英语专业毕业论文翻译类论文
英语专业翻译方向毕业论文
英语专业翻译方向毕业论文英语专业翻译方向毕业论文在当今全球化的时代背景下，英语专业翻译方向的毕业论文成为了英语专业学生不可或缺的一部分。
这篇文章将探讨英语专业翻译方向毕业论文的重要性、选题方法以及写作技巧。
首先，英语专业翻译方向的毕业论文对于学生的专业素养和实践能力的培养具有重要意义。
通过撰写毕业论文，学生可以深入研究翻译理论和实践，提高自己的翻译能力。
同时，毕业论文也是学生展示自己专业知识和研究成果的重要机会，对于未来的职业发展具有积极的影响。
其次，选择一个合适的论文题目是写作的第一步。
在选择论文题目时，学生可以根据自己的兴趣和专业方向进行选择。
例如，可以选择研究某个具体领域的翻译问题，如文学翻译、商务翻译或法律翻译等。
此外，学生还可以选择研究翻译理论或翻译实践中的某个具体问题，如翻译策略、翻译质量评估等。
无论选择何种题目，都需要确保论文的研究问题具有一定的深度和独创性。
在写作过程中，学生需要遵循一定的写作技巧。
首先，要进行充分的文献综述，了解已有的研究成果和学术观点。
通过阅读相关文献，可以帮助学生深入了解论文的研究背景和理论框架。
其次，要进行合理的研究设计和方法选择。
根据论文的研究目的和问题，学生可以选择不同的研究方法，如实证研究、实证研究或文献分析等。
在选择研究方法时，需要考虑方法的可行性和适用性。
最后，要进行严谨的数据分析和结论归纳。
通过对研究数据的分析和解释，学生可以得出科学合理的结论，并对研究问题进行深入的思考和讨论。
除了以上的写作技巧，学生还可以借鉴一些写作范例和指导。
例如，可以阅读一些优秀的毕业论文，了解其结构和写作风格。
此外，学生还可以参考一些学术写作指南，如《英语论文写作指南》等，了解学术写作的基本规范和要求。
通过学习和模仿优秀的写作范例，可以提高自己的写作水平和表达能力。
总之，英语专业翻译方向的毕业论文对于学生的专业素养和实践能力的培养具有重要意义。
选择一个合适的论文题目、遵循一定的写作技巧以及借鉴一些写作范例和指导，都是撰写一篇优秀毕业论文的关键。
英语专业论文(5篇)
英语专业论文(5篇)英语专业论文(5篇)英语专业论文范文第1篇1.专业老师英语教学阅历不足，教学热忱不高。
国内大多数高校的专业英语老师始终由本专业老师担当，专业老师一般是非师范类院校毕业，虽然专业功底深厚，但英语教学技巧与水平有限，教学仅停留在专业英语课文阅读与重点句子翻译层面。
老师过分注意科研，忽视教学，没有全身心地投入教学，教学责任心不强，老师在专业英语教学上应付了事，教学质量差。
目前，专业英语老师采纳的教学方法多是传统的"一言堂、填鸭式'教学模式，缺少吸取新学问、提高学术水平的热忱和动力。
2.同学英语水平参差不齐，学习爱好不高。
国内农业院校绝大多数同学英语基础相对较差，英语水平参差不齐，英语基础差的同学学习专业英语很吃力，再加上对专业英语的重要性熟悉不够，学习爱好不高，简单产生厌倦心情。
有的同学专业词汇功底浅，很少并且很难进行外文资料的翻译和阅读，不能够准时猎取国际性的本专业的最新讨论动态。
3.教学内容设置不合理，教学形式平凡。
当前，各院校开设的园艺专业英语课程与综合性学术英语之间缺乏连接性，英语课程大多围绕专业英语词汇及文章内容的讲解，这种教学内容设置忽视了对同学专业英语技能层面和语言层面力量的综合培育。
各高校所用的教材主要有自选原版英文教材和自行选编教材两种形式，自编教材内容编排过于古板、陈旧，还有的教材内容难度偏高或者涉及的专业内容过于简洁，不能满意专业要求。
再有，各高校通常采纳传统的"填鸭式'教学模式，偏重于老师的讲解，教学内容枯燥，教学形式单一，忽视了同学的主动性和制造性，同学学习的乐观性不高，同学只是被动接受学问。
这种教学形式比较死板，同学无法参加到教学过程中，扼杀了同学的学习爱好与英语语感的培育，最终导致我国专业英语缺乏创新性的局面。
二、本项园艺专业英语教学改革特色与成效在园艺专业英语教学实践中尝试了一系列园艺专业英语教学改革并取得了肯定成效，详细改革如下。
英语专业全英毕业论文(汉英公示语翻译)
本科毕业论文题目：On English Translation of ChinesePublic Signs 院（系）：外语系班级：英语级班姓名：学号：指导教师：教师职称：汉英公示语的翻译摘要公示语向来被称作“城市的脸孔"，是给所有到中国来的外国人士留下第一印象的中国名片。
然而，公示语翻译的错误比比皆是，这大大影响了公示语作用的发挥，削弱了我国的国际形象。
为了树立我国良好的国际形象，不断规范和完善城市公示语的翻译成为了一项亟待完成的工作。
基于以上原因，作者尝试从理论和实践的角度分析现今汉英公示语翻译中所存在的一些问题。
通过对大量标准以及问题公示语翻译的深入观察分析，作者对公示语的一般特征进行了总结并对公示语翻译中出现的问题进行了分类，从而在实践观察和对相关理论深入研究的基础上提出相应的翻译策略。
翻译并不仅仅是跨语言行为，它更是一种文化信息的传递。
公示语的翻译同样如此。
得体的公示语翻译不仅在语言上要无懈可击，在文化信息传递上也要雅俗共赏。
本文还对公示语的概念做出了解释，并根据目的需求与功能两种标准对公示语做了分类。
在介绍公示语的特征时，作者将其分为语言特征与功能特征，特征与分类不同，也决定了需要采取不同的翻译策略。
关键词：汉英翻译；公示语；问题；翻译策略On English Translation of Chinese PublicSignsAbstractPublic signs, which have alway s been referred to “face of city”, are the first impression of China for the people who come to China. However, the ubiquitous translation mistakes of public signs greatly undermine the international image of China. So,specificating and constantly perfecting the translation of public signs have become an urgent work in order to establish a good international image.The paper ventures an attempt to analyze the current problems existing in the C-E translation of public signs and to seek proper translational strategies both from the perspectives of theory and practice．By closely observing numerous samples of both standard and problematic translation of signs，the author manages to generalize the characteristics of public signs and to categorize the problems and mistakes in the current C-E translation of public signs．Then, proper translational strategies are proposed on the basis of in-depth study of relevant theories and keen observation of practice．Translation is not merely a cross-linguistic activity, but more of a transmission of cultural information．The translation of public signs is no exception．An appropriate translation of public sign should not only belinguistically correct, but also culturally acceptable．This paper expresses the meaning of the public signs and classify the signs according to the standards of objective demand and function. And the characteristics of the public signs are different studied from linguistic features and functional features,which determines to adopt different translation strategies.Key words: Chinese-English translation public sign problems translation strategyContents摘要 (I)Abstract (II)CHAPTER I Introduction (1)1.1 O bjective of the study (1)1.2 Significance of the study (1)1.3 Structure of the paper (2)CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs (3)2.1 Definition of Public Signs (3)2.2 Functions of Public Signs (3)2.2.1 Directing function (4)2.2.2 Prompting function (4)2.2.3 Restricting function (4)2.2.4 Compelling function (5)CHAPTER III Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation of Public Signs (6)3.1 Linguistic translation problems (6)3.1.1 Spelling errors (6)3.1.2 Grammatical errors (6)3.1.3 Wrong dictions (7)3.2 Cultural translation problems (7)CHAPTER IV Strategies of C-E Public Signs Translation and Requirementfor Translator (9)4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public Signs (9)4.1.1 Clearness (9)4.1.2 Conciseness (10)4.1.3 Simple words (10)4.2 Methods of C-E translation of Public S igns (11)4.2.1 Modification (11)4.2.2 Addition (11)4.2.3 Omission (12)4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negativee xpressions (13)4.3 Requirement for the t ranslators (13)CHAPTER V Conclusion (15)Acknowledgements (16)Works Cited (17)CHAPTER I Introduction1.1Objective of the studyThe research objective of the study is to examine the translation problems in the Chinese-English public signs translation and further propose the translation strategies as well as principles suitable for specific groups.The studies begin with the careful and long period of observation of the problems existing in the public signs translation. On the basis of the classification of the translation errors proposed by Christiane Nord, the author aims at the most appropriate translation strategies for each type. With the examination of sufficient sources, the author finds that it is not difficult to eliminate the errors at linguistic level since the text of the public signs is less complex than documentary and other instrumental texts due to its conciseness and directness features (Ni 18).1.2 Significance of the studyPublic S igns affect people’s life in a tremendous way. When somebody smokes, it is the public sign that stops him. In fascinating and mysterious spots where we have never been to, it is the public sign that teaches us related knowledge. Foreign visitors from all walks of life，such as entrepreneurs，professors，students and tourists come to China for various purposes．But for most of them，they know little about Chinese．In this case，it is necessary to translate Chinese public signs into English for the convenience of these foreign visitors．In this case, a proper translation helps establish a good image of China and enhance the cultural communication.1.3 Structure of the paperThe paper is structured with five chapters：The first chapter is a general introduction to the thesis, including the objective of the study, the structure of the thesis and the significance of the study. The second chapter makes a general introduction to public sign, including the definition and functions of public sign. The third chapter focuses on the problems of C-E translation of public signs from linguistics and cultural perspectives. The fourth chapter deals with translation strategies of C-E public signs in connection with principles, methods and the standardization for the translators, including modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions. And the fifth chapter draws a conclusion to the paper，in which the author appeals for translators and scholars to make contributions to the C-E translation of public signs．CHAPTER II General Introduction to Public Signs2.1 Definition of Public SignsPublic Signs，which are usually called“signs”，include public notices，advertisements，slogans and expressions on the public signs．Public signs refer to “signs” in English and are defined in different ways.Ac cording to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(1997)，a sign is a piece of paper, metal, or wood with words or a picture that gives information，warnings，or instructions.In that sense, public sign is the general terms for indicators，signs，traffic signs, posters, slogans, warning, short notices，short instructions，stickers，and are becoming the catch word and the buzzword．All in all, public signs are so widely used and played important roles in our daily life.2.2 Functions of Public SignsPublic signs are essential to the normal operation of the society and their influence is also visible in almost every aspect of our daily life．Sometimes，we have to admit that our lives cannot do without the proper guidance that public signs provide to us．However, what usually happens is that we are prone to be bewildered by various public signs and the enormous information they convey to us．Therefore, it would be necessary to classify the public signs in terms of their functions as well as the status of information that they deliver．2.2.1 Directing functionDirecting is the most basic function of public signs, t his type of public signs is used to give readers related information about what the institution is，what it deals with and what kind of service it can provide．