卓顶精文2019-年全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题.docx
全国博士医学英语考试
全国博士医学英语考试词汇题Fill in the blank with the correct word:The _____(visit) to the museum was very enjoyable.Choose the synonym for the given word:The word "delighted" means the same as _____.A. angryB. happyC. tiredD. sadMatch the correct definition with the word:Which of the following definitions best fits the word "persistent"?A. Easy to forgetB. Continuing firmly or obstinatelyC. Likely to change oftenD. Full of energy语法题Correct the error in the sentence:She is good at play the piano.Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb:If I _____(have) more time, I would have gone to the concert.Identify the subject and predicate in the sentence:The cat chased the mouse across the yard.阅读理解题Read the following passage and answer the questions:The summer vacation was finally here, and Tom was excited to spend it at his uncle's farm. The farm was vast, with green fields and a variety of animals. Tom loved feeding the chickens and helping with the chores. One day, he decided to explore the woods near the farm.As he walked deeper into the woods, he came across a small stream. The water was clear and inviting, so he decided to take a dip. After swimming, he noticed a strange fruit hanging from a nearby tree. Curious, he picked one and tasted it. It was delicious!Later, when he showed the fruit to his uncle, he learned that it was a rare type of mango. Tom felt lucky to have found such a treasure in the woods.Where did Tom spend his summer vacation?A. At the beachB. At his uncle's farmC. In the cityD. In the mountainsWhat did Tom do in the woods?A. He fed the chickens.B. He swam in a stream.C. He picked apples.D. He planted a tree.What did Tom find in the woods that was delicious?A. A rare type of mangoB. A special kind of chocolateC. A tasty sandwichD. A sweet pieWhy did Tom feel lucky?A. He found a treasure in the woods.B. He had a great time at the beach.C. He met his old friend in the city.D. He got a good grade in school.。
医学博士考试英语作文
医学博士考试英语作文In the contemporary medical field, the importance of English proficiency cannot be overstated. The English language has become a global lingua franca in the scientific community, and for medical professionals, it is an indispensable toolfor communication, research, and education. This essay will explore the significance of English proficiency in medical doctoral examinations and how it contributes to the advancement of medical knowledge and patient care.Firstly, English proficiency is crucial for accessing and understanding the vast body of medical literature. The majority of peer-reviewed journals and research papers are published in English, which means that doctors who wish to stay current with the latest medical advancements must be able to read, comprehend, and critically evaluate these materials. This is particularly important for medical doctoral candidates, who are expected to contribute original research to their field.Secondly, the ability to communicate effectively in English is essential for international collaboration. Medicine is a field that transcends national borders, and doctors often work with colleagues from around the world. English serves as a common language that facilitates the exchange of ideas and the development of innovative treatments and therapies. For medical doctoral students, being able to communicate in English can open doors to international conferences, researchopportunities, and professional networks.Thirdly, English proficiency is a key component of medical education. Many medical schools and universities offer courses in English, and some even require students to take their exams in English. This not only prepares students for the global medical community but also ensures that they can understand and apply medical knowledge in a variety of contexts.Moreover, the ability to write in English is vital for medical doctoral candidates. Writing skills are necessary for drafting research proposals, presenting case studies, and publishing findings. A well-articulated argument or a clear explanation of a complex medical concept can make a significant impact on the medical community and potentially influence patient outcomes.Lastly, English is often the language of choice for medical conferences and seminars. Being able to present and defend one's research in English is a critical skill for medical doctoral students. It allows them to engage with a broader audience, receive feedback, and contribute to the global dialogue on medical issues.In conclusion, English proficiency is not just a requirement for medical doctoral examinations; it is a fundamental skill that enables medical professionals to contribute to the global medical community. It is through the mastery of the English language that doctors can access knowledge,communicate effectively, and advance the field of medicine for the benefit of all patients.。
医学博士外语-试卷5
医学博士外语-试卷5(总分：186.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：（分数：10.00）A.Customer and elevator.B.Boss and secretary.C.Customer and clerk.D.Clerk and lift operator. √解析：解析：对话中两人一个是职员，另一个是电梯工。
lift operator／elevator runner电梯工；elevator 电梯。
A.Jack"s car was accidentally lost.B.Jack was run over in a car accident.C.Jack survived a car accident. √D.Jack fell out of a car.解析：解析：从“It’s a mir acle that Jack came out of the accident alive．”可知杰克在车祸中幸存。
A.Speaker.B.Lecturer.C.Player.D.Dramatis personae. √解析：解析：dramatic personae剧中人；从对话中的“embarrassed，audience left in the middle of the performance．”和不能欣赏live drama可知答案为D。
A.The man feels so tired that he couldn"t contribute his attention at all.B.The lecture TA gave is so boring that their hearts go out to game.C.They have different opinions about the lecture. √D.The lecture is beyond their understanding.解析：解析：男士认为讲座很boring，而女士认为“it see ms that his lecture suits my taste．”可知C符合题意。
2023全国医学博士英语统一考试真题
2023全国医学博士英语统一考试真题题目一阅读理解针对下面的问题，请阅读以下材料：材料一1.The flu virus, also known as influenza, is a highly contagious respiratory illness. It spreads easily from person to person through tiny droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks.2.The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine. The flu vaccine is designed to protect against the most prevalent strains of flu virus that are expected to circulate each year.3.In addition to getting vaccinated, there are other preventive measures that can help reduce the risk of getting the flu. These include washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.4.If a person does get the flu, it is important to rest, stay hydrated, and seek medical attention if symptoms worsen or persist.5.The flu virus can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, fatigue, and nasal congestion. It can also lead to serious complications, especially in young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.材料二1.Acupuncture is a traditional Chinese medical treatment that involves inserting thin needles at specific points on the body. It is believed to help restore the flow of qi (energy) and promote healing.2.Acupuncture has been used for thousands of years to treat various physical and mental conditions, including chronic pain, migraines, anxiety, and infertility.3.The World Health Organization recognizes acupuncture as a valid treatment for over 100 different conditions, including but not limited to allergies, asthma, depression, and insomnia.4.In recent years, acupuncture has gained popularity in Western countries as a complementary therapy alongside conventional medicine.5.The effectiveness of acupuncture still remains a subject of debate in the scientific community. Some studies have found it to be beneficial for certain conditions, while others have found no significant difference compared to sham acupuncture or other placebo treatments.问题1.What is the most effective way to prevent the flu?参考答案The most effective way to prevent the flu is by getting a flu vaccine.题目二词汇与语法根据句子上下文或词汇提示，在横线上填入正确的单词或词组。
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解
博士研究生入学考试英语试题及详解Doctoral Entrance Examination in EnglishPart I: Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: In this section, there are four passages followed by questions or incomplete statements. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question or complete each statement.Passage 1:Climate Change and Global WarmingClimate change refers to long-term changes in average weather patterns in a specific region or globally. Global warming, on the other hand, specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities. While some argue that global warming is a natural phenomenon, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, are the primary causes of climate change.1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of global warming?A. Natural phenomenaB. Human activitiesC. Average weather patternsD. Long-term changes in climateAnswer: B. Human activities2. What is the difference between climate change and global warming?A. Climate change is caused by human activities, while global warming is natural.B. Global warming refers specifically to changes in average weather patterns.C. Climate change refers to long-term changes in climate, while global warming is due to human activities.D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Answer: D. Global warming specifically refers to the increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities.Passage 2:The Importance of BiodiversityBiodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the environment and supporting the overall health of ecosystems. Loss of biodiversity is a significant concern as it can lead to negative impacts on food security, climate stability, and overall ecosystem function.3. What is biodiversity?A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.B. The balance of the environment.C. The health of ecosystems.D. The stability of climate.Answer: A. The variety of plant and animal species within a certain ecosystem.4. Why is loss of biodiversity a concern?A. It leads to an increase in food security.B. It has no impact on climate stability.C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.D. It supports overall ecosystem function.Answer: C. It can negatively affect food security, climate stability, and ecosystem function.Part II: Writing (60 points)Directions: In this section, write an essay on one of the following topics. Your essay should be approximately 400 words in length.1. The Impact of Technology on Society2. Education in the Digital Age3. The Importance of Cross-Cultural Communication4. Sustainable Development and Environmental ConservationPart III: Speaking (60 points)Directions: In this section, you will be asked to discuss one of the following topics. You will have five minutes to prepare your response and three minutes to present it.1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning2. The Influence of Social Media on Relationships3. Effective Strategies for Time Management4. The Role of Government in Promoting Renewable EnergyDetailed explanations and model answers for Part II and Part III will be provided during the examination.Good luck with your doctoral entrance examination in English!。
