浙江大学高等教育自学考试
浙江4月自考工程力学(二)试题及答案解析

1浙江省2018年4月高等教育自学考试工程力学(二)试题课程代码:02391本试卷分A 、B 卷,使用2000年武汉大学版本教材的考生请做A 卷,使用2000年浙江大学版本教材的考生请做B 卷;若A 、B 两卷都做的,以B 卷记分。
A 卷一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其代码填写在题后的括号内。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1.平面汇交力系、平面任意力系、空间汇交力系、空间任意力系的独立的平衡方程的数目分别为( )A.2,3,3,6B.3,3,4,6C.3,4,3,6D.2,3,4,52.已知力F 作用在直角折杆ABC 的自由端C 处,方向铅垂向下,如图所示。
AB 部分长度为l ,BC 部分长度为l /2,A 端为固定端,则力F 对图示x 、y 、z 轴之矩的值分别为( ) A.21F l ,F l ,F l B.F l ,0,21F l C.21F l ,0,F l D.21F l ,0,03.点A 作直线运动,其速度为V A =V A (t);点B 作圆周运动,其速度为V B =V B (t)。
已知两点速度的数值恒相等,则必有( )A.两点加速度的数值恒相等B.两点的法向边速度数值恒相等C.B 点的切向加速度与A 点的加速度恒相等D.B 点切向加速度的数值与A 点加速度的数值恒相等4.图示机构中∠α<45。
,则滑块A 的虚位移δr A 与滑块B 的虚位移δr B 二者之间的关系应是( )A.δr A <δr BB.δr A =δr B2 C.δr A >δr B D.比值δr A :δr B 与∠α值无关5.当用弧坐标形式的运动方程S=S(t)给定动点的运动时,必须具备的条件是( )A.点作曲线运动B.已知运动轨迹,并在其上选定参考点和正、负向C.选定坐标轴x 和yD.只需给定动点的轨迹6.横截面面积相等、材料不同的两等截面直杆,承受相同的轴向拉力,则两杆的( )A.轴力相同,横截面上的正应力不同B.轴力相同,横截面上的正应力也相同C.轴力不同,横截面上的正应力相同D.轴力不同,横截面上的正应力也不同7.①、②、③、④四种材料的应力应变图分别如图所示,材料的弹性模量E 值最大者为() A.①B.②C.③D.④8.圆形截面杆受扭如图所示,杆中的最大剪应力为( ) A.3d m 16π B.3d m32πC.3d m 48πD.3d m 64π9.受横向力作用的槽形截面梁如图所示,该梁的变形为( )A.平面弯曲B.斜弯曲C.平面弯曲与扭转的组合D.斜弯曲与扭转的组合10.长度、直径,材料均相同的各轴向受压圆杆如图所示,其临界力最大者为( )二、填空题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)请在每小题的空格中填上正确答案。
7月浙江自考高级英语试题及答案解析

浙江省2018年7月自学考试高级英语试题课程代码:10005Part ⅠVocabulary(20%)Section A (20×0.5%=10%)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence.1. He had to sell his home to pay his legal fees and was ______ to parking cars for money.( ) A. reduced B. introducedC. agreedD. expected2. Our vacation is ______ and we still can’t decide where to go. ( )A. goingB. approachingC. flyingD. keeping3. From the ______ way he behaves towards others you can tell that he was well raised in his family. ( )A. respectfulB. respectedC. respectableD. respective4. Though people all over the world have friends and enjoying friendship, the ______ of what a real friendship is may take quite varied forms in different cultures. ( )A. exceptionB. assumptionC. acceptationD. conception5. I have only had a ______ acquaintance with this Mr. Johnson you are talking about, so I am in no place to make judgment on his personality. ( )A. intimateB. hastyC. legitimateD. simple6. A forgiving person will not pay ______ someone who has done him wrong either intentionally or accidentally.( )A. forB. back1C. offD. clear7. She knew David was not good with words, and was rather touched by his clumsy attempt to comfort her. ( )A. stupidB. childishC. unskillfulD. useless8. Modern educationists recommend the teaching methods that ______ students in the learning process. ( )A. absorbB. participateC. mixD. involve9. The very evening she couldn’t wait to show the ring to her close friends and tell them that she ______ to Graham. ( )A. was engagingB. was engagedC. engagedD. would engage10. Although Asian countries are generally more ______ in social customs than Western countries, there have been several notable examples of women leaders in both China and India. ( ) A. conservative B. confidentialC. comprehensibleD. consistent11. Black people had to use separate bathrooms, train cars, churches, and restaurants: this act of ______ was accepted without much question in the past.( )A. segregationB. separationC. discriminationD. differentiation12. The revolutionist devoted his whole life to the ______ of freedom and happiness of his people.( ) A. perform B. prophetC. projectionD. pursuit13. Just composing the sentences is not all there is in an invitation, you also have to think about the ______: the color, the picture, the size and style of the letters, etc. ( )A. formatB. formationC. informationD. conformation14. The manager gave her his ______ that her complaint would be investigated. ( )2A. assuranceB. assumptionC. sanctionD. insurance15. The course has four main ______: business law, finance, computing and management skills.( ) A. commissions B. componentsC. compositionsD. compromises16. Greg has been a(n) ______ child and missed most of the fun in childhood. ( )A. illB. healthyC. sicklyD. lively17. By 3 o’clock the next morning the roaring storm ______ down and the sea resumed its generous and peaceful scene. ( )A. diedB. layC. flattedD. went18. The hardest things to get in a car accident, a ship ______, or an air crash, are the names of the saved, or the dead and injured.( )A. wreckB. wristC. wrapD. wrench19. A three-day tour isn’t sufficient for a thorough appreciation of Angkor, but it will give you a ______ of this magnificent work of wonder. ( )A. limpB. slipC. skipD. glimpse20. Due to different beliefs held by feminists, religion conservatives and other groups of people, abortion remains a ______ issue in North America. ( )A. controversialB. contradictoryC. compulsoryD. confidentialSection B (20×0.5%=10%)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. In each sentence there is a word or a phrase underlined. Below each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that can replace the underlined part of each sentence without changing the original meaning.321. It hasn’t rained in this area for an extremely long time and all the plants in the field are crying for water. ( )A. requestingB. dependingC. in big supply ofD. in great need of22. When asked what he was going to do about the fund problem, he gave a vague answer.( ) A. implicit B. explicitC. efficientD. infinite23. The article gives its readers a real insight into the causes of the present economic crisis.