当代研究生英语读写教程(下)的close的翻译

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当代研究生英语读写教程翻译答案上、下册

当代研究生英语读写教程翻译答案上、下册【上册】Unit1The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand.In cyberspace ,we'll be ab le to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed--intellectual property content and access control,Rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in;other s will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another.Those communities that prov e self-sustaining will prosper(and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular int erests and identities).Those that can't survive-either because people lose interest or get scared off--will simply wither away.译：一种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。

在信息空间，我们将能够检验并完善所需要的管理制度----知识产权制度、服务内容与使用权的控制制度、个人隐私权与自由言论制度等。

有些群体允许任何人加入，而有些则只允许符合这样或那样条件的人加入。

能够自持的群体会兴旺发展（或许也会因为志趣与身份日趋特殊，而发展成为几个分支）。

当代研究生英语读写教程课文翻译(后五章)

Unit Six洛城邂逅混凝土、烟雾及晨色将好莱坞高速公路立交桥下的奥尔瓦多街笼罩在特有的灰色之中，车辆堵塞在路上，几乎一动不动。

杰克无精打采地坐在车里，对此并不真的在乎，因为他知道，如果试图往左转，开到高速路入口，情况可能会糟糕得多。

好在他不用每天这样，如果有人问他，他会肯定地说，以后也决不这样。

稳定的工作有其优点，他不否认考虑过这件事。

他需要一台调频收音机，安装在一辆比他现在开的这辆58款别克更好的车上。

好一点的车有天鹅绒内饰，有为洛城的夏天而设计的电控装置，为冬天开往海滩而设计的精美电热器和除霜器，还有为长途旅行设计的导航控制器，当然车的前后都有声音优美的喇叭，窗户一摁就能关好，将外面高速公路上恼人的噪音隔绝。

实际上，他可能不得不改变整个生活方式。

富有异国情调的古龙香水、长毛绒服装、光线暗淡的夜总会、代基里酒、身穿丝绸长礼服、佩戴项链的女子，她们如同特奎拉酒广告里的女子一样，朦朦胧胧而又富有魅力。

只要让他的想像驰骋，杰克会想像出许多可能的东西。

杰克正想入非非时，瞥见绿灯亮了，他只顾开动汽车，盯了一眼那些有固定工作的人，以示再见。

当他扭过头来，面对前方时，已经晚了一秒钟。

他猛地一下踩住刹车，调转方向，以避免撞上前面那辆车上小小的刹车红灯，但还是砰然一声撞上了。

如果他动作再快一秒钟，也许只会离这辆车很近，不会撞上。

而如果再晚一秒钟，他的车就会爬上这辆丰田车的行李箱。

实际上，他好像没有把前面的车撞坏，而后面的车撞上了他车后部的保险杠，那一撞却严重多了。

杰克想开过这辆丰田车，但又怕前面的车挡路。

当他在几辆车前的路边停下来时，又突然觉得这些车反而有助于他逃走。

他使劲关了两次车门，一方面是为了将车门关紧，同时也再给自己一秒钟时间盘算。

然后，他走到别克车的前面，又走到车后面，看看保险杠及其周围是否碰坏。

然而，镀鉻层上连明显的划痕都没有。

于是他精神振作起来了。

虽然比起启动性能和行驶性能来，车的外表之美是次要的，但他这些年取得的少数显著成就之一便是：他的汽车车身和喷漆上除了几处小小的刮痕以外还完好无损。

《当代研究生英语》1-8单元翻译和课后答案.doc

Unit 1A: formerly, embrace, artificial, regulate, precisely, unwanted, extraneous, passionate, be targeted to, at hand, be sued forB: ACBDB BBACDUnit 2A.uncovered, concurred, accompanies, frustrated, stereotype, switching, dismissed, distracted,adapted, assume, probe, subordinateB.BADB ADACUnit 3A.intricate, approximately, earthquake, versatile, isolated, reverse, as well as, interdependent,multiply, live on, kill off, out of true, qualify, (not) at all, spontaneouslyB.DABCA BCABCUnit 4A.on, up, by, in, behind, behind, through, in, out, in, on, in, by, out, up, with, down, off, away, inB.prime, constantly, at regular intervals, at arm's length, come off, got over, yielded, be put intooperation, challenging, resort to, swarming with, take inUnit 5A.find out, community, convert, make sense, ecstasy, replace, more or less, at least, intractable,make outB.BDABC BCACACloze: quantitatively, make up, at least, unlikely, even if, greater than, common-sense, turn out to be, increases, in the direction of, complaints, the Theory of Relativity, close to, so far as, not only Unit 6A.acbacabbB.singaled, steer, stand out, stand up for, secondary, stand by, steered, pulled up, pulled into,expireUnit 7A.get the better of, futility, one-way, unnerve, unscramble, chaotic, haphazardness, catch, smog,flute, depressing, nil, random, distress, institution, congregateB.DBCAB CADBC CCUnit8A. 1. boom 2.hybrid 3. executive 4. returns 5. apart from 6. unparalleled 7. bringabout 8. stillborn 9. strategy 10. subsequent 11. figure out 12. leave overB. 1. C 2.D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6.A 7.C 8.D 9.D 10. Bll.A 12.C新生的亿万富翁■1最近所呈现的技术进步，新商务的欣欣何荣，以及个人财富的急剧增长是过去25年中计算机产业形成的第三次，也是最令人瞩目的一次浪潮。

当代研究生英语读写教程下课文翻译

第一单元人生旅程(节选) 盖尔·希伊1．一个人在每一特定时期内的生活都是由外部生活和内心生活这两个方面结合而成的。

外部生活是指我们在文明社会中的实际生活（对文明社会中实际活动的参与），其中包括我们的工作、社会地位、家庭生活、（担当的）社会角色、我们如何向社会展现自己，以及如何参与到社会中去等。

内心生活是指我们所参与的种种外部活动对我们个人产生的影响。

例如，我们目前的生活体系是符合我们的价值观、目标和理想呢，还是与之相违背? 我们的个性能在多大程度上得到发挥，还是受到某种程度的压抑? 在每一特定时期，我们对自己的生活方式又有何种感受?2．正是在人的内心世界这个领域中，一些重大的和基本的转变开始使人失去自我平衡，这就意味着必须进行调整，以步人人生发展的下一个阶段。

∕人的是阶段性的：在人生必经的一些重大转折关头，如果一个人觉得失去自我平衡，这就意味着要进行调整，以步人人生发展的下一个阶段，这些重大转折贯穿人的一生，只是是人们往往不承认自己具有这样一种内在的生命系统。

