单片机技术发展与应用中英文对照外文翻译文献

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英文原文-单片机发展与应用

The development and application of MCS-51MCS-51 single-chip was producted in the United States INTE companies in 1980, and compared with MCS-48 single-chip the structure of it has more advanced and more powerful, in the original basis of the circuit an increase of more units and directive amounted to 111, MCS-51 single chip can be regarded as very successful product, until now, MCS-51 series or compatible single-chip applications is still the mainstream product, colleges and universities and professional schools, training materials remained in line with the MCS-51 single-chip, as the theoretical foundation for learning. We also carry out the representation of system models to explain.The range of MCS-51 single-chip 8031,8051 and 8751 mainly includes products such as GM, its main function is as follows: 8-bit CPU 4kbytes program memory (ROM) 128bytes of data memory (RAM) 32 Article I / O port 111 command line. Most of the 21 single-byte instruction register 2 dedicated programmable timer / counter interrupt source 5, a two-priority, full-duplex serial communication port to external data memory address space for external 64kB program memory address space for 64kB-bit addressing logic operation function 40PinDIP dual in-line package Single +5 V Power Supply MCS-51 with its typical structure and improve the special registers of the bus centralized management, operation of a large number of logic functions and bit-oriented control rich instruction set, called for the generation of "crew", the other single-chip microcomputer for later laid the foundation for the development. Because of its superior performance and improve the structure, resulting in the subsequent many manufacturers use or make reference to more than its architecture, there are many of the world's largest maker of electrical and enriched and developed the MCS-51 microcontroller, such as PHILIPS, Dallas, ATMEL, etc. well-known semiconductor companies are compatible with the introduction of the MCS-51 microcontroller products, and even China's Taiwan WINBOND also compatible with the development of C51 (it used to be referred to as MCS-51 If there is no special statement C51, both with the mean MCS-51 Series single-chip) microcontroller varieties. C51 obtained in recent years the development of rapid, C51 origin INTEL as a result of the company was busy developing high-end PC and not on the microprocessor to continue to develop their own single-chip, and by other manufacturers to its development, is the most typical PHILIPS and ATML company, PHILIPS mainly to improve its performance, based on the original development of the high-speed I / O port, A / D converter, PWM (pulse width modulation), WDT andother enhancements, and low-voltage, micro-power consumption, extended serial bus (I2C) and control network bus (CAN) and other functions be improved.PHILIPS Corporation C51 in the development of low-power, high speed and enhanced functionality made many contributions to the development of its first major C51 single-chip, they save 83Cxx and 87Cxx series of parallel expansion bus, suitable for control of household appliances as a category of single-chip microcomputer of the economy.ATMEL Corporation AT89Cxx introduced C51 range of compatible single-chip, to be perfectly Flash (non-volatile flash memory technology) EEPROM with 80C51 core combine the use of C51 is still the overall structure and command system, Flash can be anti-erasable program memory can effectively reduce the development costs and allow for repeated use of single-chip microcomputer.Siemens also use the core of C51, C500 series has introduced single-chip, while maintaining compatibility with the C51 instructions under the premise of the performance of their products has been further improved, especially in the anti-interference performance, electromagnetic compatibility and communication control bus unique functions, and their products are commonly used in the working environment of the occasion. Also applies to the field of telecommunications and home appliance control.WINBOND Taiwan companies have also developed a series of C51-compatible microcontroller, and its products typically have a wealth of features, but also to its high quality and low price in the market also has a certain amount of points.8051 is MCS-51 series single-chip representation of products. It integrated a powerful central processing unit, including the instruments used in multiplication and division hardware, control registers 21 dedicated, 4kB the program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 4 groups of 8 parallel port, two 16-bit can be programming timer / counter, a full-duplex serial port, as well as the Boolean processor. MCS-51 has a relatively large address space, address line width of 16, or external data memory and program memory addressing an area of 216 = 64kB, which is controlled as a single-chip is relatively large, which at the same time available on the I / O port access. In addition. MCS-51 modular structure, can be easily added to and deleted a module and instructions can be pin-compatible products. Thus easy to form a serialized products. MCS-51 as a result of the almost perfect integration of the 8-bit central processing unit, processing, and central processing unit in a convenient and flexible integration of a dedicated register, the hardware increases, subtraction,multiplication, division, and Boolean logic processor and a variety of computing and transfer of command, which will provide a great convenience. MCS-51 instruction set of near-perfect command system contains comprehensive data transfer instructions, and improve operations of arithmetic and logic instructions, easy to operate and control the logic of commands, the programming is very flexible and convenient. MCS-51 single-chip operate frequency is the 2-12MHz, when the oscillation frequency is 12MHz, a machine cycle is 1us should be said that the pace is relatively fast. Perfect in 8051 integrates the various interrupt sources, the user can very easy to control and use of its functions, the scope of the application makes it up, it can be said to meet the vast majority of applications.MCS-51 make the main parts of micro-computer to be integrated in a heart-chip, making data transmission distance significantly shorter, higher reliability, more pieces of the operating speed. Since the fall of the chip micro-computer, the functional components in the chip layout and structure of the optimization, to enhance anti-interference ability, work is also relatively stable. Therefore, in the industrial measurement and control system, the use of single-chip is the ideal choice. Typical single-chip embedded systems, it is the best low-end device control system.MCS-51 requiring a lower level of the development environment, software is very rich in resources to introduce the features of books and software desirable everywhere, simply equipped with a PC (personal computer - the computer is basically no configuration required), a simulation programmer to achieve product development, the early use of DOS software version, with the popularity of Windows software, almost all now use the Windows version, and a wide range of software, an array, the many varieties of single-chip, The C51 is the most abundant environmental resources, which to a great C51 user convenience.MCS-51 applications ：Single-chip widely used in instruments and meters, household appliances, medical equipment, aerospace, specialized equipment and the intelligent management in areas such as process control, can be divided into the following broad areas:1. In the smart application of instrumentation MCS-51 is small size, low power consumption, control, and expansion flexibility, miniaturization and ease of use, widely used in instrumentation, the combination of different types of sensors, can be realized, such as voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, flow , speed, thickness, angle, length, hardness, element, measurement of physical pressure. MCS-51 makes use of digital instrumentation, intelligence, miniaturization andfunctional than the use of electronic or digital circuitry even stronger. For example, precision measurement equipment (power meter, oscilloscope, and analyzer).2. In the industrial control MCU can constitute a variety of control systems, data acquisition system. Such as factory assembly line of intelligent management, intelligent control of the lift, all kinds of alarm systems, and computer networks constitute a secondary control system.3. In the application of household appliances can be said that almost all home appliances are using the MCS-51 control, electric rice from favorable, washing machines, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV and other audio video equipment, electronic weighing and then equipment, all kinds, everywhere.4. In the field of computer networks and communication applications in general have a modern MCS-51 communication interface, can be easily carried out with computer data communications, computer networks and in inter-application communications equipment to provide an excellent material conditions, now Basically, all the communications equipment to achieve a MCS-51 microcomputer intelligent control, from the mobile phone, telephone, mini-program-controlled switchboards, building automated communications system call, the train wireless communications, and then you can see day-to-day work of mobile phones, Mobile communications, such as radios.5. MCS-51 medical equipment in the field of application of single-chip microcomputer in medical devices have a wide range of purposes, such as medical ventilator, various analyzers, monitors, ultrasonic diagnostic equipment and hospital call systems. In addition, single-chip microcomputer in the industrial, commercial, financial, scientific research, education, defense aerospace and other fields have a wide range of uses.Since the birth of MCS-51 after it entered the human life, such as washing machines,refrigerators, electronic toys, household appliances, such as Shoulu MCS-51, improved intelligence, increased functionality, much like people. SCM will make human life more convenient, comfortable and colorful.Comprehensive above, the MCS-51 has become a computer development and application of an important aspect. On the other hand, the importance of MCS-51application also is that it fundamentally changed the traditional control system design concepts and design methods. From the past must be digital or analog circuits to achieve the most functional, it is now MCS-51 software can be used to achieve the method. This software instead of hardware control technology, known asmicro-control technology, is a traditional control technology revolution.。

