上海交大考博英语作文写法练习概要1

上海交大考博英语作文写法练习概要1 五段三部分写作方法五段三部分写作方法第一段:介绍现象，引入主题，陈述大意第一句群:现象描述、争论呈现、自问自答、引入概念开头陈述背景、描述现象、引入概念:nowadays、recently、in the past few years、with the development of、now people in growing numbers are coming to realize that、at present、according to开头强调:it goes without saying that、as is known to all、there isno denying the factthat、essential as sth is、开头引入概念:refers to、be defined as、means问题、主题、话题、难题、挑战:hot topical issue、discussion、concentration、public concentration、the general public concentration、popular action、saying、idea、in hot dispute、under hot debate、under hot discussion Draw public attentionThe discussion about … is becoming increasingly hot.The controversial action arouses hot discussion in society.Various people may have different choices. When asked about…、When it comes to…，people's opinions differ. Everything has two sides of effects on human life. A is no exception.引入争论:people say、argue、maintain、think、feel、suggest、state、hold、believe、Someclaim、deem、agree that 、assert、mention、Some other，however，point out、rebut、oppose、disprove、question、place suspicion on、cast doubt on、suspect、hold opposite view toward 第二句群:as far as I am concerned、in my opinion、personally speaking、I think that、 From my point of view、I share the opinion、My opi nion is that…、idea is that…、position、standpoint is第三句群:My reason is that …Only by doing so can one …for、since、because of、several kinds of、several、some、advices、tips、principles、suggestions、methods、Here are some advices.1 / 20五段三部分写作方法第二、三、四段:分别阐释各条理由组成:引入词，主题句+分开阐释(说理、引用、举例、对比、假设…)+转入下一段表顺序:My main reason is that、The second reason is that、The third reason is first、second、third、forth、fifth、sixth、to start、for the first、another、on top of that、thenThere is a third factor that…Finally、lastly、last but not least、The former…, whereas the latter1)举例子:for example、for instance、take A for an example、a case in point is A、A is a case in point、such as A、B and C、2)因果法:因for、since、because、for the reason that、for the fact that …、ascribe to、be attributed to、hanks to、because of、lies in、result from、due to、on account of、owing to、表结果:therefore、thus、consequently、as a result、so、hence、lead to、result in、as a result、consequence of、in consequence、in the effect、influence、impact of、end up with…3)引用:just as、as Sb. Confucius says that、as the proverb says 4)对比:however、on the contrary、otherwise、compare with、in contrast、in comparison、compared to、5)假设:if、if not、6)表并列:whereas、while、at the same time、together with、meanwhile、、as well as、as well7)表递进:in addition、besides、on the other hand、moreover、with respect to、not only…but also、it's equally important to do、and vice versa、8)表让步:although、in spite of the fact that…、despite、9)表总结:in conclusion、in short、in summary、to sum up、时间:over the years、in the long run、nowadays、annually、during the 19th century、no longer、2 / 20五段三部分写作方法最后一段:重申主题，呼应主题，总结分论点，总结全文，呼应主题引导词: Finally、in short、in summary、in conclusion、consequently、to be short、in a world、conclusively、to sum up、With such a comprehensive set of effect、Taking all these into account，weAs is discussed above，as stated in the previous paragraph，It can be concluded from the discussion that…Only by doing so、From what has been discussed above，we may safely draw the conclusion that、 It is high time we place great emphasize on、From what I have mentioned above we can see clearly that…3 / 20五段三部分写作方法句子构成主语:it、主题词主要句子结构:主语，定语从句(which/what/who…)，主句主语，同位语从句，主句状语从句，主语+主句状语从句，主语+主句，定义从句/同位语从句句型一:it 开头句&强调句It is … that…It is known tha t…It’s the responsibility of the whole society to prevent …It’s necessary to doIt is generally believed、accepted、thought、held that…句型二:倒装句Only by doing so,Adj. /adv. as it is, 名词+从句Varying as it is in different societies、cultures and ages、social，medical experts findit closely related to health and vice versa.Omnipresent in our daily food, salt is part of what the body needs.句型三:there be/the+名词开头句动名词做主语、不定式做主语 There should not be too much sugar in their diet.The best way to do … is …句型四:从句(一定要搞清句子结构，句子成分不缺失) 状语从句:黏贴多个短句Worrying that their routine medication might affect the result of exam, they withholdthe medication before the exam. 伴随状语:With the development of …, With the change of …,Conclusively, as a new self-healthcare m ethod, physical checkup… 目的状语:In order to do/to do同位语从句:黏贴多个短句结构:分句A, doing+分句B.4 / 20五段三部分写作方法分句A1, doing+分句B, 分句A2.Including/which include Causing/which causeetc.