( )A. perceptionB. conceptionC. interpretationD. deception24. To everyone’s surprise, the main force of opposition has come from a group of property owners whom have been assumed to be in line with the proposal. ( )A. resistanceB. insistenceC. consistenceD. assistance25. We spoke in whispers in case that we might wake the baby. ( )A. in fearB. of fearC. for fearD. with fear26. Jack had been very excited about going on the jungle trip, but at the last moment he lost courage to do it. ( )A. lost his heartB. lost his mindC. lost his nervesD. lost his attentions27. Though never touched a brush until in his mid thirties, Leon became a quite outstanding painter by the time he was forty years old.( )A. outrageousB. assertiveC. distinguishedD. characteristic28. Clothing means totally different things to men and women: a perfect fine dress could be out of fashion within a few months but a suit could stay in style forever. ( )A. out of timeB. out of days4C. out of dateD. out of taste29. The whole argument comes down to the question if it is fair to regulate the industries in developing countries the same way as the more developed countries when it comes to environmental issues. ( )A. ends up withB. means in essenceC. stands forD. corresponds to30. At the sound of music the crowd instantly breaks down into couples and started to dance.( ) A. derives B. dividesC. devisesD. derides31. What freshmen have to understand is that the acceptance to one of the best universities is not an end but a start: now they must do as best as they can with their university education.( ) A. think the best of B. do the best ofC. get the best ofD. make the best of32. Right now is not a good time to ask the mayor for help in the project, as he has his mind fixed on the kindergarten teachers’ strike which has been going on for two weeks. ( )A. is disturbed byB. is motivated byC. is concerned withD. is preoccupied with33. Marie Curie’s whole life was devoted to the discovery and research of radioactive elements.( ) A. debated B. dedicatedC. decidedD. delegated34. No one should be allowed into that building until it is assured that it is clear of bombs.( ) A. obvious in B. aware ofC. in touch withD. free from35. The wisest thing to do is to cut off all his financial supply right off. ( )A. completelyB. definitelyC. accordinglyD. immediately536. A better marketing strategy need to be made and carried out if we want to produce more profit the next sales season. ( )A. bring upB. bring forthC. bring aboutD. bring to37. The second half of the coming chapter is in relation to the effect of currency control on national economy. ( )A. with regard toB. in relative toC. of limit toD. on level to38. For ten years a group of American scientists have been on the track of a new kind of energy resource which has the promise to solve the energy crisis facing the country. ( )A. looking forB. inventingC. improvingD. polishing39. When you walk into an exam room with only a few hours’ preparation done the night before, failure is almost unavoidable. ( )A. indispensableB. inevitableC. unpredictableD. incomprehensible40. His theory sounds logical, but then how can we know if it will work without testing it?( ) A. at that moment B. afterwardsC. on the other handD. as a resultPart II: Cloze (20×0.5%=10%)Directions: In the following passage there are 20 blanks. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.When women do become managers, do they bring a different style and different skills to the job? Are they better, or worse, managers than men? Are women more highly-motivated and 41 than male managers? Some research 42 the idea that women bring different attitudes and skills to management jobs, such as greater 43 and emphasis on affiliation(亲和性) and attachment, and a 44 to bring emotional factors to bear in making workplace45 . These differences are 46 to carry advantages for companies, 47 they expand the range of techniques that can be used to 48 the company manage its workforce 49 .6A study commissioned by the international Women’s Forum 50 a management style used by some women managers (and also by some men) that 51 from the command and control style 52 used by male managers. Using this “interactive leadership”approach, “women 53 participation, share power and information, 54 other people’s self-worth, and get others excited about their work. All these 55 reflect their belief that allowing 56 to contribute and to feel 57 and important is a win-win 58 —good for the employees and the organization.”The study’s director 59 that “interactive leadership may emerge into the management style of choice for many 60 .”( )41. A. committed B. confronted C. confined D. commanded( )42. A. despises B. supports C. opposes D. argues( )43. A. coherence B. correlation C. combination D. cooperativeness( )44. A. sensitivity B. willingness C. virtue D. loyalty( )45. A. decisions B. detachments C. descriptions D. discriminations( )46. A. seen B. revised C. detected D. disclosed( )47. A. because B. whereas C. nonetheless D. therefore( )48. A. direct B. enable C. help D. support( )49. A. effectively B. evidently C. precisely D. aggressively( )50. A. constructed B. identified C. located D. invented( )51. A. discerns B. detaches C. differs D. deteriorates( )52. A. traditionally B. conditionally C. inherently D. occasionally( )53. A. engage B. dismiss C. encourage D. disapprove( )54. A. enlarge B. ignore C. degrade D. enhance( )55. A. things B. themes C. researches D. subjects( )56. A. men B. women C. managers D. everyone( )57. A. tasteful B. powerful C. thoughtful D. faithful( )58. A. circumstance B. status C. situation D. position( )59. A. defied B. predicted C. diagnosed D. proclaimed( )60. A. facilities B. communities C. organizations D. communicationsPart Ⅲ: Reading Comprehension (20×2%=40%)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions7or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read each passage carefully and decide on the best choice.