单片机英文文献及翻译

附录A英文文献翻译原文Temperature Control Using a Microcontroller:An Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Engineering Design ProjectJames S. McDonaldDepartment of Engineering ScienceTrinity UniversitySan Antonio, TX 78212AbstractThis paper describes an interdisc iplinary design project which was done under the author’s supervision by a group of four senior students in the Department of Engineering Science at Trinity University. The objective of the project was to develop a temperature control system for an air-filled chamber. The system was to allow entry of a desired chamber temperature in a prescribed range and to exhibit overshoot and steady-state temperature error of less than 1 degree Kelvin in the actual chamber temperature step response. The details of the design developed by this group of students, based on a Motorola MC68HC05 family microcontroller, are described. The pedagogical value of the problem is also discussed through a description of some of the key steps in the design process. It is shown that the solution requires broad knowledge drawn from several engineering disciplines including electrical, mechanical, and control systems engineering.1 IntroductionThe design project which is the subject of this paper originated from a real-world application.A prototype of a microscope slide dryer had been developed around an OmegaTM modelCN-390 temperature controller, and the objective was to develop a custom temperature control system to replace the Omega system. The motivation was that a custom controller targeted specifically for the application should be able to achieve the same functionality at a much lower cost, as the Omega system is unnecessarily versatile and equipped to handle a wide variety of applications.The mechanical layout of the slide dryer prototype is shown in Figure 1. The main element of the dryer is a large, insulated, air-filled chamber in which microscope slides, each with a tissue sample encased in paraffin, can be set on caddies. In order that the paraffin maintain the proper consistency, the temperature in the slide chamber must be maintained at a desired (constant) temperature. A second chamber (the electronics enclosure) houses a resistive heater and the temperature controller, and a fan mounted on the end of the dryer blows air across theheater, carrying heat into the slide chamber. This design project was carried out during academic year 1996–97 by four students under the author’s supervision as a Senior Design project in the Department of Engineering Science at Trinity University. The purpose of this paper isto describe the problem and the students’ solution in some detail, and to discuss some of the pedagogical opportunities offered by an interdisciplinary design project of this type. The students’ own report was presented a t the 1997 National Conference on Undergraduate Research [1]. Section 2 gives a more detailed statement of the problem, including performance specifications, and Section 3 describes the students’ design. Section 4 makes up the bulk of the paper, and discusses in some detail several aspects of the design process which offer unique pedagogical opportunities. Finally, Section 5 offers some conclusions.2 Problem StatementThe basic idea of the project is to replace the relevant parts of the functionality of an Omega CN-390 temperature controller using a custom-designed system. The application dictates that temperature settings are usually kept constant for long periods of time, but it’s nonetheless important that step changes be tracked in a “reasonable” manner. Thus the main requirements boil down to·allowing a chamber temperature set-point to be entered,·displaying both set-point and actual temperatures, and·tracking step changes in set-point temperature with acceptable rise time, steady-state error, and overshoot.Although not explicitly a part of the specifications in Table 1, it was clear that the customer desired digital displays of set-point and actual temperatures, and that set-point temperature entry should be digital as well (as opposed to, say, through a potentiometer setting).3 System DesignThe requirements for digital temperature displays and setpoint entry alone are enough to dictate that a microcontrollerbased design is likely the most appropriate. Figure 2 shows a block diagram of the stude nts’ design.The microcontroller, a MotorolaMC68HC705B16 (6805 for short), is the heart of the system. It accepts inputs from a simple four-key keypad which allow specification of the set-point temperature, and it displays both set-point and measured chamber temperatures using two-digit seven-segment LED displays controlled by a display driver. All these inputs and outputs are accommodated by parallel ports on the 6805. Chamber temperature is sensed using apre-calibrated thermistor and input via one of the 6805’s analog-to-digital inputs. Finally, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) output on the 6805 is used to drive a relay which switches line power to the resistive heater off and on.Figure 3 shows a more detailed schematic of the electronics and their interfacing to the 6805. The keypad, a Storm 3K041103, has four keys which are interfaced to pins PA0{ PA3 of Port A, configured as inputs. One key functions as a mode switch. Two modes are supported: set mode and run mode. In set mode two of the other keys are used to specify the set-point temperature: one increments it and one decrements. The fourth key is unused at present. The LED displays are driven by a Harris Semiconductor ICM7212 display driver interfaced to pins PB0{PB6 of Port B, configured as outputs. The temperature-sensing thermistor drives, through a voltage divider, pin AN0 (one of eight analog inputs). Finally, pin PLMA (one of two PWM outputs) drives the heater relay.Software on the 6805 implements the temperature control algorithm, maintains the temperature displays, and alters the set-point in response to keypad inputs. Because it is not complete at this writing, software will not be discussed in detail in this paper. The control algorithm in particular has not been determined, but it is likely to be a simple proportional controller and certainly not more complex than a PID. Some control design issues will be discussed in Section 4, however.4 The Design ProcessAlthough essentially the project is just to build a thermostat, it presents many nice pedagogical opportunities. The knowledge and experience base of a senior engineering undergraduate are just enough to bring him or her to the brink of a solution to various aspects of the problem. Yet, in each case, realworld considerations complicate the situation significantly.Fortunately these complications are not insurmountable, and the result is a very beneficial design experience. The remainder of this section looks at a few aspects of the problem which present the type of learning opportunity just described. Section 4.1 discusses some of the features of a simplified mathematical model of the thermal properties of the system and how it can beeasily validated experimentally. Section 4.2 describes how realistic control algorithm designs can be arrived at using introductory concepts in control design. Section 4.3 points out some important deficiencies of such a simplified modeling/control design process and how they can be overcome through simulation. Finally, Section 4.4 gives an overview of some of the microcontroller-related design issues which arise and learning opportunities offered.4.1 MathematicalModelLumped-element thermal systems are described in almost any introductory linear control systems text, and just this sort of model is applicable to the slide dryer problem. Figure 4 shows a second-order lumped-element thermal model of the slide dryer. The state variables are the temperatures Ta of the air in the box and Tb of the box itself. The inputs to the system are the power output q(t) of the heater and the ambient temperature T¥. ma and mb are the masses of the air and the box, respectively, and Ca and Cb their specific heats. μ1 and μ2 are heat transfer coefficients from the air to the box and from the box to the external world, respectively.It’s not hard to show that the (linearized) state equationscorresponding to Figure 4 areTaking Laplace transforms of (1) and (2) and solving for Ta(s), which is the output of interest, gives the following open-loop model of the thermal system:where K is a constant and D(s) is a second-order polynomial.K, tz, and the coefficients ofD(s) are functions of the variousparameters appearing in (1) and (2).Of course the various parameters in (1) and (2) are completely unknown, but it’s not hard to show that, regardless of their values, D(s) has two real zeros. Therefore the main transfer function of interest (which isthe one from Q(s), since we’ll assume constant ambient temperature) can be writtenMoreover, it’s not too hard to show that 1=tp1 <1=tz <1=tp2, i.e., that the zero lies between the two poles. Both of these are excellent exercises for the student, and the result is the openloop pole-zero diagram of Figure 5.Obtaining a complete thermal model, then, is reduced to identifying the constant K and the three unknown time constants in (3). Four unknown parameters is quite a few, but simple experiments show that 1=tp1 _ 1=tz;1=tp2 so that tz;tp2 _ 0 are good approximations. Thus the open-loop system is essentially first-order and can therefore be written(where the subscript p1 has been dropped).Simple open-loop step response experiments show that,for a wide range of initial temperatures and heat inputs, K _0:14 _=W and t _ 295 s.14.2 Control System DesignUsing the first-order model of (4) for the open-loop transfer function Gaq(s) and assuming for the moment that linear control of the heater power output q(t) is possible, the block diagram of Figure 6 represents the closed-loop system. Td(s) is the desired, or set-point, temperature,C(s) is the compensator transfer function, and Q(s) is the heater output in watts.Given this simple situation, introductory linear control design tools such as the root locus method can be used to arrive at a C(s) which meets the step response requirements on rise time, steady-state error, and overshoot specified in Table 1. The upshot, of course, is that a proportional controller with sufficient gain can meet all specifications. Overshoot is impossible, and increasing gains decreases both steady-state error and rise time.Unfortunately, sufficient gain to meet the specifications may require larger heat outputs than the heater is capable of producing. This was indeed the case for this system, and the result is that the rise time specification cannot be met. It is quite revealing to the student how useful such an oversimplified model, carefully arrived at, can be in determining overall performance limitations.4.3 Simulation ModelGross performance and its limitations can be determined using the simplified model of Figure 6, but there are a number of other aspects of the closed-loop system whose effects on performance are not so simply modeled. Chief among these are·quantization error in analog-to-digital conversion of the measured temperature and· the use of PWM to control the heater.Both of these are nonlinear and time-varying effects, and the only practical way to study them is through simulation (or experiment, of course).Figure 7 shows a SimulinkTM block diagram of the closed-loop system which incorporates these effects. A/D converter quantization and saturation are modeled using standard Simulink quantizer and saturation blocks. Modeling PWM is more complicated and requires a customS-function to represent it.This simulation model has proven particularly useful in gauging the effects of varying thebasic PWM parameters and hence selecting them appropriately. (I.e., the longer the period, the larger the temperature error PWM introduces. On the other hand, a long period is desirable to avoid excessiv e relay “chatter,” among other things.) PWM is often difficult for students to grasp, and the simulation model allows an exploration of its operation and effects which is quite revealing.4.4 The MicrocontrollerSimple closed-loop control, keypad reading, and display control are some of the classic applications of microcontrollers, and this project incorporates all three. It is therefore an excellent all-around exercise in microcontroller applications. In addition, because the project isto produce an actua l packaged prototype, it won’t do to use a simple evaluation board with theI/O pins jumpered to the target system. Instead, it’s necessary to develop a complete embedded application. This entails the choice of an appropriate part from the broad range offered in a typical microcontroller family and learning to use a fairly sophisticated development environment. Finally, a custom printed-circuit board for the microcontroller and peripherals must be designed and fabricated.Microcontroller Selection. In view of existing local expertise, the Motorola line of microcontrollers was chosen for this project. Still, this does not narrow the choice down much. A fairly disciplined study of system requirements is necessary to specify which microcontroller, out of scores of variants, is required for the job. This is difficult for students, as they generally lack the experience and intuition needed as well as the perseverance to wade through manufacturers’ selection guides.Part of the problem is in choosing methods for interfacing the various peripherals (e.g., what kind of display driver should be used?). A study of relevant Motorola application notes [2, 3, 4] proved very helpful in understandingwhat basic approaches are available, and what microcontroller/peripheral combinations should be considered.The MC68HC705B16 was finally chosen on the basis of its availableA/D inputs and PWMoutputs as well as 24 digital I/O lines. In retrospect this is probably overkill, as only oneA/D channel, one PWM channel, and 11 I/O pins are actually required (see Figure 3). The decision was made to err on the safe side because a complete development system specific to the chosen part was necessary, and the project budget did not permit a second such system to be purchased should the firstprove inadequate.Microcontroller Application Development. Breadboarding of the peripheral hardware, development of microcontroller software, and final debugging and testing of a customprinted-circuit board for the microcontroller and peripherals all require a development environment of some kind. The choice of a development environment, like that of themicrocontroller itself, can be bewildering and requires some faculty expertise. Motorola makes three grades of development environment ranging from simple evaluation boards (at around $100) to full-blown real-time in-circuit emulators (at more like $7500). The middle option was chosen for this project: the MMEVS, which consists of _ a platform board (which supports all 6805-family parts), _ an emulator module (specific to B-series parts), and _ a cable and target head adapter (package-specific). Overall, the system costs about $900 and provides, with some limitations, in-circuit emulation capability. It also comes with the simple but sufficient software development environment RAPID [5].Students find learning to use this type of system challenging, but the experience they gain in real-world microcontroller application development greatly exceeds the typical first-course experience using simple evaluation boards.Printed-Circuit Board. The layout of a simple (though definitely not trivial) printed-circuit board is another practical learning opportunity presented by this project. The final board layout, with package outlines, is shown (at 50% of actual size) in Figure 8. The relative simplicity of the circuit makes manual placement and routing practical—in fact, it likely gives better results than automatic in an application like this—and the student is therefore exposed to fundamental issues of printed-circuit layout and basic design rules. The layout software used was the very nice package pcb,2 and the board was fabricated in-house with the aid of our staff electronics technician.5 ConclusionThe aim of this paper has been to describe an interdisciplinary, undergraduate engineering design project: a microcontroller- based temperature control system with digital set-point entry and set-point/actual temperature display. A particular design of such a system has been described, and a number of design issues which arise—from a variety of engineering disciplines—have been discussed. Resolution of these issues generally requires knowledge beyond that acquired in introductory courses, but realistically accessible to advance undergraduate students, especiallywith the advice and supervision of faculty.Desirable features of the problem, from a pedagogical viewpoint, include the use of a microcontroller with simple peripherals, the opportunity to usefully apply introductorylevel modeling of physical systems and design of closed-loop controls, and the need for relatively simple experimentation (for model validation) and simulation (for detailed performance prediction). Also desirable are some of the technologyrelated aspects of the problem including practical use of resistive heaters and temperature sensors (requiring knowledge of PWM and calibration techniques, respectively), microcontroller selection and use of development systems, and printedcircuit design.AcknowledgementsThe author would like to acknowledge the hard work, dedication, and ability shown by the students involved in this project: Mark Langsdorf, Matt Rall, PamRinehart, and David Schuchmann. It is their project, and credit for its success belongs to them.References[1] M. Langsdorf, M. Rall, D. Schuchmann, and P. Rinehart,“Temperature control of a microscope slide dryer,” in1997 National Conference on Undergraduate Research,(Austin, TX), April 1997. Poster presentation.[2] Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, Temperature Measurementand Display Using the MC68HC05B4 and the MC14489,1990. Motorola SemiconductorApplicationNote AN431.[3] Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, HC05 MCU LED DriveTechniques Using the MC68HC705J1A, 1995. MotorolaSemiconductor Application Note AN1238.[4] Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, HC05MCU Keypad DecodingTechniques Using the MC68HC705J1A, 1995. MotorolaSemiconductor Application Note AN1239.[5] Motorola, Inc., Phoenix, AZ, RAPID Integrated DevelopmentEnvironment User’s Manual, 1993. (RAPID wasdeveloped by P & E Microcomputer Systems, Inc.).附录B英文文献翻译中文单片机温度控制：一个跨学科的本科生工程设计项目JamesS.McDonald工程科学系三一大学德克萨斯州圣安东尼奥市78212摘要本文所描述的是作者领导由四个三一大学高年级学生组成的团队进行的一个跨学科工程项目的设计。

(完整版)MCS-51系列单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

MCS-51系列单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述Structure and function of the MCS-51 seriesStructure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have, such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same.8051 daily representatives-51 serial one-chip computers.A one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: (1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositing not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. (3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve theprocedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031, 8032.(4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. (5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. (6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source. (7) One all duplex serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. (8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertz now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporaries of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loop back ACC with another one. Inaddition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside. The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering that agreeing with a express in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter, the order is deposited, the order deciphering, the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedure counter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IA that will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out. Shake the circuit in 8051 one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse signal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded.There are ROM (procedure memory , can only read ) and RAM in 8051 slices (data memory, can is it can write ) two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and form constant. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, using for middle result to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered. In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 bytes that can be appointed as the jobregister, this and general microprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM can arrange in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addresses of ROM and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory, corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds: (1) In the slice, arrange blocks of FFFFH, 0000H of location, in unison outside the slice (use 16 addresses). (2) The data memory address space outside one of 64KB, the address is arranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH (with 16 addresses) too to the location. (3) Data memory address space of 256B (use 8 addresses). Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlap, for distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM orderspend MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice.8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O ports, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer. Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction, but four function of pass away these self-same. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, four ports these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharing The circuit of 8051 one-chip computers and four I/O ports is very ingenious in design. Familiar with I/O port logical circuit, not only help to use port correctly and rationally, and will inspire to designing the peripheral logical circuit of one-chip computer to some extent. Load ability and interface of port have certain requirement, because output grade, P0 of mouth and P1 end output, P3 of mouth grade different at structure, so, the load ability and interface of its door demand to have nothing in common with each other. P0 mouth is different from other mouth, its output grade draws the resistance supremely. When using it as the mouth in common use, output grade is it leak circuit to turn on, is it urge NMOS draw the resistanceon taking to be outer with it while inputting to go out to fail. When being used as introduction, should write"1" to a latch first. Every one with P0 mouth can drive 8 Model LS TTL load to export. P1 mouth is an accurate two-way mouth too, used as I/O in common use. Different from P0 mouth output of circuit its, draw load resistance link with power on inside have. In fact, the resistance is that two effects are in charge of FET and together: One FET is in charge of load, its resistance is regular. Another one can is it lead to work with close at two state, make its President resistance value change approximate 0 or group value heavy two situation very. When it is 0 that the resistance is approximate, can draw the pin to the high level fast; when resistance value is very large, P1 mouth high electricity at ordinary times, can is it draw electric current load to offer outwards, draw electric current load to offer outwards, draw the resistance on needn't answer and thinking. Here when the port is used as introduction, must write into 1 to the corresponding latch first too, make FET end relatively about 20,000 ohms because of load resistance in scene and because 40,000 ohms, will not exert an influence on the data that are input. The structure of P2 some mouth is similar to P0 mouth, there are MUX switches. Is it similar to mouth partly to urge, but mouth large a conversion controls some than P1.P3 mouth one multi-functional port, mouth getting many than P1 it have "3 doors and 4 buffers". Two parts there, make her besides accurate two-way function with P1 mouth just, can also use the second function of every pin, "and" door 3 functions one switch in fact, it determines to be to output data of latch tooutput second signal of function. Act as W=At 1 o'clock, output Q end signal; act as Q=At 1 o'clock, can output W line signal. At the time of programming, it is that the first function is still the second function but needn't have software that set up P3 mouth in advance .It hardware not inside is the automatic to have two function outputted when CPU carries on SFR and seeks the location to visit to P3 mouth/at not lasting lining, there are inside hardware latch Qs=1. The operation principle of P3 mouth is similar to P1 mouth.Output grade, P3 of mouth, P1 of P1, connect with inside have load resistance of drawing, every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way. Because draw resistance on output grade of them have, can open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing outer. Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first. As to 80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer milliampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to regard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base, in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing of an one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000H initially, make the one-chip computer begin to hold the conductprocedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally, as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren't mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective, should sustain 24 shake cycle (namely 2 machine cycles) the above its effective times. If 6 of frequency of utilization brilliant to shake, restore to the throne signal duration should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the signal: restore to the throne the circuit and include two parts outside in the chip entirely. Outside that circuit produce to restore to the throne signal (RST) hand over to Schmitt's trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output , Schmitt of trigger constantly in each S5P2 , machine of cycle in having one more , then just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary signal inside. Restore to the throne resistance of circuit generally, electric capacity parameter suitable for 6 brilliant to shake, can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its function is very important. Pieces of one-chip computer system could normal running, should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking and can pop one's head and monitor the pin with the oscilloscope tentatively, push and is restored to the throne the key, the wave form that observes andhas enough range is exported (instantaneous), can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experiment to change.MCS-51系列单片机的功能和结构MSC-51系列单片机具有一个单芯片电脑的结构和功能，它是英特尔公司的系列产品的名称。

单片机设计外文文献翻译(含中英文)

附录A 外文翻译——AT89S52/AT89S51技术手册AT89S52译文主要性能与MCS-51单片机产品兼容8K字节在系统可编程Flash存储器1000次擦写周期全静态操作：0Hz～33Hz三级加密程序存储器32个可编程I/O口线三个16位定时器/计数器八个中断源全双工UART串行通道低功耗空闲和掉电模式掉电后中断可唤醒看门狗定时器双数据指针掉电标识符功能特性描述AT89S52是一种低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K在系统可编程Flash 存储器。

