2012年青岛大学考研真题216翻译硕士朝鲜语
青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试(中国语言文学综合)试题
青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：701 科目名称：中国语言文学综合（共4页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、评论写作。
阅读下面的作品，撰写一篇评论文章。
题目自拟，不少于600字（60分）暗香篇晚上九时，街市已趋寂寞，于是剩一天明月，送行人归去。
车马的喧嚣减低之后，你我的脚步声遂跫然可闻。
一切思虑，随着烟卷中枭枭上升的烟雾而消失，说是甯静，其实是万端千绪，不知将从何说起。
从一条较黑暗的路上转弯过来，店家冷冷清清，可是电炬通明，还有无线电音乐断断续续自里面传出来。
瞥眼望过去，是一家西服店，橱窗中除了陈列着各种来路西装料作之外，赫然有一大束腊梅，盛放着，插在一个景泰蓝的大花瓶中。
西装与腊梅之间的距离，似乎相差太远，但是对于这位橱窗设计者的匠心，应予以“高人一等”的评价。
从这店家走过不多路，我的“安步”已告结束，我把烟蒂掷在路角，走入自己家中，不知怎样，我的面前如有一片暗香在浮动，这嫩黄的小花朵，竟使我向往不止。
在这种愁柴愁米的境况中，惟有这黄昏的偶然之一瞥，微妙地开启了郁塞的心扉，使一些尘世的劳顿，渐次消逝。
于是晚来不能无梦。
在一个寒雨凄凄的朝晨，我和弟妹们都在乡下故里，想起隔邻花园中的腊梅已经盛放，弟弟提议要去采集一点作为案头清供。
这任务就落在我的身上，因为我和邻家最熟，而且天寒地冻，我的年纪较大，只好由我来任采折之职。
邻家花园中仅有腊梅一木，长在一个池塘的东北面，如要去折梅，就必得绕过大半个池塘。
可怜天雨路滑，园中没有石砌的小径，全是泥地，我小心地从自己的后园通过一扇小门，踏进邻园，向园丁说明来意，就弯到池塘那边来。
使我非常欣喜的是一树花朵正在半开时候，假如真的供在瓶中，至少有一星期可以欣赏……早晨醒来，才觉得夜来一梦的回味无穷。
因为我梦入故园，见到故园中的花木依然。
花开花落，不知道曾否对于此飘零海上、经年不归的旧邻居，起一点落寞的感觉？其实，我对于这棵腊梅，自小就极爱好，不忍攀折一枝。
青岛大学外语学院考研朝鲜语笔译+口译专业研究生导师介绍
朝鲜语笔译（专业学位）廉光虎：男，中共党员，1954年生，延边大学“文革”后首批本科、硕士、博士毕业。
青岛大学外语学院韩语系教授，硕士生导师，青岛大学第四届教学名师。
日本京都大学综合人间学部中国语学科访问学者、韩国首尔大学国语国文系访问学者、首尔大学韩国文化研究所特聘研究员。
中国朝鲜语学会副会长、中国韩国语教育研究学会副会长、青岛翻译协会韩国语分会会长。
主要研究方向为朝鲜语语言学。
主要著作和教材：《韩国语终结词位的历时研究》韩国博尔精出版社1998；《语言学概论》（朝文）延边大学出版社1997；《韩国语敬语形式的研究》辽宁民族出版社2003；《韩国语听力教程》（1.2）（主编）北京大学出版社 2005 2008（普通高等教育十一五国家级规划教材）；《韩中汉字词比较词典》（主编）韩国亦乐出版社2006；《新编韩国语语法》黑龙江朝鲜族出版社2012 等。
李明学：男，中共党员，1961年生，毕业于延边大学、韩国釜山大学，现任青岛大学外语学院副院长, 韩语系主任，副教授，硕士生导师，外语学院学术委员会委员，韩国文学研究学会会员、中国韩国语教育研究学会会员、青岛翻译协会会员。
专业研究方向为韩国文学，包括中韩比较文学等。
主要讲《基础韩国语》、《韩国文学史》、《中韩比较文学》、《韩国文化论》、《口译基础》等课程。
主要专著与教材：《1930年代中韩现代主义小说比较研究》（韩文、专著）、韩国学术情报出版社、2006。
《中国当代文艺思潮与文学展开》（韩文、专著）、韩国文化社、2013，《基础韩国语》（1,2）主编，世界图书出版公司，2010、《韩国语听力教程》（2）副主编、北京大学出版社，2008（普通高等教育十一五国家级规划教材）。
学术论文：《中韩现代主义小说论比较考察》（2005）、《中韩现代主义小说结构比较》（2008）、《鲁迅文学的法思想小考》（2013）、<<对韩国文学教学目标的小考>>（2013）等多篇。
【青岛大学2012年考研专业课真题】英汉互译与汉语写作2012
青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：848 科目名称：英汉互译与汉语写作（共 3 页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PartⅠ. Translate the following terms and passages into Chinese (50 points).A1.puritanism2. synecdoche3. alliteration4. naturalism5. renaissance6. implied reader7. heroic couplet8. sonnet9. neoclassicism 10. stream of consciousnessBThe idea running through these lectures is by now plain enough: that there are in the novel two forces: human beings and a bundle of various things not human beings, and that it is the novelist’s business to adjust these two forces and conciliate their claims. That is plain enough, but does it run through the novel too? Perhaps our subject, namely the books we have read, has stolen away from us while we theorize, like a shadow from an ascending bird. The bird is all right --- it climbs, itis consistent and eminent. The shadow is all right --- it has flickered across roads and gardens. But the two things resemble one another less and less, they do not touch as they did when the bird rested its toeson the ground. Criticism, especially a critical course, is so misleading. However lofty its intentions and sound its method, its subject slides away from beneath it, imperceptibly away, and lecturer and audience may awake with a start to find that they are carrying on in a distinguished and intelligent manner, but in regions which have nothing to do with anything they have read.CAt the end of the 18th century a new literature arose in England. It was called Romanticism, and it opposed most of the ideas held earlier inthe century. Romanticism had its roots in a changed attitude toward mankind. The forerunners of the Romanticists argued that men are naturally good; society makes them bad. If the social world could be changed, all men might be happier. Many reforms were suggested: better treatment of people in prisons and almshouses; fewer death penalties for minor crimes; and an increase in charitable institutions.The Romanticists believed that all men are brothers and deserve the treatment to which human beings are by nature entitled. Every man has a right to life, liberty, and equal opportunity. These ideas had been well stated in the American Declaration of Independence. In France a revolution of the common people began in 1789. Many Englishmen hoped that the new democracies—France and the United States—would show the way for the rest of the world to follow. Along with democracy and individualism came other ideas. One of these ideas was that the simple, humble life is best. Another was that people should live close to nature. Thus the Romantic Movement was inherently anti-progress, if progress meant industrialization.PartⅡ. Translate the following passages into English (50 points).1我的生活曾经是悲苦的，黑暗的。