定语从句:可用来展开描述…, which/when/what/who/where/why插入语:连词，起补充、断句等功能as health experts suggest,可能的图表或图画:As is shown in the table…It can be seen、shown、concluded、estimated from the table、graph、figures、statistics、By comparison with…, it…From the picture we can know that…As is depicted in the picture、as portrayed in the picture、describedIllustrate5 / 20五段三部分写作方法词汇一:动词认为、被认为、被视作:believe、be viewed as、be seemed as、be treated as、be deemed as表注意:pay attention to、take care of、watch out of、what calls for special attentionis that…、表提高、表促进、表改进:improve、improve medical technique、promote、enhance、accelerate、表降低、减少:reduce、reduction、descend、fall、come down、decrease、decreasing、decrease the risk of、less and less、deteriorating、表增长、上升:rise、ascend、increase、increasing number of、more and more、影响:affect、have an affection /impact on、has an immeasurable effect on one'shealth、have a big influence on、表实施、应用: apply to、undertake、employ、implement、be employed、adopt、take up表替代、代替:replace、replace the role of、instead、instead of、substitute for、substitution、alternative、表提供:provide with、p rovide with sth. for …、offer、to meet the need of 支持、保证:support、support their rapid body growth、guarantee sth. 表根据、依赖:depends on、relay on、according to、表吸引:attract、to keep patient、表威胁、危害:threaten one's health、threaten the society、情态动词:may、might、should、ought to、seems、sounds、不能:fail to do、unable to do、cannot表避免:avoid sth.、keep from doing、表变化、多样:change、various、vary、vary according to…、a variety of、varied among…、表先兆、暗示:imply、indication、sign、foreboding、hint预防:prevent、preventive measure、取得进步:make great progress、advances、6 / 20五段三部分写作方法词汇二:形容词、副词表重要、必不可少的:be essential to…、critical、crucial、be indispensable to、significant、important、nothing is more important than…、what’s far more importantis that…、equally important is…、ranks NO.1、表有用、有利的:do good to、beneficial、be benefic to、have benefit to、helpful、useful、pay important role in、advantageous、advantage、disadvantages、take advantageof、表合适的、合理的、适当的、适度的:reasonable、proper、moderate、sensible、rational、a good control of、表不当的:improper、uncontrolled、unreasonable、irrational、有效的、有用的、起作用的:efficient、effectively、efficiently、表广泛、综合、全面、深远、复杂、极端的:comprehensive、profound、extensive、intricate、instructive、complex、complicated、extreme、表根本地、彻底的、巨大的:radically、all-round reform、tremendous 充足的:sufficient、substantial、abundant、be abundant in、缺乏:lack of、lacking in our diet表大量的:a large number of、a large scale of、numerous、on a large scale、表主要的:prominent、prominently、dominate、dominating、primary、main、staple、major、表剧烈的、费力的、持续的:extensive、persistent、insistent、exhausted、vigorous、表客观的、准确的、具体的:objective、accurate、specific 迅速的、快速的、直接地:immediate、directly、表神奇的、微妙的:magical、subtle effect明显的、潜在的:obvious、apparent、visible、potential、invisible 表容易、表方便、舒服的:convenient、economical、easy、simple、comfortable 表不同、相反:different from表进一步:future、deeper表通常、经常:usually、on a regular basis、frequently 表尤其、独有:especially good for、unique to、表是否:whether or not、不幸的是、幸运的是:unfortunately、fortunately 表倍数:5 times as many as…、仁慈的、同情的:mercy、sympathy、kind、humane、7 / 20五段三部分写作方法词汇三:名词表数量、时间、频率:the number of、amount of、time、frequency of…、福利、福祉、生计:well-being、happiness、livelihood 伦理、道德、尊严:ethic、moral、morality、dignity 表误解、错误观念:misconception、misgiving、选择:an ideal option/choice组成、组分:element、ingredient表紧张、抑郁、焦虑、烦躁:a series of negative emotions、such as anxious、depression、depressed、tense、nerve、fear、bored、irritable、disappointed、表性格状况:weak will、defect in character、self-centered、缓解:alleviate、remove、relax、relief、relieve、人群:white-collar workers、blue-collar workers、mental/manual workers、people of different occupations、珍爱生命:cherish life、习惯于:be used to doing、be accustomed to、生活方式、生活节奏:lifestyle、unhealthy lifestyle、unsanitary lifestyle、living activities、habits、the pace of life过劳、压力过大:overwork、excess stress、pressure 意识:awareness、social awareness、the awa reness of…、realize、精力充沛的:energetic、cheerful mood、active、concentrate、actively、表相关、关系:be related to、the relationship between A and B、the more the better.relationship between doctors and patients、好行为的功能:reduce stress、keep health、improve work efficiency、slow down aging、enhance memory、relax the body表发现、追踪:detect、detection、find out参考、引用、专家建议according to、Experts、shows that、indicate、prove that…、find that…、reveal that…、reach the conclusionthat…、give advices on…8 / 20Should a work team or team leader listen to team members?