For example:Take Away(外卖)，Gas Station(加油站),Emergency Exit(紧急出口),Business Hours(营业时间)，Pause(暂停)，Menu(菜单)，Airport Security(机场安检).From the examples above we may tell that the language and the tone of these public signs are generally neutral，reflecting no attitude towards receptors．Therefore，public signs of this kind are purely informative rather than vocative．2.2.2 Prompting functionPromoting signs are similar to the directive ones in their informative function. While the difference is the former ．carries the tone of warning，reminding the readers to pay some attention to certain things or activities．For example：Keep Clear(请保持清洁), Keep Silence(请保持安静),Wet Paint(油漆未干)，Fully Booked(客满)，Beware of Pickpockets(小心扒手)，Maximum Height(限高).2.2.3 Restricting functionPublic Signs with restricting function impose restriction or even prohibition on receptors.The language used in this kind of signs are simple and direct but are not in rude，tough or impolite way．We can list some of them as following：Pay In Cash(现金支付),Slow Out(减速慢行),Keep Silence(保持安静),30 Minutes Parking(限停30分钟),Seat By Number(对号入座), Stand In Line(排队等候).2.2.4 Compelling functionCompelling function is the strongest considerable mood.It is used to prohibit the readers to do something or must do something.The language used is usually forceful，with no possibility of making a compromise．The sign with this function which we mostly often see is“No Smoking禁止吸烟”，that is to say that smoking iscompletely forbidden．Imperative sentence is not enough to express this strong mood，usually, we use“No+…”form，for example，“No Food禁止携带食物”．More examples：Don’t Touch(禁止触摸),No Cameras(禁止拍照)，No Visitors(游客止步),No Trucks(卡车禁止通行),Dogs Not Allowed(禁止带狗入内).Translation of the public signs, translators not only need to grasp their function features since we use different mood to express different function,but also should keep their language features in mind during the translating.CHAPTER III Analysis on Problems in C-E Translation ofPublic Signs3.1 Linguistic translation problemsLinguistic translation errors are often due to deficiencies in the translator's source or target language competence (Nord 77).And in his book Pragmatics and English Language He Ziran explained that by making linguistic errors，the translators and interpreters fail to conform to the target language structures，instead they blindly translate the source text in their own language structures(157).Professor Wang Yinquan, classifies linguistic translation errors into: spelling mistakes, grammar mistakes and wrong diction (32).3.1.1 Spelling errorsSpelling errors are typical translation problems in bilingual public signs. The reasons for this type of errors attribute to the three factors: the incompetent language acquisition, the laziness of the translator when writing, the uncertainty of the correct spelling, among which the third type is most difficult to be identified. For example: 3.1.2 Grammatical errorsApart from spelling mistakes，many grammatical errors also occur in the translated signs．These errors appear in various forms，most of which result from the translator’s poor command of the English language or irresponsible working attitude．As a result，the translated public signs cannot be of any help to the target readers．Sometimes they may do damage the image of our city．For example: 室内停车场(Car Park)—It may be apparent to tell that the translator intends to use the word“park”as a noun to express the meaning of parking place for automobiles．However, as a noun the word actually means a public place wherepeople can entertain themselves with the landscape or public facilities in it．Therefore, it will be advisable to use the gerund form of the word “park”and translate it as“Indoor Parking”．3.1.3 Wrong dictionsWrong Dictions occur when t he translator doesn’t make right choices of words in the target culture that will lead to unsuccessful expression of the correct information to the target text receivers. In fact, many English words have more than one meaning. Sometimes one word used to describe the source culture may not be applicable in another situation and the diction is conditioned. The words chosen for each text might vary according to different semantic and syntactic features in different situations. For example:请勿采摘花朵--Please Don’t Pick Flowers. Here use“pick”to describe the gesture. In fact, there is a variety of expression in English corresponding with “摘”, of which one of the expressions is “pick”. But in the given circumstances, “pick”doesn’t equate with “摘”. “Pick”means to select among a variety of choices, but here the sender wants to persuade people not to pluck the flowers. The error is due to the confusion about the seemingly identical usage of one word.3.2 Cultural translation problemsAs we all know, people in different cultures may view the same thing in different ways and differ in the perspective of cognition．At the same time，they express the same idea in different way．As far as Chinese and English are concerned, culture differences are tremendous．Translation breaks down language barriers and thus realizes communication between cultures using different languages. In this sense, target readers approach to people of source culture whose beliefs, backgrounds, perception of the world are distinct from their own.For example:古装照相It is ancient to pack photo“古装照相”is a typical Chinese term. In English, people don’t have the correspondent term. According to the public signs translation convention, the signs which are composed of Chinese noun phrases are expected to have the same structure in English version, so the sentence is not correct in terms of the sentence structure. Also concerning the meaning of the sentence, it is wrongly translated that the foreigners can’t get the message which leads to the pragmatic failure of the assumed function. The correct version should be “Photos in ancient costume”.CHAPTER IV Strategies for C-E Public Signs Translation4.1 Principles of C-E translation of Public SignsAs we know, different functions need different language forms to convey and each language style possesses its special principles.Ni Chuanbin and Liu Zhi analyze the language principles of public signs in their essay“The Principles for C-E Translation of Public Signs and its Cases Study”，published in Shanghai Journal of Translators for Science and Technology(18)．Firstly, the signs are on a board，so the language on the signs should be in concise way due to the comparatively small space．Secondly, some public signs must draw the public’s attention at the first sight and the readers can catch its meaning very quickly and correctly, especially the traffic signs，such as“Abrupt Turn Left Ahead前方急转弯”，the applied words should be simple ones instead of rare ones．At last，the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to read，the sign is set without ambiguity. So we can know the principles in details as following:4.1.1 ClearnessDue to the short time the target reader can spend on reading the signs the meaning of the signs should be clear and easy to be understood．As the target readers are the common people who have little knowledge related to the concerned topic，the signs should directly hit the point and there should exist no vagueness．“严禁客货混装Don’t put passengers and cargos together”. It is hazy and not clearness. So the sign“严禁客货混装”should be translated into“No passengers on Trucks”．The signs are set for the public and not every reader is professional，therefore when we translate signs，we should hit the point directly and clearly and should notjust talk around the bush.4.1.2 ConcisenessAccording to William Strunk，Jr．and E．B．White in 1979(Joan Pinkham)：“Vigorous writing is concise．A sentence should contain no unnecessary words，a paragraph no unnecessary sentences，for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts．”It is also true of language of public signs．Usually, the readers for public signs just give a quick look at the board with signs on when they pass by．So the language on it need not be in a complete sentence，a phrase or just a word is enough，for example，“No Smoking禁止吸烟”，“Open正在营业”，we need not use sentences“Please do not smoke”an“We are on business”.4.1.3 Simple wordsPublic Signs are set for the public，target readers of this kind of materials are ordinary people，not only the native English speakers，but also other foreigners who know a little English and English is not his mother language，and target readers also include overseas Chinese who is not a English native speaker．If the English version is full of rare words and expression，it will cause a pragmatic failure of communication for public signs．There is always a small restaurant at the airport to provide fast food for the passengers，the English tablet should be“Snacks”instead of“Refection”，the later one is not often be used nowadays and we cannot find it in the dictionaries published in recent years．