如果你问一个看来不得志的人：“你为何如此消沉?”大部分人总是把那些内心因素解释成比较明显的外部因素——他会对你说：“我之所以以不高兴，是因为我最近搬家了，我原来的工作也换了，我的妻子又回学校去读研究生，还要干什么倒霉的社会工作，还因为其他一些乱七八糟的事，”或许只有不足十分之一的人会说：“我感到有一种不可名状的烦恼，尽管很痛苦，可我还得设法忍受它、克服它”更少有人会承认这些思想情绪的波动和外界因素没有什么关系。

然而这种痛苦可能需要好几年才能熬过去、3．在这些变化和转折中，我们对生活方式的看法要经历四个感知方面的微妙变化：第一，通过与他人比较（交往）形成的自我意识（对自己的看法）；第二，在生活的各种威胁面前所具有的安全程度（的变化）；第三是我们时间的认识，是感到来日方长，还是开始感到时日无多? 最后是对自己的精力和活力的直觉意识，是感到精力充沛，还是感到力不从心? 这些都是在我们内心里产生的若明若暗的感觉，它构成了我们生活的基调，影响着我们（作为）采取行动前的（依据的）种种决定。

当代研究生英语下课后close完型中英对照翻译答案

UNIT 1There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he is brought up. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. John, however, was educated in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. John's I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother.UNIT 2Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in some interesting discoveries. Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible.Scientists have discovered that the brain can make its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substance which can act directly on the brain to change aspects of mental activity. Some may change or improve, for example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and good memory.Chemicals found in the brain carry messages. In recent years scientists have found chemicals that affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mind. About 25 have been found so far.Today the role of chemicals and protein substance in human behaviour is creating much interest. Research seems to show that they may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illness. They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to conquer deficiencies. They also improve the qualities of memory and learning already in the brain. They hold the secret to mood and emotion. Some day there may be a chemical way to create a better and more efficient brain.Unit 3By measuring the amount of HIV’s genetic material in various representative tissue samples from infected people, a nd extrapolating form these samples to the entire body, Haase estimates that at most 1 in 2,500 cells, maybe fewer, is infected with HIV. This is nowhere near enough for direct cell killing to account for the depletion in their numbers that le ads to AIDS.Haase says that his own work now shows that large numbers of CD4 cell are becoming trapped in lymph tissue, and he believes that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells. In common with a number of other researchers, he also believes that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected CD4 cells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell suicide,or apopt osis-a separate process that has been a subject of research throughout the 1990s .Taken together, these findings clearly suggest that HIV keeps the immune system in a state of constant activation, and unbalances it in four ways :by trapping mature cells ,by stopping the production of new cells, by triggering abnormally high rates of apoptosis and by killing a small but significant number of cells directly. Their combined impact leaves the immune system depleted and unable to cope with opportunistic infections.How will any of this affect treatments? Would better knowledge of the ways in which the virus disturbs the immune system enable researchers to rebuild it ,broadening the depleted repertoire of CD4 cells ? Roederer , at least, thinks that d rugs that directly affect the immune system will be needed.Others go further, Jay Levy at the University of California , San Francisco, worries that prolonged treatment with c ocktails of antiviral drugs might even fool the immune system and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HIV so low in the body that they fail to trigger any immune responses at all. This might make individuals who stop taking the drugs even more vulnerable. He argues that immune-restoring treatments should be given alongside antiviral drugs. Already, some r esearchers are working on novel approaches such as developing genetically engineered T cell to replace lose CD4 cells. UNIT 4Economic "globalization" is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. ThereAt its most basic, there is nothing mysterious about globalization. The term has come into common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that have make it easier and quicker to complete international transactions—both trade and financial flows. It refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity—village markets, urban industries, or financial centers.Markets promote efficiency through competition and the division of labor—the specialization that allows people and economies to focus on what they do best. Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world. It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets. But markets do not necessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all. Countries must be prepared to embrace the policies needed, and in the case of the poorest countries may need the support of the international community as they do so.UNIT 5 Spinal CordsAgricultural and public-health experts in Britain find many other serious flaws in the government's handling of the mad-cow epidemic. Officials waited 18 months after discovering the first cases of BSE to declare it a "notifiable" disease, requiring that all cases be reported to the authorities. They waited nearly three years to forbid use of cattle brains and spinal cords in food for humans. The government offered to compensate farmers for any suspected BSE cases they destroyed -- but at far less than the animal's normal value, a rate that discouraged farmers from reporting the disease in their herds, according to critics. "It could all have been over in a month," says Millstone. "It might have cost a few million pounds. But that's a fraction of what it's going to cost now."Currie argues that the government likewise fumbled when it disclosed the possible link between CJD and mad-cow disease. "If you are going to announce a health scare," she says, "you have to announce at the same time what you are going to do about it." The government has yet to announce any preventive measures beyond a few tightened restrictions, such as the ban on mammalian meat in cattle feed. Currie herself knows all too well how easy it is to start a public health panic; she left her post as health minister after helping touch off a scare in the winter of 1988-89 over the safety of British eggs and other farm products.UNIT 6Almost every American wears a watch, and, in nearly every room in an American home, there's a clock. "Be on time." "Don't waste time." "Time is money." "Time waits for no one." All of these familiar sayings reflect the American obsession with promptness and efficiency. Students and employees disappoint their teacher and bosses when they arrive late. This desire to get the most out of every minute often affects behavior, making Americans impatient when they have to wait. The pressure to make every moment count sometimes makes it difficult for Americans to relax and do nothing. The desire to save time and handle work more efficiently often leads Americans to buy many kinds of machines. These range from household appliances to equipment for the office, such as calculators, photocopy machines, and computers. One such machine is video cassette recorder (VCR), which gives Americans a new kind of control over time. Baseball fans don't have to miss the Sunday afternoon game on TV because of a family birthday party. They simply videotape it. Then, for them, the Sunday afternoon game occurs on Sunday evening.UNIT 7Intellectual property regimes coupled with trade regulations have serious implications for third world economies. Agricultural research has developed much faster on plants than animals. And there is insufficient reason to expect that if species patents on plants are upheld, the practice of granting such patents will be restricted to them. It seems from developments so far that the blitzkrieg is inching its way to higher life forms.Protection and enforcement strategies for plant-based technology are implemented through four different forms of intellectual property: utility plants, plant patents, plant variety protection certificates and trade secrets. Since patenting provides a broader range of protection and costs less, this has potential to be preferred means of protecting plant-based inventions by private companies in the US. New utility patents form more aggressive property rights than ever existed in biological material before.Utility patents can establish property right in broad classes of organisms in radically different species as long as the organisms have the same traits and functional properties. The Harvard oncomouse patent is actually an onco mammal patent. Harvard thus owns any mammal with any recombinant cancer causing gene, (and there are about forty of them known) inserted into any mammal or its ancestors at an embryonic stage. This allows biotechnicians to patent organisms they have never actually produced.Broadly worded patent rights (as in the case of cotton or soybean), or the taking out of a large number of patents effectively suppress competition through the threat of infringement suits. On a global scale this allows patent holders to exert control on the production of a variety of agricultural commodities leading to unprecedented competitive advantage. The enormity of this possibility has led to "biocolonial" concerns in the developing world.Utility patents also prohibit farmers from the common practice of saving and using seeds from previous crops or from breeding animals, as well as restricting research exemptions. This could create a barrier to further innovation. Most nations have in place a research exemption analogous to the fair use doctrine in copyright law.Unit 8Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly occurring in their minds; What kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? Am I wearing unattractive clothes?It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people adversely. A person's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives.Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing". Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their inferiority.They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments because they believe they are unworthy of praise. A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one; "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It is clear that, while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful.Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes hand in hand with lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as strengths. For example, most people would like to be "A" students in every subject. It is not fair for them to label themselves inferior because they have difficulty in some areas. People's expectations of themselves must be realistic. Living on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual. We are interested in our own personal ways. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live up to our full potential. Let's not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.。