使用Atmel公司高密度非易失性存储器技术制造，与工业80C51产品指令和引脚完全兼容。

片上Flash 允许程序存储器在系统可编程，亦适于常规编程器。

在单芯片上，拥有灵巧的8位CPU和在系统可编程Flash，使得AT89S52为众多嵌入式控制应用系统提供高灵活、超有效的解决方案。

AT89S52具有以下标准功能：8k字节Flash，256字节RAM，32位I/O口线，看门狗定时器，2个数据指针，三个16位定时器/计数器，一个6向量2级中断结构，全双工串行口，片内晶振及时钟电路。

另外，AT89S52可降至0Hz静态逻辑操作，支持2种软件可选择节电模式。

空闲模式下，CPU停止工作，允许RAM、定时器/计数器、串口、中断继续工作。

掉电保护方式下，RAM内容被保存，振荡器被冻结，单片机一切工作停止，直到下一个中断或硬件复位为止。

引脚结构方框图VCC : 电源GND :地P0口：P0口是一个8位漏极开路的双向I/O口。

作为输出口，每位能驱动8个TTL逻辑电平。

对P0端口写“1”时，引脚用作高阻抗输入。

当访问外部程序和数据存储器时，P0口也被作为低8位地址/数据复用。

在这种模式下，P0具有内部上拉电阻。

在flash编程时，P0口也用来接收指令字节；在程序校验时，输出指令字节。

程序校验时，需要外部上拉电阻。

P1口：P1 口是一个具有内部上拉电阻的8位双向I/O 口，p1 输出缓冲器能驱动4个TTL 逻辑电平。

单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机的发展与应用

单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机的发展与应用THE Application and Development ofMicrocontroller UnitMonolithic integrated circuits are a computer chip. It uses tec hnology will have a data processing ability of the microprocessor (cpu), storage in rom （program memory and data storage ram ）, the input, output interfaces circuit (I/O) integration interface i tu rned around with a chip in that small, constitutes a very good and the computer hardware system, where the application under the c ontrol of a monolithic integrated circuits can be accurate, fast and efficient procedures provided in advance to complete the task. So, a monolithic integrated circuits will have a computer chip of all t he functions.Thus, the microprocessor （monolithic integrated circuits has generally cpu ）chips are not functional, it can independently com plete modern industrial control required for intelligent control func tions, it is monolithic integrated circuits of the biggest characteristi c.Monolithic integrated circuits, however, and different from mac hines （ a microprocessor chips, the memory chip and input and o utput interfaces chip in with a piece of printed circuit board of a microcomputer ）, Monolithic integrated circuits chip in developing ago, it is only a function vlsi will have a strong, If of application development, it is a small microcomputer control system, but it m achine or a personal computer (pc is essential. the difference betw een).Monolithic integrated circuits of the application of chips at the level of application, the user （monolithic integrated circuits lear ners with users understand the structure of the chip ）monolithic integrated circuits and instruction system, and the integrated use o f technology and system design to the theory and techniques, in th is particular chip design application, thereby, the chip with a parti cular function.Different monolithic integrated circuits have different hardware and software, or the technical features are different, Character de pends on a hardware chip monolithic integrated circuits the intern al structure of the user to use some monolithic integrated circuits, we must know this type of product whether to meet the needs of the facilities and application of the indicators required. The tech nical features include functional characteristics, control and electric al attributes, These information to manufacturers in the technical manual. Software features refers to an instruction system and devel opment support of the environment, the quality of instruction or monolithic integrated circuits for reference, data processing and log ical processing, output characteristics and to the power input requi rements, etc. Development support of the environment, including th e instructions of compatible and portable. support software (contai ns can support the development and application software and hard ware resources. resources). To take advantage of the model of deve lopment of a monolithic integrated circuits application systems, lea rn its structural features and technological characteristic is require d.Monolithic integrated circuits to control system will ever use o f sophisticated electronic circuit or circuit, a control system to achi eve the software controls and enable intelligent, It is monolithic in tegrated circuits to control areas, such as communications products and household appliances, the instruments and processes to contr ol and control devices, theapplication of more monolithic integrate d circuits sector.Monolithic integrated circuits, of course, the application is not limited to the application or the category of the economic perfor mance is more important it is a fundamental change in the traditi onal methods designed to control and mind control techniques. it i s a revolution is an important milestone.Can say now is the policy, a hundred schools of thought conte nd "monolithic integrated circuits, World chip all the company unv eiled his monolithic integrated circuits, from 8, 16 to 32 bits, and,with mainstream c51 series of, and there is not compatible with e ach other, but they, as complementary to monolithic integrated circ uits, the application of the world provide a broad.Throughout monolithic integrated circuits of the development p rocess, the trend of a monolithic integrated circuits, has ：1.the low TDP COMSMcs -51 8031 a series of TDP for 630mw, and now a monolit hic integrated circuits, and generally in 100mw. As to ask for lowe r TDP monolithic integrated circuits, and now each monolithic inte grated circuits are used in the basic cmos (complementary metal o xides semiconductor technology). Like 80c51 adopt a hmos (the hig h density metal oxides semiconductor technology) and chmos (com plementary high density metal oxides semiconductor technology). C mos although TDP low, but owing to their physical characteristics to their work at a speed isn't high enough, but it has a high-spee d chmos TDP and low, these features are more appropriate to ask for lower TDP in a battery operated applications. so this process will be for a period of development. the main way to monolithic i ntegrated circuits。

自动化单片机毕业设计文献翻译中英文_单片机概述、应用与发展

外文资料Outline, Application and Development of thesinglechipThe singlechip is one kind of integrated circuit chip, which uses the ultra large-scale technology and has the data-handling capacity (for example arithmetic operation, logic operation, data transfer, interrupt processing) the microprocessor (CPU), random access data-carrier storage (RAM), read-only program memory (ROM), input output circuit (I/O), possibly also includes fixed time the counter, serial passes unguardedly (SCI), demonstration actuation electric circuit (LCD or LED actuation electric circuit), pulse-duration modulation electric circuit (PWM), simulation multichannel switch and A/Electric circuit and so on D switch integrates to together the monolith chip on, constitutes to be smallest the computer system which however consummates. These electric circuits can under the software control accurate, be rapid, highly effective complete the procedure designer preset the duty.From this looked that, singlechip has the function which the microprocessor does not have, it may alone complete the intellectualization control function which the modern industry control requests, this is singlechip biggest characteristic.However singlechip also is different with the single trigger, the chip before the development, it only has the function greatly strengthened ultra large scale integrated circuit, if entrusts with it the specific procedure, it then is youngest, the integrity microcomputer control system, it (PC machine) has the essential difference with the single trigger or the personal computing, singlechip application belongs to the chip level application, needs the user to understand singlechip chip the structure and the command system as well as other integrated circuit application technologies and the system design need theory and technology, with such specific chip design application procedure, thus causes this chip to have the specific function.The different singlechip has the different hardware characteristic and the software characteristic, namely their technical characteristicis different, the hardware characteristic is decided by singlechip chip internal structure, the user must use some kind of singlechip, must understand whether this product does satisfy the characteristic target which the need the function and the application system requests. Here technical characteristic including function characteristic, control characteristic and electrical specification and so on, these information needs to obtain from in the production merchant technical manual. The software characteristic is refers to the command system characteristic and the development support environment, the instruction characteristic is singlechip addressing way which we is familiar with, the data processing and the logical processing way, input-output characteristic and to power source request and so on. The development support environment is compatible and the probability including the instruction, supports the software (to contain may support development application procedure software resources) and the hardware resources. Must use some model singlechip to develop own application system, master its structure characteristic and the technical characteristic is that we need..Singlechip control system could substitute for before uses control system which the complex electronic circuit or the digital circuit constituted, might the software control realizes, and could realize the intellectualization, now singlechip control category omnipresent, for example correspondence product, domestic electric appliances, intelligent instrument measuring appliance, process control and special-purpose control device and so on, singlechip application domain was more and more widespread.Indeed, singlechip application significance is far is not restricted in its application category or from this the economic efficiency which brings, it fundamentally changed the traditional control method and the design thought more importantly. Is controls technical a revolution, is an important milestone.2.The MCU’s development outlineIn 1946 first electronic accounting machine birth until now, only then 50 years, depends upon microelectronic technology and the semiconductor technology progress, from the electron tube - transistor- integrated circuit - large scale integrated circuit, now together on the chipdefinitely may integrate several million even more than ten million transistor, causes the computer volume slightly, the function is stronger. Specially in the nearly 20 years time, computer technology obtained the rapid development, the computer in the industry and agriculture, the scientific research, the education, the national defense and the aerospace domain has obtained the widespread application, computer technology already was a national modern science and technology level important symbol.Singlechip is born in the 20th century 70's, looks like F8 monolithic microcomputer which Fairchid Corporation develops. The so-called singlechip is uses the large scale integrated circuit technology the central processing element (Center Processing Unit, Also is Chang Cheng CPU) and the data-carrier storage (RAM), the program memory (ROM) and other I/O passes integrates unguardedly on together the chip, constitutes a smallest computer system, but modern singlechip then has added on the severance unit, fixed time unit and A/D transformation and so on more complex, more perfect electric circuit, causes singlechip the function more and more formidable, the application is more widespread.The 20th century 70's, microelectronic technology is being at the development phase, the integrated circuit belongs to the scale development time, each kind of new material new craft not yet mature, singlechip still occupied the primary development phase, the part integration scale also quite small, the function quite was simple, CPU, RAM had generally has also included some simple I/O integrates to the chip on, looks like Farichild Corporation to belong to this type, it also must be joined to the periphery other processing electric circuits just now to constitute the integrity the computing system. The similar singlechip also has Zilog Corporation the Z80 microprocessor.In 1976 INTEL Corporation has promoted the MCS-48 singlechip, this time singlechip is the genuine 8 monolithic microcomputers, and pushes to the market. It is young by the volume, function entire, the price has lowly won the widespread application, has laid the foundation for singlechip development, becomes in singlechip history the important milestone.Under the MCS-48 leadership, after that, each big semiconductor company developed and has developed own singlechip one after another,looked like Zilog Corporation the Z8 series. To the beginning of the 80's, singlechip has developed to the high performance stage, looks like INTEL Corporation the MCS-51 series, Motorola Corporation 6,801 and 6,802 series, Rokwell Corporation 6,501 and 6,502 series and so on, In addition,Japan's famous electrical company NEC and HITACHI all one after another developed had oneself characteristic the special-purpose singlechip.The 80's, world each big company competes to develop the variety multi-purpose strong singlechip, some severaldozens series, more than 300 varieties, this time singlechip belongs approximately truely monolithic, mostly integrated CPU, RAM, ROM, number many I/O connection, many kinds of interruption system, even also has some to bring A/D switch singlechip, function more and more formidable, RAM and ROM capacity also more and more big, the addressing space even may reach 64kB, may say, singlechip developed to a brand-new stage, the application domain has been more widespread, many domestic electric appliances moved towards the intellectualized development path which controlled using singlechip.After 1982, 16 singlechips are published, represent the product are INTEL Corporation's MCS-96 series, 16 singlechips compare 8 machine, the data width increased a time, real-time processing ability stronger, the basic frequency is higher, the integration rate had achieved 120,000 transistors, RAM increased to 232 bytes, ROM then has achieved 8kB, and had 8 interrupt sources, at the same time has disposed multichannel A/D transformation channel, high speed I/The O processing unit, is suitable for the more complex control system.After 90's, singlechip obtained the rapid development, the world each big semiconductor company has developed a function more formidable singlechip one after another. American Microchip Corporation had issued one kind of incompatible MCS-51 new generation of PIC series singlechip, has aroused the field widespread interest completely, its product only then 33 simplified the set of instructions to attract many users specially, caused the people to concentrate from the INTEL 111 complex instructions. The PIC singlechip has obtained the fast development, holds the small space in the field.The afterwards matter, the familiar singlechip public figures quite have been all clear, more monolithic aircraft types pour out, MOTOROLACorporation had issued one after another the MC68HC series singlechip, Japan's several famous companies all developed a performance stronger product, but Japan's singlechip used in generally the special-purpose systems control, but did not look like company and so on INTEL puts in to the market forms the general singlechip. For example NEC Corporation produces the uCOM87 series singlechip, its representative works uPC7811 is one kind of performance quite outstanding singlechip. MOTOROLA Corporation's characteristic and so on MC68HC05 series its high speed low price has won many users.Zilog Corporation's Z8 series product representative works are Z8671, contains BASIC the Debug interpreter, enormous place then user. But American country half COP800 series singlechip then uses the advanced Harvard structure. ATMEL Corporation then perfectly unifies singlechip technology and the advanced Flash memory technology, has issued the performance quite outstanding AT89 series singlechip. Including company and so on China's Taiwan HOLTEK and WINBOND in abundance has also joined singlechip development ranks, by reason of their inexpensive superiority, shares cup of beautiful thick soup.In 1990 American INTEL Corporation promoted 80,960 super 32 singlechips to cause the computer stir, the product has put in the market one after another, became in singlechip history an important milestone.This period, in singlechip field, singlechip variety extraordinary splendour, competes to be the most unusual. Some 8, 16 even 32 machine, but 8 singlechips by its price inexpensive, the variety complete, the application software rich, the support environment were still full, characteristic and so on development convenience but are occupying the dominant position. But INTEL Corporation by reason of their abundant technology, the performance outstanding type and the good foundation, at present was still singlechip mainstream product. Only is the 90's intermediate stages, INTEL Corporation is busy is developing their personal computing microprocessor, not the enough energy continued singlechip technology which develops oneself creates leads, but by company and so on PHILIPS continues to develop the C51 series singlechip.3.Singlechip application domainMCU applications SCM now permeate all areas of our lives, which is almost difficult to find traces of the field without SCM. Missile navigation equipment, aircraft, all types of instrument control, computer network communications and data transmission, industrial automation, real-time process control and data processing, extensive use of various smart IC card, civilian luxury car security system, video recorder, camera, fully automatic washing machine control, and program-controlled toys, electronic pet, etc., which are inseparable from the microcontroller. Not to mention the area of robot control, intelligent instruments, medical equipment was. Therefore, the MCU learning, development and application of the large number of computer applications and intelligent control of the scientists, engineers.Singlechip widely applies in the instrument measuring appliance, the domestic electric appliances, the medical equipment, domain and so on aerospace, special purpose equipment intellectualized management and process control, may divide the following several categories approximately:1. On intelligent instrument measuring appliance applicationSinglechip has the volume small, the power loss low, the control function strong, the expansion is nimble, merit and so on microminiaturization and easy to operate, widely applies in the instrument measuring appliance, the union different type sensor, may realize such as physical quantity the and so on voltage, power, frequency, humidity, temperature, current capacity, speed, thickness, angle, length, degree of hardness, element, pressure survey. Uses singlechip control to cause the instrument measuring appliance digitization, the intellectualization, the microminiaturization, also the function compares uses the electron or the digital circuit is more formidable. For example precise measurement equipment (dynamometer, oscilloscope, each kind of analyzer).2. In industry control applicationMay constitute the various formats control system, the data acquisition system with singlechip. For example the factory assembly line intellectualized management, the elevator intellectualization control, each kind of alarm system, constitutes two cascade control systems with the computer networking and so on.3. In domestic electric appliances applicationMay say like this that, the present domestic electric appliances basically have all used singlechip control, praised, the washer, the electric refrigerator, the air conditioner, the color television, other acoustic video frequency equipments from the electricity food, again to the electronic weighting equipment, all kinds of, omnipresent.4. In computer network and correspondence domain applicationOf the modern singlechip has the correspondence connection generally, may very conveniently and the computer carries on the data communication, for provided the extremely good physical conditions application in between the computer network and the communication facility, the present communication facility basically has all realized singlechip intelligence control, from the handset, the telephone, the small program controlled switch, the building automatic correspondence ringing system, the train wireless correspondence, again the mobile phone which everywhere to the routine work in, the colony mobile communication, radio intercom and so on.5. Singlechip in medical equipment domain applicationSinglechip quite is also widespread inmedical equipment use, for example medical life-support machine, each kind of analyzer, , ultrasound diagnosis equipment and hospital bed ringing system and so on.6. In a variety of major appliances in the modular applicationsDesigned to achieve some special single specific function to be modular in a variety of circuit applications, without requiring the use of personnel to understand its internal structure. If music integrated single chip, seemingly simple function, miniature electronic chip in the net (the principle is different from the tape machine), you need a computer similar to the principle of the complex. Such as: music signal to digital form stored in memory (like ROM), read by the microcontroller, analog music into electrical signals (similar to the sound card). In large circuits, modular applications that greatly reduce the volume, simplifies the circuit and reduce the damage, error rate, but also easy to replace.7. Microcontroller in the application field of automotive equipmentSCM in automotive electronics is widely used, such as a vehicle engine controller, CAN bus-based Intelligent Electronic Control Engine, GPS navigation system, abs anti-lock braking system, brake system, etc..In addition, singlechip in the industry and commerce, the finance, the scientific research, the education, domain and so on national defense aerospace all has the extremely widespread use.4.Singlechip development tendencyNow may say singlechip was all flowers blooms together, the time which hundred school of thought contended, in the world each big chip manufacture company has all promoted own singlechip, from 8, 16 to 32, innumerable, had everything expected to find, has compatibly with the mainstream C51 series, also had not not compatibly, but they unique, became mutually supplementarily, provided the broad world for singlechip application.Looks over singlechip developing process, may indicate singlechip development tendency, has approximately:1. Low power loss CMOSThe MCS-51 series 8,031 promotes when the power loss reaches 630mW, but the present singlechip all about 100mW, along with more and more is generally low to singlechip power loss request, the present each singlechip manufacturer basic has all used CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor craft). Looked like 80C51 to use HMOS (namely high density metal oxide compound semiconductor craft) and CHMOS (supplementary high density metal oxide compound semiconductor craft). CMOS although power loss low, but because its physical characteristic decides its working speed insufficiently high, but CHMOS then had has been high speed and the low power loss characteristic, these characteristics, suited in are requesting the low power loss likely battery power supply the application situation. Therefore this kind of craft will be the main way which the next section of times singlechip will develop.2. Miniature monolithicNow the conventional singlechip all is generally the central processor (CPU), the random access data storage (RAM), the read-only program memory (ROM), parallel and the serial communication connection, the interruption system, the timing circuit, the clock electric circuit integration on together the sole chip, the enlargement mode singlechip integrated like A/The D switch, PMW (pulse-duration modulation electric circuit), WDT (watch-dog), some singlechips (liquid crystal) actuate LCD the electriccircuit all to integrate on the sole chip, such singlechip contains unit electric circuit more, the function is more formidable. Even singlechip merchant also may act according to the user requirement the body custom make, makes has oneself characteristic singlechip chip.In addition, present product universal demand volume small, weight light, this requests singlechip strong and the power loss is low besides the function, but also requests its volume to have to be small. Present many singlechips all have the many kinds of seals form, SMD (superficial seal) more and more receives welcome, to enable the system which constitutes by singlechip towards the microminiaturized direction to develop.3. Mainstream and multi- varieties coexistenceNow although singlechip variety is many, unique, but still as the core singlechip occupies the mainstream take 80C51, the compatible its structure and the command system have PHILIPS Corporation the product, the ATMEL Corporation's product and the Chinese Taiwan's Winbond series singlechip. Therefore C8051 was the core singlechip occupied the half of the country. But Microchip Corporation's PIC simplified the set of instructions (RISC) also to have the strong development tendency, the Chinese Taiwan's HOLTEK Corporation recent years singlechip output grows day by day, if the low price nature superior superiority, occupied a certain market minute volume. In addition also has MOTOROLA Corporation the product, the Japanese several big companies' special-purpose singlechips. In the certain time, this kind of situation will be able to continue, will not have the monopoly aspect which some singlechip unified, will walk will be depends on for existence supplementarily, will complement one another, the communal development path.中文译文单片机概述、应用及发展单片机是一种集成电路芯片，采用超大规模技术把具有数据处理能力(如算术运算，逻辑运算、数据传送、中断处理)的微处理器(CPU)，随机存取数据存储器(RAM)，只读程序存储器(ROM)，输入输出电路(I/O口)，可能还包括定时计数器，串行通信口(SCI)，显示驱动电路(LCD或LED驱动电路)，脉宽调制电路(PWM)，模拟多路转换器及A/D转换器等电路集成到一块单块芯片上，构成一个最小然而完善的计算机系统。

