SCI英文论文写作常见语法错误
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• In a list of treatments, use "or" rather than "and"
– Wrong = After incubation over night, cells were treated with 0, 2.5, 5. 7.5 and 10 uM of DN6-3 for 12 h. – Right = After incubation overnight, cells were treated with 0, 2.5, 5. 7.5 or 10 uM of DN6-3 for 12 h.
Faulty ParallBaidu Nhomakorabealism
• Be sure to use grammatically equal sentence elements to express thoughts or when matching ideas or items in a series
– Wrong = The candidate's goals include winning the election, a national health program and the educational system
• All pronouns must refer clearly to definite nouns. Be careful with "It", "They", "That", "These", "Those" and "Which" • Wrong = Because Tom is less interested in the environment than in economic development, he sometimes neglects it.
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
• Place modifiers near the words they describe and be sure the modified words actually appear in the sentence
– Wrong = Many tourists visit Arlington Cementary, where military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 am until 5:00 pm. – Right = Every day from 9:00 am until 5:00 pm, many tourists visit Arlington Cementary, where military personnel are buried.
– Examples: He accepted the gift. (He received it.) – He excepted the twins. (He did not include them.) – Everyone except Bill. (All but Bill.)
i.e. vs e.g.
• "Between" is used with "and" and "From" is used with "to". • Never use "to" with "between".
– Incorrect: We shuttled between New York to Chicago. – Correct: We shuttled between New York and Chicago. – Correct: We shuttled from New York to Chicago.
– Wrong = Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals. – Right = Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
• Wrong = We should try and change the law • Right = We should try to change the law
A or An ? • The article a is used before consonant sounds; an is used before vowel sounds. • Words beginning with h, o and u sometimes begin with a vowel sound, sometimes a consonant sound. • Consonant Sound: a heroic couplet (h sound)
– He had a small amount of solution left. – He had a small number of tubes left.
Use of "because" after "the reason"
• Do not use "because" after the words "the reason". Use "the reason" plus "that", or else rewrite the sentence. • The word "because" starts adverb clauses, but the noun "reason" needs an adjective modifier. The word "that" introduces adjective clauses which modify nouns.
Dangling Participle
• Occurs when a phrase is not intended to modify what follows next in the sentence
– Wrong = After rotting in the cellar for weeks, my brother broght up some oranges – Right = My brother broght up some oranges which had been rotting in the cellar for weeks,
"Compared to" or "compared with"?
• Always compare with never compare to!!!!
• Wrong = Compared to the control • Right = Compared with the control
"And" / "or"
• i.e. is a way of saying "in other words"
• e.g. is a way of saying "for example"
There, Their and The're
• There = a position. There it is. Can also be a pronoun = There is a likelihood of success. • Their = belonging to. Their hands are cold • The're = They are. The're over here.
• Right = Because of his interest in economic development, Tom sometimes neglects the environment,
Accept or Except ?
• Accept means "to receive." • Except is usually a preposition meaning "but" or "leaving out." Except can also be a verb meaning "to leave out." • As verbs, accept and except are nearly antonyms, so the difference is important!
– a once-happy lover (w sound) – a universal problem (y sound)
• Vowel Sound: an honest man (no h sound)
– an only child (o sound) – an unusual insect (u sound)
Number or Amount?
• Use the word amount with quantities that cannot be counted • Use the word number with quantities that could be counted one-by-one. • Examples:
• To test which to use, say the sentence with the words "it is" in it. If that sounds strange, then "its" is likely the better choice
Misconnecting verb s
Its or It's? • Its is the possessive pronoun; it modifies a noun. • It's is a contraction of "it is" or "it has".
– Incorrect: The mother cat carried it's kitten in it's mouth. (Possessive pronoun, no apostrophe) – Correct: The mother cat carried its kitten in its mouth. – Correct: I think it's going to rain today. (Contraction of it is)
Between or Among
• Between is with two people or things. • Among is used when discussing three or more people or things.
– Examples: She had to choose between licorice and cherry. – She had to choose among licorice, cherry, and lime.
Sentence Fragments
• Make sure that each word group that you have punctuated as a sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought that will stand alone as a sentence.