2012年青岛大学考研真题213翻译硕士日语
青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：213 科目名称：翻译硕士日语（共5页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效問題一、次の1-5を日本語に、6-10を中国語に訳しなさい。
（0.5×10＝5）1、一双袜子2、三支铅笔3、五张邮票4、一本书5、两条鱼6、一台の車7、三人目の受験者8、シャツ二枚 9、一杯のご飯10、蓄電池の電量は昨日より4/5に減った問題二、次の短文のうち、1-5を中国語に、6-10を日本語に訳しなさい。
特に下線の言葉に注意すること。
(1×10＝10)1、この問題については、もう少し検討させてください。
2、彼の言動にみんなはたいへん迷惑しています。
3、北京や上海などの大都市では、交通渋滞の問題はますます深刻になってきています。
4、この先に多大な困難が待ち構えているので、十分に覚悟してください。
5、この家の床はフローリングです。
6、小李，这次是你不对，你应该检讨一下自己。
7、我们感到很迷惑，不知该怎么办才好。
8、这本书内容很深刻，我完全没看懂。
9、这份合同好像有点问题。
10、外面下着雪，他一天都没从床上下来。
問題三、次の成語・ことわざで、1-7を中国語に、8-10を日本語に訳しなさい。
（0.5×10＝5）1、一石二鳥2、腐っても鯛3、猫に小判4、弘法も筆の誤り5、三日坊主6、鳶は鷹を生む7、火のないところに煙が立たない8、百闻不如一见9、画蛇添足10、日新月异問題四、次の1-5を中国語に、6-10を日本語に訳しなさい。
（0.5×10＝5）1、耳に障る2、足を洗う3、手に負えない4、鼻にかける5、歯を食いしばる6、纽约7、厦门8、澳门9、（美国总统）奥巴马10、（手机）诺基亚問題五、次の中国語訳に間違いか不適切な箇所があります。
それを探し出し、直しなさい。
(10)（原文）当時は胴体にジャガイモがコロンとくっついているようなもの。
青岛大学翻译硕士汉语写作学位MTI考试真题2012年
青岛大学翻译硕士汉语写作学位MTI考试真题2012年(总分：150.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}第一部分百科知识{{/B}}(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.东盟：______（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(东盟：东南亚国家联盟，简称东盟(ASEAN)。
其前身是马来亚(现马来西亚)、菲律宾和泰国于1961年7月31日在曼谷成立的东南亚联盟。
1967年8月7—8日，印度尼西亚、泰国、新加坡、菲律宾四国外长和马来西亚副总理在曼谷举行会议，发表了《曼谷宣言》，正式宣告东南亚国家联盟成立。
东南亚国家联盟成为政府间、区域性、一般性的国家组织。
)解析：2.世博会：______（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(世博会：即世界博览会，又称国际博览会，简称世博会，分为两种形式，一种是综合性世博会，另一种是专业性世博会。
世博会是一项由主办国政府组织或政府委托有关部门举办的有较大影响和悠久历史的国际性博览活动。
参展者向世界各国展示当代的文化、科技和产业上正面影响各种生活范畴的成果。
) 解析：3.尼采：______（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(尼采：德国著名哲学家，西方现代哲学的开创者，同时也是卓越的诗人和散文家，现代最伟大的思想家和哲学家之一。
其代表作品包括《悲剧的诞生》《查拉图斯特拉如是说》《偶像的黄昏》。
青岛大学汉语国际教育2012年考研真题、高分状元交流会、状元笔记
2011年北京大学汉语国际教育硕士考研真题及答案解析现在汉语国际教育考研趋于白热化时期，竞争异常激烈。
所以，很多非名校的学生总是处于惆怅复杂的心态之下，阻挡了前进的步伐。
在此，提醒广大考生：心态是考研是否成功的重要因素。
同学们在考研路上遇到了难以解决的问题，请同学们想起育明，育明每年培养出众多全国高校汉硕的研究生，其中包括不少初试复试状元。
考研选择了育明就选择正确的团队伴你一起备战：一个人不可能完成的事业，多人齐心协力众志成城铸造成功。
育明教育倾心为全国汉硕考生打造价值2500元的精品视频课程，包括汉硕考研两门专业课内容深度讲解，涵盖了全部考点。
同时育明教育随视频赠送相应考研资料（状元笔记、历年真题及解析）。
整套汉硕秘籍适用于全国非名校，本专业成绩一般，跨专业基础薄弱，但都梦想着专业课考出高分的学子们。
2014年汉语国际教育视频课程+近三年真题+状元笔记+公共课阅卷人一对一指导=2500元7月1日前报名，8折优惠历年考研真题资料是十分珍贵的,研究真题有利于大家从中分析出题人的思路和心态,因为每年专业课考试不管在题型还是在内容上都有很高的相似度，考研学子们一定要予以重视。
汉语基础叁汉语语言分析（共30分）八、语音分析题（共5分）1．填空（1题1分）（1）“看一看”中“一”的正确读音是。
（2）普通话音节小（xiao）的声调标在上。
（3）普通话音节shuǐ（水）是由个音素构成的音节。
（4）“加油啊”中“啊”的实际读音是。
（5）“血淋淋”中“血”的正确读音是。
九、辨析下列词语（每题5分，共10分）1．“一点儿”与“有点儿”2．“交流”与“交换”十、语法分析（共10分）A.用层次分析法分析以下句子。
1．喜欢看打篮球的学生今天都来了。
（4分）2．本来一枝独秀的“美女作家”开始在人们的视野中渐渐褪色。
（3分B.分析下列句子中加点的词的词性。
（3分）3.我们必须继承并发展民族文化传统。
4．他给我买书。
5．他白跑了一趟。
翻译硕士英语
青岛大学2012年翻译专业硕士研究生入学试题科目代码：211科目名称：翻译硕士英语(共11 页)请写明题号，将答案全部写在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效PART I GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY (30 Points)(I) There are twenty sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four words or phrases marked a, b, c and d. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes each sentence.1. This country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, c oal _____ the most important of these.a. have beenb. arec. beingd. are being2. The weather forecast says it may rain tomorrow, ______ the picnic will be cancelled.a. in this caseb. in that casec. in cased. in which case3. This is an illness that can result in total blindness _____ left untreated.a. afterb. ifc. sinced. unless4. It is not so much the language _____ the cultural background that makes the novel difficult to translate.a. butb. notc. asd. than5. His fondness for music was ______ most of his income went into it.a. so thatb. much thatc. such thatd. in that6.He said it was impossible for _____ a mistake in a computer’s calculation, so you can rely on that.a. there to beb. there would bec. there beingd. there was7. ____________the station earlier, you would not have missed the train.a. If you reachb. If you reachedc. If you have reachedd. If you had reached8. Until then，his family __________ from him for six months.a. didn’t hearb. hasn’t been hearingc. hasn’t heardd. hadn’t heard9. On the other hand, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.a. mannerb. lightc. sensed. method10. It was the first day of spring 2002, and she was standing in ahelicopter as it ______roughly a kilometer up in the sky above Kabula. coveredb. hoveredc. stoppedd. fluttered11. I’ll try to get in touch with the actor but he’s ____ ever at home when I phone.a. rarelyb. almostc. hardlyd. occasionally12. In spite of what they said, she refused to ______ to the police.a. give herself wayb. give herself offc. give herself awayd. give herself up13. Swarms of ants are invading my window. They are such a _______.a. troubleb. disturbancec. nuisanced. annoyance14. Although badly damaged by the earthquake, the pagoda wasfinally ___ to its original magnificence.a. recoveredb. restoredc. renewedd. replaced15. The woman and children were taken to Matagorda RegionalHospital in Bay City, where the woman was in _____Wednesday night, Lewis said.a. surgeryb. operationc. rescued. action16. It is considered bad manners to _____ other people behind their backs.a. do upb. do byc. do away withd. do down17. I would rather you ___ for Canada for a visit next year when it is warm there.a. leftb. leavec. would leaved. had left18. It has been discovered that the water _____ the coast is rich in all kinds of fish.a. offb. ofc. ind. along19. A letter from over 2,000 Crisis volunteers has been delivered toDowning Street calling ___ the Prime Minister to ensure people get the help they need when they approach their local council as homeless.a. forb. onc. atd. in20. Crisis has passed the half way mark towards an ambitious target to____ almost 1,700 single homeless people in privately rented homes across England.a. provideb. letc. offerd. house(II) Error correction. In each sentence, there is one error. Find eacherror and correct it.1. A nger over her position became violent at times, with her Tucson office vandalizing after the House passed the overhaul last March and someone showing up at a recent gathering with a weapon.2. The sheriff blamed the vitriolic political rhetoric that has consumed the country, much of it was centered in Arizona.3. You have the satisfaction of having saved it on your own, and the knowledge which you don’t owe anyone.4.Most of time there are consequences for violating rules at work—whether they are safety rules of the workplace, or directives on how to perform your specific job duties.5. He later set out a fictional etymology for the name, to the effect like it was being derived from the word “Holbytlan”which translates “hole-dweller” in Old English.6. In his writings, Tolkien depicted Hobbits as fond of an unadventurous bucolic life of farming, eating, and socializing, although able of defending their homes courageously if the need arises.7. A group of escapees, find sanctuary in a Church compound, risk their lives as they struggle to survive the plight and persecution brought on by the violent invasion of the city.8. MTI Film provides software based integrated solutions for post production with a focus in technology for digital film restoration and digital dailies.9. The MTI degree, short for Master of Translation and Interpreting, is a professional level of education approved by the Commission of Academic Degrees of the State Department of China.10. But if you get into an accident because of a personal risk you take for yourself, and not your employer, you could lose your right of benefits. PART II READING COMPREHENSION (40 Points)In this section there are five passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then write your answers on your answer sheet.Passage 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Severalgiant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn’t help that building a big, powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves. Egypt’s leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam. Turkey’s bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left—all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headed Narmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will cause hardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, but they are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation are possible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to be either proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don’t need a dam to be sav ed.1.According to the passage, why is the ideal of building big dams so fascinating?a. Because it involves a lot of high technology.b. Because human beings have suffered too much from floods and droughts.c. Because big dams can bring us great benefits.d. Because it is very beautiful and powerful.2. According to the passage, building a big dam_______.a. helped Egypt win the leadership among the Arab countries.b. made Turkey a powerful country in the Arab world.c. is both fascinating and blind.d. is always a symbol of achievement and power.3. The Aswan Dam _____.a. worked as intended.b. prevented the Nile from flooding too oftenc. stopped the myth of controlling waters.d. formed a reservoir which can hardly generate power.4. Which is true about big dams?a. Slovakia won its independence through a big dam.b. The Narmada Dam got the support of the World Bank.c. The Three Gorges Dam is an exception.d. Hydroelectric power and flood control are their only functions.Passage 2The advance of spring made the climate of Pisa too hot for comfort; and early in April Trelawny and Williams rode off to find a suitable lodging for themselves and the Shelleys on the Gulf of Spezia. They pitched upon a house called the Villa Magni, between Lerici and San Terenzio, which “looked more like a boat or a bathing-house than a place to live in. It consisted of a terrace or ground-floor unpaved, and used for storing boat-gear and fishing-tackle, and of a single storey over it, divided into a hall or saloon and four small rooms, which had once been white-washed; there was one chimney for cooking. This place we thought the Shelleys might put up with for the summer. The only good thing about it was a verandah facing the sea, and almost over it.” When it came to be inhabited, the central hall was used for the living and eating room of the whole party.The Shelleys occupied two rooms facing each other; the Williamses had one of the remaining chambers, and Trelawny another. Access to these smaller apartments could only be got through the saloon; and this circumstance once gave rise to a ludicrous incident, when Shelley, having lost his clothes out bathing, had to cross, in puris naturalibus, not undetected, though covered in his retreat by the clever Italian handmaiden, through a luncheon party assembled in the dining-room. The horror of the ladies at the poet's unexpected apparition and his innocent self-defence are well described by Trelawny. Life in the villa was of the simplest description. To get food was no easy matter; and the style of the furniture may be guessed by Trelawny's laconic remark that the sea was his only washing-basin.5. According to the passage, it can be inferred that ______.a. The Shelleys asked Trelawny and Williams to look for lodgings for them.b. Trelawny and Williams liked to live with the Shelleys.c. The Shelleys went to Pisa for summer holidays.d. Trelawny and Williams found a house by the sea.6. What is true about the Villa Magni?a. It was a boat or bathing-room rather than a house.b. Its central hall was used as a dining-hall by all the inhabitants.c. It was a three-storey building.d. Its hall was used for storing boat-gear and fishing-tackle.7. What