非谓语动词在独立主格结构和易错用法

六、非谓语动词在独立主格中的应用

谓语动词不能用于独立主格结构，而非谓语动词则可以。

非谓语动词作状语，如果不是特殊情况，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，如果不是，就必须另加一个逻辑主语。这种逻辑主语加逻辑谓语的结构就形成了独立主格结构。总体来讲，“逻辑主语+逻辑谓语”构成独立主格结构。注意，如果逻辑谓语是联系动词，还要跟逻辑表语；如果是及物动词，还要跟宾语。另外，独立主格结构中的非谓语动词being和having been通常被省略。但是，当强调非谓语动词的动作早于谓语动作时，having been不能省略。独立主格结构在句中常作状语，表示时间，条件，原因，伴随或起补充说明的作用。请看以下独立主格结构的四种句型：

⑴逻辑主语+being/having been+逻辑表语（形容词、副词、名词、介词短语）being是一种联系动词的形式，表示逻辑主语现在或当时的性质或状态。若把独立主格结构变成状语从句，从句中的谓语用一般时态。这时，只要不是在there being句型当中，being常被省略。如果不省略，要么是为了强调，要么是为了读起来顺口；having been表示逻辑主语早于谓语动作的性质或状态。若把独立主格结构变成状语从句，从句中的谓语用完成时态。这时，having been不能省略。例如：

He entered the room, his nose (being) red with cold.他进入了房间，鼻子冻得发红。(伴随状语，=and his nose was red with cold)

They went out of the room, the light (being) out.他们走出了房间，灯随之灭了。(伴随状语，=and the light was out)

The meeting being over, they went to the zoo.会议结束了，他们向动物园走去。（时间状语，=when the meeting was over）

She came up, her hair (being) a wreck.她走了进来，头发蓬乱不堪。（伴随状语，= and her hair was a wreck）

Monette having been in prison for years, people couldn’t recognize him at all.莫奈特坐牢多年，人们根本就不能把他认出来。（原因状语，= Because Monette had been in prison for years）

There being nobody else at hand, I had to do it by myself.由于附近没有人，我只得独自干了。(原因状语，=Because there was nobody else at hand)

There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was very dry.因为好长时间没下雨了，地面非常干燥。(原因状语，=Because there had been no rain for a long time) In front of the house was a tall tree, its top (being) well above the tops of the other trees.房子前面是一颗大树，树稍高出了其它树很多。（补充说明，=whose top was well above the tops of the other trees）

⑵逻辑主语+doing (sth.)

doing是一种行为动词的现在分词形式，表示主动，作条件和时间状语时，表示动作在将来发生，若把独立主格结构变成状语从句，从句中的谓语用一般时态；作原因、伴随状语或补充说明时，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生或紧接着发生，若把独立主格结构变成状语从句或并列句，从句中或并列句中的时态要视情况用进行时态或一般时态。例如：

Time/Weather permitting (=If the time/weather permits), we’ll look around the city.条件许可，我们就去逛街。（条件状语）

Mary coming back, they discussed it together.玛丽回来，我们就一起讨论。（时间状

语，=When Mary came back）

Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was closed.既然再没人发言，会议就结束了。（原因状语，=Since nobody had any more to say）

He lay on his back, his glaring eyes looking straight upward.他仰面躺着，一双愤怒的眼睛直视上方。（伴随状语，=and his glaring eyes were looking straight upward）⑶逻辑主语+being to do (sth.)/being to be done

being to do (sth.)或being to be done是一种“将来时态”的形式，表示动作在将来发生。若把独立主格结构变成状语从句䈖并列句，从珥中或并列句中用将来时态。being常被省略。例如：

Here are the first two volumes, the third one (being) to come out next week. 这是头两卷，第三卷下个星期出版。(补充说明，= and the third one is to come/will come next week)

We planted 500 trees today, the rest (being) to be planted tomorrow.我们今天种了500棵树，剩下的明天种。（补充说明，= and the rest are to be planted/will be planted tomorrow）

⑷逻辑主语+being done/having been done

being done是一种“被动语态的一般形式”，having been done是一种“被动语态的完成形式”，它们与逻辑主语之间都具有“被动关系”。一般情况下，两者用法相同，being和having been常被省略。但是，当强调被动的动作先于谓语动作，并且有时间间隔时，用having been done，并且having been 不可省略。例如：The signal being given (= Once/As soon as the signal was given）, the train started.信号一发出，火车就开了。

The signal having been given for 2 minutes (=After the signal had been given for 2 minutes), the train started.信号发出了2分钟，火车才开。

Her arm (being) badly hurt (=As her arm was badly hurt), she had to go to the doctor.她的胳膊伤得很厉害，她不得不去看医生。

This (being) done (=When/As soon as this was done), he left the room.这件事情做完了，他就离开了房间。

The thief (having been) caught (=As the thief was/had been caught), they felt relieved.小偷抓住了，他们感到放心了。

七、非谓语动词在with/without的复合结构中的应用

谓语动词不能用于with/without的复合结构中，而非谓语动词则可以。

独立主格结构前面还可以加with或without构成“介词+宾语+宾补”的一种复合结构。这样，原独立主格结构中的逻辑主语就成立介词宾语，所以，如果是人称代词主格，就必须改成宾格。这种复合结构中的非谓语动词的作用与意义与在独立主格结构中的作用与意义相同。例如：

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.有许多问题要解决，新当选的总统日子会不好过。(2002上海春季,37；原因状语，不定式表示动作在将来发生，=As a lot of difficult problems are for him to settle/As there are a lot of difficult problems for him to settle/As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle）

With night coming on, they went home.夜幕降临了，他们就回家了。（伴随状语，现在分词表示动作正在进行，=As night was coming on）

We sat in the courtyard, with the moon rising above the treetops.我们坐在院子里，月