「近、接近、亲近的」英文是close或closely？

「近、接近、亲近的」英文是close或closely？你知道「近、接近、亲近的」英文应该用 close 还是 closely 吗？close 跟 closely 一个是形容词，一个是副词，用法跟中文意思都有一点点不太一样。

本篇文章教学 close 跟 closely 这两个英文单字，赶快学起来吧！下面教学英文 close 跟 closely 的中文意思差异。

1.close 靠近的、接近的、亲近的close 通常是指「近的、接近的」，而且这种近是指物理距离上的近喔。

例：Don’t get too close to that dog. 别太靠近那条狗。

例：Don’t get close to her. 别靠近她。

另外，close 还可以指亲密的、亲近的喔。

例： Jenny is one of my closest friends. 珍妮是我的一位密友。

例： You are my close friend. 你是我亲密的朋友。

2.closely 接近地、紧密地、亲近地closely 则是副词喔，closely 通常是指「抽象意义上」的近，或是比喻关系密切的意思。

例： The o ideas are very closely related. 这两个想法是密切相关的。

例： They are working together closely. 他们正在密切合作。

closely 是由形容词加上ly 得来的。

close 变成副词closely之后，意思会变得有点不一样。

在英文里面，类似close 跟 closely 的情况还有很多。

例： Deep 深的 Deeply 深深地例： Direct 直通的、直接的 Directly 直接地、立刻地例： Short 短的 Shortly 不久例： Wide 广泛的、宽的、广的 Widely 广泛地上面就是close 跟 closely 的中文意思差异啦！Close, close 中文, close 意思, closely, closely 中文, closely 意思,接近的英文, 亲近的英文, 近英文, 靠近的英文。

当代研究生英语读写教程课文翻译

当代研究生英语读写教程课文翻译Unit One 信息空间:出入随愿美国人癿内心深处具有一种酷爱掌索新领域癿气货。

我们渴求宩敞癿场地,我们喜欢掌索,喜欢制定觃章制庙,即不愿去遵守。

在弼仂时代,即征难找到一坑空间,可以供佝仸意驰骋,又不必担心影响佝癿邻屁。

确实有返样一丧空间,邁就是信息空间。

返里原朓是计算机迷癿游戏天地,但如仂变要想像得到癿各类人群应有尽有,包括少年儿竡、轻佻癿单身汉、美籍匈牊利人、会计等。

问题是他们都能呾睦相处吗?人们是否会因为宦怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上癿淫秽图片耄将它封杀? 首兇要解决癿问题是,什举是信息空间。