单片机论文外文文献和中文翻译(有出处)

微机发展简史IEEE的论文剑桥大学，2004/2/5莫里斯威尔克斯计算机实验室剑桥大学第一台存储程序的计算开始出现于1950前后，它就是1949年夏天在剑桥大学，我们创造的延迟存储自动电子计算机（EDSAC）。

最初实验用的计算机是由象我一样有着广博知识的人构造的。

我们在电子工程方面都有着丰富的经验，并且我们深信这些经验对我们大有裨益。

后来，被证明是正确的，尽管我们也要学习很多新东西。

最重要的是瞬态一定要小心应付，虽然它只会在电视机的荧幕上一起一个无害的闪光，但是在计算机上这将导致一系列的错误。

在电路的设计过程中，我们经常陷入两难的境地。

举例来说，我可以使用真空二级管做为门电路，就象在EDSAC中一样，或者在两个栅格之间用带控制信号的五级管，这被广泛用于其他系统设计，这类的选择一直在持续着直到逻辑门电路开始应用。

在计算机领域工作的人都应该记得TTL，ECL和CMOS，到目前为止，CMOS已经占据了主导地位。

在最初的几年，IEE（电子工程师协会）仍然由动力工程占据主导地位。

为了让IEE 认识到无线工程和快速发展的电子工程并行发展是它自己的一项权利，我们不得不面对一些障碍。

由于动力工程师们做事的方式与我们不同，我们也遇到了许多困难。

让人有些愤怒的是，所有的IEE出版的论文都被期望以冗长的早期研究的陈述开头，无非是些在早期阶段由于没有太多经验而遇到的困难之类的陈述。

60年代的巩固阶段60年代初，个人英雄时代结束了，计算机真正引起了重视。

世界上的计算机数量已经增加了许多，并且性能比以前更加可靠。

这些我认为归因与高级语言的起步和第一个操作系统的诞生。

分时系统开始起步，并且计算机图形学随之而来。

综上所述，晶体管开始代替正空管。

这个变化对当时的工程师们是个不可回避的挑战。

他们必须忘记他们熟悉的电路重新开始。

只能说他们鼓起勇气接受了挑战，尽管这个转变并不会一帆风顺。

小规模集成电路和小型机很快，在一个硅片上可以放不止一个晶体管，由此集成电路诞生了。

单片机的发展应用-毕业外文翻译

英文资料及翻译Development and application of microcontrolle rFrom radio world to the microcontroller worldThe modern computer technology industrial revolution, will the world economy from capital economy into the age of the knowledge economy. In the electronic world field, the radio times from the 20th century has come to the 21st century using computer technology center for intelligent modern electronics systems e ra. Modern electronic system of basic core is embedded computer system (hereinafter referred to as the embedded system), and single-chip microcomputer is the most typical, the most widespread, the most popular embedded system.One, the world of radio made severalIn 1950s and 1960s, the most representative o f advanced electronic technology is radio technology, including radio, radio, wireless communication (message), amateur radio stations and radio orientation, navigation, etc telemetry, remote control and remote-sensing believe technology. Early is these electronic technology led many teenagers into a wonderful electronic world, radio technology shows the prospect of contemporary technical life wonderful. Electronic science begins to form a new subject. Radio electronics, wireless communication began the process of electronic world.Radio technology not only in the advanced science and technology from the representative, and spread to professional scientific fields, attracted broad adolescent, and make them find great pleasure. From the bedside ore radios to specialized radio; Report from radio amateur radio stations; send the phone, buzzers to radio manipulation model. So far, many of the engineer, experts, professors when are radio enthusiasts. Radio technology fun, radio technology, comprehensive training from electronics basic principle, electronic components base to wireless remote control, and telecommunication electronics systems production, cultivate generations of technology talents.Second, from radio era to electronic technology is pervasive eraEarly radio technology promoted the development of electronic technology, one of the most main is vacuum tubes electronic technology to semiconductor electronic technology development. Semiconductor electronic technology make active device realized the micro miniaturization and low cost, make radio technology have morepervasive and innovation, and greatly broadens plenty of radio control field. Semiconductor technology development leads to integrated circuit device generation, formed the modern electronic technology to leap from discrete components, electronic technology times into the circuit integrated era. Electronic design engineer will no longer use discrete electronic components design, while direct circuit units of integrated circuit units selection system components. They designed from circuit units to liberate, system design, greatly liberated technology the productive forces, promote the electronic system a wider range of popularity.Semiconductor integrated breakthrough. Lots of digital logic circuit, such as a gate, counter, timer, shift register and analog switches, comparator etc, to digital electronic control provides excellent condition, make the traditional mechanical control to the electronic control. Power electronic devices and sensing technology development make previous radio as the center of electronic technology in the field of turning to engineering of mechanical system, the digital control in the field of information collection, detecting the move machinery electrical servo drive control subjects. Semiconductor and integrated circuit technology will we into a electronic technologyis pervasive era, radio technology to become electronic technology application domain of a part.In the 20th century 70's, large scale integrated circuit appear, promoted the conventional electronic circuit units of special electronic system development. Many special electronic system became integration device such as a radio, electric clock, calculator, etc, in these areas of electronic engineers from circuit, the system of elaborate design, debugging into component selection, peripheral devices adapter work. Electronic technology development, electronic products, electronic engineer enriched difficulty fell, but meanwhile, radio technology, electronic technology charm weakens. Semiconductor integrated circuit development makes the classical electronic system has been improved, stay in large scale integrated circuit outside of the electronic technology are dwindling, electronic technology without a past radio times fun and comprehensive engineering training.Third, from classic electronic technology era to the modern electronic technology ageInto the 1980s, the most important century economic change is the computer's industrial revolution. And the computer industry the most important marks revolutionof the embedded application is the birth of the computer. Modern electronic computeris should the birth of numerical requirements. In a long time, electronic computers are massive numerical calculation for its development. But the electronic computer show the logical operation, processing, control ability, attracted the electronic control expertin the field, they demand to meet the control object embedded application requirements, achieving the computer system. If will satisfy the mass data processing computer system called general computer system, then can be embedded into object system (such as ships, aircraft, engine, etc) the computer system is called embedded computer. Obviously, the technology development direction is different. Formerrequest mass data storage, handling capacity and high speed data processing analysis and transmission; While the latter requirements in the object environment and reliable operation of the external physical parameters, high-speed data acquisition, logic analysis and external object's rapid control etc. Early humans will general-purpose computer plus data acquisition unit, output driver circuit grudgingly constitute a heat treatment furnace temperature control system. Such general computer system not for most electronic system USES, and should make the general computer system satisfies the embedded application requirements, inevitably affects high-speed numerical processing technology development. In order to resolve the contradiction, the development of computer technology in the 1970s, semiconductor experts path, in full accordance with the electronic system embedded application requirements, the computer will be a miniature computer basic system integration in a Single Chip, formed early single-chip Microcomputer) performance Chip cluster generator attempts (. SCM in computer field when began appearing in a general-purpose computer system and the two branches of the embedded system. Since then, general computer systems have developed rapidly.Early despite a modified general-purpose computers into embedded computer system, and the genuine sense of embedded system began in SCM appear. Because microcontroller is dedicated to the design of the embedded application, microcontroller can only achieve embedded applications. SCM can best meet the environmental requirements embedded application, for example, chip level of physical space, large scale integrated circuit of the low price, good peripheral interface buses and prominent control functions of instruction system.A computer system kernel, microcontroller embedded into electronic system for system intellectualization, laid a foundation. Therefore, the current microcomputer in the extensive use of electronic system, and makes the classical electronic system transition to the rapid modern electronic system intellectualization.Four, SCM began the modern electronic system era1 of MCU and embedded systemsEmbedded system from computer embedded application, early embedded systems for general-purpose computer after modified embedded into the various electronic system object system, such as the ship's autopilot, turbine monitoring system, etc. Embedded system first is a computer systems, secondly it is embedded in the system to the object, the object system realization object request data acquisition, processing, status display, output control function, because e mbedded in object system, the computer without computer embedded system of independent form and function. SCM is completely according to the embedded system design requirement for, so microcontroller is the most typical of embedded system. Early microcontroller is press embedded application technology requirements of computer single chip integrated design, friend name microcontroller. Subsequently, Microcontroller to meet growing embedded application requirements and peripheral interfaces its control function function,especially outstanding control functions, so international has name for micro controller (single-chip Microcontroller MCU, Unit).2 single-chip modern electronics systems will become mainstream electronic systemMCU is device level computer system, it can be embedded into any object system, realize intelligent control. Small to tiny machinery, such as watch, hearing AIDS. Integrated device level low price, low to a few, enough to make SCM spread to many Modern electronic system single-chip already deeply to houses, is changing our life, such as family of acoustics, TV sets, washing machines, microwave oven, telephone, security system, air conditioner, etc. SCM innovation the original electronic systems, such as microwave oven adopts single-chip microcomputer control, convenient to clock Settings, procedural memory, power control; After air conditioning adopts single-chip microcomputer remote parameter Settings convenience, not be automatic transform running state, still can realize frequency conversion control. At present many household appliances such as VCD, DVD only possible microcontroller appears after realize its function.3 the embedded system drive the whole electronic industryAt present, electronic components industry besides microprocessors, embedded system device outside, mostly modern electronic system around the components industry, such as supporting human-computer interaction with buttons meet, LED/LCD display driver, LED/LCD display unit, speech integrated devices, etc, satisfy requirement of data acquisition channel digital sensors, ADC, data acquisition module, the signal disposal module, satisfy servo drive control DAC, solid relay, stepping electronic controller, frequency conversion control unit and so on, satisfy the communication requirements of various bus driver, multilevel converters etc.World electronic components in embedded systems along fully satisfy drive, the embedded a pplication of modern electronic system requirements development. This makes the original classic electronic system world is getting smaller. Electronic system as the various staff should modern electronic system to the avenues.Five, the microcontroller will create a new generation of electronic eliteIf the 1950s onwards, radio world contributed to generations of elite, so today's single-chip microcomputer world will create a new generation of electronic elite.1 microcontroller bring you into intelligent electronic fieldIf the classic electronic system as an unchangeable e lectronic system, so intelligent and modern electronics systems is an "life" the electronic system. Microcomputer application system hardware structure of the body to electronic system ","microcomputer application system application gives its" life ". For example, in designing intelligent instrument displays display function, the boot display system self-check results, not enter work display various standby instrument runtime show to run after the process, work can display the current results, self-check results and original data, various processing statements, e tc. In unattended, but given various automatic operation function.Electronic system for endless realm, intelligent without hardware resources often add can achieve various refurbished function. This is at present many household appliances are one of the factors of additional functions.2 single-chip computer g-Kong bring you into a fieldThe 21st century is the century of humanity into the computer age, many people not in computer is in use computer. People are using computers, only engaged in embedded system application talents truly into the computer system's internal hardware and can really understand and master the intelligent computer intelligent design essentially the knowledge. From the study of MCU application technology today is the training computer application software and hardware, one of the best road technical personnel.3Microncontrollerwill bring you into the most attractive electronicworldCharming microcontroller can make you realize the computer of true meaning, you can use the microcontroller hands-on design intelligent toys, can design different applications the realization of different functions. Both the hardware and software design, production and brains, both arms. Primary level can be developed intelligent toys, use a macro instruction programming. Intermediate level can be developed some intelligent controller, such as computer mouse, intelligent vehicle, all kinds of model. Senior level can be developed robots, such as a soccer match, the development of industrial control unit, network communication, etc, and assembly language or senior language design application. Around the single-chip microcomputer and embedded system formed the future of electronic industry, will provide vast for electronic enthusiasts in the world, a broader than the world of radio, richer and more durable, more charm of the electronic world. Join in SCM world, will make you lifetime benefit.原文翻译单片机的发展应用从无线电世界到单片机世界现代计算机技术的产业革命，将世界经济从资本经济带入到知识经济时代。