2019医学考博英语作文范文
2019医学考博英语作文范文English: The medical doctoral entrance examination is a crucial step for those seeking to further their studies in the field of medicine. It is important to be well-prepared for this examination by reviewing the necessary knowledge and skills in various medical disciplines, such as anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology. Additionally, it is essential to practice solving past exam papers, as well as develop good time management skills to ensure that all sections of the examination are completed within the allotted time. Furthermore, candidates should also focus on improving their English writing skills, as the exam typically requires a written component that assesses their ability to communicate effectively and coherently. By dedicating sufficient time and effort to preparation, candidates can increase their chances of success in the medical doctoral entrance examination.中文翻译: 医学博士入学考试是那些希望在医学领域深造的人所必经的重要一步。
博士入学英语试题及答案
博士入学英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下面的文章，然后回答1-5题。
The Impact of Technology on EducationThe rapid development of technology has greatly influencedthe field of education. It has brought about a significant change in the way educators teach and students learn. Withthe advent of the internet, online learning platforms have become increasingly popular, allowing students to access educational resources from anywhere and at any time.1. What is the main topic of the passage?A. The history of technology in education.B. The influence of technology on education.C. The advantages of online learning.D. The future of education with technology.2. According to the passage, what has technology done to education?A. It has made education more traditional.B. It has limited access to educational resources.C. It has changed the teaching and learning methods.D. It has reduced the popularity of online learning platforms.3. What is the role of the internet in education as mentioned in the passage?A. It has replaced traditional classroom teaching.B. It has made educational resources less accessible.C. It has facilitated access to educational resources.D. It has hindered the development of technology in education.4. What can students do with online learning platforms?A. They can only access resources at specific times.B. They can access educational resources from anywhere.C. They can only learn from traditional textbooks.D. They are restricted to learning within a classroom setting.5. What is the overall tone of the passage?A. Critical.B. Optimistic.C. Neutral.D. Pessimistic.答案：1-5 B C C B B二、完形填空（共15分，每题1.5分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
医学博士英语试题及答案
医学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the most common cause of death in patients with heart failure?A. Heart attackB. Kidney failureC. Respiratory failureD. Sepsis答案：C2. The primary function of the liver is to:A. Produce bileB. Regulate blood sugar levelsC. Filter bloodD. Produce hormones答案：A3. In medical terminology, "icterus" refers to:A. JaundiceB. HematuriaC. DyspneaD. Edema答案：A4. The term "neuropathy" is most closely associated withwhich system of the body?A. Musculoskeletal systemB. Nervous systemC. Cardiovascular systemD. Respiratory system答案：B5. Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes?A. High blood pressureB. Family history of diabetesC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B答案：C6. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for:A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Myocardial Reperfusion ImagingC. Metabolic Rate ImagingD. Mitochondrial Respiratory Index答案：A7. A patient with a diagnosis of "pneumonia" is most likely to exhibit which symptom?A. CoughB. DiarrheaC. RashD. Headache答案：A8. The "HIV" in medical terminology stands for:A. Human Immunodeficiency VirusB. Hepatitis Infection VirusC. Hemophiliac Infection VirusD. Hypertension Infection Virus答案：A9. Which of the following is a type of cancer that originates in the blood?A. LeukemiaB. MelanomaC. Lung cancerD. Breast cancer答案：A10. The "ICU" in a hospital setting refers to:A. Intensive Care UnitB. Inpatient Care UnitC. Imaging Control UnitD. Infection Control Unit答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The medical term for inflammation of the heart muscle is ________.答案：cardiomyopathy2. A(n) ________ is a medical professional who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat.答案：otolaryngologist3. The process of removing waste products from the body is known as ________.答案：excretion4. A(n) ________ is a type of cancer that originates in the prostate gland.答案：prostate cancer5. The abbreviation "CT" stands for ________.答案：computed tomography6. A patient with a diagnosis of ________ is experiencing difficulty in breathing.答案：asthma7. The medical term for the surgical removal of the appendix is ________.答案：appendectomy8. A(n) ________ is a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure.答案：hypertension9. The abbreviation "MRI" stands for ________.答案：magnetic resonance imaging10. The term "diabetes" refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood ________ levels.答案：glucose三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a "benign" tumor and a "malignant" tumor.答案：A benign tumor is a growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. It is generally not life-threatening and can often be removed surgically. In contrast, a malignant tumor is cancerous, meaning it can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems, posing a significant health risk.2. What is the role of the spleen in the human body?答案：The spleen is an important organ in the immune system, primarily responsible for filtering blood and removing damaged cells and bacteria. It also plays a role in the production of white blood cells and the storage of platelets and red blood cells. Additionally, the spleen helps in the recycling of iron from old red blood cells.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of a balanced diet in maintaining good health.答案：A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining good health as it provides the body with the necessary nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for optimal functioning. Ithelps in maintaining a healthy weight, supports the immune system, promotes proper growth and development, and reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. A balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while。
全国医学统考考博博士英语真题与答案
目录医学考博英语历年真题 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷 (2)2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试题答案 (17)2015年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷录音原文 (19)医学考博英语历年真题2015年全国医学博士英语统一入学考试试卷Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:I n this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.How to deal with his sleeping problem. B.The cause of his sleeping problem.C.What follows his insomnia.D.The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer time. B.To discontinue the medication.C.To come to see her again.D.To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to work. B.To take a sick leave.C.To keep away from work.D.To have a follow-up.4. A.Fullness in the stomach. B.Occasional stomachache.C.Stomach distention.D.Frequent belches.5. A.extremely severe. B.Not very severe.C.More severe than expected.D.It's hard to say.6. A.He has lost some weight. B.He has gained a lot.C.He needs to exercise more.D.He is still overweight.7. A.She is giving the man an injection. B.She is listening to the man's heart.C.She is feeling the man's pulse.D.She is helping the man stop shivering.8. A.In the gym. B.In the office.C.In the clinic.D.In the boat.9. A.Diarrhea. B.Vomiting.C.Nausea.D.A cold.10. A.She has developed allergies. B.She doesn't know what allergies are.C.She doesn't have any allergies.D.She has allergies treated already.11. A.Listen to music. B.Read magazines.C.Go play tennis.D.Stay in the house.12. A.She isn't feeling well. B.She is under pressure.C.She doesn't like the weatherD.She is feeling relieved.13. A.Michael's wife was ill B.Michael's daughter was ill.C.Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D.Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. A.She is absent-minded. B.She is in high spirits.C.She is indifferent.D.She is compassionate.15. A.Ten years ago. B.Five years ago.C.Fifteen years ago.D.Several weeks ago.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages'after each of which,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16. A.A blood test. B.A gastroscopy.C.A chest X-ray exam.D.A barium X-ray test.17. A.To lose some weight. B.To take a few more tests.C.To sleep on three pillows.D.To eat smaller,lighter meals.18. A.Potato chips. B.Chicken. C.Cereal. D.fish.19. A.Ulcer B.Cancer C.Depression. D.Hernia.20. A.He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B.He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C.He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D.He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21. A.A new concept of diabetes.B.The definition of Type1and Type2diabetes.C.The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D.The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A.Because it vaporizes easily.B.Because it becomes overactive easily.C.Because it is usually in injection form.D.Because it is not stable above40degrees Fahrenheit.23. A.The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longer.B.The findings provide insight into how insulin works.C.Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D.Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A.It is stable at room temperature for several years.B.It is administered directly into the bloodstream。
全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