一边倒Should a work team or team leader listen to team members?Introduction:背景介绍+引出主题+陈述理由Body:1、can improve team performance2、bring different perspectives and ideas to the table3、make a sense of equalityConclusion:So my advice is+Nowadays, every work team facing many challenges in their work, and no one can solve all the problems alone. Some people insist that a brilliant team leader is required and should be given the power to take over the team. However, I think that a work team or a team leader should listens and considers ideas of all team members. Only when all the team members’ ideas be considered, can a team makes the best performance,deals with all their problems in the best way, and develops a sense of equality.First, a work team or a team leader should listen to all the team members because it will improve the performance of the team. If a team leader or supervisor takes all the perspectives and ideas into consider when he or she making decision, the team members would be more cooperative and the team would get more power. On the contrary, if a team leader or supervisor does not listen to the members, the team members will get dissatisfaction and contempt to the team. It will certainly hurt team morale and result in poor team performance. Take Liu Bang the first empire of the Chinese Han Dynasty for an instance, when the Chu-Han War first occur, his army was really weaker than his revival, but he eventually defeated his strong enemy and established the empire. All this contributed to the loyalty of the team members which resultfrom that he was really glade to listen and consider all theperspectives and ideas of the team members.Second, listening and considering all members’ ideas can help ateam find the best way to deal with their problems. As Confucius said, there must be a man who can help me even in a small team, no one leader can solve all problems, and when he has difference in one problem his colleagues may have experiences in that area. So if a work team or team leader was ready to look for ideas from the team members when they counter challenges in their way, they would be more likely to find the best way to deal with their differences.Finally, taking suggestions of all team members, no matter how silly or ill-informed9 / 20Should a work team or team leader listen to team members?the suggestions may be, will develop a sense of equality in the team. If the work team or team leader listens to the members, the staffs will that they have a friend in management, and feel equal among them. The sense of equality can really shorten the division between leader and team staffs.In conclusion, a work team or a team leader really need to listenand consider all team members’ ideas, because it will i mprove the team performance, help them find the best way to deals with all their problems, and develops a sense of equality.10 / 20Should professor spend more time doing research or educating students?BalanceShould professor spend more time doing research or educating students? Introduction: a balance between doing research and educating students is necessary. Body:1、 doing research +if not2、 educating students3、 balance 教学相长也Conclusion:It’s a big problem for all university managers to sche dule professors’ work. Some people think university professors should spend more time doing research whereas others argue that they should spend more time educating students. As far as I am concerned, a balance between doing research and educating students is necessary for all university professors. Only by doing so can a university acquires both academic reputation and students’ satisfaction.To begin with, university professors should be given enough time to do their research in order to improve the univ ersity’s academic reputation. We all know that doingscientific research will cost professors much time, hence, if a professor wants to acquire academic success he should be given enough time to concentrate himself totally on his research. On the contrary, if all the professors in a university have no time to do their research the academic power of the university would stay at low level. No students want to study in a university academic reputation.Second, it’s necessary for all university professors to keep themselves available totheir students during teaching semester, only by so can students get necessary conduct. A student will really get dissatisfied if a professor is unavailable every time the student visits him. In fact, I have haired one of my friends complain his professor several times for he is so busy doing his research to conduct my friend’s paper.In addition, doing research and teaching students can really benefit each other a lot. As Confucius says that teaching benefits teachers as well as students. Because teaching is the best way to pass on a professor’ academic knowledge and experience to the students. On the other hand, the students’ ideas-no matter how immature they are-will certainly inspire a professor when he or she do his or her academic research.In a word, university managers should do their best to keep a balance when they schedule professors’ work of doing research and educating students. Only by doing so can a university acquires both academic reputation and the students’ satisfaction.11 / 20Should professor spend more time doing research or educating students?