单片机外文文献和中文翻译

Validation and Testing of Design Hardening for Single Event Effects Using the 8051 MicrocontrollerAbstractWith the dearth of dedicated radiation hardened foundries, new and novel techniques are being developed for hardening designs using non-dedicated foundry services。

In this paper，we will discuss the implications of validating these methods for the single event effects （SEE) in the space environment。

Topics include the types of tests that are required and the design coverage (i.e.，design libraries: do they need validating for each application？）。

Finally, an 8051 microcontroller core from NASA Institute of Advanced Microelectronics （IAμE) CMOS Ultra Low Power Radiation Tolerant (CULPRiT) design is evaluated for SEE mitigative techniques against two commercial 8051 devices.Index TermsSingle Event Effects, Hardened—By—Design，microcontroller，radiation effects。

单片机的发展及应用现状外文翻译英汉双语毕业设计

MCU development and application status In thisKey words: a single-chip microcomputer, development, applicationChina started to use MCU is in 1982, just ﬁve years very quickly. The current worldeach big chip manufacturing companies have launched their own microcontroller,from 8 bits, 16 to 32 bits, etc, but they have their special features, complementary toeach other, for the application of the single chip microcomputer provide vast heavenand earth. Single chip microcomputer, also called a single-chip microcomputer or single chip computer. It is the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), input/output port (I / 0) and other major computerfunctions components are integrated into a piece of integrated circuit chipmicrocomputer.MCU development and application statusAbstractKey Words: MCU, development, applicationStudyonMCS5IMieroController’sReverseAnatomizationandToDownDesignAbstraetTheworldwideeleetroniesindustry15raPidlymovingforwardovethePastdeeades.Assilieonteehnologyhaserossedthedeesubmieronthreshold,eeandesigntensofmillionsoftransistorsonsingleehiP.That15tosaysemieonduetorhasenteredintotherealm“SystemonaChip(SoC)”.TheresearehontheteehnoloofIpeordesign15eoneernedbybothresearehsoeietyandindustryworl.BeeauseofthewideuseofMCS51MieroControllerandtheimPortanmeaningofMCUeore design,westudyonMCS51reverseanatomiztionandToPDownDesignThegoalofthisartiele15todesignaMCS51MieroControllerehiTheMainworkandaehievementsareasfollows.Eye recordedIn this IABSTRACT II1. The single chip microcomputer proﬁle 21.1. Microcomputer in the popularity of our country (2)1.2. The structure of the single chip microcomputer (2)2. MCU development 42.1. Single chip microcomputer long life (4)2.2.8 bits, 16, 32-bit SCM common development (4)2.3. Single chip microcomputer faster (4)2.4. Low voltage and low power consumption (5)3. The reliability of the microcomputer application technology 53.1. EFT (ELLECTRICALFASTTRANSIENT) technology (5)3.2. Low noise wiring technology and drive technology (5)3.3. The low frequency clock (6)4. MCU development 64.1. Low power consumption COSM change (6)4.2. Miniature monolithic change (6)4.3. The mainstream and many varieties coexistence (7)4.4. Large capacity and high performance (7)4.5. The serial extension techniques (7)Reference 81. The single chip microcomputer proﬁle1.1. Microcomputer in the popularity of our countryChina started to use MCU is in 1982, just ﬁve years very quickly. In Shanghai in 1986 to the ﬁrst single chip has held a national development and application of exchange, andin some areas has also established the single chip computer application association,that is the formation of the ﬁrst wave. By now, microcomputer application technology rapid development, the Internet we enter a "single chip" search, will see thousands of single chip microcomputer website introduced, not including foreign. And its corresponding professional magazine now also has a lot of, for example by single-chip microcomputer, the authority of the world HeLiMin the single-chip microcomputerand embedded system application "magazine now is popular electronic industry, inJuly 2003, 91 student. Com in Shanghai, guangzhou and Beijing and the big cities do a professional personnel needs report, the single chip microcomputer talent was ﬁrst demand.1.2. The structure of the single chip microcomputerSingle chip microcomputer, also called a single-chip microcomputer or single chip computer. It is the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), input/output port (I / 0) and other major computer functions components are integrated into a piece of integrated circuit chip microcomputer.We by the shrewd are calculated an arithmetic problem. Example: 36 + 163 x 156-166 ÷ 34. Now to operations, ﬁrst needs an abacus, followed by the paper and pen. We putthe question to count down, and then the ﬁrst step was to be 163 x 156, with 36 total sum of the written in the paper, and then the 166 ÷ 34, and put it in the result from the last minus, get the ﬁnal results.Now, we use the single chip microcomputer to complete the above process, obviously,it must ﬁrst have instead of abacus operations parts, it is a "logic"; Next, want to have can play the paper and pen in the role of the device, which can memory original title, raw data and intermediate result, also remember that make SCM can automatic operation and the establishment of command. This kind of device is called "CunZhuQi". In addition, still need to have eﬀect of the controller can take the place of people, it can according to the command of the given in advance send all control signal,make the whole calculation process can step by step. But light these three part is not enough, the original data with orders to input, the results of the calculation to output, all need in the order, sometimes need to wait. As an example, the calculation in 163 x 156, digital and cannot at the same time into the unit. Because this needs to be set up in the single according to the command of the controller for action "door", when the unit need, let new data into.Or, to get the last results when unit, then the output, but among the results can't literally "slip out of the" single chip microcomputer. This kind of input and output data of certain management "door" circuit in the SCM called the "mouth" (Port). In the SCM, there are basically three types of information ﬂow in, one kind is data-all kinds of raw data (as an example of the 36, 163,, etc.), intermediate results (such as 166 ÷ 34 income commercial 4, such as a remnant 30), program (command set), etc. So by external equipment to through "mouth" into the single chip microcomputer, and stored in CunZhuQi, in computing process, data from CunZhuQi read unit operations,operation results to deposit in the middle CunZhuQi, by unit or the last by "gateway" output. The user to the execution of the single chip microcomputer of command (program) in the form of data by CunZhuQi into controller, reading by controller (decode) to all kinds of control signal, in order to perform such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, the function of command. So, this kind of information is called control command, the controller to control unit step by step and processing operations, and control of the CunZhuQi read (take out data) and write (deposit data), etc. The third type of information is address information, and its function is to tell the unit and controller in where to get orders fetch the data, the results will be stored in any place, through which the mouth input and output information, etc.CunZhuQi and read only CunZhuQi and CunZhuQi reading and writing are dividedinto two kinds, the former store debugging good ﬁxed programs and constant, thelatter may change at any time for some of the data.Just as its name implies, read only once in CunZhuQi data, can only read, can't change (EPROM, E2PROM chips was, and other types of ROM can through certain method to change, write data-editor note). And reading and writing CunZhuQi may at any time deposit or read data. In fact, people tend to unit and controller merger called the central processing unit-the CPU. SCM in addition to operation, but must complete control function. So without counting and timing. Therefore, in the single chip set upin a timer and counter, the basic structure and instalment of the similar (2), for example.So far, we've know of the single chip computer basic composition, namely MCU is the central processing unit (CPU is the unit and controller), read only CunZhuQi (usually expressed as the ROM), reading and writing CunZhuQi (also called random CunZhuQi usually expressed as RAM), input/output (and divided into parallel port and a serial port, expressed as I/O mouth), etc. In fact there is a single chip inside clock circuit, make SCM in operation and control, all can have rhythm. In addition, there is aso-called "break the system", the system has "the porter's lodge" eﬀect, whensingle-chip microcomputer control object parameters at some need to be the interference of the state, by the "there" bulletin to CPU, make according to the external things CPU priorities to take proper measures to deal with.In fact, SCM internal have a connecting them up "link", the so-called "internal bus". This bus is like the big cities "road" and CPU, ROM, RAM, I/O mouth, interrupt system is in the "bus" distribution of both sides, and and it connected. Thus, all instructions, data can be transmitted by the internal bus, is a big city in all kinds of things are transmitted through trunk road.2. The development of the single chip microcomputerSince the single-chip microcomputer appear so far, microcontroller technology hascome a nearly 20 years of development journey. Throughout 20 years development course microcontroller can be seen, the single chip microcomputer to the developmentof the microprocessor (MPU) technology and very large scale integrated circuit of the development of the technology as the forerunner, take the widely application ﬁeld of pull, show a microprocessor more the development of personality2.1. Single chip microcomputer long lifeHere said the long life and, on the other hand, refers to the development of productsby single chip can work stably and reliablyTen years, twenty years, on the other hand is refers to the microprocessor with thelong life compared. With the rapid development of semiconductor technology,MPU renewal faster and faster, with 386, 486, 586, as a representative of the MPU, a very short period of time will be knocked oﬀBureau, and the traditional microcontroller is like 68 HC05, 8051, the age for 15 years old, production is still rising. On the one hand, is byIn its application to the corresponding ﬁeld of adaptability, on the other hand is due to the CPU as the core, integrated with more I/O functionsModule of the new single chip series are endless. Can foresee, some success of listed relatively young CPU core, also can followThe I/O modules' is unceasingly rich, has a lifetime. The new CPU type joining, make SCM teamExpansion, to the user has brought more choice.2.2.8 bits, 16, 32-bit SCM common developmentThis is the single chip microcomputer development trend of another. Long-term since, the development of the single chip microcomputer is mainly eight machine. As mobile communication, network technology, multimedia technology and other high-tech products in the home, and the 32-bit SCM got rapid development. With the Motorola 68 K for CPU 32-bit SCM 97 year sales volume of 80 million pieces. In the past that the eight microcontroller function is more and more strong, 32-bit machine is cheaper andcheaper, make the 16-bit single chip living space is limited, and 16 bit MCU development whether from the varieties and productivity, in recent years have dramatic growth.2.3. Single chip microcomputer faster and fasterMPU MPU development development development shows shows shows the the the faster faster faster clock clock clock frequency frequency frequency is is is more more more and and and more more more high high high as as as sign. sign. And single-chip microcomputer microcomputer is is different, in order to improve the single-chip microcomputer anti-interference ability, reduce the noise, reduce the clock frequency and not sacrifice in speed is the single chip microcomputer development pursuit. Some 8051 single chip manufacturers improved the single chipmicrocomputer compatible internal timing, without raising the clock frequency of the conditions, make speed increase a lot, Motorola is used in the single chip microcomputer zoar loop technique or internal times frequency technology make internal bus speed are much higher than the clock generator frequency. HC08 68 single chip microcomputer with 4.9 M to external and internal clock of oscillator 32 M, and M68K series 32-bit SCM use outside of the 32 K oscillator frequency internal clock up to 16 MHz above.2.4. Low voltage and low power consumptionSince the early 80 s, SCM gradually by NMOS technology instead of CMOS technology, power consumption by a sharp decline, with very large scale integrated circuit te chnology by 3 μ m technology development to 1.5, 1.2, 0.8, 0.5, 0.35 Nearly Nearly and and and achieve achieve achieve 0.2 0.2 0.2 u u u m m m process, process, process, the the the static static static design design design makes makes makes the the the clock clock clock frequency frequency from dc to dozens of trillion choose, makes the power going down. Motorola recently launched the M.C ORE can choose any in 1.8 V voltage to 50 M / 48 MIPSwork at full speed, power of about 20 mW. Almost all of the single chipmicrocomputer have Wait, Stop and save electricity operation mode. Allows the use of power supply voltage range is also more and more wide. Generalmicrocontroller can in 3 to 6 V work within the scope of the single chip micro computer battery power no longer need to power supply voltage measures taken. Low voltage power supply of the single chip microcomputer lower by 2.7 V power supply has dropped to 2.2 V, 1.8 V. 0.9 V power supply of the single machine has come out.3. The reliability of the microcomputer application technologyIn the single chip microcomputer applications, the reliability is the primary factor in order to expand the application range of the single chip microcomputer and field, improve the reliability of the single chip microcomputer itself is a kind of effective method. In recent years, the single chip manufacturers in the design of the single chip microcomputer to improve reliability of the new technology, the new technology performance in the following:3.1. EFT (EllectricalFastTransient) technologyEFT technology is a kind of anti-interference technology, it is to point to in the oscillating circuit by the sine signal interference, the waveform superposition superposition of of burr burr signal signal signal will, will, will, if if use the plastic plastic schmidt schmidt schmidt circuit, circuit, circuit, the the burr would be triggered signals interferes with normal clock, in the alternate use schmidt circuit and the RC filter circuit, can eliminate the hair or make itsfunction failure to ensure system clock signal normal work. So, improve the reliability reliability of of of the the the single single single chip chip chip microcomputer. microcomputer. microcomputer. Motorola Motorola Motorola company company company MC68HC08 MC68HC08 MC68HC08 series series microcontroller adopt the technology.3.2. Low noise wiring technology and drive technologyIn the traditional single chip microcomputer, the power and the ground is in integrated circuit of the shell of ChenYin feet, general is in the upper left, right or at the lower left, two for symmetry point. It is, it makes the power supply noise through the whole chip, the SCM internal circuit cause interference. Now, a lot of the single chip microcomputer and power pin arranged in two adjacent pin. So, not only reduces the through the chip of the current, and also in the printed printed circuit circuit circuit board board board to to decorate decorate its its decoupling decoupling capacitor, capacitor, capacitor, so so as to reduce reduce the the noise of the system. In order to adapt to all kinds of application of now need, a lot of the single chip microcomputer output ability all had the very big enhancement, the single chip microcomputer Motorola company I/O mouth filling the pull current can reach 8 mA above, and Microchip