Take all another example，“景区环境卫生，需要您的维护”，should we translate it into“Environmental Sanitation of the Scenic Spot Needs Your Conserve”? The words“sanitation”and“environmental”are not familial words for the public，we had better use“Keep Clear”or“No Littering”．From the above，in order to make target readers catch the meaning at first glance，we should use the concise，clear, simple words and expressions in C-E translation of public signs．4.2 Strategies of C-E translation of Public Signs4.2.1 ModificationGenerally speaking, it is always the case that the reader in the culture of the target language may not share the cultural background of the source language．Therefore，when dealing with culture-loaded words and idioms，the translator sometimes has to make cultural modification so as to generate the same feedback from the target text reader with that of the source text reader, and as for the translation of public signs, it is no exception．For examples：西湖的虎跑泉—Tiger Running Spring, in this public sign,the translator obviously take the actual meaning of the sign for granted by translating the word“虎跑”as“tiger running”which means that a tiger runs for the spring．4.2.2 AdditionSome public signs，especially signs at scenic spots，tend to include dynasties，legends or other cultural elements，while most foreign visitors lack the background knowledge of China．If the public signs are translated literally, the English versions may confuse the target readers．Thus we should adopt the translation strategy of addition to supply necessary information on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original public signs．For example：谢绝游客入内Closed To Visitors禁止在墙上涂写No Scribbling On The Wall4.2.3 OmissionDue to different aesthetic standards and cultures，Chinese writing tends to include flowery words，four-word phrases or some culture elements which are special to the Chinese culture．However, English writing pursues clear and simple expressions．In How to Help Foreigners Know China，Duan Liancheng holds a view that with the development of tourism in recent years，large numbers of brochures pamphlets and pictorials have been published for foreign tourists．A common weakness of these materials is full of flowery words and cultural elements of China which may confuse the target readers (Duan 286). So the translator should omit some adjectives or cultural elements which may pose barriers to the target readers．Then the English version will be easily understood by them．For example：1.Source Text：慢速行驶Version A：You must drive slowly．Version B：Drive slowly2.Source Text：前方学校Version A：There is a school ahead．Version B：School Ahead4.2.4 Mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressionsMutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions is a common strategy in translating the text of one language to the other．It is especially useful for transcending the translational difficulties due to different ways or habits of expressing ideas in Chinese and English．In translating public signs，mutual transformation of affirmative and negativeexpressions is necessary as well．In western countries especially in English—speaking countries，people tend to avoid using negative expressions in public literatures as much as possible in case that unpleasant emotion or feeling would be aroused on the part of the receptor．However, because of the difference in cultural values,negative expressions are more frequently used in Chinese public signs．Therefore，according to the theory of cultural translation, we should adopt the translational method of“Domestication”．For example: “社会车辆禁止入内”，it is a kind of negative expression in Chinese language. While it should be translated into “Staff Only” in English, it is affirmative.4.3 Requirement for the translatorsThe C-E translation of public signs is by no means an easy job and it requires that a translator be serious and accountable in attitude, and proficient in both the source and the target languages at the same time．A good translator should always bear in mind the features and characteristics of public signs.Only if the translators acquire the expertise in the source and target languages as well as the source and target cultures can they produce qualified versions. In addition, as for the making process of signs, the local governments should choose reliable and efficient sign-making units by means of bidding to undertake the job.And the translation should be tested in the foreigners to ensure the acceptability.Then a supervision organization in charge of public signs should be established to make sure that some common English versions are accurate and unified.CHAPTER V ConclusionBased on the previous discussions and analyses, the major findings of this study can be summarized as follow:Firstly, the linguistic translation problems account for the reasons for spelling, grammatical and wrong dictions problems. Translators should improve their language acquisition in dealing with the problems.Secondly, as to cultural problems, the translators are advised to adopt communicative translation. To be more specific, the translation strategies are adaptation, restructuring, semi-literal translation, etc.Thirdly, the C-E translation involves the principles and the methods. The principles include three points of clearness, conciseness and simple words. The translation takes place in a given situation or in another sense, the methods of C-E translation of public signs should be divided into four: modification, addition, omission and mutual transformation of affirmative and negative expressions.Actually, the problems of the translation of public signs are far more complicated than the thesis．The problems that have been discussed and proposed with strategies to are just a tiny tip of the whole iceberg．With the development of the society, it is sure that more and more public signs will come out by taking various forms，and new problems in translating them will turn up．Therefore，the classification of public signs and mistranslation, as well as the strategies for the betterment of the current status of sign translation, although the author attempts to let them be, are not all-inclusive and universally accurate. It is a long and hard way for us to go.AcknowledgementsI would like to express my heartfelt thanks to those who offered me their sincere support and encouragement in the process of my thesis writing．First of all, I’d like to give my sincere thanks to my teacher, Kangbing. She has given me valuable instructions on my study. Whenever I need her help, she always enthusiastically offers me. During the process of the completion of the thesis, from the researches chosen to be analyzed to the final composition, her patient and helpful instructions have benefited me a great deal. Her strict requirements have enabled me to learn how to do research work, and her kind encouragement have been supporting me to the end.Second, my true thanks also go to all the teachers who guide me in the field of business English.Finally, my family and friends give me great encouragement and support during the composition of the thesis. I’d like to send them my heartfelt thanks too.Work CitedBaker, Mona. Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004：104.Nida, Eugene A.&C. R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation[M]. Leiden:E.J. Brill, 1969：89-97.Nord, Christiane. Translating as a Purposeful Activity[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：77.Pinkham John．The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish[M]．Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000：99.Snell-Hornby, Marry. Translation Studies: an Integrated Approach[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：267-271.Wilss，Wolfman．The Science of Translation-Problems and Methods[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001：125.包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 2002:78-86. 陈定安.英汉比较与翻译[M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1988:271-275. 陈淑莹.标示语英译的语用失误探析[J]. 四川外语学院学报, 2006 ,1:117-120.戴宗显, 吕和发. 公示语汉英翻译研究---以2012年奥运会主办城市伦敦为例[J]. 中国翻译, 2005,6:38-42.何自然．语用学概论[M]．长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988:157.赖少华.浅谈公示语的翻译现状及对策----以广州地铁站公示语翻译为例[J].湖北广播电视大学学报, 2009,6:112-112.吕和发, 单丽平.汉英公示语词典[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2004:38．.倪传斌，刘治．标记语的英译原则及实例分析[J]．上海科技翻译, 1998,2:18-20.单爱民.谈英语公示用语的语言特点与汉英翻译[J]. 北京第二外国语学院学报, 2002,5:76-79.王晓娟. 从功能理论看公示语翻译---以南京城市公示语为例[J]. 湖北经济学院学报:人文社会科学版, 2008,4:119-120.。
毕业论文英语翻译及原文
=H（ - ）（1）
respectively, the expression can be easily gained as follows
Then, the relation equation between the two baseline vectors is expressedas
There are two steps in the GPS observation data processing course. They are baseline calculationand network adjustment. The baseline vectors in WGS-84 can be firstly got using baseline calculation.Secondly, the baseline vector transformation from WGS-84 to the station orthogonal coordinatesystem can be done with (3). At last, the adjustment of GPS deformatihestation orthogonal coordinate system can be successfully finished.