一边倒Technology and science adviceIntroduction: 背景介绍+主题句+倒装句(文章大意)Body:1、未来难预测，曾经大言不惭的预言2、许多问题等待科技进不来解决(疾病)3、该实行的措施Conclusion: in a word, only by doing can weThe technology and science have got tremendous improvement andhighly improved people’s life in recent years. Therefore, some peopleargue that the most significant improvements have already been made although there will be some new technology and science advance. Personally speaking, this argument is ridiculous. One can never predict what will happen in the future, and there are still many problems threating peoples’ life which we cannot solve now. So only by making every effort to develop our technology and science can we have a better life.To begin with, one can never predict precisely what will happen in the future. In my opinion, there will be more significant advance in technology and science. So it is very important to stay hungry, stay foolish. I would like to say that someone said the same words during the industry revolution that there would be no significant technology and science advance in the future. Considering the tremendous technology and science advance after industry revolution, the argument sounds really ridiculous.Also, there are many problems that threatening our life and our society. For example, numerous people are dying from all kinds of disease which we have no solution to cure. Taking cancer for instance, scientists all over the word have done tremendous quantity of researches on it, but by now, we human still have no effective method to cure it. New technology and science advance is badly in need to save the peoples’ life.So rather than being satisfied with the pr esent skills, we’d better do our most to enhance the improvement of our technology and science. Weshould keep modest facing future. Children should be encouraged to read more technological or scientific books, and more young people should be encouraged to devote themselves to technological or scientific work. In addition, the government should grant more money in technological or scientific researches.In a word, there will be more significant advance in technology and science, and we should do our best to acquire it. Only by doing so can we have a better life.12 / 20A course of culture in another country一边倒A course of culture in another countryDo you agree or disagree with that all university students should learn a course of culture in another country as well as his own country?Introduction: as the progress of ...+the argument + my opinion + reasons Body:1、 gain a sense of the diversity of the world2、 understand deeper of our own culture3、 prepare better for our careerConclusion: as is discussed above, I suggest that … only by doing so, can one…As the progress of internationalization, all kinds of exchanges between countries have increased extensively in recent years. As a result, many people suggest that all university students should take acourse of culture in another country. Many others, however, argue thatit's unnecessary to take a course of foreign culture and the course is only waste of time. As far as I am concerned, we university students should take the course of foreign culture because it helps us broadenour horizons, understand deeper of our own culture and prepare betterfor our careers.My main reason is that a course of the culture in another countrywill broaden our horizons. Most of us live only in our own country since childhood and know little about the life in other countries, the courses of the foreign culture will give us a view of the out world. For example, we may learn the food in Japanese, the religion in Europe and the customin Indian. All those knowledge will give us a sense of the diversity of the world and will be helpful when we travel overseas.Also, a course of a foreign culture helps us understand more deeplyof our own culture. If one person lives only in one kind of culture over his life, he will take all the customs in the culture for granted and would never realize how special and unique these customs are. Only theone who has knowledge of other kinds of culture can understand how his own culture formed and evaluated. To have a deeper understand of his own culture one should take the course of foreign culture as well as his own.Finally, a course of foreign culture will prepare us better for our career. Nowadays, as all kinds of exchanges between countries keep increasing, there will be more possibility for us to be arranged to take businesses overseas when we start a career, and if we have no knowledgeabout the foreign culture there will be much trouble in our work. Only