《语言学教程》第 8 章 语用学

―微观语言学(microlinguistics)‖与“语言”
音位学 子系统 - 1：
微 观 语 言 学
语音
形态学
子系统 - 2：
句法学 语义学
词汇语法
子系统 - 3：
语 言
（Langue）
语义

①Pragmatics is generally defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. ②As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying and understanding meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. ③Pragmatics is a comparatively a new branch of study in the area of linguistics; its development and establishment in the 1960s and 1970s resulted from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics. [《新编简明英语语言学教程》P84]
―句子”与“语句”


①某年某月某日某时，张三说“天在下雨”； 这是语句( utterance)。②某年某月某日某时，李四 也说“天在下雨”；这也是语句( utterance) 。③张 三、李四各自的语句所表现出的共有的、得到普 遍承认的东西是句子（sentence）。 ①语句是句子在具体语境中的体现或运用。

each other. ④Context determines the speaker‘s use of language and also the hearer‘s interpretation of what is said to him. ⑤Without such knowledge, linguistic communication would not be possible, and without considering such knowledge, linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a pragmatic sense.
8.1 Speech Act Theory 言语行为理论
言语行为理论的提出者
约翰・奥斯汀 （John Austin）百度文库（1911– 1960）
素
言
语
音素
语素 变体 词形 语句
位
音位 语 是 素 词
句子
语
言
语言运用
语言能力
在 具体语境 中 的 体现 和 运用
Context [语境]

①The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. ②It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. ③Various components of shared knowledge have been identified, e.g. knowledge of the language they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about

①But gradually linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered. ② But once the notion of context was taken into consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics. ③What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of language use is considered. ④If it is not considered, the study is confined to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.
Sentence meaning and utterance meaning
[句子意义与语句意义]

①A sentence is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of predication. ②But if we think of a sentence as what people actually say in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance, and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually uttered or used. ③So it is possible to tell if ―The dog is barking‖ is a sentence or an utterance. ④It can be either. ⑤It all depends on how we look at it and how we are going to analyze it.
第 8 章 语用学（1）
（Language in Use / Pragmatics）
8.0 语用学入门 [自设] 8.1 Speech Act Theory [言语行为理论]
8.0
语用学入门
Definitions of Pragmatics


①Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. ②It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways the social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation. ③In other words, pragmatics is concerned with the ways language is used to communicate rather than the way language is internally structured. （本教材的P18）

①From then on, this has been the dominant tradition of linguistic study. ②This is the spirit in which traditional phonology studied the sounds of language, traditional syntax studied the structure of sentences, traditional semantics studied meaning. ③ The meaning of language was considered as something intrinsic and inherent, i.e. , a property attached to language itself. ④Therefore, meaning of words, meaning of sentences were all studied in isolation from language use.

⑥If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as a self–contained unit in isolation from context, then we are treating it as a sentence. ⑦If we take it as something a speaker utters in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then we are treating it as an utterance. ⑧Therefore, while the meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized, that of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. ⑨The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
Pragmatics vs Semantics


①The publication of Saussure‘s work Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century marked the beginning of modern linguistics and at the same time laid down the key note for modern linguistics, i.e. language should be studied as a self-contained, intrinsic system; any serious study of language cannot afford to investigate the use of language and extra-linguistic factors were not to be considered. [ 《普通语言学教程》的尾句：The only true object of study in linguistics is the language, considered in itself and for its own sake. ]