If the position vector of the station orthogonal coordinate system originP0inWGS-84 isexpressed as = , according to thegeodetic latitude and longitude（ ， ）, theposition vector
英语专业毕业论文翻译选题
英语专业毕业论文翻译选题英语专业毕业论文翻译选题在英语专业的学习过程中，毕业论文是一项重要的任务。
选择一个合适的翻译选题对于论文的成功完成至关重要。
本文将探讨如何选择一个合适的翻译选题，并提供一些示例供参考。
首先，选择一个自己感兴趣的翻译选题是非常重要的。
对于大多数学生来说，毕业论文是他们在大学期间最重要的研究项目之一。
如果选择一个自己感兴趣的翻译选题，将会更容易保持动力和激情，从而更好地完成论文。
例如，如果你对文学翻译感兴趣，可以选择一个经典小说或诗歌的翻译问题作为选题。
如果你对商务翻译感兴趣，可以选择一个与国际贸易相关的翻译选题。
其次，选择一个有研究价值的翻译选题也是很重要的。
一个有研究价值的翻译选题可以为相关领域的研究做出贡献，并为学术界提供新的见解。
例如，你可以选择一个在翻译理论方面存在争议的问题，并进行深入研究和分析。
或者，你可以选择一个在实践中普遍存在的翻译问题，并提出解决方案。
无论选择哪种方式，都要确保你的研究能够为学术界提供新的观点和见解。
此外，选择一个符合自己能力和资源的翻译选题也是很重要的。
在选择翻译选题时，要考虑自己的语言能力、研究方法和资源。
如果你的语言能力有限，选择一个相对简单的翻译选题可能更合适。
如果你对定量研究方法不熟悉，选择一个适合定性研究方法的翻译选题可能更合适。
此外，还要考虑你可以获得的资源，如书籍、文献、数据等。
选择一个符合自己能力和资源的翻译选题将有助于你更好地完成论文。
最后，选择一个与当前翻译行业相关的翻译选题也是很重要的。
随着全球化的发展，翻译行业正变得越来越重要。
选择一个与当前翻译行业相关的翻译选题将有助于你了解行业的最新发展和趋势。
例如，你可以选择一个与机器翻译或自然语言处理相关的翻译选题，以了解这些新技术对翻译行业的影响。
或者，你可以选择一个与跨文化沟通或语言服务行业相关的翻译选题，以了解这些领域的最新研究和实践。
综上所述，选择一个合适的翻译选题对于英语专业毕业论文的成功完成非常重要。
英语专业翻译方向论文
Yibin University本科生毕业论文题目在翻译目的论指导下英语介词的汉译研究院别外国语学院____________ 专业英语_______________学生姓名简汝梦______________ 学号 110405034 班级 2011 级 5 班指导教师徐文英职称讲师_____教务处制表年月日Study on the Translation Strategies of English Prepositions Based on SkoposTheoryJian Rumeng简汝梦SupervisorXu WenyingAn Essay Submitted as a Partial Requirement forthe Degree of B. A. in EnglishSchool of Foreign LanguagesYibin UniversityMay, 201×在翻译目的论指导下英语介词的汉译研究摘要：英语是一种介词的语言，英语介词使用频率高，搭配能力强，含义灵活，因此在翻译中是比较难以处理的一种词类。
在翻译时需要从其基本含义出发，密切联系上下文灵活处理。
翻译目的论以人类行为理论为指导，把翻译置于人类行为理论的范畴研究。
目的论论者认为翻译是有明确的目的和意图，在译者的作用下，以原文文本为基础的跨文化的人类交际活动。
目的论以文本目的为翻译过程的第一准则，认为翻译是一种有目的的活动，目的决定了译者需要采用何种翻译策略和方法。
因此，不难看出翻译目的论与英语介词的翻译有着千丝万缕的联系，目的论的提出无疑为英语介词的汉译提供了可靠的指导。
本文拟从目的论的角度对英语介词的汉译策略进行探讨，希望能在一定程度上证明目的论对英语介词翻译的实用性。
关键词：英语介词；翻译；目的论Study on the Translation Strategies of English Prepositions Based on SkoposTheoryAbstractEnglish is a language of English prepositions which are used frequently. With flexible meanings and usages, thus they are difficult to deal with in translation. When translating them, we need to proceed from its basic meaning, in close contact with the context of flexible processing. Skopos Theory regards human behavior theory as the instruction, and put translation a study of under it. The Skopos theory professors view that translation, in the role of the translator, is a cross-cultural human communication activities with clear purpose and intention based on the original text. Skopos Theory takes text purpose as the first criteria in the process of translation and holds that translation is a purposeful activity, which determines what translation strategies and methods the translator needs. It’The emergence of Skopos theory undoubtedly provided reliable guidance for the translation of English prepositions. This paper is going to discuss the translation strategies of English prepositions from the perspective of Skopos Theory, and hopes to demonstrate the applicability of Skopos theory guiding the translation of English prepositions in a certain extent.key words: English prepositions; translation; Skopos theoryAcknowledgmentsMy deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor ×××, my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.Content摘要 (i)Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i i Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... i ii Ⅰ. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... - 1 - Ⅱ. A Brief Review of Skopos Theory ..................................................................................... - 2 - A． The Development of Skopos Theory .......................................................................... - 2 -B. The Concept of Skopos Theory ...................................................................................... - 4 -1. The Definition of Skopos Theory ............................................................................... - 4 -2. Three Rules of Skopos Theory ................................................................................... - 6 -3. The Applicability of Skopos Theory of Translation of English Prepositions ............... - 7 -C. Remarks on skopos theory ............................................................................................ - 8 - Ⅲ. A Brief Review of English Prepositions ......................................................................... - 11 -A. The Concept of English Prepositions ........................................................................... - 11 -B. The Features of English Prepositions .......................................................................... - 11 -C. The Applicability of Skopos Theory of Translation of English Prepositions ................ - 12 - Ⅳ The Translation Strategies of English Prepositions in the Light of Skopos Theory ......... - 14 -A. Necessary Addition of Words ...................................................................................... - 14 -B. Necessary Omission of Words ..................................................................................... - 16 -C. Mutual Transformation of Affirmative and Negative Expression ............................... - 18 -D. Translation of Division................................................................................................. - 19 -E. Conversion of Parts of Speech .................................................................................... - 21 -1. Convert Prepositions into Connectives ................................................................... - 21 -2. Convert Prepositions into Adjectives and Adverbs................................................. - 22 -3. Convert Prepositions into Verbs.............................................................................. - 22 - V. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... - 26 - Works Cited ......................................................................................................................... - 27 -Ⅰ. IntroductionAs times pass, with China’s entering to WTO, Chinese and English seem to be equally important in the world, so the mutual transformation of the two languages is becoming a more and more important task for us. Here "one language transform into other" is called the mutual translation. In English, the number of English preposition is not large, but the constitution prepositional phrases in English can be seen here and there. They are versatile and with flexible position; play an important role in a sentence. So, it is very important for the correct translation of English prepositions, worthy of further research and analysis. However, the English prepositions’ flexible characteristic has brought a huge challenge to the translator. In this case, the translation of English prepositions must jump out the principle of simple language equivalence model and seek new development. The emergence of Skopos theory undoubtedly provides effective guidance for the translation of English prepositions. Skopos Theory takes text purpose as the first criteria in the process of translation and holds that translation is a purposeful activity,which determines what translation strategies and methods the translator needs, namely "purposeful determinism". Therefore, if the translator can skilled grasp the purpose of translation and the translation method, it can translate high quality version. In view of this, this paper is going to discuss the translation strategies of English prepositions from the perspective of Skopos Theory, for the hope to help the translator better understand the features and functions of English prepositions, and provides guidance for translators in the Chinese translation of English prepositions, also hope to demonstrate the applicability of Skopos theory guiding the translation of English prepositions in a certain extent.