字homonym ['h ɔm əunim]基本释义∙n. 同音异义词；同形异义词；同形同音异义词；同名异物 homonymy [h ɔ'm ɔnimi]基本释义∙n. 同音异义homophone ['h ɔm əuf əun]基本释义∙ n. 同音异形异义字idiom ['idi əm]基本释义同近义词∙ n. 成语，习语；土话idiomatic[,idi ə'mætik]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 惯用的；符合语言习惯的；通顺的Iranian[i'reinj ən]基本释义∙adj. 伊朗的；伊朗人的；伊朗语的∙n. 伊朗人；伊朗语initialism [i'ni ʃəliz əm]基本释义同近义词∙n. 首字母缩略词intimate ['intim ət]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 亲密的；私人的；精通的；有性关系的∙n. 知己；至交∙vt. 暗示；通知；宣布juxtaposition [,d ʒʌkst əp ə'zi ʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 并置，并列；毗邻lexical['leksik əl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 词汇的；[语] 词典的；词典编纂的lexicography [,leksi'k ɔɡr əfi]基本释义∙n. 词典编纂 lexicology[,leksi'k ɔl əd ʒi]基本释义∙n. 词汇学；词典学lexis ['leksis]基本释义同近义词∙ n. 词汇；词语literary ['lit ər əri]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙ adj. 文学的；书面的；精通文学的 loan [l əun]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 贷款；借款∙vi. 借出 ∙vt. 借；借给metaphor ['met əf ə]基本释义同近义词∙n. 暗喻，隐喻；比喻说法metonymy [mi't ɔnimi, m ə-] 基本释义∙n. 转喻monolingual [,m ɔn əu'liŋɡw əl ]基本释义∙adj. 单语的；仅用一种语言的；仅懂一种语言的∙n. 只用一种语言的人monosomic [,m ɔn əu's əumi k]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 单（染色）体的morphology [m ɔ:'f ɔl əd ʒi]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 形态学，形态论；[语] 词法，[语]词态学neoclassical [,ni:əu'klæsik əl]基本释义词组短语∙ adj. 新古典主义的neologism[ni:'ɔl əd ʒiz əm, ni-]基本释义同近义词∙ n. 新词；新义；新词的使用notional ['n əu ʃən əl]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 概念性的；想像的；抽象的；不切实际的obsolete['ɔbs əli:t, ,ɔbs ə'li:t]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 废弃的；老式的∙n. 废词；陈腐的人 vt. 淘汰；废弃onomatopoeic [,ɔn ə,mæt ə'pi:k ]英汉翻译∙adj. 拟声的；声喻的orthographic [,ɔ:θəu'ɡræfik]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 正字法的；拼字正确的；直角的pejoration[,pi:d ʒə'rei ʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 恶化；堕落；语义的转贬polysemic网络释义多义性polysemous[,p ɔli'si:m əs] 基本释义∙adj. 一词多义的；有多种解释的reduplication [ri,dju:pli'kei ʃən]基本释义同近义词∙n. 加倍；复本；复制器；重复referential [,ref ə'ren ʃəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 指示的；用作参考的Scandinavian [,skændi'neivi ən; -vj ən]基本释义∙n. 斯堪的纳维亚人；斯堪的纳维亚语；北欧日耳曼语系∙adj. 斯堪的纳维亚的；斯堪的纳维亚人的；斯堪的纳维亚语的；北欧日耳曼语系的semantic [si'mæntik]基本释义词组短语∙adj. 语义的；语义学的（等于semanticalsubordinate [s ə'b ɔ:din ət, -neit,s ə'b ɔ:dineit]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 下属，下级；部属，属下∙adj. 从属的；次要的∙ vt. 使……居下位；使……服从 [ 过去式subordinated 过去分词subordinated 现在分词subordinatingsuperordinate [,sju:p ə'r ɔ:din ət]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 上级的，地位高的；高级的 [ 过去式superordinated 过去分词superordinated 现在分词superordinating ]synthetic [sin'θetik]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 综合的；合成的，人造的∙n. 合成物triplet ['triplit]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙n. 三个一组；三连音符；三元组中的一个；三胞胎之一verbal ['və:bəl]基本释义词组短语同近义词∙adj. 口头的；言语的；动词的；照字面的∙n. 动词的非谓语形式unabridged[,ʌnə'bridʒd]基本释义同近义词∙adj. 完整的；未经删节的；足本的∙。