(1)Computer people talk a lot about the need for other people to become “computer-literate”, in other words, to learn to understand computers and what makes them tick. Not all experts agree, however, that is a good idea.One pioneer, in particular, who disagrees, is David Tebbutt, the founder of Computertown UK. Although many people see this as a successful attempt to bring people closer to the computer, David does not see it that way. He says that Computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to the people and make them “people-literate”.David first got the idea when he visited one of America’s best-known computer “guru”figure, Bob Albrecht,in the small university town of Palo Alto in Northern California. Albrecht had started a project called Computertown USA in the local library, and the local children used to call round every Wednesday to borrow some time on the computers there, instead of borrowing library books. Albrecht was always on hand to answer any questions and to help the children discover about computers in their own way.Over here, in Britain,Computertowns have taken off in a big way,and there are now about 40 scattered over the country. David Tebbutt thinks they are most successful when tied to a computer club. He insists there is a vast and important difference between the two, although they complement each other. The clubs cater for the enthusiasts, with some computer knowledge already, who get together and eventually form an expert computer group. This frightens away non-experts, who are happier going to Computertowns where there are computers available for them to experiment on, with experts available to encourage them and answer any questions; they are not told what to do, they find out.David Tebbutt finds it interesting to see the two different approaches working side by side. The computer experts have to learn not to tell people about computers, but have to be able to explain the answers to the questions that people really want to know. In some Computertowns there are question sessions, rather like radio phone-ins, where the experts listen to a lot of questions and then try to work out some structure to answer them. People are not having to learn computer jargons, but the experts are having to translate computer mysteries into easily8understood terms; the computers are becoming “people-literate”.61. According to David Tebbutt, the purpose of Computertown UK is to ______.( )A. train people to understand how computers workB. make more computers available to peopleC. enable more people to fix computers themselvesD. help people find out more about computers62. What does “people-literate”most probably mean?( )A. Being able to understand computers.B. Knowing the answers to the questions people have about computers.C. Being easy for people to understand and use.D. Being ready to teach people about computers.63. We learn from the passage that Computertown USA was a ______.( )A. townB. projectC. libraryD. school64. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?( )A. Computertowns in the UK have become popular.B. Computertowns and clubs cater for different people.C. Computertowns are more successful than clubs.D. It’s better that computertowns and clubs work together.65. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of computertowns?( )A. Experts give lectures and talks on computers.B. Experts are on hand to answer people’s questions.C. People are left to discover computers on their own.D. There are computers around for people to practise on.(2)I had an experience some years ago which taught me something about the ways in which people make a bad situation worse by blaming themselves. One January, I had to officiate(主持) at two funerals on successive days for two elderly women in my community. Both had died “full of years,”as the Bible would say; both yielded to the normal wearing out of the body after a long and full life. Their homes happened to be near each other, so I paid condolence (吊唁) calls on the9two families on the same afternoon.At the first home, the son of the deceased (已故的) woman said to me, “If only I had sent my mother to Florida and gotten her out of this cold and snow, she would be alive today. It’s my fault that she died.”At the second home, the son of the other deceased woman said, “If only I hadn’t insisted on my mother’s going to Florida, she would be alive today. That long airplane ride, the abrupt change of climate, was more than she could take. It’s my fault that she’s dead.”When things don’t turn out as we would like them to, it is very tempting to assume that had we done things differently, the story would have had a happier ending. Priests know that any time there is a death, the survivors will feel guilty. Because the course of action they took turned out badly, they believe that the opposite course-keeping Mother at home, postponing the operation —would have turned out better. After all, how could it have turned out any worse?There seem to be two elements involved in our readiness to feel guilt. The first is our pressing need to believe that the world makes sense, that there is a cause for every effect and a reason for everything that happens. That leads us to find patterns and connections both where they really exist and where they exist only in our minds.The second element is the notion that we are the cause of what happens, especially the bad things that happen. It seems to be a short step from believing that every event has a cause to believing that every disaster is our fault. The roots of this feeling may lie in our childhood. Psychologists speak of the infantile myth of omnipotence (万能). A baby comes to think that the world exists to meet his needs, and that he makes everything happen in it. He wakes up in the morning and summons the rest of the world to its tasks. He cries, and someone comes to attend to him. When he is hungry, people feed him, and when he is wet, people change him. Very often, we do not completely outgrow that infantile notion that our wishes cause things to happen.66. What is said about the two deceased elderly women?