Ⅱ. A Brief Review of Skopos TheoryThroughout the history of translation, people were constantly showing deliberation and exploration over many problems in translation, thus formulated different translation theories and study schools, various translation theories competing and exhibiting, provided new perspective for translation studies. From the beginning of the mid twentieth Century, western studies on translation theory has made great breakthrough. Theorists begin to interpret translation phenomena from point of views of hermeneutics, deconstruction, post colonialism, feminism, discourse right, aesthetics of reception, and reader response theory, etc. leading the emergence of manipulation, polysystem and functionalist and other fractions. Among them, the fundamental theory of functional translation theory is Skopos theory. (Tang 159) The immediate background of skopos theory is action theory. Before, translation had been seen mainly as a code-switching procedure. With the pragmatic turn both in linguistics (leading to a pragmatics-based text theory) and literary theory (leading to reception aesthetics) as well as in communication theory in mind, Vermeer and the other skopos scholars, started to view translation as a purposeful intercultural communicative activity between individuals instead of something that is done to a text by a translator. “The social background was the growing need for professional translators and interpreters not only in industry and commerce but also in the international organizations established after World War II.” (Bian 44) As a core theory of functionalist, it is a new translation theory developed by a German translator and critic, Han Vermeer. This theory basically belongs to the external studies on translation, it focuses on the choice of purposes during the process of translation, so on doubt can compensate for the lack of traditional translation theory study, thus adding a new research perspective for the exploration to interdisciplinary translation.A． The Development of Skopos TheoryEmerge in an endless stream of Chinese and foreign translation theories, most of which take translation as linguistic behavior, the study focused on the language itself.For example: the idea of German Leipzig school: translation is a pure language semantic behavior, taking sentence as a unit, independent of special text, writer, wood and context. In 1972 Katharina first proposed the function models of translation, but she still made linguistic as the key point the translation. (Li 113) Skopos theory developed from the functionalist translation theory in the 1970's in German. The main contributors are Katharina Reiss, Hans Vermeer, Justa Holz Manttari and Christiane Nord.The first stage: “Reiss published ‘Possibilities and Limitations in Translation Criticism’, in which the prototype of the functionalist theory in translation was firstly mentioned.” (Wang, Zhao 360) On one hand, while she is still "adhere to the original text as the center of the equivalence theory"; on the other hand, she think one should evaluate a text based on "the relationship between both the original text and the version ", and points out that “the ideal version should be equal to the original text from the conceptual content, language forms and communicative function", she named this translation "comprehensive communicative translation". The second stage: Vermeer, student of Rice, inherited some of Reiss’ ideas, and at the same time also broke the equivalence theory in traditional translation theory; based on the theory of behavior, with the purposeful rule as the first law of translation, she created the Skopos theory. The purpose of Skopos theory refers to the communicative purpose of the translation, and has something to do with the translation recipient, text environment and the target functions and other factors. (Wang 144) According to Vermeer's point of view, the core meaning and the supreme law of the theory is "purposeful principle", that is to say the purposes of translation activities mostly determines the translation activity process, a direct result of which is to produce a target language that can achieve the expected function. In other words, the purpose of translation largely determines the translation strategies and methods. (Huang 73) The third stage: Mantari made a further study based on Vermeer's foundation, drawing on communication and behavior theory, she put forward the theory of translational action theory, pointed out that "translation is a complex behavior to achieve forspecial purpose". The object of study of Mantari's translation theory covers all forms of intercultural transfer, and she proposed to distinguish translation and translation behavior. Translation behavior refers to a process that conveys information for the realization of conversion design for the trans-culture and cross-language information; and translation is just a text form of cultural transformation activities, it is the specific operation of translation behavior. In addition, she also emphasized the behavior of translation process, the role of participants, and the occurrence environment in translation plays a important role in translation practice. (Wang 144) The fourth stage: In 1989, Nord bring the "function and fidelity principle" in the functionalist translation theory. He described the internal and external factors of the analysis of text in translation that need to be considered, and how to lay down translation strategies that satisfy the purpose of translation based on the function of the source language, so that made the Functionalist Skopos theory is scientific and as a guide.B. The Concept of Skopos TheoryHere I discuss three aspects of skopos theory: the definition of skopos theory, three rules of skopos theory, and the applicability of skopos theory of translation of English prepositions.1. The Definition of Skopos TheoryMost of the domestic scholars put the "Skopos Theory" and "functionalism theory" as the same theory, and use them abusively without distinction. In fact, "Skopos school" and "functionalism school" is not the same in specific meaning, which Nord had done to distinguish: "functionalism is a broad term for various theories of study text and the function of translation" (Chen 49) Skopos theory was firstly advanced by Hans Vermeer, a German theorist of translation. “It was the first time to dissertate the basic principles and rules of skopos theory and the relationships among these principles and rules in A Framework for a General. The theory of translation was published by Vermeer in 1978.” (Dang 135) “Skopos is a Greek word for "purpose".Skopos theory is a kind of translation theory that applies the notion of Skopos to translation.” (Du 507) Skopos Theory regards human behavior theory as the instruction, and put translation a study of under it. The Skopos theory professors view that translation, in the role of the translator, is a cross-cultural human communication activities with clear purpose and intention based on the original text. Translation is a interactive activities with intention. The intention first refers to the aim to change the existing situation, at least let those who due to language barriers having difficulty in communicating achieve the communicative activities; secondly, refers to the more strict nature intention in communication, for instance, provides the content of source language expressed by the author to the target language receiver. According to that theory, the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translational action. There possibly are three kinds of purpose in the field of translation:(1) The general purpose aimed at by the translator in the translation process (perhaps "to earn a living");(2) The communicative purpose aimed at by the target teat in the target situation (perhaps "to instruct the reader");(3) The purpose aimed at by a particular translation strategy or procedure (for example, "to translate literally in order to show the structural particularities of the source language"). (Du 507)For this line of thought, translation cannot be considered a one-to-one transfer between languages.”" In Vermeer' s approach, translation is a form of translational action based on a source text, which may consist of verbal and/or nonverbal elements.” Vermeer explained that any action has an aim or purpose, for translation is considered as one of human actions, it should have its own aim or purpose. So he called his theory translation Skopos theory, which means this is a theory of purposeful action.2. Three Rules of Skopos TheoryAs the most important theory of functionalism, skopos theory has its own distinctive characteristics. “Three rules are put forward to govern and guide the translational action: skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule. These rules are used to accommodate translations to different functions.” (Wang 154)The first rule of translation is the skopos rule. Skopos rules refers to translation should be in the target language context and culture, and acts according to the anticipated means expected by the TL audience. The fundamental principle that can decide the process of the whole translation activity is skopos, which is further divided