我们可以抙开高速公路、前沿新领域等殑喻,抂信息空间看作一丧巢大癿庄园。

请记住,庄园是人们智慧癿结晶,是吅法癿、人巟营造癿氛围,它建立在土地乀上。

在庄园里,公园呾商业丨心、红灯区不学校、教埻不杂账庖都能区分开杢。

佝可以用合样癿斱法抂信息空间想像为一丧巢大癿、无辪无际癿虚拟庄园。

其丨有亗房产为私人拥有幵工秔出, 有亗是公兯场所;有癿场所适吅儿竡出入,耄有亗地斱人们最好避开。

不并癿是,正是返亗应诠避开癿地斱你得人们心向神彽。

返亗地斱教唆佝如何制造灳弹、为佝提供淫秽杅料、告诉佝如何窃叏信用博。

所有返亗你信息空间吩起杢像是一丧十分肮脏癿地斱。

正直癿公民纷纷作出返样癿结讳:最好对它严加管理。

但是,在利用觃章制庙杢反击下流乀丼乀前,兰键是从根朓上理解信息空间癿忢货。

恱棍幵不能在信息空间抚走毫无提防乀心癿儿竡;信息空间也不像一台巢大癿电规机,向不情愿癿观众播放令人作呕癿节目。

在信息空间返庚庄园里,用户对他们所去乀处、所见所闻、所做所为都要作出逅择,一切都出二自愿。

换取话该,信息空间是丧出入自便癿地斱,实际上,信息空间里有征多可去乀处。

人们不能盲目上网,必须带着具体癿目标上网。

返意味着人们可以逅择去哪丧网址、看什举内宨。

不错,觃章制庙应诠在群体内得以实斲,但返亗觃章制庙必须由信息空间内各丧群体自巤杢制定,耄不是由法庛戒华盛顽癿政客们杢制定。

close用法

close用法Close英语单词，也是一种词性。

它可以作为形容词、副词、动词和名词使用，在句子中扮演不同的角色。

本文将以形容词、副词、动词和名词的用法为主要内容，来介绍 close用法。

首先，作为形容词，close 主要指距离比较近的，或者接近的，例如：This is a close call.差一点。

He lives in a close community. 他住在一个比较密切的社区。

此外，close 也可作为副词使用，表示“靠近”或者“接近”，例如：He stood close to the window. 他站在窗子附近。

He came close to her. 他接近她。

接下来，close 也可作为动词使用，表示“关闭”、“封闭”或者“把...拉近”等含义，例如：She closed the door.关上了门。

He closed his eyes. 他闭上了眼睛。

She closed the gap between them.拉近了他们之间的距离。

最后，作为名词，close 主要指“贴近”、“靠近”、“结束”或者“封闭”等含义，例如：The close of the year. 一年的最后。

They came to a close. 他们达到了结论。

My house is close to the school.家靠近学校。

以上就是 close用法，无论是作为形容词、副词、动词或者名词，它都可以在不同的句子中发挥着不同的作用。

但是，千万要记住，close音是 [klz] 不是 [kls]，它的意思是“接近”和“贴近”，而不是“完结”。

在日常英语学习和使用过程中，close用法经常出现，因此了解它的用法对于英语学习者来说是非常有用的。

此外，相比其他单词，close用法更为简单易懂，在口语中使用会更加得体。

研究生科技英语阅读课后习题close原文

Is GM Food Safe To Eat ?Traditional plant breeding involves crossing varietiesof the same species in w ays they could crossnaturally. For example, disease-resistant varieties of wh eat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties. T his type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable.Genetic engineering ( GE) involves exchanging genes between unrelated spe cies that cannotnaturally exchange genes with each other. GE can involve the exchange of genes betweenvastly different species— e.g. putting scor pion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes. It is po ssible that a scorpion toxin gene, even when it is in maize DNA1, will still g et the organism to produce scorpion toxin— but what other effects may i thave in this alien environment? We are already seeing this problem — addi ng human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow — but i t also gives them arthritis andmakes them cross-eyed, which was entirely un predictable.It will be obvious, for example, that the gene for human intelligence will n ot have the sameeffect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA — but what side-effect would ithave? In other words, is GM food2 safe to ? The answer is that nobody knows becauselong-term tests have not been carr ied out.Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or USA are required to provide regulatorybodies with results of their own safety tests. Monsanto’s3 s oya beans were apparently fed tofish for 10 weeks before being approved. Th ere was no requirement for independent testing,for long-term testing, for te sting on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic4 peopl e.The current position of the UK Government is that"There is no evidence of l ong-term dangersfrom GM foods."In the US, the American Food and Drug Ad ministration5 is currently beingprosecuted for covering up research that sug gested possible risks from GM foods.A consistent all-over tan may be impossible to achieve because some body areas are much more resistant to tanning than others, a study has found.Researchers - funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC) - at the University of Edinburgh say the results explain why some holidaymakers find it so hard to achieve an even tan all over their body.The findings, published in the journal Experimental Dermatology, show that the buttock is much more resistant to sunshine but surprisingly when it does go red it tans less well than other areas.It was also found that people with no freckles tanned more easily than those without freckling.The study represents the first time that the depth of a person's tan, and not just skin redness, has been quantified.Scientists carried out the study to try and solve the puzzle of why different types of skin cancer tend to be found in different parts of the body, given that they are all caused by exposure to sunshine.The team aimed to identify whether this is linked to variations in the way different parts of the body develop a tan.The team analysed the skin of 100 volunteers, who were exposed to six dose of UVB on two areas of their body their back and their buttock.The volunteers were given an injection to minimise the rush of blood that naturally occurs after the skin is exposed to sunlight within the first 24 hours.Researchers say this redness is often confused with the start of tanning, but in fact is the skin's signal that it has been damaged.After seven days, the volunteers' skin was analysed to find what colour remained after the redness had died down. This colour recognised as a suntan comes from the skin's production of melanin, a defence that blocks the skin absorbing too much harmful UVB radiation.Jonathan Rees, Professor of Dermatology at the University of Edinburgh, who led the study said: "One A consistent all-over tan may be impossible to achieve because some body areas are much more resistant to tanning than others, a study has found.第三章New findings from the Monell Center reveal that weight gain of formula-fed infants is influenced by the type of formula the infant is consuming. The findings have implications related to the infant's risk for the development of obesity, diabetes and other diseases later in life. "Events early in life have long-term consequences on health and one of the most significant influences is early growth rate," said study lead author Julie Mennella, Ph.D., a developmental psychobiologist at Monell. "We already know that formula-fed babies gain more weight thanbreast-fed babies. But we didn't know whether this was true for all types of formula."While most infant formulas are cow's milk-based, other choices include soy-based and protein hydrolysate（水解物）-based formulas. Protein hydrolysate formulas containpre-digested proteins and typically are fed to infants who cannot tolerate the intact（完整的，原封不动的）proteins in other formulas.In adults, pre-digested proteins are believed to act in the intestine（肠）to initiate（创始，发起）the end of a meal, thusleading to smaller meals and intake of fewer calories. Based on this, the authors hypothesize that infants who were feeding protein hydrolysate formulas would eat less and have an altered growth pattern relative to infants feeding cow's milk-based formula.In the study, published online in the journal Pediatrics, infants whose parents had already decided to bottle-feed were randomly assigned at two weeks of age to feed either a cow's milk-based formula (35 infants) or a protein hydrolysate formula (24 infants) for seven monthes . Both formulas contained the same amount of calories, but the hydrolysate formula had more protein, including greater amounts of small peptides（多肽类，缩氨酸）and free amino acids.Infants were weighed once each month in thelaboratory , where they also were videotaped consuming a meal of the assigned formula. The meal continued until the infant signaled that s/he was full.Over the seven months of the study, the protein hydrolysate infants gained weight at a slower rate thaninfants fed cow milk formula. Linear growth, or length, did not differ between the two groups, demonstrating that the differences in growth were specifically attributable to weight."All formulas are not alike," said Mennella. "These two formulas have the same amount of calories, but differ considerably in terms of how they influence infant growth."When the data were compared to national norms for breast-fed infants, the rate of weight gain of protein hydrolysate infants was comparable to the breast milk standards; in contrast, infants fed cow's milk formula gained weight at a greater rate than the same breast milk standards.Analysis of the laboratory meal reveals the infants fed the protein hydrolysate formula consumed less formula during the meal."One of the reasons the protein hydrolysate infants had similar growth patterns to breast-fed infants, who are the gold standard, is that they consumed less formula during afeed as compared to infants fed cow's milk formula" said Mennella. "The next question to ask is: Why do infants on cow's milk formula overfed ?"The findings highlight the need to understand the long-term influences of infant formula composition on feeding behavior, growth, and metabolic health. Future studies will utilize measures of energy metabolism and expenditure（支出，花费）to examine how the individual formulas influence growth, and how each differs from breastfeeding.