the one who know the other country's culture well can avoid all kinds13 / 20A course of culture in another countryof culture conflict and complete his arrangement excellently.As is discussed above, I suggest that all university students take a course of culture in another country, only by doing so can one gain a sense of the diversity of the world, have a better understand of his own culture and prepare better for his career.14 / 20Visiting museums to learn a country一边倒Visiting museums to learn a countryDo you agree or disagree with the following statement? Visiting museums is the best way to learn about a country?Introduction: 情景介绍+我的观点+Only(阐释)Body:1、让步(admittedly)+反击( however + moreover)+ example2、建议1(if, necessary to)+阐释2句+otherwise3、建议2(In addition)+阐释2句收尾: In a word+onlyWhen we travel to a foreign country, we are often suggested to visit the museums. The advisers often say that it's the best way to learn a country. It's true that the visit to a museum will give you a quick viewof the country; however, it's far from the best way to learn it. If you have opportunity to stay in the country for a little long time, I would suggest you to communicate with the people or even to live with them for a few days. Only in this way can you gain a more vivid and deep sense of the country.Admittedly, the exhibitions in a museum will help you learn a lot of the country's culture, its history and the residents' lives in a short time. However, all of them are displayed in a still, 2-dimensional way, comprehensive but not complete, detail but not vivid. Moreover, in some quickly developing region, the "country" in the museums always different from the really one in some degree. Take China for an example, the current society is really different from the one displayed in museums.So if you want to gain a closer vi ew of a country it’s also necessary to communicate with the people. In this way you can see their costume, eat their food and heir their language, therefore, you will gain a deeper and more colorful view of the country. Otherwise, your comprehension of the country will stay on the superficial level.In addition, if you have the opportunity, it’s better to live for a few days with the local people. By talking, eating and working together with them, you will easily learn the lives of the people which always mean the most importance of a country. And you will also learn how their culture formed and evaluated which embodies the soul of the country.In a word, I would like to say that it's enough to gain a quick view of a country by visiting their museums. However, if you want to learn more about it, it's better to15 / 20Visiting museums to learn a countrycommunicate with the habitants or even live a few days with them, only in this way can you get a vivid, deep and colorful sense of the country.16 / 20Low salary but stay with family一边倒Low salary but stay with familyIn order to get high salaries, nowadays, many young people choose to leave their family and friends to work in a foreign city far away from their home. However, as far as I am concerned, it's better to stay with one's family and friends even he or she may get a lower salary, because only by living with one's family and friends, can he or she live a happy life.My main reason is that a high salary job that requires one to leave home usually lays much workload on him or her. And with too much workload, I will often feel stressful or even hard to get asleep.That’s really do harm to my health. In addition, when I encounter difficulty in work or life, there will have no friends to ask foradvices and that will be very lonely. Although I may gain a lot of money, I will never live a happy life.However, if I work in my hometown and stay with my family andfriends, they will encourage and comfort me whenever I encounterdifficulty in my work or feel sorrow in my life. With their support Iwill be more brave and confident to face all the challengers in my career.Another reason is that my family and friends need me to live with them. As Confucius says that a man should be responsible to his family first. It’s my duty to stay home tolook after my parents and my children, and I also need to company my wife. On the contrary, my parents will feel lonely and sad if I leave them because I am the single child in my family. So in order to be responsible to my family I would choose the job that near to my home.In a word, in order to live a happy live and be responsible to the family, I prefer to stay with my family and my friends even I will get a lower salary. However, if my family needs me to make more money and I have to leave home I will do it, because