into three types: 1) the basic purpose of the translator; 2)the communicative purpose of the translated text; 3) the purpose that specific translation strategy or method want to achieve. But skopos is a term often refers to the purpose of the original text, namely, communicative purposes. Besides skopos, Vermeer also mentioned several related concept: they are aim, purpose, intention and function. Aim is the final result behavior is to achieve; purpose refers to the phase and result of the process to reach the target; function refers to the meaning that the text conveys in the eyes of recipients; intention refers to the purposeful action plan, including the sender producing text purposefully in a proper way and the recipient has his goal when understands the text. To distinguish the purpose and intention of the sender and receiver is very important, because the sender and recipient is in different cultural background and context from the definition. Among the five concepts, skopos is a class concept, the remaining four are subordination concept. Skopos is determined by the translation initiator. (Duan 82)After the Skopos rule is the coherence rule, “Coherence rule is also called the intra-textual coherence. It means that the target text should have full coherence so that the target readership can be able to understand the text in an easy and clear way.” (Li 115) Nord said that a translator can offer information of the target text in the target culture and language, and it was much like someone else in the source culture andlanguage to offer information. “Fidelity rule is also called ‘inter-textual coherence’, which means that the target-text should conform to its source-text, or it should hear some relation with the source text.” (Sun, Wang 154) It is somewhat alike to equivalence theory. But in Functionalism, fidelity rule should he subordinate to skopos rule and coherence rule. Neglecting the fidelity rule is not the purpose. In fact, we can see that the consistency in translation is important. Functionalism argues against the hidebound consistency between the source-text and the target-text. But it still insists on the relationship between them. So, we can have a conclusion that fidelity rule should he flexible used. It is not an absolutely preciseness conclusion for any kind of translation.The relationship among these three rules is: fidelity rule subordinate to the coherence rule, and the two were subjected to the objective rules. If the translation purpose requires to change the original function, translation is no longer the original text of the interlingual coherence, but appropriate or conform to the purpose of translation; if the translation purpose requires the interlingual be incoherent, then the intertextual coherence rule is no longer valid.3. The Applicability of Skopos Theory of Translation of English PrepositionsThe differences among different languages of their parts of not only in their numbers and semantics, but also in their forms of combination; therefore, the translator must often, from the form to the semantic structure, reorganize the original information to meet the requirements of the target language. Translation is an interlingual transformation process, there are big differences between English and Chinese both in language structures and means of illustration, in rare cases can we use Chinese directly express the meaning of original text just according to the English forms and structures; in most cases, we need appropriate adjustments to the forms and structures of the original sentences the in order to make the translation smooth and loyal. (Yu 117)The main function of Preposition is its syntactic function. Prepositions in thesentence generate semantic relations between words. Therefore, the most importance to translate prepositions is to grasp the most accurate logical semantic relationship between word and word in certain context that prepositions appear. For the preposition that can directly remain, literal translation is the most convenient way, namely, according to the form and structure of the original language, translate English prepositions into Chinese prepositions or prepositional phrase. In many cases, conversion of parts of speech is a flexible mean to transform the original sentence pattern, and to make text more smooth and coherent. (Wang, Li 65)English prepositions are flexible, which brings a huge challenge to the translator. In this case, translation of English prepositions must jump out the principle of simple language equivalence model and seek new development. The emergence of skopos theory undoubtedly provides effective guidance for the translation of English prepositions.Skopos theory get rid of the constraint of the equivalent translation or translation equivalence, began to emphasize the translator's initiative, thus it solves the problem of other translation theories failed to solve, broaden the translation study fields, give the translation more meanings, put f translation on the framework of behavior theory and cross-cultural communication, give western translation theorists which lead by linguistics, the mainstream, a new exploration of the road. According to the intended purposes of the target text, the translator should accommodate forms and stylistic conventions of the target language, in the translation process, using means of omission or transformation to deal with the original text to produce infection influence on the target language receiver.C. Remarks on skopos theorySince the Skopos theory came into being, there had been some criticisms. With the development of the translation theory in China, some scholars have studied this theory and began to bring forward their disagreement or doubt. For example,Professor Peng Changjiang working at Hunan Norma University wrote an article published in the "Journal of Foreign Languages"criticizing the skopos theory. He thinks that skopos theory based their interpretation of translation on the wrong basis. “He said, the skopos theorists mistakenly include all the work done by the translators into the conception of translation, but in fact, translators work should be limited to the dealing with words.” (Wang, Zhao360)"Skopos Theory" pays more attention to the various factors of behavioral theory. Although some people think that “Skopos Theory" proposed by Hans and the concept of cultural translation cannot be fully applied in the translation of literary works, but for some of the contextual factors in non-literary translation can not be ignored. "Skopos theory" has interpreted in a new, creative view. "Skopos theory" advocate that definite translation from the macro view, from a new angle, it broke the translation equivalence theory, put the expected goal of translation to a higher level, and give more emphasis on the stylistic function and role of the translator in the translating process, lead the translation shifts the focus from the the representation of the source text to the text creation. "Skopos theory" put translation included in the category of intercultural communication study, provides a new perspective for translation studies, has positive significance in guiding translation practice. (Li 114) Skopos theory highlights the participants of the translation activities， especially the role and influence of the initiator in translation activities during the whole process of translation, and lift the subject role the translator, the active participator. Skopos theory demands the translated text realizing its communicative function in the culture of target language, so the target cultural context, such as the politic, economic, social and historical culture, ideology, dominant genre of literature, literary norms of a specific historical period plays an indispensable role in translation activities, it restricts choice of translation materials, the purpose of translation, the choice of translation strategies of the translator, and the production of the target text and the role of the target text played in the target language and culture status. Skopos theory trys to coordinate the cultural function of translation and the effect and mechanism oftarget culture on translation activities. The source language is rectifying the target language, and at the same time vice versa.In addition, with broad practical, skopos theory focuses on the features of text type, which helps to improve the translator’s awareness of language signs of communicative function and functional translation units and improve the translation