最新版--全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2. 试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(PaperTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4. 标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5. 听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman?You will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. A.To take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. A.To tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.4.A. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood.PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. C.4. D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word orphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution，he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilizeD.supplement33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did notseem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine，and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenable Section BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine. A. negative B. confusing C. eloquent D. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth，52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father，53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism ，55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancercells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. whoD.as54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleC.obstacleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percent?Ask Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug (or in this case a drug cocktail) is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary information? Who's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question _A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the U.S., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guarantee a transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructure of a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold (支架) with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours (hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplant)But the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic, but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intended toA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the U.S.D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratch?A. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liver?A. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In along-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study, the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, the restored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passage?A. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for 10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burns?A. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approach?A. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards thenew method?A. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail (开创)，after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London.What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based project?A. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologists?A. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered , according to a report on the findings published in the WallStreet Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJreports. At the very, least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amidthe cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. Theyused the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodiesScientists have already discovered plenty of antibodies that either don't work at all or only work on a couple of HIV strains. Last year marked the first time that researchers found "broadly neutralizing antibodies," which knock out many H IV strains. But none of those antibodies neutralized more than about 40 percent of them the WSJ says. The newest antibody, at 91 percent neutralization, is a marked improvement.Still, more work needs to be done to ensure the antibodies would activate the immune system to produce natural defenses against AIDS, the study authors say. They suggest there test methods that blend the three new antibodies together--in raw form to prevent transmission of the virus, such as from mother to child; in a microbicide gel that women or gay men could use before sex to prevent infection; or as a treatment for HIV/AIDS, combined with antiretroviral drug.If the scientists can find the right way to stimulate production of the antibodies, theythink most people could produce then , the WSJ says.81 We can learn from the beginning ofthe passage that_A. a newly discovered antibody defeats 91 % of the H IV strainsB. a new antiretroviral drug has just come on the marketC. American researchers have developed a new vaccine for HIVD. the African-American gay man was cured of his HIV infection82. What is the implication of the antibodies discovered in the cells of the African-American gay man?。
全国医学考博英语统考试题听力
全国医学考博英语统考试题听力听力 Section APassage 1The speaker is discussing a new application for virtual reality technology in the healthcare field. By creating a virtual reality space in which patients can experience their own medical conditions, doctors hope to improve both the emotional and physical well-being of patients. The speaker notes that the technology has already been used successfully in treating post-traumatic stress disorder.Passage 2In this passage, the speaker is discussing the different factors that contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. She explains how increasing global travel and the movement of people between different regions of the world can facilitate the spread of diseases. She also notes that factors such as climate change and urbanization can contribute to the emergence of new diseases.Passage 3In this passage, the speaker is discussing the different types of dementia. She notes that Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, followed by vascular dementia. The speaker describes the symptoms of these conditions, including memory loss and difficulty with everyday tasks. She also discusses the importance of early diagnosis in managing dementia.听力 Section BConversation 1The speakers are discussing the role of nutrition in promoting good health. They note that a healthy diet can help to prevent chronic illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease. The speakers also discuss the importance of avoiding processed foods and sugary drinks, and they recommend eating a variety of fresh fruits and vegetables.Conversation 2In this conversation, the speakers are discussing the benefits of mindfulness meditation. They note that mindfulness can help to reduce stress and anxiety, and improve overall mental health. The speakers also discuss different techniques that can be used during mindfulness meditation, such as focusing on the breath or visualizing a peaceful environment.Conversation 3In this conversation, the speakers are discussing the importance of sleep for overall health. They note that getting enough sleep can help to improve memory and concentration, and reduce the risk of developing chronic illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease. The speakers also discuss different strategies for improving sleep, such as avoiding caffeine and creating a comfortable sleep environment.。
2019年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2019年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2019年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)略Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.According to the Geneva_____no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines32.Environmental officials insist that something be done to___acid rain.A.CurbB.sureC.detoxifyD.condemn33.It is impossible to say how it will take place,because it will happen____,and it will not be along process.A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately34.Diabetes is one of the most____and potentially dangerous disease in the World.A.CrucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent35.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to____the problem.A.AffiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate36.How is it possible that such____deception has come to take place right under our noses?A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread37.Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from____onearth rather than bacteria on Mars.A.ConfigurationB.constitutionC.condemnationD.contamination38.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have____effects on bones.A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful39.Generally,vaccine makers_____the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate40.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving___to our anger.A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.Offence Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.41.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed42.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's litup.A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained43.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.amelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated44.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for thiscase can be rather difficult.A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable45.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy,though no one understands why.A.deficitB.deviationC.draw backD.discrepancy46.He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A.successorB.replacementC.surrogateD.choice47.It had over2,000apartment complexes,a great market,a large number of industrial workshops,an administrative center,a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A.ancientB.carefullyC.very largeD.carefully protected48.When patients spend extended periods in hospital,they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly49.The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergencyroom of doctors and nurses.A.preoccupiedB.unwaryC.watchfulD.dozing50.The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleaguesaccused him of inconsistency.A.waveredB.instigatedC.experimentedD.reliedPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.We spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social51—it helps us understand a person's emotions,and make decisions about how to respond to them.We also know that adultsavoid eye contact when anxious.But researchers have known far52about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska,assistant professor of psychology at the University of California,Riverside,we now know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact,and this has consequences for how they experience fear.The53and less frequently they look at the eyes of others,the more likely they are to be afraid of them,even when there may be no reason to be.Her study,"Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Learning",was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.