( )A. They lived out a natural life.B. They died due to lack of care by family members.C. They died of exhaustion after the long plane ride.D. They weren’t accustomed to the change in weather.67. The author had to conduct the two women’s funerals probably because ______.( )A. he had great sympathy for the deceasedB. he wanted to console the two families10C. he was priest of the local churchD. he was an official from the community68. People feel guilty for the deaths of their loved ones because ______.( )A. they believe that they were responsibleB. they had neglected the natural course of eventsC. they couldn’t find a better way to express their griefD. they didn’t know things often turn out in the opposite direction69. In the context of the passage, “... the world makes sense”(Line 2, Para, 4) probably means that ______.( )A. we have to be sensible in order to understand the worldB. everything in the world is predeterminedC. there’s an explanation for everything in the worldD. the world can be interpreted in different ways70. People have been made to believe since infancy that ______.( )A. every story should have a happy endingB. their wishes are the cause of everything that happensC. life and death is an unsolved mysteryD. everybody is at their command(3)Londoners are great readers. They buy vast numbers of newspapers and magazines and even of books—especially paperbacks, which are still comparatively cheap in spite of ever-increasing rises in the costs of printing. They still continue to buy “proper”books, too, printed on good paper and bound between hard covers.There are many streets in London containing shops which specialize in book-selling. Perhaps the best known of these is Charing Cross Road in the very heart of London. Here bookshops of all sorts and sizes are to be found, from the celebrated one which boasts of being “the biggest bookshop in the world”to the tiny dusty little places which seem to have been left over from Dickens’ time. Some of these shops stock, or will obtain, any kind of book, but many of them specialize in second-hand books, in art books, in foreign books, in books on philosophy, politics or any other of the numberless subjects about which books may be written. One shop in this area specializes solely in books about ballet!11Although it may be the most convenient place for Londoners to buy books, Charing Cross Road is not the cheapest. For the really cheap second-hand volume, the collectors must venture off the beaten track, to Farringdon Road, for example, in the East Central district of London. Here there is nothing so grandiose(壮观的) as bookshops. Instead, the booksellers come along each morning and tip out their sacks of books on to small barrows which line the gutters. And the collectors, some professional and some amateur, who have been waiting for them, plunge upon the dusty cascade. In places like this one can still, occasionally, pick up for a few pence an old volume that may be worth many pounds.Both Charing Cross Road and Farringdon Road are well-known haunts of the book buyer. Yet all over London there are bookshops, in places not so well known, where the wares are equally varied and exciting. It is in the sympathetic atmosphere of such shops that the ardent book buyer feels most at home. In these shops, even the lifelong book-browser is frequently rewarded by the accidental discovery of previously unknown delights. One could, in fact, easily spend a lifetime exploring London’s bookshops. There are many less pleasant ways of spending time!71. In the bookshops of Charing Cross Road you can get______.( )A. new books of any kindB. tiny dusty booksC. second-hand books on various subjectsD. both A and C72. The book-browser ______. ( )A. never gets tired of exploring London’s bookshopsB. has many other pleasant ways of spending timeC. always stays at home readingD. goes to bookshops to kill time every day73. According to the passage the best-known bookshops are ______.( )A. in the East Central districtB. throughout the cityC. in the outskirt of the cityD. in the center of the city74. This passage tells us that ______.( )A. Londoners have plenty of time to read booksB. Londoners are rich enough to buy various booksC. Londoners enjoy collecting and reading booksD. Londoners prefer second-hand books.1275. Where in London can a book collector most likely get a valuable book at a good price?