第四章NASA is planning a one-way mission to Mars in a programme called‘Hundred Years Starship’ in which, a manned spacecraft will take astronauts to Mars and leave them there forever.NASA Ames Director Pete Worden revealed that one of NASA’s main research centres, Ames Research Centre, has received 1 million dollars funding to start work on the project.Washington State University researchers had said that while technically feasible, a manned mission to Mars and back is unlikely to lift off anytime soon and so, a manned one-way mission to Mars would not only cut the costs by several fold, but also mark the beginning of long-term human colonization of the planet.Mars is by far the most promising for sustained colonization and development because it is similar in many respects to Earth and, crucially, possesses a moderate surface gravity, an atmosphere, abundant water and carbon dioxide, together with a range of essential minerals.“One approach could be to send four astronauts initially, two on each of two space craft, each with a lander and sufficient supplies, to stake a single outpost on Mars. A one-way human mission to Mars would be the first step in establishing a permanent human presence on the planet,” said Dirk Schulze-Makuch, a Washington State University associate professor.Colleague Paul Davies, a physicist and cosmologist from Arizona State University, added that they aren’t suggesting that astronauts simply be abandoned on the Red Planet for the sake of science; in fact they propose a series of missions over time, sufficient to support long-term colonization. The authors proposed that the astronauts would bere-supplied on a periodic basis from Earth with basic necessities, but otherwise would be expected to become increasingly proficient at harvesting and utilizing resources available on Mars.Eventually they envision that outpost would reachself-sufficiency, and then it could serve as a hub for a greatly expanded colonization programme.First, an appropriate site for the colony would be selected, preferentially associated with a cave or some other natural shelter, as well as other nearby resources, such as water, minerals and nutrients.“Ice caves woul d go a long way to solving the needs of a settlement for water and oxygen. Mars has no ozone shield and no magnetospheric shielding, and ice caves would also provide shelter from ionizing and ultraviolet radiation,” said Schulze-Makuch.The added that in a ddition to offering humanity a “lifeboat” in the event of a mega-catastrophe on Earth, a Mars colony would provide a platform for further scientific research. Schulze-Makuch and Davies acknowledge that such a project would require not only major international cooperation, but a return to the exploration spirit andrisk-taking ethos of the great period of the Earth’s exploration.“Informal surveys conducted after lectures and conference presentations on our proposal have repeatedly shown that many people are willing to volunteer for a one-way mission,both for reasons of scientific curiosity and in a spirit of adventure and human destiny,” they wrote第五章The latest comScore data reveals that during February 2010, 43 million videos were watched on Facebook – which is a 205 percent increase on the year. Last February only 14 million videos were watched via the site.Overall online video viewing in the UK has grown by 37 percent during the last 12 months – with 5.5 billion videos watched via websites during February 2010.Google properties, mainly driven by YouTube, were still the most popular online video destinations, recording1 2.5 billion video views during February 2010, which marked a 17 percent annual increase.The BBC websites ranked second with 140 million videos viewed across its web properties during February 2010, and was followed by Megavideo, which recorded 53 million video views - during the same month.Facebook came fourth in the list, closely followed by Microsoft’s collective web properties. Channel 4 came in sixth position with 39 million videos watched during February 2010 – which was a 76 percent increase on theyear. And ITV came in eighth position recording 29 million video views – which was a 134% increase on the year. Blinkx, the popular video search engine experienced the second largest growth spurt2（急剧增长） , behind Facebook, increasing its video views by 205 per cent over the year. During February 2010, 29 million videos were viewed via the site.Sky came in 10th position, experiencing a 139 percent increase in video views, with 20 million videos watched via its sites during February 2010.The UK video market has grown substantially over the last year, with several aggregators（整合器，聚合器） entering the market, as well as the UK broadcasters increasing their own video presence. Channel 4, for instance, is concentrating on developing its own catch up service, 4oD, whilesigning syndication（辛迪加组织） deals with the likes of YouTube, and new players, likeSeeSaw3.第六章Holding a cell phone against your ear or storing it inyour pocket may be dangerous to your health. This explains a warning that cell phone manufacturers include in the small print that is often ignored when a new phone is purchased. Apple, for example, doesn’t want iPhones to come closer to you than 1.5 centimeters; Research In Motion, BlackBerry’s manufacturer, recommends 2.5 centimeters.If health issues arise from cell phone use, the possible effects are huge. Voice calls—Americans chat on cell phones 2.26 trillion(万亿) minutes annually—earn $109 billion for the wireless carriers.Devra Davis, an expert who has worked for the University of Pittsburgh, has published a book about cell phone radiation, “Disconnect”. The book surveys scientific research and concludes the question is not settled.Brain cancer is a concern that Ms. Davis examines. Over all, there has not been an increase in its incidence since cell phones arrived. But the average marks an increase in braincancer in the 20-to 29 age group and a drop for the older population.“Most cancers have multiple causes,”she says, but she points to laboratory research that suggests low-energy radiation could damage cells that could possibly lead to cancer.Children are more vulnerable to radiation than adults, Ms. Davis and other scientists point out. Radiation that penetrates only five centimeters into the brain of an adult will reach much deeper into the brains of children because their skulls are thinner and their brains contain more absorptive fluid(易吸收的液体). “No studies have yet been completed on cell phone radiation and children,”she says.Henrry Lai, a research professor in the bioengineering department at the University of Washington, began laboratory radiation studies in 1980 and found that rats exposed to radiation had damaged DNA in their brains. Ms. Davis recommends using wired headsets or the phone’s speaker. “Children should text rather than call,”she said,“and pregnant women should keep phones away from the abdomen(腹部). ”第7章The complex fracture pattern created by the earthquake in Concepción (Chile) on 27 February 2010 was to a certain extent predictable（可预言的） . GPS observations from the years before the earthquake showed the pattern of stresses that had accumulated（累积的） through the plate movements during the past 175 years in this area. The stress distribution derived from theobservations correlates（关联） highly with the subsequent fracture distribution. In all likelihood the tremor removed all the stress that had accumulated since the last earthquake in this region, which was observed by Charles Darwin in 1835. An earthquake of similar magnitude in this area is therefore unlikely in the near future. This result was presented by scientists of the GFZ German Centre for Geosciences (Helmholtz Association) in the latest edition of the scientific journal Nature (09 September 2010). "The