自学考试专升本英语词汇学资料精华

英语词汇学Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origing and meaning of words(WNWD). English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morephological structures of english words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formatain and usages Empty words---As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well asbetween sentences, they are known as form words.1Borrowed words which still sound foreign and look foreign are aliens2there is no intrinsic relationship between sound and meaning as the connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.3denizens are borrowing that have become naturalized or as similated in English.4Archaisms are words no longer in common use or obsolete in use.5Content words are changing all the time wheras functional words are stable functional words enjoy a higher frequency in use than content words.6A word whose meaning was borrowed from another language is called semantic loanOld English was a language of full endings,middle English was one of leveled endings.Although borrowing remained an important channel of vocabulary expansion,yet more words are created by means of word-formation.There are three main sources of new words:the rapid development of modern science and technology;social,economic and political changes;the influence of other cultures and languages.The language used between 450and 1150in called Old English , which has a vocablary of 50,000-60,000. Middle english refers to the language spoken from 1150 to 1500, followed by the mordern english period, subdivided as early modern english 1500—1700 and late mordern (1700-up to now).Morphemes---it seems to be generally agreed that a word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning.Affixation----Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Tish proccess is also known as derivation.for new words created in this way are derived from old forms.the words formed in this way are called derivtives. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses:prefixatio n and suffixation.Yacht(Dutch)游艇taboo(Polynesion)禁忌cotton(Araic)棉花chocolate(Mexican) 巧克力coolie(Hindi)苦力czar(russian)沙皇kimono(Japanese)和服boomerang(Australian native)回飞器chili(mexican)干辣椒shampoo(hindi)香波wonton(chinese)混沌tatami(Japanese)草垫wok(Chinese)锅sauerkraut(German)泡菜Context is used in different senses. In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears.The definition of a word comprises the following points:1 a minimal free form of a language 2 a sound unity 3a unit of meaning 4a form that can say that can function alone in a sentence.1a minimal meaningful unit of a language (morphemes)2one of the variants that realize a morpheme(allomorph)3a morpheme that occures with at least one other morpheme(bound morpheme)4a morpheme that can stand alone(free morpheme)5 a morpheme attached to a stem or root(affix)6an affix that indicatesgrammatical relationships(inflectional affix)7an affix that forms new words with a stem or root(derivational affix) individualistic8What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes(root)9a form to which affixes of any kind can be added(stem)Individualistic individualist(stem) individual(stem) dividual(stem) dividu(root,stem)Undesirables undesirable(stem) desirable(stem) desire(root,stem) Figures of speech 修辞格simile明喻As mute as a fishmetaphor暗语animals are used to refer to people.metonymy转义this refers to idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of anotherassociated.synecdoche借代fall in to good handspersonification拟人the pot calls the cattle blackeuphemism:the call of nature。