( )A. Charing Cross RoadB. Farringdon RoadC. Bookstores all over LondonD. No place in London(4)Most English holidays have a religious origin. Easter is originally the day to commemorate(纪念) the Resurrection(复活) of Jesus Christ. But now for most people, Easter is a secular spring holiday, when everyone hopes to enjoy fine weather, when the days are lengthening fast, when trees are already in bud and leaf, and spring flowers appear, the most welcome of the year ——violets and primroses, daffodils and narcissi. For children, Easter means, more than anything else, Easter eggs or chocolate eggs!Real, natural eggs do not belong of course to single season of the year. They are eaten all the year round (Duck eggs are a rarity in England, and the eggs of smaller birds are rarer still, a luxury for the very rich and privileged). Eggs are everyday food ——inexpensive, nutritious, and especially good for breakfast. Their association with spring, when hens begin to lay after the winter, is older than the manufacture of chocolate eggs. In some places, real eggs are used in an Easter game called “eggrolling.”They are first hardboiled and then given to competitors to roll down a slope. The winner is the person whose egg gets to the bottom first. In some families, the breakfast eggs on Easter Sunday morning are boiled in several pans, each containing a different vegetable dye, so that when they are served the shells are no longer white or pale brown in color, but yellow or pink, blue or green. The dyes do not penetrate the shell of course.Most British children would be very disappointed if these were the only eggs they had at Easter. Chocolate Easter eggs are displayed in confectioners’(糖果店) shops as soon as Christmas is over. The smallest and simplest are inexpensive enough for children to buy with pocket money. These are of two sorts. V ery small ones, perhaps a little longer than an inch in length, are coated thinly with chocolate on the outside and filled with a sweet, soft paste, called fondant. They are wrapped in colored foil in a variety of patterns. Slightly larger eggs, a little bigger, as a rule, than a duck’s egg, are hollow. There is nothing inside at all ——just a wrapped chocolate shell. You break the shell and eat the jagged, irregular pieces.76. Easter is originally the day to ______.( )13A. mark the beginning of the springB. remember the rebirth of Jesus ChristC. sell chocolate eggsD. be enjoyed only by British children77. You cannot eat ______ all the year round.( )A. real natural eggsB. duck eggsC. the eggs of smaller birdsD. Both A and C78. How do the Easter eggs become colorful?( )A. The eggs are cooked with different vegetables.B. The eggs are painted with different colors.C. The eggs are boiled with different dyes.D. The eggs are laid by different colored hens.79. Confectionery begins to sell Easter sweets ______.( )A. when Easter startsB. as soon as Christmas is overC. in springD. all the year round80. What do the jagged pieces refer to?( )A. They refer to the chocolate shells of large eggs.B. They refer to the duck eggs.C. They refer to the sweet, soft pastes.D. They refer to varieties of patterns.Part Ⅳ: Translation (15%)Section A (2×3%=6%)Directions: Translate the two underlined sentences in the second passage into Chinese.81. There seem to be two elements involved in our readiness to feel guilt. The first is our pressing need to believe that the world makes sense, that there is a cause for every effect and a reason for everything that happens82. A baby comes to think that the world exists to meet his needs, and that he makes everything happen in it. He wakes up in the morning and summons the rest of the world to its tasks. He cries, and someone comes to attend to him.Section B (3×3%=9%)Directions: Translate the following three sentences into English.83. 早年成功固然甜蜜,但晚年的成功往往更有滋味。
浙江自考365试题及答案

浙江自考365试题及答案一、单项选择题(每题1分,共20分)1. 下列哪项不是浙江自考的特点?A. 灵活性B. 开放性C. 强制性D. 多样性答案:C2. 浙江自考的学历层次主要包括哪些?A. 专科B. 本科C. 研究生D. 以上都是答案:D3. 自考生在浙江自考中,通常需要通过多少门课程才能毕业?A. 10门以下B. 10-15门C. 15-20门D. 20门以上答案:B4. 浙江自考的考试形式通常包括哪两种?A. 笔试和口试B. 笔试和实践C. 笔试和面试D. 笔试和机考答案:B5. 下列哪项不是浙江自考的优势?A. 节省时间B. 节省费用C. 必须全日制学习D. 国家承认学历答案:C6-20. (类似格式的题目和答案)二、多项选择题(每题2分,共10分)21. 浙江自考的专业设置涵盖了哪些领域?A. 文学B. 经济学C. 工学D. 医学答案:ABCD22. 自考生在参加浙江自考时,需要携带哪些证件?A. 身份证B. 准考证C. 学生证D. 二代身份证答案:AB23. 浙江自考的考试时间通常安排在每年的哪几个月份?A. 1月B. 4月C. 7月D. 10月答案:BD24-25. (类似格式的题目和答案)三、判断题(每题1分,共10分)26. 浙江自考的学历证书与全日制普通高校的学历证书具有同等效力。
答案:正确27. 自考生可以自由选择考试科目的顺序。
答案:错误28. 浙江自考允许考生在同一时间段内参加不同专业的考试。
答案:错误29-30. (类似格式的题目和答案)四、简答题(每题5分,共20分)31. 简述浙江自考的报名流程。
答案:浙江自考的报名流程通常包括在线注册、填写个人信息、选择报考专业和科目、上传照片、缴纳考试费用等步骤。
32. 阐述浙江自考对于在职人员的意义。
答案:浙江自考为在职人员提供了一个灵活的学习方式,使他们能够在不影响工作的情况下,通过自学提升自己的学历和专业技能,有助于个人职业发展和学历提升。
浙江省2024年7月高等教育自学考试人员素质测评理论与方法试题及答案

一、单选(10X1’=10’)1.同一个体的各种素养、同一素养的各种成分作为高度统一的有机体存在于个体之中,体现了素养的综合性。
2.素养测评主要是对主体工作前条件的分析与确定。
3.公正性原则:即整个素养测评过程对于每个被测评者来说要求都是一样的,不是对某些人特殊严格而对另一些人却很随意,测评者必需按统一的标准要求进行客观的测评。
4.差异性原则:即要求素养测评既要以差异为依据,又要能够反映被测评之素养的真实差异。
5.在人力资源配置中我们常常须要运用配置性测评。
6.类别量化:就是把素养测评对象划分到事先确定的几个类别中去,然后给每个类别均给予不同的数字。
7.测评标准体系的纵向结构是指在素养测评标准体系中,一般在素养测评目的下规定测评内容,在测评内容下设置测评目标,在测评目标下设置测评项目,在测评项目下设置测评指标。
8.记忆是人脑对过去经验过的事物的反映。
9.实力倾向本身是一种尚未接受教化训练所存在的潜能。
10.明尼苏达操作速度测验是运动技能倾向测验。
11.看法型品德特征:诚恳,主动,勤劳,虚心,圆滑、虚伪、消极、懒散、傲慢。
12.公文处理是评价中心中用得最多的一种测评形式。
二、多选(5X2’=10’)1.素养测评的主要功用:a.评定;b.诊断反馈;c.预料。
2.下列对人员素养测评量化表述正确的是:BDE3.心理测验是指:ABCDE。
4.从记忆层次测评学问有两种基本方式:a.回忆法b. 再认法。
5.品德包括特性倾向与特性心理特征。
6.特性倾向是个体对客观事物的看法和行为的内部动力系统。
7.面试的特点:a.对象的单一性;b.信息的复合性;c.沟通的干脆互动性;d.内容的敏捷性;e.推断的直觉性。
8.评价中心的主要形式:a.公文处理;b.小组探讨;c.管理嬉戏;d.角色扮演;e.面谈模拟;f.事实推断;g.书面案例分析。
9.效度包括内容效度、结构效度、关联效度。
三、填空(10X1’=10’)1.素养的可塑性:个体的素养是在遗传、环境与个人能动性三个因素共同作用下形成和发展的,因而具有可塑性。
浙江省高等教育自学考试新旧专业计划课程顶替表

浙江省高等教育自学考试新旧专业计划课程顶替表专业名称:统计(会统方向)(3020101)主考院校:杭州电子科技大学或以上考试。
2、凡通过原计划设置的3门政治理论课程中2门以上的,不再参加新的思想政治理论课的考试;只通过“马克思主义哲学原理”和“邓小平理论概论”2门课程中一门的考生,须参加“思想道德修养与法律基础”课的考试;只通过“法律基础与思想道德修养”课程的考生,须参加“毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和…三个代表‟重要思想概论”课程的考试。
浙江省高等教育自学考试新旧专业计划课程顶替表专业名称:国际贸易(3020109)主考院校:浙江工商大学通过“马克思主义哲学原理”和“邓小平理论概论”2门课程中一门的考生,须参加“思想道德修养与法律基础”课的考试;只通过“法律基础与思想道德修养”课程的考生,须参加“毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和‘三个代表’重要思想概论”课程的考试。