company single-chip to 25 mA. Other companies: AMD, Fujitsu, NEC, Infineon, Hitachi, Ateml, such as Tosbiba basically can reach 8 ~ 20 mA level. The current larger drive circuit integration to chip in work internal causes all sorts of noise, in order to reduce the influence, influence, now now more more than than than the the small small tube tube tube single single single chip chip chip parallel parallel parallel equivalent equivalent equivalent a a large pipes method, and in every little the pipe string, the output terminal of the different different equivalent equivalent equivalent resistance resistance resistance of of resistance resistance to to reduce reduce di/dt, di/dt, this also is theso-called "jump to change along the softening technology", so as to eliminate large current transient produced by the noise.3.3. The low frequency clockThe clock is one of high frequency noise sources, not only can the disturbance of SCM system, and also to the outside world circuitry interference and make the the electromagnetic electromagnetic electromagnetic compatibility compatibility compatibility can't can't can't meet meet meet the the the requirements. requirements. requirements. Asking Asking Asking for for for high high reliability system, the low frequency clock which helps reduce system noise. In some of the single chip microcomputer by internal zohar cirtle technology, is in the external clock is low, also can produce high internal bus speed, and thus thus makes makes makes the the speed and reduce reduce the the the noise. noise. noise. The The company company MC68HC08 MC68HC08 MC68HC08 series series series Motorola Motorola and its 16/32 a single chip adopt the technology to improve reliability4. The development trend of the single chip microcomputerNow can say MCU is "let flowers bloom" period, the world each big chipmanufacturing companies have launched their own microcontroller, from 8 bits, 16 to 32 bit, countless, everything, they have their special features,complementary to each other, for the application of the single chip microcomputer provide vast heaven and earth. Throughout the development process of single chip microcomputer, predicts the development trend of the single chip microcomputer.4.1. Low power consumption of CMOSMCS-51 series of 8031 when the power consumption of the launch of the 630 mW, but now the single chip microcomputer universal in 100 mW or so, as the SCM powerconsumption demand more and more low, each single chip manufacturers now basic using CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). 80 C51 had adopted HMOS (namely high density metal oxide semiconductor semiconductor technology) technology) and CHMOS (high density complementary metal oxide semiconductor process). Though low power consumption CMOS, but consumption CMOS, but because because because of its physical characteristics of its physical characteristics of its physical characteristics to determine to determine to determine the the speed of work is not quite high, and CHMOS is the high speed and have the characteristics of low power consumption, these characteristics and is more suitable for low power consumption in demand, battery power applications. So this process will be for a period of the development of the single chip microcomputer main ways.4.2. The single chip microcomputerNow the single chip microcomputer universal conventional is will the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), data read only memory (ROM) program, parallel and serial communication interface, the interrupt system, regular circuit, clocking circuit integration in A single chip, enhanced the single chip micro computer integrated as A/D converter, PMW (pulse width modulation circuit), WDT (watchdog), some SCM LCD (LCD) will drive circuit are integrated in A single chip, this single chip unit circuit will contain more, function, the stronger you will be. Even single chip manufacturer still can be customized according to the user's requirements, make its own characteristics of single chip microcomputer chip. In addition, the products now universal demand small volume, light weight, which requires the single-chip microcomputer besidesfunction is strong and low power consumption, but also to ask its volume to small. Many of the single chip microcomputer now has a variety of packaging forms, including SMD surface packaging) has become more and more popular, makes the system constructed by single-chip microcomputer is the development direction in miniaturization.4.3. The mainstream and many kinds of coexistenceNow, while the single chip microcomputer variety, each characteristic, but still with with 80 80 C51 single single chip chip microcomputer microcomputer as as as the the core core of of of the the mainstream, mainstream, compatible compatible with its structure and instructions of the system PHILIPS products, ATMEL company products and China Taiwan's Winbond series microcontroller. So as the core of the single chip microcomputer microcomputer occupy occupy occupy C8051 C8051 heavily-accented heavily-accented screams. screams. screams. Microchip Microchip company and the PIC reduced instruction set (RISC) also have a strong momentum of development, China and Taiwan HOLTEK company in recent years of the single chip chip micro micro micro computer computer computer output output output grows grows grows day day day by by by day, day, day, and and and the the the advantages advantages advantages of of of high high high quality quality and low price, takes up the market share. In addition to MOTOROLA the product of the company, a few big companies for the Japanese microcontroller. In a certain period of time, this kind of situation will to continue, there won't be a single chip microcomputer skillfulness of monopoly situation, go is dependent complementary, supplement each other and common development road.4.4. Large capacity and high performanceEver in the single chip for 1 KB ROM ~ 4 KB, RAM for 64-128 B. But in the need for a complex control occasions, the storage capacity is not enough, the need for external expansion. In order to adapt to the requirements of this field, must use new technology, made in memory of the large-capacity. At present, in the biggest single chip microcomputer ROM can reach 64 KB, RAM maximum 2 KB. In addition to further change the performance of the single chip microcomputer CPU, speed up the speed of operation instructions and improve the reliability of the control system. The reduced instruction set (RISC) structure and assembly line technology, which could increase the speed. Now expect to speed up to 100 instructions MIPS (Million Instruction Per Seconds, namely the trillioninstructions Per second), and strengthen a processing, interrupt and timing control control function. function. function. This This This kind kind kind of of of single single single chip chip speed speed than than than standard standard standard single single single chip chip chip more more than 10 times higher. Because this kind of single chip microcomputer instruction are of extremely high speed, can use software to simulate the I/O functions, which introduced the new concept of virtual peripherals.4.5. The serial extension techniquesIn the very long period of time, the universal single chip through the three bus structure expand peripheral equipments of the mainstream of themicrocomputer application become structure. Along with the low price OTP (One Time Programble) Programble) and and various various special special special type type of program memory memory in in the development, and place place around around around the the interface interface are are coming coming in in the piece, piece, promote promote promote the the single-chip microcomputer "monolithic" application structure development. Especially theI2C, SPI and serial bus, the introduction of the single chip microcomputer can make the pin design less, the SCM system structure more simplification and standardization.referenceReference types:Reference type paper booksnewspapersThe article journal articles degreePaper standard web patentDocument type identification M C N J D R S W P[1] ZhangZhiLiang; Single chip microcomputer principle and control technology[M]; Beijing, mechanical industry press, 2008[2] YuHaiSheng; Microcomputer control technology [M]; Beijing, tsinghua university press, 1999.3[3] HeLiMin; Microcomputer application system design [M]; Beijing, Beijing aerospace university press, 1990[4] [4] SunYuCai; SunYuCai; SunYuCai; MCS-51 MCS-51 MCS-51 series series series microcontroller microcontroller microcontroller and and and its its its application application application [M]; [M]; [M]; Southeast Southeast university press.[5] baidu library; The development trend of the single chip microcomputer.单片机的发展及应用现状中文摘要关键词：单片机，发展，应用我国开始使用单片机是在1982 年，短短五年时间里发展极为迅速。

单片机的外文文献及中文翻译教学内容

单片机的外文文献及中文翻译SCM is an integrated circuit chip, is the use of large scale integrated circuit technology to a data processing capability of CPU CPU random access memory RAM, read-only memory ROM, a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer functions (which may also include display driver circuitry, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multiplexer, A / D converter circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small and complete computer systems.SCM is also known as micro-controller (Microcontroller), because it is the first to be used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor. The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system, smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. The Z80 INTEL is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors will be parting ways.Are 8-bit microcontroller early or 4 bits. One of the most successful is the INTEL 8031, for a simple, reliable and good performance was a lot of praise. Then developed in 8031 out of MCS51 MCU Systems. SCM systems based on this system until now is still widely used. With the increased requirements of industrial control field, began a 16-bit microcontroller, but not ideal because the cost has not been very widely used. After 90 years with the great development of consumer electronics, microcontroller technology has been a huge increase. With INTEL i960 series, especially the later series of widely used ARM, 32-bit microcontroller quickly replace high-end 16-bit MCU status and enter the mainstream market. The traditional 8-bit microcontroller performance have been the rapid increase capacity increase compared to 80 the number of times. Currently, high-end 32-bit microcontroller clocked over 300MHz, the performance catching the mid-90s dedicated processor, while the average model prices fall to one U.S. dollar, the most high-end [1] model only 10 dollars. Modern SCM systems are no longer only in the development and use of bare metal environment, a large number of proprietary embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of SCM. The handheld computers and cell phones as the core processing of high-end microcontroller can even use a dedicated Windows and Linux operating systems.SCM is more suitable than the specific processor used in embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of SCM is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will be integrated single chip. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse with a 1-2 in both the Department of SCM. Personal computer will have a large number of SCM in the work. General car with more than 40 microcontroller, a complex industrial control systems may even hundreds of single chip at the same time work! SCM is notonly far exceeds the number of PC and other computing the sum, or even more than the number of human beings.Single chip, also known as single-chip microcontroller, it is not complete a certain logic chips, but to a computer system integrated into a chip. Equivalent to a micro-computer, and computer than just the lack of a microcontroller I / O devices. General talk: a chip becomes a computer. Its small size, light weight, cheap, for the study, application and development of facilities provided. At the same time, learning to use the MCU is to understand the principle and structure of the computer the best option.Microcontroller and the computer functions internally with similar modules, such as CPU, memory, parallel bus, the same effect there, and hard disk memory device, is it different properties of these components are relatively weak many of our home computer, but the price is low , usually not more than 10 yuan you can do with it ...... some control for a class is not very complicated electrical work is enough of. We are using automatic drum washing machine, smoke hood, VCD and so on appliances which could see its shadow! ...... It is mainly part of the core components as the control.t is an online real-time control computer, on-line is on-site control, need to have strong anti-interference ability, low cost, and this is, and off-line computer (such as home PC), the main difference. Single chipMCU is through running, and can be modified. Through different procedures to achieve different functions, in particular special unique features, this is another device much effort needs to be done, some are great efforts are very difficult to achieve. A not very complex functions if the 50's with the United States developed 74 series, or the 60's CD4000 series of these pure hardware buttoned, then the circuit must be a large PCB board! But if the United States if the 70's with a series of successful SCM market, the result will be a drastic change! Just because you are prepared by microcomputer programs can achieve high intelligence, high efficiency and high reliability!As the microcontroller on the cost-sensitive, so now the dominant software or the lowest level assembly language, which is the lowest level in addition to more than binary machine code language, and as so low why is the use? Many high-level language has reached the level of visual programming Why is not it? The reason is simply that there is no home computer as a single chip CPU, not as hard as a mass storage device. A visualization of small high-level language program is only one button on it though, will reach tens of K in size! For the home PC's hard drive in terms of nothing but speaking for the MCU is not acceptable. SCM in the utilization of hardware resources to be very high for the job so although the original is still in the compilation of a lot of use. The same token, if the giant computer operating system and applications run up get home PC, home PC, also bear not work.Can be said that the twentieth century across the three "power" era, that is, the age of electricity, the electronic age and has entered into the computer age. However, this computer, usually refers to the personal computer, referred to as PC. It consists of the host, keyboard, monitor and other components. Another type of computer, most people do not know how. This computer is to give all kinds of machinery, intelligent single chip (also known as micro-controller). As the name suggests, this computer system took only a minimal integrated circuit, can be a simple operation and control. Because it is small, usually in the charged with possession of mechanical "stomach" in. It is in the device, like the human brain plays a role, it goes wrong, the whole plant was paralyzed. Now, this microcontroller has been very widely used in the field, such as smart meters, real-time industrial control, communications equipment, navigation systems, and household appliances. Once all kinds of products were using SCM, can serve to upgrade the effectiveness of products, often in the product name preceded by the adjective - "intelligent", such as intelligent washing machines. Now some technical personnel of factories or other amateur electronics developers to engage in out of certain products, not the circuit is too complicated, that function is too simple and can easily be copied. The reason may be stuck in the product did not use a microcontroller or other programmable logic device.外文文献的翻译：单片机是一种集成在电路芯片，是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中央处理器CPU随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计时器等功能（可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路）集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的计算机系统。