“Looking at someone's eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad,angry,fearful, or surprised.As adults,we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next.But,we know much less about eye patterns in children—so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,"Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed82children,9to13years old,images of two women's faces on a computer screen.The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54on the screen children were looking,and for how long.The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times.Next,one of the images was55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression,and the other one was not.At the end,children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1.All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream,56they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2.Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment,for both kinds of faces.This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3.The more children avoided eye contact;the more afraid they were57the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a faces when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However,anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact,which leads to greater58 experience.Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59,the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out60important social information.This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51.A.environment B.cues C.relations D.answers52.A.less B.more C.enough D.beyond53.A.longer B.more anxious C.shorter D.more54.A.where B.when C.how D.what55.A.followed B.recorded C.paired D.marked56.A.suggest B.suggesting C.suggests D.being suggested57.A.to B.of C.at D.about58.A.fear B.surprise C.sad D.angry59.A.in the long run B.for a long timeC.in the short timeD.in a long time60.A.with B.without C.of D.onPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part,there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question,there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the Sensitive"attachment"period from birth to three may scar a child's personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby's work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails,and many people do believe this.It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents.But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modern societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret.Firstly,anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents formed in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies.For example,in some tribal societies,such as the Ngoni,the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty,Bowlby's analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects.The possibility that such care might lead to,say,more mental illness or crime15or20years later can only explored by the use of statistics.However,statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out,and even if they were,the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly,common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it.Thirdly,in the last decade,there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care,and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children's development.Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy,and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut,though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable forinfants.61.According to the passage,the consequence of parental separation______.A.still needs more statistical studiesB.has been found negative is more seriousC.is obviousD.in modern times62.The author thinks that John Bowlby's concern_____.A.is relevant and justifiableB.is too strong to believeC.is utterly groundlessD.has something that deserve our attention63.What's the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A.The children's unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B.The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C.The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children's development.D.Early care was reasonable for babies since it's practiced by so any people nowadays.64.According to the passage,which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send theirchildren under three to day care?A.They don't know about day care's negative effect.B.They are too busy to care for their children.C.They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D.They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65.What's the author's attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowl-by's workthat children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A.He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's preposition is well-grounded.B.He is sympathetic for them,for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C.He doesn't totally agree with them,since the long-term effect of day care still needs furtherstudy.D.He doesn't quite understand them,as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century,the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees,with widespread effects on rainfall,sea levels and animal habitats.But in the Arctic,where the effects of climate change are most intense,the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people,animals,plant and marine life and economic activity in Canada's North are important to the country's future,says Kent Moore,an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term,international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea.from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore,who has worked in the Arctic for more than20years,says his research has already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain;phytoplankton（浮游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier.Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful,and have not adapted to the earlier bloom."'Animals'behavior can evolve over a long time,but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade,rather than hundreds of years,"says Moore,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly."A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region,as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer,and resource extraction becomes more rmation gained from the study will help government,industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian,American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data:remotely piloted drones."The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft,and they're easier to deploy,"he says,showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66.By the end of this century,according to the author,global warming will____.A.start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB.increase the average world temperature by four degreesC.cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD.affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming,as indicated by the passage,the international study______.A.is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB.pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC.involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68.When he ways,"Animals can't change their behavior that quickly,"what does Moore mean bythat quickly?A.The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B.The widespread effects of global warming.C.The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69.According to the author,to carry our proper human activities in the Arctic_____.A.becomes more difficult than ever beforeB.is likely to build a novel Economy in the regionC.will surely lower the average world temperatureD.needs the research-based supporting information70.With the drones deployed,as Moore predicts,the researchers will______.A.involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB.get more data to be required for their researche more novel technologies in researchD.conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby'liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood,according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights,altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development.The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to2-3cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development,and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of300mg/day or more in women, which is approximately2to3cups coffee per day,can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes.However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood.A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study,Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low(equivalent to2-3cups of coffee)and high doses(equivalent of6-9cups of coffee) caffeine,given to pregnant rats,on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring.Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower level of the liver hormone,insulin like growth factor(IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone,corticosteroid at birth.However,liver development after birth showed a compensatory'catch up'phase,characterized by increased levels of IGF-1,which is important for growth.Dr.Yinxian Wen,study co-author,says,"Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother,which inhibits IGF-1activity for liver development before birth.However,compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function,as IGF-1activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases.The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1activity."These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future.However,these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr.Wen comments,"Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people,I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71.Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A.Lower birth weight.B.Smaller stress.C.Liver development problem.D.Growth problem.72.If a pregnant woman takes3cups of coffee,what will probably happen?A.Her weight will get lower and lower.B.The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C.She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D.Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73.Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A.A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B.4-5cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C.Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D.The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74.What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking inprenatal caffeine?A.Lower stress hormone,lower birth weight before birth.B.Higher stress hormone,lower growth hormone before birth.C.Higher stress hormone,more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D.Lower stress hormone,less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75.What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A.The research hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B.The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C.Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D.We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health problems. Passage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police,perplexed scientists,and fascinated writers for centuries.There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs,solve mathematical problems,compose music,walk through plate-glasswindows,and commit murder in their sleep.How many of these stories have a basis in fact,and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt,others are a matter of record.In Revere,Massachusetts,a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep in and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room,with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself,made a polite bow,danced a minuet,and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa,a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River.He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian,Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed.Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer.The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep.The farmer,in his sleep,visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman,a physiologist at the University of Chicago.He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man,and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep.Says he,"Of course,I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers.But none of my sleepers ever walked,and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment,I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking,nevertheless,is a scientific reality.Like hypnosis,it is one of those dramatic, eerie,awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic.It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions,what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance,and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States.Others set the figure even higher.Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record,which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream.The dream usually comes from guilt,worry,nervousness,or some other emotional conflict.The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth.Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty consience at having committed murder.Shakespeare said of her,"The eyes are open but their sense is shut."The age-old question is:Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep?Scientists have decidedthat he is about half-and-half.Like Lady Macbeth,he has weighty problems on his mind,Dr,Zeida Teplitz,who made a ten-year study of the subject,says,"Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems.The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep.He is awake in the muscular area,partially asleep in the sensory area."In other words,a person can walk in his sleep,move around,and do other things,but he does not think about what he is doing.76.The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_____.A.no one knows,but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB.the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people's lifeC.sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD.the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions,yet there are still truthfullyrecorded stories.77.____was supposed to be the world’s champion sleepwalker.A.The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB.The man danced a minuet in his sleepC.The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD.The boy walked five hours in his sleep78.Sleepwalking is the result of_____according to the passage.A.emotional disorderB.a vivid dreamck of sleep and great anxietyD.insanity79.Dr.Zeida Teplitz seemed to_____.A.agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB.conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC.disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD.think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80.The writer makes it obvious that_____.A.sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB.most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC.it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD.sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain,Freud identified two sources of psychic energy,which he called"drives":aggression and libido.The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives,shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds;they surface,heavily disguised,only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives,focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life.But researchers have found evidence that Freud's drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system,a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions,the modern suite of drives comprises five:rage,panic,separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system,it also involves parts of the forebrain;the seat of higher mental functions.In the1980s,Jaak Panksepp,a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio,became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area,which in humans lies just above the hairline.When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around,as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry?No.The mouse would walk right by a plate of food,or for that matter any other object Paksepp could think of.This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new."What I was seeing,"he says,"was the urge to do stuff."Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London,that sounds very much like libido."Freud needed some sort of general,appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,"says Solms.Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically."Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams.Since the 1970s,neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.Accordingly,they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest.When Solms looked into it,though,it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental,the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the"seeking"emotion.Dreams,it seemed,originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways,but it also happens to be the most coherent and,from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. "Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes," says Panksepp."Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus.We need to talk about it,develop it, test it."Perhaps it's not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right,but of finishing the job.81.Freud believed that aggression and libido_____.A.were the only two sources of psychic energyB.could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC.affected our behavior unconsciouslyD.could appear clearly on our dreams82.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A.Emotion.B.Lust.C.Seeking.D.Urge.83.Jaak Panksepp's study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive_____.A.originates in the limbic system。
2023年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案
2023年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇12023 National Medical Doctoral English ExamPart I: Vocabulary and Structure1. Choose the word that best completes each of the following sentences.1) The new drug has been _____ successful in treating the disease.A. extensivelyB. evidentlyC. exclusivelyD. expression2) The doctor advised her to _____ smoking to improve her health.A. quitB. quietC. quiteD. quest3) He has been feeling unwell _____ he returned from the trip.A. ever sinceB. every thenC. every selfD. ever seen4) It is essential to maintain a _____ diet in order to stay healthy.A. balancedB. baffledC. baubleD. buffalo5) The patient is in critical condition and needs to be _____ immediately.A. operatedB. operationC. operativeD. operator2. Choose the best answer for each of the following questions.6) What is the primary goal of medical research?A. To make moneyB. To cure diseasesC. To win awardsD. To entertain7) How can doctors improve their bedside manner?A. By being rudeB. By being kind and compassionateC. By ignoring patientsD. By being distant8) What is the most common symptom of the flu?A. SneezingB. FeverC. CoughD. Headache9) Which of the following is not a type of cancer?A. Lung cancerB. Breast cancerC. Brain cancerD. Heart cancer10) Who is responsible for making sure patients understand their medical treatment?A. DoctorsB. NursesC. PatientsD. Insurance companiesPart II: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passages and answer the questions that follow.Passage 1As technology continues to advance, the field of medicine is constantly evolving. New treatments and medications are developed every day, offering hope to patients with previously untreatable conditions. However, with these advancements come challenges, such as rising healthcare costs and potential side effects of new medications.11) What is one challenge associated with advancements in medicine?A. Decreased healthcare costsB. Reduced access to treatmentsC. Increased risk of side effectsD. Limited availability of medications12) How are patients benefiting from advancements in medicine?A. They have access to new treatmentsB. They are less likely to develop side effectsC. They are paying less for healthcareD. They have fewer options for treatmentPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in alternative medicine, such as acupuncture and herbal remedies. While some people swear by these treatments, others remain skeptical of their effectiveness. It is important for patients to discuss their options with a healthcare professional before trying any alternative therapies.13) What is a key point made in the passage?A. Alternative medicine is always effectiveB. Patients should seek medical advice before trying alternative therapiesC. Only skeptics believe in alternative medicineD. Healthcare professionals do not support alternative therapies14) Why is it important for patients to consult with a healthcare professional before trying alternative treatments?A. To avoid potential side effectsB. To receive a prescriptionC. To save moneyD. To increase their skepticismPart III: Writing15) Write a response to the following prompt: "Explain the importance of preventive care in maintaining good health."Preventive care plays a crucial role in maintaining good health by identifying and addressing potential health issues before they become serious. Regular check-ups, screenings, and vaccinations can help prevent diseases or catch them in their early stages, making treatment more effective and less costly in the long run. By taking proactive measures to maintain their health, individuals can reduce their risk of developing chronic conditions and enjoy a higher quality of life.