自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第一章

以下是我整理的英语词汇学的资料。

我在考的时候主要就是靠这个东东。

希望对还没有过的⼈有所帮助。

⼤家请注意：笔记中⼤多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该⼀字不漏的背下来。

其实不少简答题也就是⼏个定义的汇总，再加上个例⼦就可以拿满分了。

区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各⾃的定义。

第⼀章 1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German， ’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write， though denoting different things， yet have the same sound. 3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. （At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns） a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d）. Borrowing of foreign language 4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 5.Classification of Words—by use frequency， by notion， by origin 1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary. 1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomena most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animals action， size， domain， state numerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj. 2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow. e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight – past electricity， machine， car， plane —— now 3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words， they can form new words with other roots and affixes. e.g. foot – football， footage， footpath， footer 4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous. e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove 5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions， idiomatic usages， proverbial saying and others e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of gold Non-basic vocabulary —— 1. terminology – technical terms photoscanning， hepatitis， indigestion， penicillin， algebra， trigonometry， calculus 2. jargon – specialized vocabulary in certain professions. Bottom line， ballpark figures， bargaining chips， hold him back， hold him in， paranoid 3. slang —— substandard words often used in informal occasions dough and bread， grass and pot， beaver， smoky， bear， catch， holler， Roger， X-rays， Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage. 4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groups can-opener， dip， persuader cant， jargon ， argot are associated with， or most available to， specific groups of the population. 5. dialectal words – only by speakers of the dialect beauty， chook， cocky， station， auld， build， coo， hame， lough， bog 6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems， legal document and religious writing or speech. 7. neologism – newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics， futurology， AIDS， internet， E-mail old meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse， monitor 2）. Content word （notional word） – denote clear notions. Functional word （empty word， form word） – do not have notions of their own， express the relation between notions， words and sentences. a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous. Functional words are in a small number. b. Content words are growing. Functional words remain stable. c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words. 3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words， 50，000-60，000 What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are 1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ） 2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French， Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%） Borrowed words （loan words， borrowing） – words taken over from foreign language. 80% According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing， we can bring the loan words under 4 classes. 1.Denizens – words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language. e.g. port from portus（L） shift， change， shirt， pork cup from cuppa（L） 2.Aliens – retained their original pronunciation and spelling e.g. décor（F） blitzkreeg（G） emir， intermez， rowtow， bazaar， rajar， status quo 3.translation loans – formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken fromanother language. 1）. Word translated according to the meaning e.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L） black humor from humor noir long time no see， surplus value， master piece 2）. Words translated according to the sound e.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ） lama from lama（Tib） ketchup tea 4. Semantic loans – their meaning are borrowed from another language e.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent， sassy， cheeky。

自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳English Lexicology教程文件

自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳E n g l i s hL e x i c o l o g y《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义)Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world.Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n. 认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)Motivation(词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning.Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.很多合成词和派生词都是这类，Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)Etymological motivation(词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word.Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意义), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations.Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing inquestion.(appreciative or pejorative).Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(语义关系和语义场)6.1 Polysemy（多义关系）1．多义关系的形成：Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all nature language that a word has more than one sense.An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.2.Two approaches to polysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):diachronic approach(历时角度)and synchronic approach(共时角度).3.Two process of development(词义发展的两种模式)1）Radiation (辐射型) is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning .2)Concatenation(连锁型), meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的 shifts.6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）6.2.1Types of homonyms1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2.Homographs(同形词) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning .3.Homophones(同音词)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms1. Change in sound and spelling.2. Borrowing.3. Shortening.6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同异义词与多义词的区别)6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)6.3 Synonymy(同义关系)—2类型+4来源+3区分1.Definition of synonyms(同义词的定义):words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.2.同义词的2个分类1)absolute synonyms(完全同义词) also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, embrace different shades of meanings or different degree of a given quality.3.同义词的4个来源1) Borrowing. (外来词)2) Dialects and regional English.（方言和区域性的英语）3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words. (词的引申义和委婉语用法)4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (与习惯表达巧合一致)4.同义词的辨析（3个区分）1)difference in denotation.(外延意义)2)difference in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words)(内涵意义)3)difference in application.应用上（difference in usage. different collocations）6.4 Antonymy反义关系—semantic opposition（语义相反关系）1.反义词的分类：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词1) Contradictory terms (exclusive and non-gradable)--oppositeness2) Contrary terms. (a scale between two poles or extremes, gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.)—semantic relativity3) Relative terms.(interdependent相互依存)—relational opposites2.三类反义词的特点和区别Some of the characteristics of antonyms1)Antonyms are classified on the basic of semantic opposition.(adj. v. n.)there aremore synonyms than antonyms.2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.3)Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked andunmarked terms respectively.4)Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each hasits own corresponding opposite. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite.3.使用：解释词义。

自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理

English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。

2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。

2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。

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