单片机+外文文献+英文文献+外文翻译中英对照

AT89C51的介绍（原文出处：http：89C89C89C89CPROG89C89Ctechnology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.Function characteristicThe AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.Pin DescriptionVCC：Supply voltage.GND：Ground.Port 0：Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as highimpedance 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming,and outputs the code bytes during programverification. External pullups are required during programverification.Port 1Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal 1 also receives the low-order address bytesduring Flash programming and verification.Port 2Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current, because of the internal 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. In this application, it uses strong internal pullupswhen emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses, Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RSTReset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROGAddress Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the addressduring accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSENProgram Store Enable is the read strobe to external program the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPPExternal Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on should be strapped to VCC for internal program pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require12-volt VPP.XTAL1Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively,of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.Figure 1. Oscillator Connections Figure 2. External Clock Drive ConfigurationIdle ModeIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the onchip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution,from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.Power-down ModeIn the power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the power-down mode is terminated. The only exit from power-down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.Program Memory Lock BitsOn the chip are three lock bits which can be left unprogrammed (U) or can be programmed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below.When lock bit 1 is programmed, the logic level at the EA pin is sampled and latched during reset. If the device is powered up without a reset, the latch initializes to a random value, and holds that value until reset is activated. It is necessary that the latched value of EA be in agreement with the current logic level at that pin in order for the device to function properly.。

单片机的外文文献及中文翻译

单片机的外文文献及中文翻译一、外文文献Title: The Application and Development of SingleChip Microcontrollers in Modern ElectronicsSinglechip microcontrollers have become an indispensable part of modern electronic systems They are small, yet powerful integrated circuits that combine a microprocessor core, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip These devices offer significant advantages in terms of cost, size, and power consumption, making them ideal for a wide range of applicationsThe history of singlechip microcontrollers can be traced back to the 1970s when the first microcontrollers were developed Since then, they have undergone significant advancements in technology and performance Today, singlechip microcontrollers are available in a wide variety of architectures and capabilities, ranging from simple 8-bit devices to complex 32-bit and 64-bit systemsOne of the key features of singlechip microcontrollers is their programmability They can be programmed using various languages such as C, Assembly, and Python This flexibility allows developers to customize the functionality of the microcontroller to meet the specific requirements of their applications For example, in embedded systems for automotive, industrial control, and consumer electronics, singlechip microcontrollers can be programmed to control sensors, actuators, and communication interfacesAnother important aspect of singlechip microcontrollers is their low power consumption This is crucial in batterypowered devices and portable electronics where energy efficiency is of paramount importance Modern singlechip microcontrollers incorporate advanced power management techniques to minimize power consumption while maintaining optimal performanceIn addition to their use in traditional electronics, singlechip microcontrollers are also playing a significant role in the emerging fields of the Internet of Things （IoT) and wearable technology In IoT applications, they can be used to collect and process data from various sensors and communicate it wirelessly to a central server Wearable devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers rely on singlechip microcontrollers to monitor vital signs and perform other functionsHowever, the design and development of systems using singlechip microcontrollers also present certain challenges Issues such as realtime performance, memory management, and software reliability need to be carefully addressed to ensure the successful implementation of the applications Moreover, the rapid evolution of technology requires developers to constantly update their knowledge and skills to keep up with the latest advancements in singlechip microcontroller technologyIn conclusion, singlechip microcontrollers have revolutionized the field of electronics and continue to play a vital role in driving technological innovation Their versatility, low cost, and small form factor make them an attractive choice for a wide range of applications, and their importance is expected to grow further in the years to come二、中文翻译标题：单片机在现代电子领域的应用与发展单片机已成为现代电子系统中不可或缺的一部分。

at89c52单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述

D.htmlat89c52单片机中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述at89c52单片机简介中英文资料对照外文翻译文献综述AT89C52 Single-chip microprocessor introductionSelection of Single-chip microprocessor1. Development of Single-chip microprocessorThe main component part of Single-chip microprocessor as a result of by such centralize to be living to obtain on the chip，In immediate future middle processor CPU。

Storage RAM immediately﹑memoy readROM﹑Interrupt system、Timer /'s counter along with I/O's rim electric circuit awaits the main microcomputer section，The lumping is living on the chip。

Although the Single-chip microprocessor r is only a chip，Yet through makes up and the meritorous service be able to on sees，It had haveed the calculating machine system property，calling it for this reason act as Single-chip microprocessor r minisize calculating machine SCMS and abbreviate the Single-chip microprocessor。

单片机原理中英文文献翻译(一)2024

单片机原理中英文文献翻译（一）引言概述：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种集成电路芯片，融合了中央处理器（CPU）、内存、输入输出端口和其他外围设备接口等功能于一体。

在电子设备中，单片机扮演着控制和管理各种任务的重要角色。

本文将介绍关于单片机原理的中英文文献翻译。

大点1：单片机的基本概念1. 单片机的定义和发展历史2. 单片机的特点和应用领域3. 单片机的工作原理和体系结构4. 单片机与传统微处理器的对比5. 单片机的分类和性能指标大点2：单片机的主要组成部分1. 中央处理器（CPU）的功能和工作原理2. 存储器单元（Memory Unit）的作用和分类3. 输入输出（I/O）端口和外围设备接口4. 定时器和计数器的功能及应用5. 电源和电源管理电路的设计要点大点3：单片机的编程方法1. 单片机的指令系统和寄存器2. 单片机的汇编语言和高级语言编程3. 编写简单的单片机程序的实例4. 单片机编程中常见的问题和解决方法5. 嵌入式操作系统的开发和应用大点4：单片机的应用案例1. 家用电器中的单片机控制应用2. 工业自动化领域中的单片机应用3. 交通和物流行业中的单片机应用4. 医疗设备和仪器中的单片机应用5. 农业和环保领域中的单片机应用大点5：单片机的发展趋势1. 单片机技术的发展历程和现状2. 单片机性能和功耗的改进方向3. 嵌入式系统和物联网对单片机的影响4. 新一代单片机的发展趋势和应用前景5. 单片机教育和研究的发展现状和挑战总结：通过对单片机原理中英文文献的翻译，我们可以了解单片机的基本概念、主要组成部分、编程方法、应用案例和发展趋势。

这些知识有助于我们更好地理解和应用单片机技术，推动电子设备的创新与发展。

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(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文对照外文翻译单片机技术的发展与应用从无线电世界到单片机世界现代计算机技术的产业革命，将世界经济从资本经济带入到知识经济时代。

在电子世界领域，从 20 世纪中的无线电时代也进入到 21 世纪以计算机技术为中心的智能化现代电子系统时代。

现代电子系统的基本核心是嵌入式计算机系统(简称嵌入式系统)，而单片机是最典型、最广泛、最普及的嵌入式系统。

一、无线电世界造就了几代英才。

在 20 世纪五六十年代，最具代表的先进的电子技术就是无线电技术，包括无线电广播，收音，无线通信(电报)，业余无线电台，无线电定位，导航等遥测、遥控、遥信技术。

早期就是这些电子技术带领着许多青少年步入了奇妙的电子世界，无线电技术展示了当时科技生活美妙的前景。

电子科学开始形成了一门新兴学科。

无线电电子学，无线通信开始了电子世界的历程。

无线电技术不仅成为了当时先进科学技术的代表，而且从普及到专业的科学领域，吸引了广大青少年，并使他们从中找到了无穷的乐趣。

从床头的矿石收音机到超外差收音机；从无线电发报到业余无线电台；从电话，电铃到无线电操纵模型。

无线电技术成为当时青少年科普、科技教育最普及，最广泛的内容。

至今，许多老一辈的工程师、专家、教授当年都是无线电爱好者。

无线电技术的无穷乐趣，无线电技术的全面训练，从电子学基本原理，电子元器件基础到无线电遥控、遥测、遥信电子系统制作，培养出了几代科技英才。

二、从无线电时代到电子技术普及时代。

早期的无线电技术推动了电子技术的发展，其中最主要的是真空管电子技术向半导体电子技术的发展。

半导体电子技术使有源器件实现了微小型化和低成本，使无线电技术有了更大普及和创新，并大大地开阔了许多非无线电的控制领域。

半导体技术发展导致集成电路器件的产生，形成了近代电子技术的飞跃，电子技术从分立器件时代走进了电路集成时代。

电子设计工程师不再用分立的电子元器件设计电路单元，而直接选择集成化的电路单元器件构成系统。

他们从电路单元设计中解放出来，致力于系统设计，大大地解放了科技生产力，促进了电子系统更大范围的普及。

半导体集成电路首先在基本数字逻辑电路上取得突破。

大量数字逻辑电路，如门电路，计数器，定时器，移位寄存器以及模拟开关，比较器等，为电子数字控制提供了极佳的条件，使传统的机械控制转向电子控制。

功率电子器件以及传感技术的发展使原先以无线电为中心的电子技术开始转向工程领域中的机械系统的数字控制，检测领域中的信息采集，运动机械对象的电气伺服驱动控制。

半导体及其集成电路技术将我们带入了一个电子技术普及时代，无线电技术成为电子技术应用领域的一个部分。

进20世纪70年代，大规模集成电路出现，促进了常规的电子电路单元的专用电子系统发展。

许多专用电子系统单元变成了集成化器件，如收音机，电子钟，计算器等，在这些领域的电子工程师从电路系统的精心设计，调试转变为器件选择，外围器件适配工作。

电子技术发展了，电子产品丰富了，电子工程师的难度减少了，但与此同时，无线电技术，电子技术的魅力却削弱了。

半导体集成电路的发展使经典电子系统日趋完善，留在大规模集成电路以外的电子技术日益减少，电子技术没有了往昔无线电时代的无穷乐趣和全面的工程训练。

三、从经典电子技术时代到现代电子技术时代进入 20 世纪 80 年代，世界经济中最重要的变革是计算机的产业革命。

而计算机产业革命的最重要标志则是计算机嵌入式应用的诞生。

近代电子计算机是应数值计算要求诞生的。

在很长的时间内，电子计算机都是以发展海量数值计算为己任。

但是电子计算机表现出的逻辑运算，处理，控制能力，吸引了电子控制领域的专家，他们要求发展能满足控制对象要求，实现嵌入式应用的计算机系统。

如果将满足海量数据处理的计算机系统称为通用计算机系统，那么则可把嵌入到对象体系(如舰船、飞机、机车等) 中的计算机系统称作嵌入式计算机。

显而易见，两者的技术发展方向是不同的。

前者要求海量数据存储，吞吐，高速数据处理分析及传输；而后者要求在对象环境中可靠运行，对外部物理参数的高速采集，逻辑分析处理和对外部对象的快速控制等。

早期人们将通用计算机加上数据采集单元，输出驱动电路勉为其难地构成一个热处理炉的温控系统。

这样的通用计算机系统不可能为大多数电子系统采用，而且要使通用计算机系统满足嵌入式应用要求，必然影响高速数值处理技术的发展。

为了解决计算机技术发展的矛盾，在 20 世纪 70 年代，半导体专家另辟蹊径，完全按照电子系统的计算机嵌入式应用要求，将一个微型计算机的基本系统集成在一个芯片上，形成了早期的单片机(Single Chip Microcomputer)。

单片机问世后，在计算机领域中开始出现了通用计算机系统和嵌入式系统的两大分支。

此后，无论是嵌入式系统，还是通用计算机系统都得到了飞速的发展。

早期虽然有通用计算机改装而成的嵌入式计算机系统，而真正意义上的嵌入式系统始于单片机的出现。

因为单片机是专门为嵌入式应用设计的，单片机只能实现嵌入式应用。

单片机能最好地满足嵌入式应用的环境要求，例如，芯片级的物理空间，大规模集成电路的低价位，良好的外围接口总线和突出控制功能的指令系统。

单片机有计算机系统内核，嵌入到电子系统中，为电子系统智能化奠定了基础。

因此，当前单片机在电子系统中的广泛使用，使经典电子系统迅速过渡到智能化的现代电子系统。

四、单片机开创了现代电子系统时代。

1、单片机与嵌入式系统嵌入式系统源于计算机的嵌入式应用，早期嵌入式系统为通用计算机经改装后嵌入到对象体系中的各种电子系统，如舰船的自动驾驶仪，轮机监测系统等。

嵌入式系统首先是一个计算机系统，其次它被嵌入到对象体系中，在对象体系中实现对象要求的数据采集，处理，状态显示，输出控制等功能，由于嵌入在对象体系中，嵌入式系统的计算机没有计算机的独立形式及功能。