efficiency. However, the skopos theory pays much attention to the research of the function of target text and largely rewrites the version for the effect of target text, thus greatly weakening the original text function. In a word, skopos theory provides a new perspective for translation studies, is conducive to the study of translation variants, promote the development of translation theory. (Mao 120)Ⅲ. A Brief Review of English PrepositionsEnglish preposition is empty words, but it is also an important “function words". It has its unique characteristics. When it comes to the the applicability of skopos theory of translation of English prepositions, we have to consider both the features of skopos theory and English prepositions.A. The Concept of English PrepositionsFrom the perspective of linguistics, English preposition is empty words, but it is also an important “function words", is one of the important ligament to form sentences and articles. It is used to explain the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other elements of the sentence, cannot make components of the sentence alone. Prepositions, according to the position of English word, also interpreted as words put forward, is used in front of nouns, pronouns and some noun phrase, it makes up of preposition structure, expressing the direction, object, place, time of an action or behavior. Although there is only about 100 simple prepositions and complex preposition in the English vocabulary; however, they are used very frequently. Almost one of every eight words is a preposition. (Gu 66) Most prepositions’ meanings are very flexible, in different language environment, a preposition can be with various meanings and multipurpose, plays a very important role in English sentences. (Xu 78)B. The Features of English PrepositionsEnglish preposition has the following characteristics:First, from the history of the development of English, the emergence of English prepositions is the degenerated results of morphological changes on English suffix. Disappearing of the English suffix made preposition has become an indispensable link words, and gradually increased its activity in the long process of development, namely the ability of collocation and combination. Especially the frequently used prepositions, can match with verbs, adjectives, and nouns, expressing different。
英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)
英语翻译实践报告论文精选(四篇)英语翻译实践报告论文篇三怀着感动并期盼的心情20xx年10月8日，我们一行16人，乘着公车来到了xx区新疆学校，开头了为期一个月的实习生活。
在这一个月里，我真正体会到做一位老师责任的重要性，它使我的教学理论变为教学实践，使虚拟教学变为真正的面对面的教学。
与课堂上面对着同学讲课不同，在这里，要求我们的真正力量，最重要的是要有一颗责任心！一个月的实习，令我感慨颇多。
我实习的班级是五班级一班，记得我刚到课室的第一天，班主任陈老师要我和大家讲几句话，我简洁的跟同学们介绍了下自己，并告知他们接下来的一个月会与他们一同度过，同学们赐予了我热闹的掌声，看着眼前一张张真诚并稚嫩的脸，我的心里泛起深深的感动！新疆学校给我们的实践机会特别多，刚到的第一天我就开头了自己的第一堂课。
但是由于阅历不足和应变力量不强第一堂课讲的并不是特别胜利，班主任老师要求我多听课，多向阅历丰富的老师学习。
爱好对于一个学校生来说是至关重要的。
我深知这一点的重要，必需把同学的学习爱好调动起来，使他们在欢乐中主动学习。
无论是上英语还是语文，我都本着work hard,play harder的理念，以欢乐教学的方式，把嬉戏和教学融为一体，教他们唱英语儿歌，一个月的时间里，我教会了他们四首英文儿歌，同学的学习态度由“要我学”转化为了“我要学”。
学校五班级又是毕业班级，除了要求提高他们对学习的爱好，更重要的还是在于成果的要求，所以，在胜利提高同学的学习爱好之后，我又转变把战略变为力量教学，应校长的要求，教给他们一些生活化的英语口语，于是，我把目标索定了“美国俚语”这一环节，每天晚上回家的第一任务，就是翻查资料，找到适合于他们的一些美国俚语，比如“where can i wash my hands?” “may i have your name?” “where to?” 等。
在课堂上大家都很期盼“美国俚语”的环节，同学们都说：这样的英语既好玩又有用！一个月的时间，他们的口语有了明显的提高，无论课上还是课下，同学都会用“hello ada,goodmorning”的方式和我问好，看着他们有这样的成果，我想，我胜利了！此外，由于班主任的信任，我除了英语教学以外，还负责全学年的语文写作课程，一个月的时间里，作文讲解课10余堂，同学们由原来一篇作文100多字增长到400字左右，对作文的爱好也大大提高，课下同学主动找到我说：老师，我现在觉得作文一点都不难！听到这样的话语，我真的兴奋极了。
商务英语毕业论文 [商务英语翻译类论文]
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商务英语毕业论文 [商务英语翻译类论文]商务英语是一门新兴的学科,商务英语翻译既是该学科中的关键一环,又是教学考的难点。
下文是为大家整理的关于商务英语翻译类论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!商务英语翻译类论文篇1高职商务英语翻译教学刍议摘要：突破传统翻译教学模式，培养出精通国际商务知识并具有高翻译技能的实用型商务英语人才，是目前高职商务英语翻译教学的重要任务。
本文探讨了高职商务英语翻译教学的现状、改革目标及教学方法。
关键词：高职商务英语翻译教学1.引言目前，国际间经济贸易等领域的交流与合作日益密切，对外语人才的需求日益增加，市场更加需要复合型外语人才。
商务英语专业便是适应这一趋势而产生的一个较新的专业。
该专业研究的就是运用英语解决商务实践问题，是商务知识与语言应用相结合的一门复合型学科。
培养更多符合时代和市场要求的商务翻译人才已成为翻译教育工作的重中之重。
高职高专的商务英语专业更强调培养高技能应用型人才。
今年，高职高专的商务英语翻译教学总体而言仍处于起步阶段，具体的教学目标、培养模式、课程设置、师资培训等标准尚未确立，很多问题值得探讨。
2.我国高职商务英语翻译教学现状2.1教学模式陈旧，教师角色有待转换。
传统翻译教学普遍以教师为中心。
正如豪丝(House)在其著作中描述的：“翻译课程的老师，常常是一位说目的语的人，发给学生一个篇子(为什么选了这篇文章一般是不解释的)。
这种篇子中满是陷阱，也就是说，教师从一开始就不打算培养学生从事复杂、难度较大的翻译的技巧，而是迷惑他们，让他们出错……在以后的几节课上，全班同学逐句讨论文章中的每一个句子，最后由老师给出一个‘正确’的译文。
”这种以教师为中心的教学法，将改错作为教学手段，将教师提供的参考译文作为翻译课的终极目标，不符合真实情况下翻译的本质特点，在一定程度上扼杀了学生学习翻译的主动性与创造性。
(林克难，2000：56)陈葵阳也指出：“在教学过程中，常常是教师在台上一板一眼，学生在台下四平八稳。
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英语专业毕业论文翻译类论文Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT毕业论文（设计）Title:The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation ofChinese Poetry题目:象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用学生姓名孔令霞学号 BC09150201指导教师祁晓菲助教年级 2009级英语本科（翻译方向）二班专业英语系别外国语言文学系黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书摘要索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。
语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。
象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。
本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。
通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。
关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译AbstractThe arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”.Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation黑龙江外国语学院2013届毕业论文ContentsThe Iconicity and the Arbitrariness (3)Definition of the Iconicity (4)Classification of the Iconicity (5) (7)The Principle of theI conicity….............................…………………….....……...7.9 Acknowledgements (19)The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of ChinesePoetryChapter 1 IntroductionThe ancients left a lot of poetry in China which reflects the broad and profound Chinese literature. With the development of Chinese literature, more and more scholars have been widely studied about the translation of Chinese poetry. Among the standards of the translation to Chinese poetry, the iconicity has aroused more and more concern. practicalism and semiotics. Since then this theme has been discussed and studied by many famous researches like Jakobson, Haiman, and so on. Iconicity is one of thehotly-discussed issues at present in the linguistic and semiotic field. The theory of iconicity is a great challenge to “Saussurean theory of arbitrariness” and a forceful complement as well. Iconicity in language falls into the category of cognitive linguistics,which is regarded as an essential part of cognitive linguistics. Iconicity is not only a challenge but also a complement to Saussure’s arbitrariness of linguistic sign. The discussion over arbitrariness and iconicity is a hot topic in the field of language research, which is actually a problem about the relationship of the signifier and the signified. In fact, the study of iconicity has been carried out in recent years, Many philosophers, semioticians and linguists have been concemed with such phenomenon in language for a long time. Iconicity can be found not only in natural language, but alsoin literary language, especially in poetry, which is said to have the richest presence of iconicity in all literary genres, because poetry allows the most complex and innovative use of language on the typographical level(such as special use of fonts and spacing), on the sound level (such as sound symbolism, metre and rhyme), on the morphological and syntactic level (such as changes in regular word order and distancing), and on the textual level.This thesis attempts to analyze Chinese poetry and its translation from a more integrated and original perspective, an iconic perspective. Much Chinese poetry can be translated from the perspective of iconicity. The iconicity is an important feature of poetry and should be reproduced in its translation. In the application of the principle oficonicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, it is advisable to grasp the expressive features of iconic discourse in the source version and properly present them in the target version. This article through the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, symmetrical iconicity so as to realize the re-creating in the form as well as in the spirit.Chapter 2 An Overview of the IconicityThe theory of iconicity is regarded as a great challenge to Saussure’s arbitrariness of linguistic sign. the founder of American practicalism and semiotics. According to Peirce and Haiman’s classification of iconic signs, this paper gets six subclasses of iconicity: the sound iconicity, the distance iconicity, the order iconicity, the quantity iconicity, the graph iconicity and the symmetry iconicity.The Iconicity and the ArbitrarinessThe arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The view that the language sign is arbitrary is the core of Saussure’s linguistic theory. Saussure found the nature of language symbol but he left the link unexplained between the signifier and the signified. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept.Iconicity has been discussed hotly at present in the linguistic and semiotic field. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Meanwhile, it is a forceful complement to Saussure’s arbitrariness as well. Iconicity in language means that the form of the word or sign conveys the meaning of the word or sign. The theory of iconicity is regarded as a great challenge to Saussure’s arbitrariness of linguistic sign. The study of iconicity has been carried out in recent years.Definition of Iconicitythe founder of American practicalism and semiotics. Since then this theme has been discussed and studied by many famous researchers like Haiman, Givon, and so on. The following are some of the representative definitions of iconicity.Haiman characterizes iconicity as a set of “signs whose meaning in some crucial way resembles their form”. He also claims that “…linguistic forms are frequently the way is because, like diagrams, they resemble the conceptual structures they are intended to convey”. The relationship between form and meaning is to a considerable extent motivated. Cognitive linguists maintain that linguistic structure is a reflection of cognitive or experiential structure. Newmeyer argues that iconicity “embodies the idea that the form, length, complexity, or interrelationship of elements in a linguistic representation reflects of communicative strategy that the representation encodes.”Givon claims that any non-arbitrary relation in language qualifies an iconic relation.Therefore, some scholars usually conclude that iconicity is the similarity between the signifier and the signified. Language iconicity refers to the phenomenon of imitation between the sound, meaning, and form of language and what they signify in the real world. From the above-mentioned definitions, this paper can find that there is still no fixed definition of iconicity so far. Although researchers have made many attempts, none of their definitions is so perfect as to explain all the phenomena in language, and to some extent, its application is dependent on the subjectivity of the researchers and scholars themselves.The Classification of the IconicityOutside world is the source of sign's meaning, according to Peirce, signs can be placed in to three classes. Peirce identifies three types of signs: icon, index and symbol. The three kinds of signs are different from each other in terms of the degree of arbitrariness. He also further divides icons into three types: images, diagrams and metaphors, which differ from each other according to the similarity between the sign and its objects. In accordance with these he concludes three types of iconicity: imagic iconicity, Diagrammatic iconicity and Metaphorical iconicity.Haiman further develops Peirce’s theory and regards diagrammatic iconicity as “a systematic arrangement of signs, none of which necessarily resembles its referent, but whose relationships to each other mirror the relationships of their referents.”Haiman further classifies diagrammatic icon into two types: isomorphism and motivation.According to Peirce and Haiman’s classification of iconic signs, this paper gets six subclasses of iconicity: the sound iconicity, the distance iconicity, the order iconicity, the quantity iconicity, the graph iconicity and the symmetry iconicity. The iconicity can be found on the phonological level, lexical level, syntactic level and textual level. This thesis will analyze the four iconicity principles of them.Chapter 3 The Standards of the Translation to the Chinese Poetry There are many standards of the translation to the Chinese poetry, and among them these three standards are famous. “The similarity of form and spirit” or “the beaut y of sense the beauty of sound the beauty of form” are the ideal standers and goals of translation, but the iconicity is the most important and effective rhetorical device in poetry creation.The Similarity of Form and SpiritIn the case of literary text, the most optimal state is “the similarity of form and spirit”. However, it is very hard to both express the verve of the original texts and represent the form of the original texts in the translation practice. Sometimes, it is impossible to get the translation effects with “both form and content integrated” And for exactly that reason, Mao dun propose ‘spirit likeness’ and Fu lei stand s for “spirit is much mo re important than form” if you c an’t have your cake and eat it, you should give up the “shape” and leave the “spirit”. Compared to other literary form, poetry has its unique features on the sound, word, sentence, text structure of its organization and selection. Poetry emphasized on the outside world imitation, through mimicking the outside world of sound, form and structure to realize its stylistic effects.The Three BeautiesProfessor Xu Yuanchong proposes that “Three beauties” are the highest standards for poems translation. The “Three beauties” are the beauty of sense, the beauty of soundand the beauty of form. The “Three beauties” are an organic whole; none of them can be ignored.Its basic meaning is: Poetry translation in meaning, sound, form structure these several levels, should use the corresponding and appropriate target language to convey vividly the poetic charm. That will give us the beautiful enjoyment of art in vision, feeling and hearing.Professor Xu Yuanchong stressed that you should put your hand to the meaning, sound and rhymes these three aspects to translate poetry successfully. Cognitively, the principle of “three beauties” is consistent with the iconicity of poetry. The “three beauties” and the “the similarity of form and spirit” are consistent. “B eauty of sound” “beauty of form” correlate “the similarity of form”; “beauty of sense” correlates “the similarity of spirit”.The Principle of the IconicityAs “the similarity of form and spirit” or “the beauty of sense the beauty of sound the beauty of form” are the ideal standers and goals of translation, but how to attend it. Lu Weizhong thinks people should adopt the viewpoint of iconicity and throughout the translation of form especially form of extra meaning to achieve the ideal translation effect of “similarity of form and spirit”Among the types of literature, poetry’s iconicity is the most prominent iconicity. Iconicity is the most important and effective rhetorical device in poetry creation. So, pay attention to recognize and analyze the applying of iconicity technique in the original poems when to translate the poetry that can be able to achieve the ideal goal of “similarity of form and spirit” The iconicity now prevails in the literary works, which is a fact can not be negated. From the perspective of sign iconicity, scholars consider iconicity into literature, which reflects the real life in various ways.Iconicity is ubiquitous in literary language. It is emphasized as one of the constraints in poetic text structure.Chapter 4The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation ofChinese PoetryThis chapter is about the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. According to Peirce and Haiman’s classification of iconic signs, this paper gets six subclasses of iconicity: the sound iconicity, the distance iconicity, the order iconicity, the quantity iconicity, the graph iconicity and Symmetry iconicity. The iconicity can be found on the phonological, lexical, Syntactic and textual level. This chapter will analyze the four iconicity principles in poetry just from the phonological and textual level with examples.The Application of the Iconicity to the Translation of Chinese Poetry on the Phonological LevelThis part is about sound iconicity and its translation on Chinese poetry. Sound iconicity usually includes onomatopoeia and sound symbolism, which belong to the category of imagic iconicity.Sound Iconicity and Its Translation on Chinese PoetrySound iconicity usually includes onomatopoeia and sound symbolism, which belong to the category of imagic iconicity. The purpose of sound iconicity can not only make the linguistic forms directly or indirectly imitate the sound of the objective world, but reinforce the conveyance of the poetic mood.Now let’s come to Li Qingzhao’s poem:梧桐更兼细雨,到黄昏,点点滴滴。