– Right = The candidate's goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program and improving the educational system
Unclear Pronoun Reference
– Wrong = After incubation over night, cells were treated with 0, 2.5, 5. 7.5 and 10 uM of DN6-3 for 12 h. – Right = After incubation overnight, cells were treated with 0, 2.5, 5. 7.5 or 10 uM of DN6-3 for 12 h.
Faulty ParallBaidu Nhomakorabealism
• Be sure to use grammatically equal sentence elements to express thoughts or when matching ideas or items in a series
– Wrong = The candidate's goals include winning the election, a national health program and the educational system
• All pronouns must refer clearly to definite nouns. Be careful with "It", "They", "That", "These", "Those" and "Which" • Wrong = Because Tom is less interested in the environment than in economic development, he sometimes neglects it.
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers
• Place modifiers near the words they describe and be sure the modified words actually appear in the sentence
– Wrong = Many tourists visit Arlington Cementary, where military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 am until 5:00 pm. – Right = Every day from 9:00 am until 5:00 pm, many tourists visit Arlington Cementary, where military personnel are buried.
– Examples: He accepted the gift. (He received it.) – He excepted the twins. (He did not include them.) – Everyone except Bill. (All but Bill.)
i.e. vs e.g.
• "Between" is used with "and" and "From" is used with "to". • Never use "to" with "between".
– Incorrect: We shuttled between New York to Chicago. – Correct: We shuttled between New York and Chicago. – Correct: We shuttled from New York to Chicago.
– Wrong = Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals. – Right = Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.
• Wrong = We should try and change the law • Right = We should try to change the law
A or An ? • The article a is used before consonant sounds; an is used before vowel sounds. • Words beginning with h, o and u sometimes begin with a vowel sound, sometimes a consonant sound. • Consonant Sound: a heroic couplet (h sound)
– He had a small amount of solution left. – He had a small number of tubes left.
Use of "because" after "the reason"
• Do not use "because" after the words "the reason". Use "the reason" plus "that", or else rewrite the sentence. • The word "because" starts adverb clauses, but the noun "reason" needs an adjective modifier. The word "that" introduces adjective clauses which modify nouns.
Dangling Participle
• Occurs when a phrase is not intended to modify what follows next in the sentence
– Wrong = After rotting in the cellar for weeks, my brother broght up some oranges – Right = My brother broght up some oranges which had been rotting in the cellar for weeks,
"Compared to" or "compared with"?
• Always compare with never compare to!!!!
• Wrong = Compared to the control • Right = Compared with the control
"And" / "or"
• i.e. is a way of saying "in other words"
• e.g. is a way of saying "for example"
There, Their and The're
• There = a position. There it is. Can also be a pronoun = There is a likelihood of success. • Their = belonging to. Their hands are cold • The're = They are. The're over here.
• Right = Because of his interest in economic development, Tom sometimes neglects the environment,
Accept or Except ?
• Accept means "to receive." • Except is usually a preposition meaning "but" or "leaving out." Except can also be a verb meaning "to leave out." • As verbs, accept and except are nearly antonyms, so the difference is important!
– a once-happy lover (w sound) – a universal problem (y sound)
• Vowel Sound: an honest man (no h sound)
– an only child (o sound) – an unusual insect (u sound)
Number or Amount?
• Use the word amount with quantities that cannot be counted • Use the word number with quantities that could be counted one-by-one. • Examples:
• To test which to use, say the sentence with the words "it is" in it. If that sounds strange, then "its" is likely the better choice
Misconnecting verb s
Its or It's? • Its is the possessive pronoun; it modifies a noun. • It's is a contraction of "it is" or "it has".
– Incorrect: The mother cat carried it's kitten in it's mouth. (Possessive pronoun, no apostrophe) – Correct: The mother cat carried its kitten in its mouth. – Correct: I think it's going to rain today. (Contraction of it is)
Between or Among
• Between is with two people or things. • Among is used when discussing three or more people or things.
– Examples: She had to choose between licorice and cherry. – She had to choose among licorice, cherry, and lime.
Sentence Fragments
• Make sure that each word group that you have punctuated as a sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought that will stand alone as a sentence.
– Right = The candidate's goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program and improving the educational system
Unclear Pronoun Reference