诗歌的韵律及押韵格式

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第一节头韵

头韵是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。如克里斯蒂娜•罗塞蒂的《歌》前两诗节:

When I am dead, my dearest,

Sing no sad songs for me;

Plant thou no rose at my head,

Nor shady cypress tree:

Be the green grass above me

With showers and dewdrops wet;

And if thou wilt, remember,

And if thou wilt, forget.

(Christina Rossetti: Song)

第一行的dead / dearest,第二行的sing / sad / songs,第五行的green / grass,第六行的with / wet押头韵。

又如柯尔律治的《古舟子咏》第103~第106行:

The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,

The furrow followed free,

We were the first that ever burst

Into that silent sea.

(Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner)

前三行里,头韵[f]重复七次。这个摩擦送气的清辅音模仿柔风轻涛的声音,创造出一种宁静的意境。第四行里的两个[s]音宛如和风吹过沉寂海面而发出的咝咝声。头韵在这里的使用,令读者有身临其境之感。另外,中间韵blew / flew,first / burst,furrow / followed,尾韵free / sea形成悦耳动听的韵味和节奏感。

再如莎士比亚编号为71的十四行诗前八行:

No longer mourn for me when I am dead

Than you shall hear the surly sullen bell

Give warning to the world that I am fled

From this vile world with vilest worms to dwell.

Nay, if you read this line, remember not

The hand that writ it; for I love you so

That I in your sweet thoughts would be forgot

If thinking on me would make you woe.

每行都有不同的头韵。第一行为mourn / me,第二行为surly / sullen,第三行为warning / world,第四行为world / worm,第五行为read / remember,第八行为me / make和would / woe。第二行、第三行和第五行为than / that / this,第七行和第八行为thoughts / thinking。这样的不同首字母交替出现在一个诗节中,可以称为交叉头韵。

诗人在使用头韵时,还使用一种声音的重复,通过这种声音的重复表达一种独特的情感。如多恩的《歌》:

When thou sigh‘st, thou sigh‘st not wind

But sigh‘st my soul away;

When thou weep‘st, unkindly kind,

My life‘s blood doth decay.

It cannot be,

Tha t thou lov‘st me, as thou say‘st,

If in thine my life thou waste,

Thou art the best of me.

(John Donne: Song)

此诗节使用的头韵有when / wind / weep / waste,sigh / soul / say,doth / decay,blood / be / best,thou / then / that等。另外,在sigh、kindly、thine、my和life中有频繁的元音字母i,此音暗示悲伤和抑郁,加上它是一个长元音,自然就减缓了诗行自然的快节奏运动,哀伤和抑郁之情得到了充分的表现。

同样的诗歌技巧也体现在爱伦•坡的《乌鸦》之中,如该诗的最后一节:

And the Raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting

On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;

And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon that is dreaming,

And the lamp-light o‘er him streaming throws his shadow on the floor;

And my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor

Shall be lifted –nevermore!

(Allan Poe: The Raven)

此诗节中除了各行的头韵(still / sitting,pallid / Pallas,his / have,lamp / light,from / floating / floor),还有内韵(flitting / sitting,seeming / dreaming等),贯穿整个诗节的短元音、[æ],长元音[i:]、[o:]和双元音[əu]生动地传达出了主人公的痛苦和绝望。

第二节尾韵

尾韵(end rhyme)指行尾押韵单词最后的重读元音及其后面的辅音在读音上相同,而元音前面的辅音则不能相同。也就是说,元音以及元音后面的辅音押韵,而元音前面的辅音则不押韵。这种韵又被称为全韵(perfect rhyme)。根据音节的数量,可分为单音节尾韵(single rhyme)、双音节尾韵(double rhyme)和三重音节尾韵(triple rhyme)。

单音节尾韵又称男韵或阳韵(masculine rhyme),是在诗行结尾重读音节之间出现的最普遍的押韵。如米勒《在太平洋之滨》第二诗节:

Above yon gleaming skies of gold

One lone imperial peak is seen;

While gathered at his feet in green

Ten thousand foresters are told.

And all so still! So still the air

That duty drops the web of care.

(Joaquin Miller: By the Pacific Ocean)

第一、四行押韵,第二、三行押韵,第五、六行押韵,都是重读单音节。

虽然是单音节押韵,但它只要求一个音节押韵,而不要求押韵的一个音节是一个单音节单词。例如叶芝《走过柳园》第一节:

Down by the sally gardens my love and I did meet;

She pass‘d the sally gardens with little snow-white feet.

She bid me take love easy, as the leaves grow on the tree;

But I, being young and foolish, with her would not agree.

(W. B. Yeats: Down by the Sally Gardens)

这里第四行的agree就是一个双音节单词,它只在第二个音节上与前行的tree押韵,而且它是重读音节。

双音节韵又称女韵或阴韵(feminine rhyme),其基本特征是行尾单词最后两个音节押韵,

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