2、以往计划部分课程为乡镇经济管理[外贸经济方向]专业转入课程。
3、“00018/00019计算机应用基础”课程须参加我省教育考试机构组织的全国计算机等级考试一级或以上考试。
浙江省高等教育自学考试新旧专业计划课程顶替表专业名称:餐饮管理(3020118)主考院校:浙江商业职业技术学院2、“00018/00019计算机应用基础”课程须参加我省教育考试机构组织的全国计算机等级考试一级或以上考试。
3、凡通过原计划设置的3门政治理论课程中2门以上的,不再参加新的思想政治理论课的考试;只通过“马克思主义哲学原理”和“邓小平理论概论”2门课程中一门的考生,须参加“思想道德修养与法律基础”课的考试;只通过“法律基础与思想道德修养”课程的考生,须参加“毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和‘三个代表’重要思想概论”课程的考试。
浙江省高等教育自学考试新旧专业计划课程顶替表专业名称:文化产业管理(3020167)主考院校:浙江传媒学院或以上考试。
“00012英语(一)”课程须参加我省教育考试机构组织的全国英语等级考试二级或以上笔试考试。
浙江大学自主招生试题

第 1 个问题是,怎么看待健康。随机发言,每人都要回答。 第 2 个问题,是关于最感动的人或事。 第 3 个问题是无领导小组话题讨论 10 分钟,话题是“不为良相便为良医”。
之后,老师还提问,怎么看待看病难、有什么办法解决等。小组讨论考察团队协作精神。 1.【真题】海洋学院自主招生面试题:把鸡蛋放到深海 1000 米以下,会有什么样的变化?
改变世界”。可见,好想法的产生不是___________的。
A.随心所欲
B.轻而易举
C.一蹴而就
D.信手拈来
7.【真题】蒙田说:“初学者的无知在于未学,而学者的无知在于学后。”意思是说.第一种无知是连
字都不识,当然谈不上有学问;第二种无知却是错读了许多书,反而变得无知。“初学者”的无知
容易辨别、也容易避免;但是“读书读得越多越好”的错误观点似乎更能迷惑人,因此有必要审慎
14.【真题】“WTO”组织的英文全称为_______。
15.【真题】《第六(悲怆)交响曲》的作者为_______。
第二部分(数学与逻辑) —、填空题
1.【真题】设集合 A 2,0,1,3 ,则集合 B x x A,2 x2 A ,则集合 B 中所有元素的和为
__________________。 6.【真题】从 1,2,…,20 中任取 5 个不同的数,其中至少有两个是相邻数的概率为______________。
二、解答题 10.【真题】如图所示的粗细均匀薄壁U 型管,左管上端封闭,右管开口且足够长,温度为 t1 27C 时,
右管内水银面比左管高 h 4cm ,左管内空气柱长度为 L 40cm ,大气压强 p0 76cmHg ,现使左 管内空气温度缓慢下降,则当左管内液面上升 h1 4cm 时,管内气体温度 t2 为多少 C ?
(全新整理)10月自考试题及答案解析浙江英语语法试卷及答案解析

浙江省2018年10月高等教育自学考试英语语法试题课程代码:10056I. After each sentence, four options are given. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and write the letter of your choice in the brackets.(40%)1. Have you ever read ___________?( )A. today newspaperB. newspaper todayC. newspaper of todayD. today’s newspaper2. We are ___________ and they are ___________.( )A. Englishmen, GermansB. Englishmen, GermanC. Englishmans, GermansD. Englishmen, Germen3. -Which of the two dictionaries will you borrow ?-I’ll borrow ___________ for the different uses.( )A. allB. bothC. eitherD. neither4. Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work hard, but ___________ didn’t help.( ) A. this B. whichC. anyD. it5. ___________ horse is ___________ useful animal.( )A. The, theB. The, aC. The, anD. /, a6. She touched her daughter gently ___________ shoulder.( )A. in herB. on herC. in theD. on the7. ___________ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.( )A. AsB. ForC. WithD. Through18. The teacher is writing ___________ a piece of chalk on the blackboard while the students are writing ___________ink in exercise books.( )A. with, inB. in, withC. in, inD. with, with9. Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ___________known for his plays.( )A. the bestB. moreC. betterD. the most10. She told us ___________story that we all forgot about the time.( )A. such an interestingB. such interesting aC. so an interestingD. a so interesting11. -Got your driving license?-No. I ___________ too busy to have enough practice, so I didn’t take the driving test last week.( )A. wasB. amC. have beenD. had been12. -Take this medicine three times a day, Tom?-Do I have to take it? It ___________ so terrible.( )A. is tastingB. is tastedC. tastesD. has tasted13. It won’t long before such a thing ___________ again.( )A. will happenB. happensC. is happenD. happened14. The pen ___________ me. It is hers.( )A. isn’t belong toB. wasn’t belong toC. doesn’t belong toD. didn’t belong to15. I’m sorry, sir. Your recorder isn’t ready yet. It ___________ in the factory. ( )A. is being repairedB. is repairedC. has been repairedD. hasn’t repaired16. Every possible means___________ , but none proves successful. ( )2A. has triedB. has been triedC. is being triedD. tried17. Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but___________. ( )A. man did not put it to use in war two hundred years laterB. until two centuries more it was used in warC. not used in war until two hundred years laterD. in war did not use it two hundred years afterwards18. I mailed the letter two weeks ago. She ___________ it.( )A. must receiveB. might receiveC. may receiveD. must have received19. He was a good swimmer so he ___________ swim to the river bank when the boat sank.( ) A. could B. mightC. shouldD. was able to20. I did not call to make my airline reservation, but I ___________. ( )A. should haveB. may haveC. must haveD. shall have21.-Are you coming to Jeff’s party?-I’m not sure. I___________ go to the concert instead.( )A. mustB. wouldC. shouldD. might22. ___________ more attention, the trees could have grown better.( )A. To giveB. Having givenC. GivenD. Giving23. The missing boys were last seen ___________ near the river.( )A. to playB. playC. to be playingD. playing24. The bank is reported in the local newspaper ___________ in broad yesterday.( )A. to be robbedB. robbedC. to have been robbedD. having been robbed325. With the cooking ___________, I went on ___________ some sewing.( )A. done; to doB. being done; doingC. to be done; doingD. to have done; doing26. ___________ his telephone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill.( )A. Not knowingB. Knowing notC. Not having knownD. Having not know27. ___________ is done cannot be undone.( )A. HowB. ThatC. WhatD. Where28. ___________ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. ( )A. IfB. WhetherC. ThatD. Where29. Information has been put forward ___________ more middle school graduates will beadmitted into universities.( )A. whileB. thatC. whenD. as30. I took ___________ for granted that they were not coming.( )A. thatB. thisC. itD. so31. We are living in an age ___________ many things are done on computer.