Translation theories
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Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP 2
• 1950s and 1960s: more systematic, scientific (mainly linguistic) approach to T: e.g., Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), George Mounin (1963); Nida (1964); Catford (1965); EUGENE NIDA Toward a Science of Translating, 1964
psycho-translation studies)
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
13
The results of DTS research can then be applied to Tth to develop:
• a general theory of translation (very ambitious) • partial theories restricted according to:
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP 3
Eugene Nida
Rome, UniversitàLa Sapienza, 2004
(with me and Dr. Hirci)
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
4
What name to give to the new, budding discipline?
„APPLIED‟
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
8
Pure TS has 2 main goals (descriptive and theoretical): 1. “to describe the phenomena of translating and translation(s) as they manifest themselves in the world of experience” (Descriptive Translation Studies, DTS) 2. “to establish general principles by means of which these phenomena can be explained and predicted.” (Translation Theory, TTh)
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
10
The Holmes Map of Translation Studies (1)
James S Holmes’ seminal ‘The Name and Nature of Translation Studies’ (1972) set out to orient the scholarly study of translation. It put forward a conceptual scheme that identified and interrelated many of the things that can be done in translation studies, envisaging an entire future discipline and effectively stimulating work aimed at establishing that discipline. Historically, this was a major step forward, none the least because it involved a frontal attack on the hazy but self-assured categories that had long been used to judge translations.
WHAT IS TRANSLATION STUDIES?
ITS – Power Point 5
10 October 2007
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP 1
Brief historical overview
• TRANSLATION as an academic subject is only about 50 years old. • Before: T was mainly used for language teaching (thus secondary status in academia) • 1960s-1970s: communicative approach in TEFL • 1960s-1970s: translation workshop (USA); comparative literature; contrastive analysis
from: Intercultural Studies Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain http://isg.urv.es/library/papers/holmes_map.doc
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP 5
TRANSLATION STUDIES
“The name and nature of translation studies” by James S. Holmes (19241986), paper given at the translation section of the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics, Copenhagen, 1972, – “founding statement for the field” (Gentzler:92)
•Ü bersetzungswissenschaft used by Wolfram Wills (Uni Saarlandes, Saarbrü cken), Werner Koller (Heidelberg), Otto Kade and Albert Neubert (Leipzig School) • Translatogy?? (FR:Translatologie; PT,ES: Traductologia; IT: Traduttologia, etc.)
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
9
Holmes‟s map of TS
Figure 1 Holmes’ conception of translation studies (from Toury 1991:181); in Munday’s book on p.10. Also available at: http://isg.urv.es/library/papers/holmes_map.doc
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP 11
The Holmes Map of Translation Studies (2)
Holmes’ categories were simple, scientifically framed, and hierarchically arranged: ‘Applied’ was opposed to ‘Pure’, the latter was broken down into ‘Theoretical’ and ‘Descriptive’, then ‘Descriptive’ divided in turn into ‘Product Oriented’, ‘Process Oriented’ and ‘Function Oriented’, and so on. Figure 1 (previous slide) shows the apocryphal graphic form these categories received later from, I believe, Gideon Toury, who saw it as a legitimate point of departure (it is also in Toury 1995: 10). Many wonderful things found a place in this map; a few more have benefited from the modifications and variants proposed since (notably Lambert 1991, Snell-Hornby 1991, Toury 1991, Toury 1995). Of course, translation studies cannot be reduced to this one map, and the map itself has been evolving dynamically, along with the lands it purports to represent.
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP 6
• “[Holmes] realized as did few others that the 1950s had heralded a revolution in translation studies” (van den Broeck, 1988,1994:3) • Holmes highlighted the existence of 3 main impediments to the further development of the discipline: - scholars and researchers scattered in different fields and therefore lack of common channels of communication; - “the seemingly trivial matter of the name for this field of research”; van den Broeck, 1988,1994:68) - “lack of any general consensus as to the scope and structure of the discipline” (ibid.:71)
12
DESCRIPTIVE TS
DTS focuses on 3 areas of research:
PRODUCT (synchronic; diachronic) FUNCTION (translation sociology or
socio-translation studies)
பைடு நூலகம்
PROCESS (psychology of translation or
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
7
Holmes concludes that :
• the most appropriate name for the discipline in English is TRANSLATION STUDIES (TS), for this term would avoid a lot of “confusion and misunderstanding”; • There should be communication channels able to reach all scholars in the field, from whatever background; • TS can be divided into 2 main research areas: „PURE‟
• 1950s and 1960s: more systematic, scientific (mainly linguistic) approach to T: e.g., Vinay and Darbelnet (1958), George Mounin (1963); Nida (1964); Catford (1965); EUGENE NIDA Toward a Science of Translating, 1964
psycho-translation studies)
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
13
The results of DTS research can then be applied to Tth to develop:
• a general theory of translation (very ambitious) • partial theories restricted according to:
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP 3
Eugene Nida
Rome, UniversitàLa Sapienza, 2004
(with me and Dr. Hirci)
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
4
What name to give to the new, budding discipline?
