语言学

Chapter Six Language and Cognition

1. What is Cognition?

Mental process or faculty of knowing, including awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.个人心理过程或知识的能力，包括意识、知觉、推理和判断等。

Three approaches

⏹The formal approach:

structural patterns, including the study of morphological, syntactic, and lexical structure.

形式法主要研究语言结构模式，包括对形态、句法和词汇结构的研究。

⏹The psychological approach: language from the view of general systems ranging

from perception, memory, attention, and reasoning.

心理法从一般的认知系统如感知、注意和推理的角度来研究语言。

The conceptual approach:

how language structures (processes & patterns) conceptual content.

认知法关注语言中组织概念内容的方式和过程。

2. Psycholinguistics 心理语言学

⏹Psychological aspects of

language.

⏹Psychological states and

mental activity with the use of language.

⏹Language acquisition,

language production & comprehension.

心理语言学是对语言的心理方

面的研究，通常研究与语言使用相关的心理状态和心理活动，如语言的习得、产生和理解等。Six subjects of research

⏹Language acquisition (L1 /

L2)语言习得

⏹Language comprehension 语

言理解

⏹Language production 语言产

生

⏹Language disorders

语言障碍

⏹Language and Thought 语言

和思维

⏹Neurocognition 神经认知

2.1 Language Acquisition

⏹Holophrastic stage 独词语阶

段（1-1.2/2）

⏹Language’s sound patterns 开始学习发音

⏹Phonetic distinctions in

parents’ language. 开始对父母话语语音的差别敏感

⏹One-word stage: objects,

actions, motions, routines. 多是具体名词，说明动作、行为和常规的词，社交常用语，非独词的记忆模块

Two-word stage: around 18m

⏹Acquisition speed: one word every two hours

⏹Word order: 妈妈抱抱/ 抱

抱妈妈

⏹Three-word-utterance stage ⏹Give doggie paper.

⏹Put truck window.

⏹Tractor go floor.

Fluent grammatical conversation stage

⏹Embed one constituent

inside another:

⏹Give doggie paper.

→

⏹Give big doggie paper.

⏹Use

more function words:

missing function words and inflection in the beginning (90%), but good use by the age of 3, with a full range of sentence types.

⏹All parts of all languages are

acquired before the child turns four.

⏹使用更多的功能词：3岁之前的

话语象电报，忽略功能词和曲折形式；语言的各方面都可在四岁

前掌握（除了罕用、主要用于书面语中的句式结构或者成人也要费力掌握的句式结构）

2.2 Language comprehension- （1）Word recognition 单词辨识 Mental lexicon （心理词汇库）:

information about

the properties of words,

retrievable

when understanding language

⏹For example, we may use

morphological rules to decompose a complex word like rewritable the first few times we encounter it, and after several exposures we may store and access it as a unit or word.

⏹It means that frequency of

exposure determines our ability to recall stored