( )A. whichB. thatC. whoseD. when32. Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ___________, of course, made the others unhappy. ( )A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what33. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, ___________ great it is.( )A. whatB. how4C. howeverD. whatever34. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up ___________ I could answer the phone.( )A. asB. sinceC. beforeD. until35. ___________ the baby fell asleep ___________ the room.( )A. After;did the mother leaveB. Not until;did the mother leaveC. Not until;the mother leftD. Soon after;the mother had left36. The soldier was wounded, ___________ he pushed on.( )A. forB. andC. soD. yet37. Mr. Smith was badly ill, or he ___________ our dinner party.( )A. should come toB. would have attendedC. would come toD. should have attended38. -Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, ___________to go to university.-So do I .( )A. hopeB. hopesC. hopingD. hoped39. -I usually go there by train.( )-Why not ___________by boat for a change?A. to try goingB. try to goC. to try and goD. try going40. Gone___________ when my heart was young and gay.( )A. be the daysB. the days beC. are the daysD. the days areII. Each of the following sentences has four words or phrases underlined. They are marked A, B, C and D. You are to identify the one underlined word or phrase that is inappropriateand write the letter of your choice in the brackets.(10%)41. It was turned out that the securities were not so valuable as people had expected. ( )5A B C D42. Under no circumstances we should do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm theA B C Dinterests of the state.( )43. The old man is in the habit of going for a walk along the river every morning except it rains.A B C D( )44. He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.A B C D( )45. It was not until the patient was taken to hospital did he realize that he suffered from a seriousA B C Ddisease.( )46. Children, she believes, are supposed to answer politely when spoke to by an adult.( )A B C D47. In order to get married in this state, one must present a medical report along with yourA B C D identification.( )48. A man cannot be happy if that he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no value.( )A B C D49. At first glance the room is neat and clean, but it is not surprised to find smelly socks under theA B C Dbed.( )50. He carried the garbage through the kitchen door and cross the yard. ( )A B C DIII. Complete the following sentences with the proper forms of the given verbs.(10%)51. Up to now, I ___________ (complete) two-thirds of the work.52. It’s high time we ___________ (take) effective measures to improve our work.53. I ___________hardly ___________ (finish) my words when she began to cry.54. We’d rather that we ___________ (go) downtown tomorrow.55. I ___________ (walk) along the street when someone called my name from behind.56. We ___________ (call) on you yesterday, but we had visitors ourselves.57. The food ___________ (smell) awful. Throw it away before the children eat it.58. Jack ___________ (miss) from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety.59. Since we ___________ (start) doing this exercise, we have completed nine sentences.660. We can’t give you a room now unless you ___________ (make) reservations.IV. Complete the following sentences by using the non-finite forms of the given verbs.(10%)61. I suggest ___________ (help) the poor fellow take off the weight off his mind.62. He is reluctant ___________ (admit) that he ruined their chances.63. The old man disappeared, ___________ (leave) all his property to his young lover.64. I regret ___________ (tell) you that you failed the test.65. What a fool I was ___________ (expect) him to help me!66. They guarantee ___________ (offer) free repair services within the first two years after youbuy the car.67. If you favour ___________(work)on night shift, you may sign up here.68. I hope ___________ (invite) to the party.69. He remembered ___________ (give) a bunch of flowers at his birthday party when he was alittle boy.70. ___________ (experience) the first failure, he seemed calm down.V. You are to rewrite the following sentences without changing the original meanings, using the structures suggested in the brackets and making other necessary changes. (20%)71. The bank manager turned down his request for a loan.(passive voice)72. Mary bought a cake for her daughter yesterday. (cleft sentence emphasizing “for herdaughter”)73. A very interesting article is printed on page 6 of today’s paper. (existential sentence)74. A car, which came unexpectedly out of a side street, crashed into us. (participle phrase)75. He was glad that he was able to help you. (infinitive phrase)76. He spoke more correctly. What’s more, he spoke more easily. (not only…but also)77. She was so excited that she couldn’t go to sleep. (too…to)78. Although he was very helpful, he was not much liked by people. (verbless clause)79. As I haven’t a watch, I can’t tell you the time. (subjunctive mood)80. Because we have been taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle ouraffairs better.(participle phrase)VI. You are to rewrite the following sentences into complex ones containing the subordinate clause indicated in the brackets (10%)781. I have many friends. Some of them are businessmen.(attributive clause)82. You are in doubt about deductions on your tax return. Call the IRS collect.(Adverbial clause of time)83. When are you setting off tomorrow morning? I’d like to know this.(object clause)84. There was much noise. We could hardly hear the speaker.(adverbial clause of result)85. He had once worked for a private detective. He tried to cover up this fact.(appositive clause)8。