a man should devote all himself to his family.17 / 20Low salary but stay with familyHaving more facilities or hiring more teachers?Nowadays, education has become one of the most important issues ofthe society. One of the hottest arguments concerns the facility and theteacher. Some argue that the school should spend more money in buying more new facilities, some others, however, insist that the school should pay more attention to hiring more teachers. Personally speaking, both the facilities and the teachers are very important, but for a school which has limited finance, the most important thing is to keep a balance between them. Only by keeping a good balance can a school make the most use of its finance and gain the best educational quality.First, I want to admit that it is of the most importance to some schools located in developing regions which have not many advanced facilities to spend more money in construction and equipment. For example, my high school located in a remote area, and there is no comfortable dormitory, no spacious office room, no library full of books and no laboratory to make experiment. The students and teachers there often feel inconvenient and inefficient without necessary teaching facilities. So if equipped enough facilities, my classmates and my teachers would get a comfortable environment and improve their study efficiency.On the other hand, for those schools that already have enough facilities and constructions, it's unnecessary to pay more attention on them. For them, it's more important to hire more teachers especially the famous ones. Because a school that has more teachers usually with higher educational quality than the one has fewer teachers. And a famous teacher could also improve the reputation of a school. This isespecially true for the colleges or universities to hire famousprofessors. With high educational quality and famous teachers, a school could surely attract more students to enroll in.Moreover, teachers and advanced facilities are helpful to each other. The advanced equipment could help teachers work more efficiently and improve their teaching skill. On the contrary, only enough capacity teachers could make full use of the school's facilities.So the most important principle is that everything must be realistic. Whether to buy more facilities or to hire more teachers factually depend on the individual financial condition of a school. Only after sufficient analysis can a school makes the best decision and thus improves its teaching quality.18 / 20早离家还是同父母住一块,早离家还是同父母住一块,Nowadays many young people choose to live with their families for a long time even after when they have already graduated from universityand began their career. Some others, however, insist that adults should get independence as soon as they grow adult. As far as I am concerned, both this two chooses have its own reason. And because everyone has his or her own situation, it’s hard to say which choose is better. Only the one who do the sufficient analysis can do the best decision and benefit both oneself and the family.To begin with, there's a lot of benefit to live with one's family. First, the young who are only at the beginning of a career often cannotgain a lot of money, so living with his or her family is really a good choose, because it can save he or she a lot of money. In addition, young people who just begin a career often encounter a lot of difficulty in work which always hard for them to salve, if they live with their family, their parents will encourage them and give them some advices which often helpful. Moreover, when there's some difficulty in the family, the young who live with their family can really give a hand immediately.However, many young choose to live with their family only becausethey fire the difficulty of being independence, some even give up a promising job in another city, that's really short-sight decision. Since one cannot live with his family for a whole life, it is necessary to leave the family at a proper time. If one found a good job whichprovides a profound future, he or she shouldn't give up it and choose to live with the family. On the contrary, he or she should learn to be independent, and to salve all the difficulty by oneself. Only by doing so, can he or she adapt to the society as soon as possible and get a bright career. And the man who has a brilliant future can be more responsible for one's family.Whether choose to live with one's family or to be dependent, itreally depends on one's own situation. Only after sufficient analysis, can one make the best decision and benefits both oneself and the family.19 / 20英语作文2015—陈永增新老朋友。