篇22023 National Medical Doctoral English Exam Questions and AnswersSection 1: Listening Comprehension1. Listen to the following conversation and answer the questions below.Speaker A: Excuse me, do you know where the nearest hospital is?Speaker B: Yes, there is a hospital just down the street. You can't miss it.Speaker A: Thank you.Questions:a. What is Speaker A looking for?b. Where is the nearest hospital located?Answers:a. Speaker A is looking for the nearest hospital.b. The nearest hospital is located just down the street.2. Listen to the following passage and answer the questions below.Narrator: In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of cases of obesity worldwide. Obesity is a serious health concern that can lead to various complications, including heart disease and diabetes. It is important to maintain a healthy diet and exercise regularly to prevent obesity.Questions:a. What has seen a significant increase in recent years?b. What are some of the complications of obesity?Answers:a. The number of cases of obesity worldwide has seen a significant increase.b. Some of the complications of obesity include heart disease and diabetes.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions below.The field of medicine is constantly evolving, with new breakthroughs and discoveries being made every day. In order to stay current and provide the best possible care for patients, it is essential for medical professionals to continue their education and training. Pursuing a doctoral degree in medicine can open up a world of opportunities and allow doctors to specialize in a particular area of interest.Questions:a. Why is it important for medical professionals to continue their education?b. What are some benefits of pursuing a doctoral degree in medicine?Answers:a. It is important for medical professionals to continue their education in order to stay current and provide the best possible care for patients.b. Some benefits of pursuing a doctoral degree in medicine include the opportunity to specialize in a particular area of interest and open up new career opportunities.Section 3: WritingEssay Question: Discuss the role of technology in modern healthcare and its impact on patient care.Answer:Technology plays a crucial role in modern healthcare, revolutionizing the way medical professionals diagnose and treat patients. The use of advanced imaging techniques, such as MRI and CT scans, allows doctors to accurately diagnose conditions and plan appropriate treatment. Additionally, telemedicine has made it easier for patients to access healthcare services remotely, especially in rural areas where medical facilities are limited. Electronic health records have also improved communication between healthcare providers and ensured that patient information is easily accessible.Overall, technology has significantly improved patient care by increasing efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility. However, it is important for medical professionals to stay updated on the latesttechnologies and incorporate them into their practice to provide the best possible care for their patients.In conclusion, the integration of technology in healthcare has revolutionized the way medical professionals diagnose and treat patients, leading to improved outcomes and better patient care.These are some sample questions and answers for the 2023 National Medical Doctoral English Exam. Good luck to all the candidates!篇32023 National Medical Doctor English Exam Questions and AnswersPart I: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Passage 1: The Impact of Technology on Healthcare1. What is the main idea of the passage?a. Technology has revolutionized the healthcare industry.b. Technology has had a negative impact on healthcare.c. Technology does not play a significant role in healthcare.d. Technology has made healthcare more expensive.2. According to the passage, what are some examples of how technology has improved healthcare?a. Electronic health records and telemedicine.b. Paper-based medical records and traditional doctor visits.c. X-rays and penicillin.d. Stethoscopes and blood pressure monitors.3. What is the author's opinion on the relationship between technology and healthcare?a. Technology has made healthcare more impersonal.b. Technology has made healthcare more efficient and accessible.c. Technology has made healthcare less effective.d. Technology has had no impact on healthcare.Passage 2: Ethics in Medicine4. According to the passage, what is the role of ethics in medicine?a. Ethics is not important in the practice of medicine.b. Ethics helps guide medical professionals in making decisions.c. Ethics is only important in research settings.d. Ethics does not apply to medical professionals.5. What are some examples of ethical dilemmas in medicine discussed in the passage?a. End-of-life care and patient confidentiality.b. Insurance fraud and billing practices.c. Prescription drug abuse and medical malpractice.d. Marketing practices and patient satisfaction surveys.6. What is the author's stance on the importance of ethics in medicine?a. Ethics is a hindrance to medical practice.b. Ethics is essential to the practice of medicine.c. Ethics is only important in certain specialties.d. Ethics is irrelevant to the practice of medicine.Part II: Writing (40 points)Essay Question: Discuss the impact of technology on healthcare. Provide examples of how technology has improved patient care and access to healthcare services. In your opinion, what are some potential drawbacks of relying too heavily on technology in the healthcare industry?Sample Answer:Technology has undoubtedly revolutionized the healthcare industry in recent years, leading to significant improvements in patient care and access to healthcare services. One key example of how technology has improved patient care is through the implementation of electronic health records (EHRs). EHRs allow healthcare providers to access patient information quickly and efficiently, leading to better coordination of care and improved patient outcomes. Another example is telemedicine, which allows patients to receive medical care remotely, reducing the need for in-person visits and increasing access to healthcare services, especially in rural areas.While technology has brought numerous benefits to the healthcare industry, there are also potential drawbacks to relying too heavily on technology. One significant concern is the potential loss of the human touch in healthcare. As more healthcare services become automated and remote, patientsmay feel disconnected from their healthcare providers, leading to a decrease in trust and satisfaction. Additionally, there are concerns about the security and privacy of patient information in an increasingly digital healthcare environment. As healthcare systems become more reliant on technology, the risk of data breaches and cyber attacks increases, potentially compromising patient confidentiality and trust.In conclusion, while technology has brought about significant improvements in patient care and access to healthcare services, it is important to be mindful of the potential drawbacks of relying too heavily on technology in the healthcare industry. Healthcare providers should strive to strike a balance between utilizing technology to its fullest potential and maintaining the human connection with patients to ensure the best possible outcomes for all.This concludes the 2023 National Medical Doctor English Exam Questions and Answers. Good luck to all the candidates!。
2019年全国医学博士外语统一考试真题仿真试卷及答案_044713
2019年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语仿真试卷说明：本年度考试延后，具体考试时间未知。
基于版权考虑，本试卷对真题存在一定程度改编（比如词汇题保留正确选项，但对题干进行改写；部分阅读理解保留文章或主题一致而改编部分题目等）。
该试卷与真题考点高度一致，以最大程度达到“从真题入手”进行复习的效果。
试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)Part II Vocabulary(10%)S ection ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes thesentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Gradually he lost his______and wasted away till he was nothing but skin and bones.A.willingB.appetiteC.interestD.enthusiasm32.There are many ways to purify water,among which distillation is the best process for water______because the water does not contain other impurities.A.purityB.clearingC.cleansingD.purition33.They came to the monument to pay tribute to the martyrs on such a special day,full of the_______for their contribution in that history.A.altitudeB.multitudeC.gratitudeD.magnitude34.A________of more than1,000philosophers,teachers and students by the authoritative Philosophers’Magazine placed Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species as the third most important work.A.researchB.surveyC.listD.writing35.It is_______because the truth will turn out and dangerous because secrecy delays the necessary remedial action.A.exaggeratingB.futileC.figurativeD.fugitive36.This ensures that concurrent updates to an item do not result in_______data loss.A.incidentalB.constantC.accidentalD.instant37.Hospitals,clinics and other infrastructure of health systems in many countries are_______to disasters.A.weakB.destroyableC.vulnerableD.subject38.All information reported to or_______obtained by the commission is considered confidential.A．directly B．similarly C.likewise D.clockwise39.Some measures of the hospital can better serve the patients;_______,the feedback evaluationof the patients can also improve the medical quality of the hospital.A.in turnB.neverthelessC.howeverD.whereas40.Armed with this tooling,analysts no longer________diagrams for knowledge in the same way.A.turn fromB.turn toC.turn outD.turn downS ection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep themeaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The war’s impact on the population of the country was catastrophic.A．influential B．disastrous C．apparent D．critical42.Different congenital deformity fetuses have different effects in the development of fetus's colon.A.malformationB.malnutritionalC.degradedD.reformed43.Attempts to restrict parking in the city center have further aggravated the problems of trafficcongestion.A.amelioratedB.deterioratedC.duplicatedD.increased44.I tripped over on the pavement and my ankle was swollen.I had to soak in the ice water.A.immerseB.immenseC.emergeD.merge45.The three branches of government—the legislative,the executive,and the judicial—curb andstabilize one another through their separated functions.A.relateB.restrainC.associateern46.With the rapid development of aerial technology,aircraft security and reliability are ever increasing.However,insecure events related to aircraft up-keeping by people are on the rise.A.maintenanceB.retainingC.pertainingD.entertaining47.If you pick the high-fat fries and shake,you may feel sluggish and blow that test.A.worriedB.inactiveC.hurriedD.anxious48.Reading from a monotonous technical brief for hours on end,he would stray into difficult territory.A.difficultB.tediousC.sophisticatedD.mountainous49.The war’s impact on the population of the country was distinct.A．