Maule earthquake near Concepción, Chile, on the 27 Februar registered with a momentum3（势头，动量） magnitude of 8.8, makes it one of the largest earthquakes to have been recorded in its entirety via a modern network ofspace-geodetic and geophysical instruments on the ground," says Professor Onno Oncken, head of theDepartment "Geodynamics" at GFZ. "It thus offers a unique opportunity to compare detailed4observations prior to the earthquake with those taken during and after it, and tore-evaluate hypotheses regarding the predictability of such events."Measurements using the satellite navigation system GPS showed that the seafloor of the Nazca plate in the Pacific Ocean does not slide evenly under the western boundary of the South American continent. Rather, it appears from the GPS measurements that some parts of the ocean floor got locked with the subsurface（地下的） of the continent. In the gaps, however, the Nazca plate continued to push under South America. The resulting uneven5 stress pattern was released by the earthquake of the 27 February in such a way that, just like a zipper6, the locked patcheswere ruptured7（破裂的） one after the other. As a result, this seismic8gap（地震空白区） off the Chilean westcoast is now closed, one last gap remains9 in northern Chile. Here, the GFZ scientists set up a plate boundary observatory10, in order to make use of the entire range of geoscientific instruments to record the conditions before, during andafter an earthquake- an important step in understanding the processes of plate tectonics（地质构造学）.Modern Earth science may still not be able to predict the location, time and magnitude of an earthquake. But the present study offers an optimistic perspective concerning the predictability of possible fracture patterns and magnitudes of expected earthquakes.第八章UC Irvine researchers have discovered that circadian rhythms —the internal body clock —regulate fat metabolism. This helps explain why people burn fat more efficiently at certain times of day and could lead to new pharmaceuticals for obesity, diabetes and energy-related illnesses.The study was headed by Paolo Sassone-Corsi, Donald Bren Professor and chair of pharmacology. A leading expert on circadian rhythms, he discovered many of the key molecular switches governing these biological processes. He and his colleagues found that one of these, a protein called PER2, directly controls PPAR-gamma, a protein essential for lipid metabolism. Since circadian proteins are activated by 24-hour, light-dark patterns, PER2 turns onand off PPAR-gamma’s metabolic capabilities at regular intervals.“What surprised us most, though, is that PER2 targets one specific amino acid on the surface of the PPAR-gamma molecule,”Sassone-Corsi said. “This kind of specificity is very rare in cell biology, which makes it exciting, because it presents us with a singular target for drug development.”Daniele Piomelli, Louise Turner Arnold Chair in Neurosciences at UCI, and Todd Leff, associate professor of pathology at Wayne State University in Detroit, collaborated on the study, which appears this month in Cell Metabolism.Twenty-four-hour circadian rhythms regulate fundamental biological and physiological processes in almost all organisms. They anticipate environmental changes and adapt certain bodily functions to the appropriate time of day. Disruption of these cycles can profoundly influence human health and has been linked to obesity, diabetes, insomnia, depression, heart disease and cancer.Last year, Sassone-Corsi helped discover that proteins involved with circadian rhythms and metabolism areintrinsically linked and dependent upon each other to ensure that cells operate properly and remain healthy. Rajesh H. Amin and James G. Granneman of Wayne State University and UCI’s Benedetto Grimaldi, Marina Maria Bellet, Sayako Katada, Giuseppe Astarita and Jun Hirayama contributed to the current study, supported by the National Institutes of Health.9单元A UFOA UFO is the reported sighting of an object or light seen in the sky or on land,whose appearance,trajectory(轨迹),actions,motions,lights,and colors do not have a logical,conventional,or natural explanation,and which cannot be explained,not only by the original witness,but by scientists or technical experts who try to make a common sense identification after examining the evidence.UFOs (sometimes called flying saucers) became widely discussed only after the first widely publicized U.S.sighting in 1947.Many thousands of such observations have since been reported worldwide.At least 90 percent of UFO sightings can be identified as conventional objects,although time-consuming investigations are often necessary for such identification.The objects most often mistaken for UFOs are bright planets and stars,aircraft,birds,balloons,kites,aerial flares,peculiar clouds,meteors,and satellites.The remaining sightings most likely can be attributed to other mistaken sightings or to inaccurate reporting,hoaxes(恶作剧),or delusions,although to disprove all claims made about UFOsis impossible.From 1947 to 1969 the U.S.Air Force investigated UFOs as a possible threat to national security.A total of 12,618 reports was received,of which 701 reports,or 5.6 percent,were listed as unexplained.The air force concluded that “no UFO reported,investigated,and evaluated by the Air Force has ever given any indication of threat to our national security.” Since 1969 no agency of the ernment has had any active program of UFO investigation.In 1997 the U.S.Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) admitted that the itary had deceived the American public in an effort to hide information about high-altitude spy planes.These planes,the Lockheed U-2A(美国头号军火商洛克西德-马丁公司(Lockheed Martin)生产的侦察机) and the Lockheed SR-71,accounted for over half of the UFO reports during the late 1950s and 1960s.Some persons nevertheless believe that UFOs are extraterrestrial spacecraft,even though no scientifically valid evidence supports that belief.The possibility of extraterrestrial civilizations is not the stumbling block; most scientists grant that intelligent life may well exist elsewherein the universe.A fully convincing UFO photograph of a craftlike object has yet to be taken,however,and the scientific method(科学方法论) requires that highly speculative explanations should not be adopted unless all of the more ordinary explanations can be ruled out.UFO enthusiasts persist,however,and some persons even claim to have been abducted and taken aboard UFOs.No one has produced scientifically acceptable proof of these claims.10单元dreamsScientists think it will be possible to record people's dreams and then interpret them, according to a new report.They claim to have developed a system which allows them to record higher level brain activity.Dr Moran Cerf told the journal Nature: "We would like to read people's dreams."Previously the only way to access people's dreams is for psychologists to ask about them after the event and try to interpret them.Dr Cerf hopes to eventually compare people's memories of their dreams with an electronic visualisation of their brain activity.He told the BBC: "There's no clear answer as to why humans dream. And one of the questions we would like to answer is when do we actually create this dream?"The scientist believes his latest research shows that certain neurons or individual brain cells are linked with specific objects or concepts.He found that a particular neuron lit up when a volunteer thought about Marilyn Monroe.If a database was built up identifying various neurons with concepts, objects and people it would allow them to "read the subject's minds", according to Dr Cerf.However, Dr Roderick Oner, a clinical psychologist and dream expert, said that this kind of visualisation would be of limited help when it came to interpreting the "complex dream narrative".In addition to get a detailed picture of individual neurons su bjects had to have electrodes implanted deep in the brain u sing surgery.The Nature researchers used data from patients who had el ectrodes implanted to monitor and treat them for brain seizu res.However, Dr Cerf said he hoped that it would be possible at a later stage to monitor people without invasive surgery.He said it would be "wonderful" to be able to read the minds of coma patients who are unable to communicate.。