单片机完全是按照嵌入式系统要求设计的，因此单片机是最典型的嵌入式系统。

早期的单片机只是按嵌入式应用技术要求设计的计算机单芯片集成，故名单片机。

随后，单片机为满足嵌入式应用要求不断增强其控制功能与外围接口功能，尤其是突出控制功能，因此国际上已将单片机正名为微控制器(MCU，Microcontroller Unit)。

2、单片机构成的现代电子系统将成为主流电子系统单片机构成的现代电子系统将成为主流电子系统单片机是器件级计算机系统，它可以嵌入到任何对象体系中去，实现智能化控制。

小到微型机械，如手表，助听器。

集成器件的低价位，低到几元，十几元，足以使单片机普及到许多民用家电，电子玩具中去。

单片机构成的现代电子系统已深入到各家各户，正改变我们的生活，如家庭中的音响，电视机，洗衣机，微波炉，电话，防盗系统，空调机等。

单片机革新了原有电子系统，如微波炉采用单片机控制后，可方便地进行时钟设置，程序记忆，功率控制；空调机采用单片机后不但遥控参数设置方便，运行状态自动变换，还可实现变频控制。

目前许多家用电器如 VCD，DVD只有单片机出现后才可能实现其功能。

3、嵌入式系统带动了整个电子产业目前电子元器件产业除了微处理器，嵌入式系统器件外，大多是围绕现代电子系统配套的元器件产业，例如满足人机交互用的按键，LED/LCD显示驱动，LED/LCD 显示单元，语音集成器件等，满足数据采集通道要求的数字传感器，ADC，数据采集模块，信号调理模块等，满足伺服驱动控制的 DAC，固体继电器，步进电机控制器，变频控制单元等，满足通信要求的各种总线驱动器，电平转换器等。

世界电子元器件在嵌入式系统带动下，沿着充分满足嵌入式应用的现代电子系统要求发展。

这就使原来经典电子系统的天地愈来愈小。

电子系统中的各类从业人员应尽早转向现代电子系统的康庄大道。

五、单片机将造就新一代电子精英如果说五十年代起，无线电世界造就了几代精英，那么当今的单片机世界将会造就出新一代电子精英。

1、单片机带你进入智能化电子领域若将经典电子系统当作一个僵死的电子系统，那么智能化的现代电子系统则是一个具有"生命"的电子系统。

单片机应用系统的硬件结构给予电子系统"身躯"，单片机应用系统的应用程序赋予其"生命"。

例如，在设计智能化仪器显示器的显示功能时，可在开机时显示系统自检结果，未进入工作时显示各种待机状态，仪器运行时显示运行过程，工作结束后可显示当前结果，自检结果，原始数据，各种处理报表等。

在无人值守时，可给定各种自动运行功能。

电子系统的智能化为无止境境界，常常不需硬件资源的增添就能实现各种翻新功能。

这也是当前许多家用电器功能大量增设的因素之一。

2、单片机带你进入计算机工控领域 21 世纪是全人类进入计算机时代的世纪，许多人不是在制造计算机便是在使用计算机。

在使用计算机的人们中，只有从事嵌入式系统应用的人才真正地进入到计算机系统的内部软，硬件体系中，才能真正领会计算机的智能化本质并掌握智能化设计的知识。

从学习单片机应用技术入手是当今培养计算机应用软，硬件技术人才的最佳道路之一。

3、单片机带你进入最具魅力的电子世界独具魅力的单片机能使你体会到电脑的真谛，你可以用单片机亲自动手设计智能玩具，可以设计不同的应用程序实现不同的功能。

既有硬件制作又有软件设计，既动脑，又动手。

初级水平可开发智能玩具，用宏指令编程。

中级水平可开发一些智能控制器，如电脑鼠，智能车，各种遥控模型。

高级水平可开发机器人，如机器人足球赛，开发工业控制单元，网络通信等，并用汇编语言或高级语言设计应用程序。

围绕单片机及嵌入式系统形成的电子产业的未来，将会为电子爱好者提供广阔的天地，一个比当年无线电世界更广阔，更丰富，更持久，更具魅力的电子世界。

The development of the single chip microcomputer From the world of radio in the world to a single chip Modern computer technology, industrial revolution, the world economy from the capital into the economy to knowledge economy. Field in the electronic world, from the 20th century into the era of radio to computer technology in the 21st century as the center of the intelligent modern era of electronic systems. The basic core of modern electronic systems are embedded computer systems (referred to as embedded systems), while the microcontroller is the most typical and most extensive and most popular embedded systems.First, radio has created generations of excellence in the world Fifties and sixties in the 20th century, the most representative of the advanced electronic technology is wireless technology, including radio broadcasting, radio, wireless communications (telegraph), Amateur Radio, radio positioning, navigation and other telemetry, remote control, remote technology. Early that these electronic technology led many young people into the wonderful digital world, radio show was a wonderful life, the prospects for science and technology. Electronics began to form a new discipline. Radio electronics, wireless communications began e-world journey. Radio technology not only as a representative of advanced science and technology at that time, but also from popular to professional fields of science, attracting the young people and enable them to find a lot of fun. Ore from the bedside to the superheterodyne radio；report issued from the radio amateur radio stations；from the telephone, electric bell to the radio control model. Became popular youth radio technology, science and technology education is the most popular and most extensive content. So far, many of the older generation of engineers, experts, Professor of the year are radio enthusiasts. Fun radio technology, radio technology, comprehensive training, from basic principles of electronics, electronic components to the radio-based remote control, telemetry, remote electronic systems, has trained several generations of technological excellence.Second, from the popularity of the radio era to era of electronic technology The early radio technology to promote the development of electronic technology, most notably electronic vacuum tube technology to semiconductor electronic technology. Semiconductor technology to realize the active device miniaturization and low cost, so more popular with radio technology and innovation, and to greatly broaden the number of non-radio-control areas. The development of semiconductor technology lead to the production of integrated circuit, forming the modern electronic technology leap from discrete electronics into the era of era of integrated circuits. Electronic design engineers no longer use the discrete electronic components designed circuit modules, and direct selection of integrated circuit components constitute a single system. They freed the design of the circuit unit dedicated to system design, greatly liberating the productive forces of science and technology, promote the wider spread of electronic systems.Semiconductor integrated circuits in the basic digital logic circuits first breakthrough. A large number of digital logic circuits, such as gates, counters, timers, shift registers, and analog switches, comparators, etc., for the electronic digital control provides excellent conditions for the traditional mechanical control to electronic control. Power electronic devices and sensor technology to make the original to the radio as the center of electronic technology turned to mechanical engineering in the field of digital control systems, testing in the field of information collection, movement of electrical mechanical servo drive control object. Semiconductor and integrated circuit technology will bring us a universal age of electronic technology, wireless technology as the field of electronic technology a part of. 70 years into the 20th century, large scale integrated circuit appeared to promote the conventional electronic circuit unit-specific electronic systems development. Many electronic systems unit into a dedicated integrated devices such as radios, electronic clocks, calculators, electronic engineers in these areas from the circuit, the system designed to debug into the device selection, peripheral device adapter work. Electronic technology, and electronic products enriched, electronic engineers to reduce the difficulty, but at the same time, radio technology, electronic technology has weakened the charm. The development of semiconductor integrated circuits classical electronic systems are maturing, remain in the large scale integrated circuit other than the shrinking of electronic technology, electronic technology is not the old days of radio fun times and comprehensive engineering training.Third, from the classic era of electronic technology to modern electronic technology of the times 80 years into the 20th century, the century of economic change is the most important revolution in the computer. The computer revolution in the most important sign is the birth of the computer embedded applications. Modern computer numerical requirements should be born. A long period of time, is to develop the massive computer numerical duty. But the computer shows the logic operation, processing, control, attracting experts in the field of electronic control, they want development to meet the control object requirements of embedded applications, computer systems. If you meet the massive data-processing computer system known as general-purpose computer system, then the system can be the embedded object (such as ships, aircraft, motorcycles,etc.) in a computer system called the embedded computer. Clearly, both the direction of technology development are different. The former requires massive data storage, handling, processing and analysis of high-speed data transmission；while the latter requires reliable operation in the target environment, the external physical parameters on high-speed acquisition, analysis and processing logic and the rapid control of external objects. It will add an early general-purpose computer data acquisition unit, the output driver circuit reluctance to form a heat treatment furnace temperature control system. This general-purpose computer system is not possible for most of the electronic system used, and to make general-purpose computer system meets the requirements of embedded applications, will inevitably affect the development of high-speed numeric processing. In order to solve the contradiction between the development of computer technology, in the 20th century 70s, semiconductor experts another way, in full accordance with the electronic system embedded computer application requirements, a micro-computer's basic system on a chip, the formation of the early SCM (Single Chip Microcomputer). After the advent of single chip in the computer industry began to appear in the general-purpose computer systems and embedded systems the two branches. Since then, both the embedded system, or general-purpose computer systems have been developed rapidly. Although the early general-purpose computer converted the embedded computer systems, and real embedded system began in the emergence of SCM. Because the microcontroller is designed specifically for embedded applications, the MCU can only achieve embedded applications. MCU embedded applications that best meet environmental requirements, for example, chip-level physical space, large-scale integrated circuits low-cost, good peripheral interface bus and outstanding control of instruction. A computer system microcontroller core, embedded electronic systems, intelligent electronic systems for the foundation. Therefore, the current single chip electronic system in widespread use of electronic systems to enable rapid transition to the classical modern intelligent electronic systems.4rd, single chip to create the modern era of electronic systemsA microcontroller and embedded systems Embedded computer systems from embedded applications, embedded systems for early general-purpose computer adaptedto the object system embedded in a variety of electronic systems, such as the ship's autopilot, engine monitoring systems. Embedded system is primarily a computer system, followed by it being embedded into the object system, objects in the object system to achieve required data collection, processing, status display, the output control functions, as embedded in the object system, embedded system computer does not have an independent form and function of the computer. SCM is entirely in accordance with the requirements of embedded system design, so SCM is the most typical embedded systems. SCM is the early application of technical requirements in accordance with the design of embedded computer chip integration, hence the name single chip. Subsequently, the MCU embedded applications to meet the growing demands of its control functions and peripheral interface functions, in particular, highlight the control function, so has international name the single chip microcontroller (MCU, Microcontroller Unit). 2 MCU modern electronic systems consisting of electronic systems will become mainstream MCU is a device-level computer systems, it can be embedded into any object system to achieve intelligent control. Small to micro-machinery, such as watches, hearing aids. Low-cost integrated device-level, low-to a few dollars, ten dollars, enough to spread to many civilian SCM appliances, electronic toys to go. SCM constitutes a modern electronic systems has in-depth to the households, are changing our lives, such as home audio, televisions, washing machines, microwave ovens, telephones, security systems, and air conditioners. SCM innovation the original electronic systems, such as microwave ovens use SCM, it can easily set the clock, the program memory, power control；air conditioner after use of SCM is not only convenient for remote parameter setting, running automatically transform, frequency control can be achieved. At present, many household appliances such as VCD, DVD only single chip to achieve its function may occur before. 3 Embedded Systems led the entire electronics industry Current electronic components industry, in addition to microprocessors, embedded system devices, the most modern electronic systems around the supporting components industries, such as keys used to meet the human-computer interaction, LED / LCD display drivers, LED / LCD display units, voice integrated device, etc., to meet the requirements of data acquisition channel digital sensor, ADC, data acquisition module,signal conditioning modules to meet the servo drive control in the DAC, solid state relays, stepper motor controller, frequency control unit, etc., to meet the communication requirements various bus driver, level converters. Electronic components in the embedded systems world, driven by embedded applications along fully meet requirements of modern electronic systems development. This makes the original classic world of increasingly small electronic systems. Practitioners in the various electronic systems to modern electronic systems as early as possible to stay.5rd, SCM will create a new generation of electronic elite If the 50's, radio has created several generations of the world elite, then today's SCM will create a new generation of e-world elite. A single chip with you to the intelligent electronics If we as a dead classic electronic system electronic system, then the intelligent modern electronic systems is a "life" of the electronic system. Application System of hardware, electronic systems, "body", microcontroller applications, the application gives it "life." For example, in the design of intelligent machines monitor display, it can boot the system self-test results show, not to enter the work shows a variety of stand-by state, equipment run-time display running processes, work can be displayed after the end of the current results, self results, raw data, reports and other various processing. Unattended, it can run automatically given a variety of functions. Intelligent electronic systems for the endless realm, often without additional hardware resources can achieve all kinds of renovated function. It is also present in many household appliances feature a large number of additional factors. 2 single chip computer with you to the industrial area The 21st century is the century of humanity into the computer age, many people are not used in the manufacture of computer is the computer. People using the computer, only the people engaged in embedded system applications really into the internal computer system hardware and software systems, can we truly understand the nature of the computer's intelligence and grasp the knowledge of intelligent design. MCU applications starting from the learning technology applications in today's computer software training, hardware and technical personnel of one of the best roads. 3 SCM bring you into the most attractive in the digital world Charming single chip to enable you to experience the true meaning of the computer, you can design intelligent microcontroller hands-on toys, different applications中英文资料can be designed to achieve different functions. Both software design and hardware making there, both mental and physical, but also hands. Primary level can develop intelligent toys, with macro programming. Intermediate levels can develop some intelligent controller, such as computer mouse, smart cars, all kinds of remote control model. High levels can be developed robots, such as robot soccer, the development of industrial control units, network communications, and high-level language with assembly language or design application. Microcontroller and embedded systems around the formation of the future of the electronics industry, will provide a vast world of electronic fans, an even broader than the current wireless world, richer, more durable, more attractive in the digital world.。