is true about the incident that happened to Shelley one day?a. He tried to find clothes to cover himself.b. Shelley frightened away the ladies eating their lunch.c. puris naturalibus means “stark naked”.d. Shelley was grateful to the clever housemaid.Passage 3Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for laying a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In the Bilski, as the case is known, is a “very big deal”, says Dennis’D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had beenissued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s j udges, rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the supreme court”, says Harold C.Wegner, an attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.8. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because ofa. their limited value to businessb. their connection with asset allocationc. the possible restriction on their grantingd. the controversy over authorization9. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?a. Its ruling complies with the court decisionsb. It involves a very big business transaction]c. It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuitd. It may change the legal practices in the U.S.10. The word “about-face” (Para 3) most probably meansa. loss of good willb. increase of hostilityc. change of attituded. enhancement of dignity11. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patentsa. are immune to legal challengesb. are often unnecessarily issuedc. lower the esteem for patent holdersd. increase the incidence of risks12. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?a. A looming threat to business-method patentsb. Protection for business-method patent holdersc. A legal case regarding business-method patentsd. A prevailing tread against business-method patentsPassage 4In 1854 my great-grandfather, Morris Marable, was sold on an auction block in Georgia for $ 500. For his white slave master, the sale was just “business as usual.” But to Morris Marable and his heirs, slavery was a crime against our humanity. This pattern of human rights violations against enslaved African-Americans continued under racial segregation for nearly another century.The fundamental problem of American democracy in the 21st century is the problem of “structural racism”: the deep patterns of socio-economic inequality and accumulated disadvantage that are coded by race, and constantly justified in public speeches by both racist stereotypes and white indifference. Do Americans have the capacity and vision to remove these structural barriers that deny democratic rights and opportunities to millions of their fellow citizens?This country has previously witnessed two great struggles to achieve a truly multicultural democracy.The First Reconstruction（1954-1877）ended slavery and briefly gave black men voting rights, but gave no meaningful compensation for two centuries of unpaid labor. The promise of “40 acres and a mule” was for most blacks a dream deferred.The Second Reconstruction (1954-1968), or the modern civil rights movement, ended legal segregation in public accommodations and gave blacks voting rights. But these successes paradoxically obscure the tremendous human costs of historically accumulated disadvantage that remain central to black Americans’ lives.The disproportionate wealth that most whites enjoy today was first constructed from centuries of unpaid black labor. Many white institutions, including some leading universities, insurance companies and banks, profited from slavery. This pattern of white privilege and black inequality continues today.Demanding reparations is no just about compensation for slavery and segregation. It is, more important, an educational campaign to highlight the contemporary reality of “racial deficits”of all kinds, the unequal conditions that impact blacks regardless of class. Structural r acism’s barriers include “equity inequity,” the absence of black capital formation that is a direct consequence of America’s history. One third of all blackhouseholds actually