influential B．disastrous C．apparent D．critical50.It will be never be too slim for women,so variety of diet pills are often over-marketed.A.slenderB.longC.skinnyD.thinPart III Cloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letterof your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.54.A.constantly B.originally C.always D.presumably55.A.another B.other C.the other D.others56.A.question B.object C.determine D.express57.A.threat B.threaten C.threatening D.threatened58.A.related B.decided C.relation D.decision59.A.suggest B.suggested C.to suggest D.suggesting60.A.to B.of C.at D.aboutPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.P assage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive"attachment"period from birth to three may scar a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails,and many people do believe this.It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents.But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modern societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret.Firstly,anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies.For example,in some tribal societies,such as the Ngoni,the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone---far from it.Certainty,Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that day care had delayed effects.The possibility that such care might lead to,say,more mental illness or crime15or20years later can only explored by the use of statistics.However,statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out,and even if they were,the results would certainly be complicated and controversial.Secondly,common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents,care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly,in the last decade,there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children’s development.Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to dealwith.Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy,and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time.The matter,then,is far from clear-cut,though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61.According to the passage,the consequence of parental separation______.A.still needs more statistical studiesB.has been found negativeC.is obviousD.is more serious in modern times62.The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern______.A.is relevant and justifiableB.is too strong to believeC.is utterly groundlessD.has something that deserve our attention63.What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A.The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B.The bad effects of parental separation were had to deal with.C.The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D.Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so any people nowadays.64.According to the passage,which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A.They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B.They are too busy to care for their children.C.They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D.They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65.What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A.He supports most of their belief because Bowlby’s proposition is well-grounded.B.He is sympathetic for them,for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C.He doesn’t totally agree with them,since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D.He doesn’t quite understand them,as they are contradictory in themselves.P assage T woLess than a year ago,a new generation of diet pills seemed to offer the long sought answer to our chronic weight problems.Hundreds of thousands of pound-conscious Americans had discovered that a drug combination known as“fen-phen”could shut off voracious（贪吃的）appetites like magic,and the FDA had just approved a new drug,Redux,that did the same with fewer side effects.Redux would attract hundreds of thousands of new pill poppers within a few months.But now the diet-drug revolution is facing a backlash.Some of the nation’s largest HMOs,including Aetna U.S.Healthcare and Prudential Healthcare have begun cutting back or eliminating reimbursement （退款补偿，报销）for both pills.Diet chains like Jenny Craig and Nutri/System are backing away from them too.Several states,meanwhile,have restricted the use of st week the Florida legislature banned new prescriptions entirely and called on doctors to wean（使断绝）current patients from the drug within30days.It also put a90-day limit on Redux prescriptions.Even New Jersey doctor Sheldon Levine,who touted Redux last year on TV and in his book The Redux Revolution,has stopped giving itto all but his most obese patients.The reason for all the retrenchment:potentially lethal side effects.Over the summer,the FDA revealed that82patients had developed defects in their heart values while on fen-phen,and that seven patients had come down with the same condition on Redux.As if that weren’t bad enough,physicians reported that a woman who had been taking fen-phen for less than a month died of primary pulmonary hypertension,a sometimes fatal lung condition already associated with Redux.And an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association last month confirmed earlier reports that both fen-phen and Redux can cause brain damage in lab animals.These findings led the New England Journal to publish editorial admonishing doctors to prescribe the drugs only for patients with severe obesity.Meanwhile,FDA asked drug makers to put more explicit warnings on fen-phen and Redux labels.Since mid-July,prescriptions for fen-phen have dropped56%, and those for Redux36%,according to IMS America,a pharmaceutical market research firm.All that really does,however,is to bring the numbers down to where they should have been all along. Manufacturers said from the start that their pills offered a short-term therapy for the obese,not for people looking to fit into a smaller bathing suit.FDA approved Redux with just such a caveat,and when limited to these patients,the drugs may still make sense—despite the risks—because morbid obesity carries its own dangers,including heart disease,diabetes and stroke.Too often,however,Redux and fen-phen were peddled to all comers,almost like candy.The current backlash,says Levine,is a“roller coaster that never should have happened”.66.What does the phrase“pill poppers”in the first paragraph mean?A.pill distributorsB.pill manufacturersC.pill promotersD.pill takers and abusers67.The worst case that revealed the fatal dark side of the diet pills is.A.82patients on fen-phen and seven on Redux had developed heart diseaseB.a woman patient on fen-phen had died of abnormally high blood pressureC.a woman patient on fen-phen had died of a lung diseaseD.both diet pills have caused brain damage68.New England Journal admonished doctors to.A.give the pills only to the severely overweight personsB.take the obese patients off the drugs completelyC.reduce prescriptions of the pills drasticallyD.put clearer warnings on the drug labels69.According to the drug manufacturers,the pills.A.only offer temporary treatment for patients with morbid obesityB.are meant for all the people who yearn for slimnessC.are the best cure to our chronic weight problemsD.are the most important weight-loss discoveries70.We can infer from the last paragraph that.A.the severe obesity carries the potential of illnessB.the pills were sold to all comers without discriminationC.the pills may still be effective if properly administeredD.the pills shouldn’t have been hailed as miraculous cures and then discardedP assage T hreeThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police,perplexed scientists,and fascinated writers for centuries.There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs,solve mathematical problems,compose music,walk through plate-glass windows,and commit murder in their sleep.How many of these stories have a basis in fact,and how many are pure fakery？No one knows,but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt,others are a matter of record. In Revere,Massachusetts,a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room,with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself,made a polite bow, danced a minuet,and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa,a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River.He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian,Pandit Ramrakha,who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed.Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer.The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep.The farmer,in his sleep,visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman,a physiologist at the University of Chicago.He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man,and during the last thirty-five years has lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep.Says he,"Of course,I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers.But none of my sleepers ever walked,and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment,I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking,nevertheless,is a scientific reality.Like hypnosis,it is one of those dramatic,eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic.It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions,what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance,and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it.Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States.Others set the figure even higher.Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record,which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream.The dream usually comes from guilt,worry,nervousness,or some other emotional conflict.The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth.Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder.Shakespeare said of her;"The eyes are open but their sense is shut."The age-old question is:Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep？Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half.Like Lady Macbeth,he has weighty problems on his mind.Dr.Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject,says,"Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems.The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep.He is awake in the muscular area,partially asleep in the sensory area."In other words,a person can walk in his sleep,move around,and do other things,but he does not think about what he is doing.71.The second sentence in the second paragraph means that______.A.no one knows,but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB.the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC.sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD.the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions,yet there are still truthfully recorded stories72.______was supposed to be the world’s champion sleepwalker.A.The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB.The man danced a minuet in his sleepC.The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD.The boy walked five hours in his sleep73.Sleepwalking is the result of______according to the passage.A.emotional disorderB.a vivid dreamck of sleep and great anxietyD.insanity74.Dr.Zelda Tepltz seemed to______.A.agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB.conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC.disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD.think that sleepwalking can turn into madness75.The writer makes it obvious that______.A.sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB.most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC.it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD.sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisP assage F ourHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby's liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood,according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights,altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development.The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to2-3cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development,and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of300mg/day or more in women, which is approximately2to3cups coffee per day,can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes.However,the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood.A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study,Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effectsof low(equivalent to2-3cups of coffee)and high doses(equivalent of6-9cups of coffee)caffeine,given to pregnant rats,on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring.Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone,insulin like growth factor(IGF-1),and higher levels of the stress hormone,corticosteroid at birth.However,liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up'phase,characterised by increased levels of IGF-1,which is important for growth.Dr Yinxian Wen,study co-author,says,"Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother,which inhibits IGF-1activity for liver development before birth. However,compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function,as IGF-1activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases.The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1activity."These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future.However,these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr Wen comments,"Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people,I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."76.Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A.lower birth weightB.smaller stressC.liver development problemD.growth problem77.If a pregnant woman takes3cups of coffee,what will probably happen?A.Her weight will get lower and lower.B.The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C.She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D.Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.78.Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A.A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B.4-5cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C.Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D.The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.79.What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A.lower stress hormone,lower birth weight before birth.B.higher stress hormone,lower growth hormone before birth.C.lower stress hormone,more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D.lower stress hormone,less accelerated growth of liver after birth.80.What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A.The research hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B.The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C.Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D.We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health problems.P assage F iveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain,Freud identified two sources of psychic energy,which he called“drives”:aggression and libido.The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives,shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds;they surface, heavily disguised,only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives,focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life.But researchers have found evidence that Freud’s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system,a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions,the modern suite of drives comprises five: rage,panic,separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system,it also involves parts of the forebrain,the seat of higher mental functions. In the1980s,Jaak Panksepp,a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio,became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventral tegmental area,which in humans lies just above the hairline.When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse,the animal would sniff the air and walk around,as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry?No.The mouse would walk right by a plate of food,or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of.This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for something new.“What I was seeing,”he says,“was the urge to do stuff.”Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London,that sounds very much like libido.“Freud needed some sort of general,appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,”says Solms.“Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.”Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams.Since the1970s,neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons.Accordingly,they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest.When Solms looked into it, though,it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental,the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the“seeking”emotion.Dreams,it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud’s psychological map may have been flawed in many ways,but it also happens to be the most coherent and,from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind.“Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes,”says Panksepp.“Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus.We need to talk about it,develop it,test it.”Perhaps it’s nota matter of proving Freud wrong or right,but of finishing the job.81.Freud believed that aggression and libido.A．were the only two sources of psychic energyB．could sometimes surfact in our conscious lifeC．affected our behavior unconsciouslyD．could appear clearly on our dreams82.Which of the following terms is equivalent to what Freud called libido?A．Emotion.B．Lust.C．Seeking D．Urge.83.Jaak Panksepp’s study on a mouse proves that the seeking drive.A．originates in the limbic systemB．involves parts of the forebrainC．controls how we respond to stimulusD．exists in many other animals84.According to Mark Solms,dreaming.A．takes place during the whole sleeping periodB．involves a primitive part of the brain known as the ponsC．originates in the forebrainD．just takes place in a certain period85.It can be inferred that Freud and Darwin are similar in that their theories.A．have long been discreditedB．provided good guide for further researchC．are placed in the same categoryD．are concerned about human beingP assage S ixYou are what you eat,or so the saying goes.But a new generation of molecular biologists is starting to give that old adage a decidedly high-tech twist.By combining the latest discoveries in human genetics with a deeper understanding of the hundreds of compounds found in food,investigators have begun to tease apart some of the more complex interactions between your diet and your DNA.In the process,they hope eventually to give consumers more personalized advice about what to eat and drink to stave off heart disease,cancer and other chronic conditions of aging."We are trying to put more science behind the nutrition,"says Jose Ordovas,a geneticist at the Friedman School of Nutrition at Tufts."We want to finally understand why nutrients do what they do and to whom--why a low-fat diet may not work for some but works for others."Do you drink three cups or more of coffee a day?Genetic tests can now determine whether you--like approximately10%to20%of the population--have a specific genetic variation that makes it harder for your body to absorb calcium in the presence of caffeine,thus increasing your rate of bone loss.Are you getting enough folic acid,found in beans,peas and fortified grains?Researchers have learned that many people have a genetic predisposition that puts them at greater risk of developing heart disease because they need more folic acid than the average person to maintain normal blood chemistry.Would a high-fat diet be particularly damaging to your health,given your genetic makeup?About 15%of folks are born with a form of a liver enzyme that causes their HDL,or good cholesterol,level to go down in response to dietary fat.In most people the HDL level goes up,counterbalancing some of the bad effects of dietary fat on LDL--the dangerous cholesterol.None of those genetic variations are immediately life threatening.In fact,most of them have no apparent effect.The variants are not like the mutations most of us learned about in school--alterations that cause entire genes or series of genes to malfunction and that result in diseases like sickle-cell anemia and。
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2019年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语复习复习试题
1请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在复习试卷一答题纸和复习试卷二标准答题
卡上认真填写清楚，并按"考场指令"要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.复习试卷一(PapeYOne)答案和复习试卷二(PapeYTwo)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做
在复习试卷上。
3.复习试卷一答题时必须使用28铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正，
先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心
PAPEYONE
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