浙江省自考开考专业计划

主考学校:浙江大学专业代码:1020106说明:1、经管类非本专业专科及以上毕业生报考本专业须加考“加考课1”;2、其他专业专科及以上毕业生报考本专业须加考“加考课1”和“加考课2”;3、“00015英语(二)”课程须参加我省教育考试机构组织的全国英语等级考试(PETS)三级或以上笔试并取得合格成绩。
35周岁以上考生可免考英语(二),但须在其他专科起点本科专业中选考不低于14学分的若干专业课程。
免考英语(二)者,不授予学士学位。
主考学校:浙江大学专业代码:1020110说明:1、经管类非本专业专科及以上毕业生报考本专业,须加考“加考课1”;2、其他专业专科及以上毕业生报考本专业,须加考“加考课1”和“加考课2”。
高等教育自学考试经济学(专科起点本科) 专业计划*主考学校:浙江大学专业代码:1020115说明:1、非经济管理类专业专科及以上毕业生报考本专业,须加考“加考课1”; 2、“00015英语(二)”课程须参加我省教育考试机构组织的全国英语等级考试(PETS)三级或以上笔试并取得合格成绩。
35周岁以上考生可免考英语(二),但须加考“加考课2”,或在其他专科起点本科专业中选考不低于14学分的若干专业课程。
免考英语(二)者,不授予学士学位。
高等教育自学考试餐饮管理(专科起点本科)专业计划主考院校:浙江工商大学专业代码:1020119说明:1、烹饪类、经济管理类专科及以上毕业生可直接报考本专业。
2、其他类专业专科及以上毕业生报考本专业,须参加“加考课程”。
3、”00015英语(二)“课程需参加我省教育考试机构组织的全国英语等级考试(PEST)三级或以上笔试并取得合格成绩;或在其他专科起点本科专业中选考不低于14学分的若干专业课程。
不选考英语(二)者,不授予学士学位。
高等教育自学考试文化产业管理(专科起点本科)专业计划主考院校:浙江传媒学院专业代码:1020155说明:1、凡国家承认学历的国民教育系列专科及以上毕业生可直接报考本专业。
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浙江大学高等教育自学考试毕业论文(设计)说明书题目木塑业的发展对我国传统木板市场的冲击研究姓名贺海微专业国际贸易准考证号码 010*********指导教师牛海霞2006年9 月16 日摘要随着世界经济的发展,人们的环保意识加强,对生存环境质量越来越关注。
传统木板行业原料来源主要是森林资源,它的发展必将使原本森林资源就匮乏的我国,面临濒危阶段。
再者随着人民生活水平的进一步提高,废旧塑料垃圾不断增加,造成严重的“白色污染”。
以往人们对木制品废弃物,如木屑、刨花、边角废料以及大量的农作物纤维如秸秆、稻糠、果壳等浪费严重,缺乏创新的废物利用的思考。
目前如何合理利用自然资源,正确处理好经济发展与环境的关系,成为21世纪发展的重心。
于是木塑业应运而生,它的环保性以及它所表现出来的其他性能优势彰显了木塑业发展的前景。
木塑业的发展必将会占据一定的市场份额,从而对传统木板市场带来一定的影响和冲击。
关键词:木塑复合材料;发展现状;传统木板行业;冲击目录一、引言 (1)二、我国木塑业产生的背景及国内外木塑业发展现状分析 (1)(一)我国木塑业产生的背景 (1)(二)国外木塑业的发展现状 (2)(三)国内木塑业的发展现状 (3)三、我国传统木板行业存在问题分析 (4)(一)传统木板行业的发展现状 (4)(二)传统木板行业发展存在问题 (6)四、木塑业发展对我国传统木板市场影响分析 (8)(一)木塑制品原料来源广泛价格相对便宜 (8)(二)木塑技术的发展使得木塑产品的应用范围广泛 (8)(三)环保型材料有利于可持续发展 (9)五、我国发展木塑业的对策建议 (10)(一)切实提高市场认知度 (10)(二)加强应用领域的拓展突破局限性 (10)(三)继续加强技术的升级换代 (10)(四)加强政府的扶持力度呼吁国内标准早日出台 (11)参考文献 (12)一、引言木塑作为一种具有高性能的新型复合材料的诞生,它的产生和发展推动了一项新的产业—木塑产业的兴起,虽然这项产业在国外已有近二十年的历史,但在国内却还是属于新兴产业,本论文通过对国内外木塑业发展的现状的阐述,显示了中国木塑业发展的广阔前景。
同时木塑产品本身所具有的独特优势、国家在森林资源极其匮乏的现状下对木塑业的大力扶持以及各企业和研究机构对木塑技术、设备、工艺等方面的研究和创新,使得木塑产品在市场上与传统木板展开竞争,争夺市场。
加上近几年传统木板行业发展现状和存在的问题,使木塑业对传统木板市场造成一定的冲击和影响。
如何使木塑产品利用卓越的性能优势在传统木板市场上占据一定位置,在某些领域替代传统木板,减轻我国森林资源不足的状况,并创造一定的社会效益和经济效益,这将是我们应该值得关注的问题。
二、我国木塑业产生的背景及国内外木塑业发展现状分析(一)我国木塑业产生的背景我国森林资源匮乏,据有关资料统计,我国森林覆盖率不足13%,人均森林蓄积量约10m3,而每年的木材需求量超过1亿m3, 但实际供给量却少于6000万m3,缺口高达4000万立方米。
为了缓解我国木材供求严重不平衡的矛盾,我国一般每年要进口约1000万m3木材, 这势必消耗了国家大量的外汇,对我国经济的发展也产生一定的制约作用。
我国政府积极倡导木材节约利用的政策。
同时随着我国经济的飞速发展,人民的生活水平也得到了很大的提高,但人类生产活动的主流即大规模的物质循环也相应地出现了各种尖锐的矛盾:一方面是大量资源的消耗;另一方面是大量废弃物的产生。
过去被大量用于烧柴的木制品加工废弃物如木屑、刨花、边角废料以及大量农作物纤维如秸杆、稻糠、果壳等被严重浪费并对环境产生极大的破坏性影响。
据统计,我国每年由于木材加工余下的废弃木屑量就达几百万吨以上,其他天然纤维的量也有上千万吨。
另外对塑料废弃物处理不当而造成的“白色污染”问题已成为环保事业中的难题。
据有关调查数据显示,在城市垃圾中塑料废弃物已占到25%-35%。
在我国,每年城市人口产生的废旧塑料达240-480万吨。
如何有效地利用这些废弃物,并使它们产生巨大的社会和经济两大效益,成为社会有关专家研究的重要议题之一。
未经处理的实木包装材料是林木病虫传播的载体之一,如果处理不当,有害生物会随着货物流通而传播蔓延,因此各国对进口木质包装材料的防疫工作都十分重视。
自1998年起,加拿大、美国、欧盟地区以及巴西、澳大利亚等,相继对我国出口的未经处理的实木包装材料提出处理要求。
2003年6月美国农业部通过WTO总部,通报了进口商品木质包装材料规定的修改建议,要求进入美国的木质包装材料必须经过热处理或化学熏蒸。
在保护生态环境,合理利用森林资源的呼声下,在企业使用实木包装材料所应承受的成本增加的压力下。
一种新型的环保型木塑复合材料应运而生,各国政府和有关部门都十分重视和关注这种环保型新材料的开发与应用研究。
(二)国外木塑业的发展现状1.美国木塑业的发展对国外来说,木塑复合材料并不是新鲜的东西,美国早在几十年前就涉足该领域从事木塑复合挤出,但因起步阶段,一直未能工业化,木塑复合挤出与塑料挤出和纯木材加工相比,所占的优势并不大,因此在当时市场上也没有占较大的份额。
但从八十年代开始,随着汽车内部装饰工业的发展,木塑复合挤出开始出现工业化和规模化,并一直呈稳步发展的状态,1991年第一次国际木塑复合材料会议在美国Madison召开,1991年至2000年,美国在木塑复合挤出领域的增长率保持在10%以上,尤其是近五年增长速度尤为明显。
美国是世界木塑复合材料在生产开发和应用上最大的国家,最大的制品为铺板,采用挤出成型生产工艺。
美国Pricipia partner咨询公司的专项报告“2001年木塑复合材料用作建筑的板材——充满活力的室外建筑应用”中指出,2001年仅北美市场用量就达32万吨,估计2005年用量将比2001年翻一倍,市场需求量也会以两位数的速率递增,其中铺板(包括平台、路板、站强台、垫板)用量就占总用量的60%,其它还应用在护墙板、天花板、装饰板、踏脚板、壁板、噪音隔板、近海建筑、建筑模板、防潮板、栅栏、庭园扶手、托盘、室外桌椅、花箱、百叶窗等。
在北美,木塑复合材料的发展经历了从无到有,从实验室到工业化的过程,目前北美地区约有55-60家公司在生产木塑复合材料制品,从事这方面研究的机构也超过50家,已形成一个从研发、原材料收集、设备制造、模具、制成品到市场营销的完整产业。
其中最大的生产厂商是位于美国弗吉尼亚州温切斯特的Trex Co. Inc.公司,其年营业额达5亿美元,产品约占市场份额的20%,其他大型厂商分别占5%-7%的份额,销售额在3000-4000万美元之间。
Trex商标也已普遍被市场认可。
北美较大的公司还有位于宾夕法尼亚州的CertainTeed 公司(法国Saint Gobam公司下属的子公司);Timer技术工程铺板系统公司;Louistane太平洋公司;环境回收先进技术公司。
2.欧洲、德国、日本及其他国家木塑业的发展欧洲生产厂家不多,且大多为私营企业。
在欧洲,木塑复合材料的应用量也一直在增长,其主要应用在窗户、门板、板条、家具等制品中。
在汽车工业用天然纤维填充塑料方面,欧洲在世界上占领先位置,在此领域德国落后于美国、日本,但有着极其广阔的发展空间。
日本的EIN Engineering公司发明了应用于医院、候诊室、厕所等易传染细菌的场所的具有抗菌作用的木塑复合材料,加拿大的协德公司、奥地利辛辛提那公司及PPT模具公司、韩国的大山株式会社也开发出了类似的木塑复合材料制品。
国外对木塑复合材料的研究已有几十年的历史,在技术和工艺上已趋成熟,实现产业化生产,并朝发泡WPC和高木粉填充的方向发展。
国外除美国和加拿大等北美国家发展较快以外,德国、日本、奥地利、澳大利亚、新加坡、印度等国也有研发木塑复合材料的动态。
国外目前主要利用木塑复合材料的性能优点,挤出成型为型材或板材,替代木材和塑料,也有经过注射成型的小型的装饰制件,应用范围广泛:1.建筑结构材料:室内外各种铺板、护墙板、楼梯板、壁板、天花板、栅栏、扶手、门窗框、高速公路噪音板、建筑模板、防潮隔板、站台及路板等;2.汽车装饰材料:门内装饰板、底板、备用轮罩、坐椅靠背、仪表板、扶手、手套箱、后架、座位底座、顶板、行李厢边框装饰条、头枕插件等;3.物流运输仓储制品材料:各种托盘、仓库铺垫板、包装箱、玻璃运输货架;4.园林景观小品材料:室外桌椅、庭园扶手及装饰板、花箱、花架、露天铺地板、垃圾箱等;5.室内装潢材料:各种装饰条、装饰板、镜框条、窗帘杆、窗帘圈及装饰件,百叶窗等; 6.其他:船舱隔板、储存箱、活动架等。
(三)国内木塑业的发展现状1.我国木塑业发展概况随着人们对环境资源重视程度的提高,以废旧物资回收和资源综合利用为核心的循环型经济发展模式已成为世界经济发展的趋势。
我国是一个人口大国,人均自然资源有限,远低于西方国家。
大力开发资源循环利用的技术将对国民经济发展和环境可持续化发展产生深远影响。
而利用废旧塑料和木质纤维生产木塑复合材料制品,正是适应这一要求的好项目。
国内对木塑复合材料的研究也已经开展起来,唐山塑料研究所、国防科技大学、广东工业大学在低份额添加木粉或植物纤维方面已取得成绩,北京化工大学和北汽福田也进行了这方面的设备开发,此外无锡、杭州及安徽蒙城等地也有企业和个人进行过这方面的研究。
北京化工研究所在1988年就已经着手废旧塑料的裂解工作,在长期的工作中发现,裂解还不能从根本上解决污染问题,而机械法回收废旧塑料可以彻底解决污染问题。
因此北京化工研究院在木粉填充废旧塑料进行了大量的研究工作,在配方、专用设备、制品模具设计等方面已取得了初步成效。
随着人们对木塑复合材料产品认识的不断提高,也随着人们对木塑复合材料的不断探索,国内生产木塑复合材料的厂家越来越多。
不论从技术上,还是产品的质量上,中国的木塑复合材料在不断提高,并上升到一定的层次和水平。
目前,国内主要生产木塑复合材料的企业有:南京聚锋新材料有限公司、安徽国风集团有限公司、温州天信木塑制品有限公司、中包木塑实业公司、三门峡百川木塑制品有限公司、珠海市天木塑胶有限公司、丹东大木塑料制品有限公司、深圳市通兴木塑有限公司、龙宫木塑业集团、上海硅木塑料厂、黄岩乔木塑料工艺品厂。
2.我国以安徽国风为企业代表的木塑发展安徽国风从1998年开始,着手研究木塑复合材料技术,先后派出多批技术人员到欧美、日本等木塑产业发展较快的国家考察学习。
通过与十四个国家同行的技术交流,迅速与国际接轨,在吸收国外同行业先进技术的基础上,进行自主创新,形成了自己在木塑领域的专有技术,获得了国家7项有关木塑产品的专利,其中一项为木塑新材料发明专利,两项外观设计专利,四项实用新型专利,使国风木塑复合材料产品的科技含量居国内领先地位,国际先进水平。