have negative net wealth. In 1998 the typical black family’s net wealth was $ 16,400, less than one fifth that of white families. Black families are denied home loans at twice the rate of whites.Blacks remain the last hired and first fired during recessions. During the 1990-91 recession, African-Americans suffered disproportionately. At Coca-Cola, 42 percent of employees who lost their jobs were blacks. At Sears, 54 percent were black. Blacks have significantly shorter life spans, in part due to racism in the health establishment. Blacks are statistically less likely than whites to be referred for kidney transplants or early-stage cancer surgery.13. To the author, the auction of his great-grandfather is a typical exampleof _______.a. crime against humanityb. unfair business transactionc. racial conflicts in Georgiad. racial segregation in America14. The barrier to democracy in 21st century America is ______.a. widespread use of racist stereotypesb. prejudice against minority groupsc. deep-rooted socio-economic inequalityd. denial of legal rights to ordinary blacks.15. What problem remains unsolved in the two Reconstructions?a. Differences between races are deliberately obscured.b. The blacks are not compensated for their unpaid labor.c. There is no guarantee for blacks to exercise their rights.d. The interests of blacks are not protected by law.16. It is clear that the wealth enjoyed by most whites ________.a. has resulted from business successes over the yearsb. has been accompanied by black capital formationc. has derived from sizable investments in educationd. has been accumulated from generations of slaveryPassage 5In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energeticfounders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders wer e thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.17. It’s true of the old family firms that.a. they were spoiled by the younger generationsb. they failed for lack of individual initiativec. they lacked efficiency compared with modern companiesd. they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers18. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in .a. the separation of capital from managementb. the ownership of capital by managersc. the emergence of capital and labour as two classesd. the participation of shareholders in municipal business19. According to the passage, all of the following are true except that .a. the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workersb. the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workersc. the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothlyd. the trade unions seemed to play a positive role20. The author is most critical of .a. family firm ownersb. landownersc. managersd. shareholdersPART III WRITING (30 Points)Write an essay of about 400words, expressing your views on the following title. In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar, diction and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Should We Help the Injured Old People?11。
青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题
青岛大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题科目代码： 847 科目名称：细胞生物学（共3页）请考生写明题号，将答案全部答在答题纸上，答在试卷上无效一、填空题（每空1分，共50分）1．1838-1839年德国科学家Shleiden和Schwann提出了著名的细胞学说，主要包括三大要点：即_______________________ _________；___________________________；__________________________________。
2．一个细胞生存与增殖所必备的结构装置是______ ___、、_____ _____和。
3．真核细胞的表达与原核细胞相比复杂的多，其调控可在______ ______、______ ___、_______ _________和____ __________等多个层次上进行。
4．细胞膜(质膜)主要由_____ ______和________ _______组成。
前者构成膜的基本骨架，主要包括___ ____ ___、______ ________和_____ _________。
后者是膜功能的主要体现者，可分为三种类型_______ ____、_____________和_______ _____。
5．细胞外基质的基本成分主要___________ ___、_______ _____、____ _________和_______ __ _____。
6． Golgi Complex 是细胞内膜系统的重要组成成分，由______________、_________ _和________ __三部分组成。
其最基本的化学组分是____ ______，特征性的标志酶是________________。
其主要功能是_________ _____和____________________。
7．细胞骨架由__ ___ ____、_____ ______和________ ____组成，其中与胞质分裂有关的细胞骨架成分是_____ ____；维持细胞形态的细胞骨架成分是_____ ____和_____ _______；与细胞分化有关的细胞骨架成分是________ ______。