„APPLIED‟
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
8
Pure TS has 2 main goals (descriptive and theoretical): 1. “to describe the phenomena of translating and translation(s) as they manifest themselves in the world of experience” (Descriptive Translation Studies, DTS) 2. “to establish general principles by means of which these phenomena can be explained and predicted.” (Translation Theory, TTh)
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
10
The Holmes Map of Translation Studies (1)
James S Holmes’ seminal ‘The Name and Nature of Translation Studies’ (1972) set out to orient the scholarly study of translation. It put forward a conceptual scheme that identified and interrelated many of the things that can be done in translation studies, envisaging an entire future discipline and effectively stimulating work aimed at establishing that discipline. Historically, this was a major step forward, none the least because it involved a frontal attack on the hazy but self-assured categories that had long been used to judge translations.
WHAT IS TRANSLATION STUDIES?
ITS – Power Point 5
10 October 2007
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP 1
Brief historical overview
• TRANSLATION as an academic subject is only about 50 years old. • Before: T was mainly used for language teaching (thus secondary status in academia) • 1960s-1970s: communicative approach in TEFL • 1960s-1970s: translation workshop (USA); comparative literature; contrastive analysis
from: Intercultural Studies Group, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain http://isg.urv.es/library/papers/holmes_map.doc
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP 5
TRANSLATION STUDIES
“The name and nature of translation studies” by James S. Holmes (19241986), paper given at the translation section of the Third International Congress of Applied Linguistics, Copenhagen, 1972, – “founding statement for the field” (Gentzler:92)
•Ü bersetzungswissenschaft used by Wolfram Wills (Uni Saarlandes, Saarbrü cken), Werner Koller (Heidelberg), Otto Kade and Albert Neubert (Leipzig School) • Translatogy?? (FR:Translatologie; PT,ES: Traductologia; IT: Traduttologia, etc.)
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
9
Holmes‟s map of TS
Figure 1 Holmes’ conception of translation studies (from Toury 1991:181); in Munday’s book on p.10. Also available at: http://isg.urv.es/library/papers/holmes_map.doc
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP 11
The Holmes Map of Translation Studies (2)
Holmes’ categories were simple, scientifically framed, and hierarchically arranged: ‘Applied’ was opposed to ‘Pure’, the latter was broken down into ‘Theoretical’ and ‘Descriptive’, then ‘Descriptive’ divided in turn into ‘Product Oriented’, ‘Process Oriented’ and ‘Function Oriented’, and so on. Figure 1 (previous slide) shows the apocryphal graphic form these categories received later from, I believe, Gideon Toury, who saw it as a legitimate point of departure (it is also in Toury 1995: 10). Many wonderful things found a place in this map; a few more have benefited from the modifications and variants proposed since (notably Lambert 1991, Snell-Hornby 1991, Toury 1991, Toury 1995). Of course, translation studies cannot be reduced to this one map, and the map itself has been evolving dynamically, along with the lands it purports to represent.
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP 6
• “[Holmes] realized as did few others that the 1950s had heralded a revolution in translation studies” (van den Broeck, 1988,1994:3) • Holmes highlighted the existence of 3 main impediments to the further development of the discipline: - scholars and researchers scattered in different fields and therefore lack of common channels of communication; - “the seemingly trivial matter of the name for this field of research”; van den Broeck, 1988,1994:68) - “lack of any general consensus as to the scope and structure of the discipline” (ibid.:71)
12
DESCRIPTIVE TS
DTS focuses on 3 areas of research:
PRODUCT (synchronic; diachronic) FUNCTION (translation sociology or
socio-translation studies)
பைடு நூலகம்
PROCESS (psychology of translation or
Elena Zagar Galvã o - ITS 07 FLUP
7
Holmes concludes that :
• the most appropriate name for the discipline in English is TRANSLATION STUDIES (TS), for this term would avoid a lot of “confusion and misunderstanding”; • There should be communication channels able to reach all scholars in the field, from whatever background; • TS can be divided into 2 main research areas: „PURE‟