介词和介词短语的概念

•介词和介词短语的概念：

介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词和其他介词。

•误用介词的三种情况：

1、多用介词：

多用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将及物动词误用作不及物动词，也可能是受相关结构的影响而用错：

误：We discussed about the plan.

正：We discussed the plan. 我们讨论了计划。

误：Did he mention about the accident?

正：Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了吗?

误：I saw her enter into the bank.

正：I saw her enter the bank. 我看见她进了银行。

误：He married with[to] a nurse.

正：He married a nurse. 他同一位护士结了婚。

误：How can contact with you?

正：How can contact you? 我怎么与你联系?

误：We should serve for the people heart and soul.

正：We should serve the people heart and soul. 我们应该全心全意地为人民服务。

误：Who controls over the factory? (但名词control可接over)

正：Who controls the factory? 谁管理这个工厂?

误：He has a great many of friends here. (比较a great number of)

正：He has a great many friends here. 他在这儿有很多朋友。

2、漏用介词：

漏用介词可能是受汉语意思的影响将不及物动词误用作及物动词，或是受相关结构的影响的影响而用错等：误：This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=处理)

正：This matter is difficult to deal with. 这事很难处理。

误：He is not a man to be depended.

正：He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是个可靠的人。

误：He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.

正：He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶，又接着讲故事。

误：My mother still regards me a child. (比较consider…as中的as可省略)

正：My mother still regards me as a child. 我母亲还把我当小孩看。

误：They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.

正：They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他们坚持要派车来接我们。

误：What he says is worth listening.

正：What he said is worth listening to.他的话值得一听。

3、错用介词：

错用介词的情况比较复杂，可能是因受汉语意思的而错，也可能是因弄不清搭配关系而错，可能是混淆用法而错，也可能是受相关结构的影响而错，可能是忽略语境而错，也可能是想当然的用错：

误：She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人，call at+地点)

正：She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。

误：He is engaged with a nurse.

正：He is engaged to a nurse.他与一位护士订了婚。

误：The sun rises from the east.

正：The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。

误：Under his help, I finished it in time.

正：With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的帮助下，我及时做完了。

误：During he was in Japan, he visited many places.

正：During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期间,参观过许多地方。

误：We are familiar to his character.

正：We are familiar with his character.我们了解他的性格。

误：Help yourself with the fruit.

正：Help yourself to the fruit.吃点水果吧。

•介词的宾语：

1、名词或代词作介词宾语：

如：Are you interested in history? 你对历史感兴趣吗？

Don't worry about it. 别为它担心。

注：若是人称代词用作介词宾语，要注意用宾格。

如：No one can sing like her. 没有人能像她那样唱歌。(不能用like she)

2、动名词作介词宾语：

如：He is good at telling stories. 他善于讲故事。

In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿过马路时被汽车撞倒。

3、过去分词作介词宾语：

如：We can't regard the matter as settled. 我们不能认为这事已经解决。

I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以为你读过这本书。

注：过去分词用作介词宾语通常只见于某些固定结构中，如上面第1句涉及regard…as(认为…是)结构，第2句涉及take sth for granted(认为某事属实)。在其他情况下，介词后通常不直接跟过去分词作宾语，若语义上需要接过去分词(表被动)，可换用“being+过去分词”：

如：He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了，没有被其他人看见。

4、从句作介词宾语：

如：He was not satisfied with what she said. 他对她说的不满意。

I'm worried about where he is. 我担心他上哪儿去了。

注：介词后通常不接that从句，遇此情况需考虑用其他结构：

误：He paid no attention to that she was poor.

正：He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很穷这一事实。

但有个别介词(如except)可接that从句。

比较：I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。

5、不定式作介词宾语：

如：I had no choice but to wait. 除了等，我没有别的选择。

He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那儿。