史上最全 俄罗斯 中英双语介绍

史上最全俄罗斯中英双语介绍、HistoryFormerly the dominant republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Russia is now an independent country, and an influential member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, since the union’s dissolution in December 1991. During the Soviet era, Russia was officially called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR). Russia is usually considered the Soviet Union’s successor state in diplomatic matters.Russia was founded in the 12th century as the Principality of Muscovy. It was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under Peter I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made in Europe and Asia. Repeated devastating defeats of the Russian army in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major cities of the Russian Empire and to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household.The Communists under Vladimir Lenin seized power soon after and formed the USSR. Josef Stalin (1928-53) strengthened Russian dominance of the Soviet Union.The Soviet Union consolidated its hold on Eastern Europe and sought to expand its influence elsewhere in the world. This active foreign policy helped bring about the Cold War, which turned the Soviet Union’s wartime allies, the United Kingdom and the United States, into foes.Stalin died in 1953 and in the absence of an acceptable successor, the Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism. However, his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into 15 independent republics. Since then, Russia has struggled in its efforts to build a democratic political system and market economy to replace the strict social, political, and economic controls of the Communist period.Most of the area, population, and industrial production of the Soviet Union, then one of the world’s two superpowers, lay in Russia. After the breakup of the USSR, Russia’s global role however has greatly diminished, and cannot be compared to that of the former Soviet Union.历史俄罗斯是前苏联社会主义共和国的主要国家，现在是一个独立国家，自从1991年苏联解体后它是独立的联邦政府中最有影响的成员。

在苏联时期，俄罗斯正式的名称叫做俄罗斯苏联同盟社会主义共和国。

俄罗斯在外交事宜中通常被看作是苏联的继承者。

俄罗斯作为俄国公国在12世纪建立的。

它开始脱离蒙古（13到15世纪）200多年的统治，并且逐渐征服周围的公国。

在17世纪早期，新的罗马诺王朝继续从西伯利亚往太平洋扩张。

在彼得一世（统治从1682至1725）的率领下，国土延伸至波罗的海并将国家命名为俄罗斯帝国。

在19世纪，从欧洲和亚洲获得了更大的领土。

在第一次世界大战中俄军的节节败退导致了国内主要城市的大暴动，在1917年推翻了沙皇的统治。

共产党在列宁的领导下夺取了军权，随后建立了苏联。

斯大林（1928－53）巩固了俄罗斯人在苏联的统治。

苏联加强了它在东欧的实力，并在全世界寻求扩大影响。

这种活跃的外交政策导致了冷战，它使苏联战时的同盟－英国和美国陷入敌对状态。

1953年斯大林的逝世，而国家又缺少合适的继承者，这使得随后的几十年里苏联经济和社会变得萧条，直到秘书长戈尔巴乔夫（1985－91）提出在尝试现代化共产主义中公开化（开放）和改革（重组）。

然而他的积极政策客观上使苏联在1991年12月分裂为15个独立的共和国。

从那时起，俄罗斯开始努力建设民主政治体制并以市场经济来取代共产党时期的计划经济。

前苏联大部分的地区，人口和工业生产在俄罗斯，使之成为世界两大超级大国之一。

但苏联解体之后，俄罗斯的国际地位大大降低，已经无法与前苏联相比。

GeographyThe Russian Federation or Russia is a country that stretches over a vast expanse of Europe and Asia. With an area of some 17,075,200 km²(6,595,600 mi²), it is the largest country in the world, covering almost twice the territory of the next-largest country, Canada. It ranks eighth in the world in population. It shares land borders with the following countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (only through Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea.Russia stretches across much of the north of the supercontinent of Eurasia. Itcontains a large share of the world’s Arctic and sub-Arctic areas, and therefore has less population, economic activity, and physical variety per unit area than most countries, the great area south of these still accommodates a great variety of landscapes and climates. Most of the land consists of vast plains, both in the European part and the Asian part that is largely known as Siberia. These plains are predominantly steppe to the south and heavily forested to the north, with tundra along the northern coast. Mountain ranges are found along the southern borders, such as the Caucasus (containing Mount Elbrus, Russia’s and Europe’s highest point at 5,633m) and the Altai, and in the eastern parts, such as the Verkhoyansk Range or the volcanoes on Kamchatka. The more central Ural Mountains is a north-south range which divides Europe from Asia.Russia has an extensive coastline of over 37,000km along the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, as well as more or less inland seas such as the Baltic, Black and Caspian seas. Some smaller bodies of water are part of the open oceans; the Barents Sea, White Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea are part of the Arctic, whereas the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan belong to the Pacific Ocean. Major islands found in them include Novaya Zemlya, the Franz-Josef Land, the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin地理俄罗斯是一个跨越欧亚两大洲的国家。