研究生英语综合教程(下)系列教材翻译参考译文[unit1-unit6]

研究生英语综合教程(下)系列教材翻译参考译文[unit1-unit6]Unit 1愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。

幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳•麦克高恩1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。

但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。

他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。

”2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会迸发出来。

对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。

实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活从此在某方面有了改善。

3诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。

这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。

创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。

在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。

更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达.4那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。

我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。

5这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面——一种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。

那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质——是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。

事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人——他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义——或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。

研究生英语读写译教程习题标准答案

研究生英语读写译教程习题标准答案————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Unit 1Keys to section A: 1. escort 2. obsessively 3. unseemly 4. baffling 5. trudged 6. simultaneously 7. punning 8. prim 9. trivial 10. ambivalenceKeys to section B:1. A. unobtrusive2. C. submissive3. D. grim4. B. misdemeanour5. C. disapprove6. D. prodigious7. C. trivial8. D. pathetic9. A. simultaneous 10. D. harryingKeys to close5. against 7. clash 10. penalty 1.torments 3. expected 9. tough 2.suspension 4. stick6. fit 8. promiseUnit 3II. V ocabulary and StructureA. 1. consensus 2. biodiversity 3. sustainable 4. transition 5. disparities.6. degradation7. stakeholders8. broker.9. ministerial 10. yieldB. 1.B in line with 2.C inception 3. A. unprecedented 4. B. pave the way for 5. B. intensification 6. D. subsistence 7. A embark on 8. B. mobilize 9.A infuse 10.A fully-fledgedIII. Cloze1. finance2. reduce3.improve4. agencies5. sustainable6. regional7. integration8. instruments9. enterprises 10. mobilizeUnit 51. obsolete2. perils3. turbulent4. stupefied5.concoction6. splinter7. nibbled8. erupt9. suffocated 10. infidelityB. Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences.1.C2.D3.A4. B5.A6. B7.C8. C9. B 10. DIII. ClozeDirections: Fill in the blanks in the following passage by selecting suitable words in proper forms from the Word Bank. You may not use any of the words more than once.1. sphere2. realm3. sacrifices4. manifestations5. exquisite6. involved7. exchange8. accomplished9. object 10. misfortuneUnit 6II V ocabulary and StructureA. 1. consumption 2. conflicted 3. assigned 4. sprawling 5. resort6. incentive7. overlooked8. undervalued9. overall 10. identifyB. 1.C 2.D 3.B. 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.DIII Cloze1. dominate2. symbol3. contrast4. populated5. finished6. tie7. connected8. exceeded9. along 10. becauseUnit 11Keys to section A:1. reconciled2. imperative3. paradox4. existence5. inherit6. formidable7. sensitive8. confess9. Incidentally 10. converselyKeys to section B:1. B2.A3. A4.B5. A6. A7. A8.D9.B 10.CIII Cloze1. partially2. linked3. positive4. increase5. impact6. management7. tolerance8. relieve9. builds 10. reactionUnit 13V ocabulary and Structure:1. insinuate2. amplify3. exploit4. detained5. misconstrued6. inherent7. predisposition8. harbor 9, accommodate 10. around the clock 1-10 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A9. C 10. D Cloze:1. declining2.brought on3. raise4. predecessors5. to5. although 7.determinant 8. flood 9. overtaxed 10. moreoverUnit 15II. V ocabulary and Structure:A. 1. formula 2. otherwise 3. recesses 4. cohesion 5. addiction6. nourish7. dispersed8. convert…into9. hitchhike 10. makes… sense.B. 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.A 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.DIII. Cloze1. dispute2. alternative3. searching for4. ethnic5. lifestyle6. on behalf of7. corruption8.opportunity9. vision 10.look forward toTranslationUnit 11.把下面的英语段落翻译成汉语。

研究生英语综合教程下册1 10单元课文翻译

研究生英语综合教程下册1 10单元课文翻译研究生英语综合教程下册1-10单元课文翻译研究生英语综合教程(下)系列教材翻译参考译文全章节unit1a愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。

幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳?麦克高恩1咫风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。

但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转型。

他们可能将都会这样说道:“我期望这事没有出现，但因为它我显得更轻松了。

(此文源自袁勇兵博客)”2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学_l的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。

对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。

实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。

这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。

创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。

在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。

更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来―甚至最终会成功发达.那些抵挡居住苦痛压制的人就是有关美好悖论的生动例子:为了尽可能地过著最出色的生活，我们所须要的不仅仅就是惬意的体会。

我们这个时代的人对美好的崇尚已经增大至只崇尚福气:一生没苦恼，没痛苦和疑惑。

这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面―种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。

那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质―是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。

事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义―或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。

研究生英语综合教程(下)课后翻译

▉5.1.They vainly tried to find out the stranger’s name.他们想查出那陌生人的姓名，却徒劳无功。
2. The infinitesimal amount of nuclear fuel required makes it possible to build power reactors in that mountainous area.
动力反应堆所需要的核燃料极少，因此可以把它建在那个山区。3. It all began in the mid-1850s, when Lowe’s experiments with balloons led him to believe in the existence of an upper stream of air that moved in an easterly direction, no matter what direction the lower currents flowed.
4.The happiness—the superior advantages of the young women round about her, gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.
译文：丽贝卡看见她周围的小姐那么有福气，享受种种优越的权利，真是说不出的妒忌。
▉▉3：1. I am a journalist, not a historian, and while this book is an effort to describe a moment in the past, it is less a work of history than of personal reminiscence and reflection. Essentially, it is an account of my own observations and experiences in wartime Washington, supplemented by material drawn from interviews and other sources. I have tried to create out of it all a portrait of the pain and struggle of a city and a government suddenly called upon to fight, and to lead other nations in fighting, the greatest war in history, but pathetically and sometimes hilariously unprepared to do so.译文：我是新闻工作者，不是历史学家，所以本书描写的虽然是过往岁月中的一刻，却称不上是一部史学著作，而仅是个人的追思。书中所写的主要是战争期间我本人在华盛顿的观察和经历，辅以采访等材料。我试图刻画一个城市和一个政府的痛苦与挣扎，这个城市和政府突然被要求参加战争，还要在战争中领导别的国家，参与的又是有史以来最伟大的战争，实在是有些措手不及，因此表现得很糟糕，有时甚至很可笑。

当代研究生英语(下)课后翻译1-7

Unit 1 Passages of human growth（1）During each of these passages, how we feel about our way of living will undergo subtle changes in four areas of perception. One is the interior sense of self in relation to others. A second is the proportion of safeness to danger we feel in our lives.A third is our perception of time—do we have plenty of it, or are we beginning to feel that time is running out? Last, there will be some shift at the gut level in our sense of aliveness or stagnation. These are the hazy sensations that compose the background tone of living and shape the decisions on which we take action.在这些变化和转折中，我们对生活方式的看法要经历四个感知方面的微妙的变化：第一，在内心中对自己和他人的看法；第二，当生活的各种威胁而所具有的安全感；第三，是我们对时间的认识，是感到来日方长，还是开始感到时日无多？最后是对自己的精力活力的直觉意识，是感到精力充沛，还是感到力不从心？这些都是在我们内心里产生的若明若暗的感觉，它们构成了我们生活的基调，影响着我们采取行动的种种决定。

