材料导论总结

Module 1:

1-1Understand the following terms (a) engineering materials: a term often loosely used to define most materials that go into products and systems.

(b) engineering materials technology: covers fields of applied science related to materials, materials processing(处理，加工), and the many engineering specialties（特性）dealing with materials, such as research and development, design, manufacturing, construction, and maintenance（维护，保持）.

(c) materials: the matter of the universe which have properties that make them useful in structures, machines, devices(装置), products and systems.

(d) materials science:

(e) materials engineering: deals with the synthesis（合成）and used of knowledge in properties, processing and behavior, prepare, modify（修饰）, and apply materials to specific needs.

(f) materials science and engineering: a major field of study, which involves the generation and application of knowledge relating the composition(构成), structure（结构）, and processing of materials to their properties and uses.

(g) properties: describes the behavior of materials when subjected to some external force or condition.

1-5Understand the two terms,

Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) : products to determine their impact on the global environment. and Life Cycle Inventory (LCI);

what in the main purpose of LCA?

Dealing with the materials and processes involved in products in terms of cost and environmental impacts.

1-11What is the difference between design for assembly and design for disassembly?

Design for assembly（装配）emphasizes(着重) easy product assembly by robots and other automated equipment; Design for disassembly is a concept that places recycling at the beginning or design stage of the materials cycle to ensure that waste going into municipal landfills will be minimized.

1-14How can the stage of recycling/disposal become the first stage in the materials cycle? 1-18Understand the terms of metals, alloys and powdered metals.

Metals are elements that can be defined by their properties, such as ductility(延展性), toughness（韧性）, malleability（可锻性）, electrical and heat conductivity（导热系数）, and thermal expansion（热膨胀）.

Alloy（合金）consists（由组成）of metal elements combined with other elements.

Powdered metals: alloying of metals involves melting(融化) the main ingredients（材料）together so that on cooling, the metal alloy is generally a nonporous（无孔的）solid.

1-19List the subgroups（子组）of metallics.

Ferrous, Nonferrous and Powdered metal

1-20Give some examples for ferrous metals and nonferrous metals.

Ferrous(黑色金属): Iron, Steel, Cast iron

Nonferrous（有色金属）: Cooper, Aluminum, Tin

Powdered metals（粉末金属）: Sintered（烧结的）steel, Sintered brass（黄铜）

1-21 Describe the main stages in preparing powdered metals

1-26List the two types of plastics regarding processing method, and give some examples for each type.

Thermosets （热固）: epoxy（环氧树脂）, phenolic（酚醛树脂）, and polyurethane（聚氨酯）.

Thermoplastics: acrylics（丙烯酸树脂）, nylon and polyethylene（聚乙烯）.

1-32List the typical properties of ceramics（陶瓷）.

Hard, brittle, stiff and have high melting points.

1-33What type of chemical bonds existing in ceramics?

Ionic bonds and covalent bonding

1-49Understand the following terms;

(a) catalyst(催化剂): a substance that enters into a chemical reaction in such a way as to make the reaction go faster without itself being consumed.

(b) stoichiometry（化学计量数）: the branch of chemistry that deals with calculation of mass implied in chemical equations.

(c) factor of safety（安全系数）: defined as the ratio of unnormal operation conditions

(d) allowable stress(许用应力) (or design, working, safe stress): the maximum level of stress that a part will be permitted（允许）to endure under operation conditions. Module 2:

2-2What is matter（物质）? Anything that has mass and occupies volume.

List the four states in which matter exists.