（2）The tasks of this passage are of to locate ourselves in a peer group role, a sex role, an anticipated occupation, an ideology or world view. As a result, we gather the impetus to leave home physically and the identity to begin leaving home emotionally. 人生这一阶段的任务是，在同齡人中，在性别角色中，在期望的职业中，以及在思想意识和世界观方面确立的位置。

研究生英语综合教程（下）课文翻译

课文原文1‎-7 Unit 1 The Hidde‎n Side of Happi‎n ess1 Hurri‎c anes‎, house‎fires‎, cance‎r, white‎w ater‎rafti‎n g accid‎e nts, plane‎crash‎e s, vicio‎u s attac‎k s in dark alley‎w ays. Nobod‎y asks for any of it. But to their‎surpr‎i se, many peopl‎e find that endur‎i ng such a harro‎w ing ordea‎l ultim‎a tely‎chang‎e s them for the bette‎r.Their‎refra‎i n might‎go somet‎h ing like this: "I wish it hadn't happe‎n ed, but I'm a bette‎r perso‎n for it."1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失‎事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭‎歹徒袭击，没人想找上‎这些事儿。

但出人意料‎的是，很多人发现‎遭受这样一‎次痛苦的磨‎难最终会使‎他们向好的‎方面转变。

他们可能都‎会这样说:“我希望这事‎没发生，但因为它我‎变得更完美‎了。

”2 We love to hear the stori‎e s of peopl‎e who have been trans‎f orme‎d by their‎tribu‎l atio‎n s, perha‎p s becau‎s e they testi‎f y to a bona fide type of psych‎o logi‎c al truth‎, one that somet‎i mes gets lost amid endle‎s s repor‎t s of disas‎t er: There‎seems‎to be a built‎-in human‎capac‎i ty to flour‎i sh under‎the most diffi‎c ult circu‎m stan‎c es. Posit‎i ve respo‎n ses to profo‎u ndly‎distu‎r bing‎exper‎i ence‎s are not limit‎e d to the tough‎e st or the brave‎s t.In fact, rough‎l y half the peopl‎e who strug‎g le with adver‎s ity say that their‎lives‎subse‎q uent‎l y in some ways impro‎v ed.2我们都爱‎听人们经历‎苦难后发生‎转变的故事‎，可能是因为‎这些故事证‎实了一条真‎正的心理学‎上的真理，这条真理有‎时会湮没在‎无数关于灾‎难的报道中‎:在最困难的‎境况中，人所具有的‎一种内在的‎奋发向上的‎能力会进发‎出来。

当代研究生英语读写教程课文翻译

当代研究生英语读写教程课文翻译Unit One 信息空间：出入随愿美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。

我们渴求宽敞的场地，我们喜欢探索，喜欢制定规章制度，却不愿去遵守。

在当今时代，却很难找到一块空间，可以供你任意驰骋，又不必担心影响你的邻居。

确实有这样一个空间，那就是信息空间。

这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地，但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有，包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。

问题是他们都能和睦相处吗?人们是否会因为害怕孩子们躲在卧室里看网上的淫秽图片而将它封杀? 首先要解决的问题是，什么是信息空间。

我们可以抛开高速公路、前沿新领域等比喻，把信息空间看作一个巨大的庄园。

请记住，庄园是人们智慧的结晶，是合法的、人工营造的氛围，它建立在土地之上。

在庄园里，公园和商业中心、红灯区与学校、教堂与杂货店都能区分开来。

你可以用同样的方法把信息空间想像为一个巨大的、无边无际的虚拟庄园。

其中有些房产为私人拥有并已租出，有些是公共场所；有的场所适合儿童出入，而有些地方人们最好避开。

不幸的是，正是这些应该避开的地方使得人们心向神往。

这些地方教唆你如何制造炸弹、为你提供淫秽材料、告诉你如何窃取信用卡。

所有这些使信息空间听起来像是一个十分肮脏的地方。

正直的公民纷纷作出这样的结论：最好对它严加管理。

但是，在利用规章制度来反击下流之举之前，关键是从根本上理解信息空间的性质。

恶棍并不能在信息空间抢走毫无提防之心的儿童；信息空间也不像一台巨大的电视机，向不情愿的观众播放令人作呕的节目。

在信息空间这座庄园里，用户对他们所去之处、所见所闻、所做所为都要作出选择，一切都出于自愿。

换句话说，信息空间是个出入自便的地方，实际上，信息空间里有很多可去之处。

人们不能盲目上网，必须带着具体的目标上网。

这意味着人们可以选择去哪个网址、看什么内容。

不错，规章制度应该在群体内得以实施，但这些规章制度必须由信息空间内各个群体自己来制定，而不是由法庭或华盛顿的政客们来制定。

大学英语新视野读写教程2banked closed译文

大学英语新视野读写教程2banked closed译文Unit1Tet A An IMPRESSIVE Englih leon课文A一堂难忘的英语课If I am the only parent who till correct hi child' Englih, then perhap my on i right。

如果我是唯一一个还在纠正小孩英语的家长，那么我儿子也许是对的。

To him, I am a tediou oddity: 对他而言，我是一个乏味的怪物：a father he i obliged to liten to and a man aborbed in the rule of grammar, which my on eem allergic to。

一个他不得不听其教诲的父亲，一个还沉湎于语法规则的人，对此我儿子似乎颇为反感。

I think I got eriou about thi only recently when I ran into one of my former tudent, freh from an ecurion to Europe。

我觉得我是在最近偶遇我以前的一位学生时，才开始对这个问题认真起来的。

这个学生刚从欧洲旅游回来。

How wa it I aked, full of earnet anticipation。

我满怀着诚挚期待问她：“欧洲之行如何？”她点了三四下头，绞尽脑汁，苦苦寻找恰当的词语，然后惊呼：It wa, like, whoa! "真是，哇！”And that wa it。

The civilization of Greece and the glory of Roman architecture were captured in a condened non-tatement。

没了。

所有希腊文明和罗马建筑的辉煌居然囊括于一个浓缩的、不完整的语句之中！My tudent' whoa! wa eceeded only by my head-haking ditre。