近代西方高等学校音乐教育的发展(The development of music education in modern Western Universities)

近代西方高等学校音乐教育的发展（The development of music education in modern Western Universities）The development of music education in modern western colleges and universities Fan QinwenFirst, western early music educationWestern music education institutions originated from the affiliated church schools in the Middle Ages, 476-1453 ad. "In the middle ages, school education basically monopolized by the church, the church and the monastery, the Romans followed the ancient Greek philosophers such as Platon's educational thought, the music and the grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy together (" seven arts ") as the basic subject of schools at all levels of education in school education the implementation of." "In fourth Century, Pope Sylvester I of Rome in Rome has created a special" professional school hymn ', then the Catholic Church hymn singing by the church children bear, select the right children into "chant schools" for training students, after seven years of singing hymns, notation, music theory the history of music and instrumental music, after learning, assigned to the cathedral and Abbey Church as support of the clergy position priest and priest and served as chorus, play etc.." [1] to the late Middle Ages, a school gradually became professional music school, due to the nature of their strong religious atmosphere and the main service in the church, so the education and examination content is around the philosophy, religion and Theology to.With music as a means of livelihood and the establishment ofthe school of music, the earliest start in Italy, the creation of the church and other charitable organizations in the school for orphans to provide students living and learning singing hymns and taught the necessary skills and instrumental. "In 1346, Venice created the world's first female orphans, hospital music art." [2] charity adoption students must receive several years of strict singing and organ playing skills and skills training at school. This is mainly because the organ has had a history of more than two thousand years of age is a necessary instrument rule of the medieval church church, the monastery is essential, plays the organ must become a required course attached to the church's singing school and later music college students. Therefore, the main content of the charity adoption center is to learn music theory, singing, organ and other musical instruments and the corresponding religious knowledge around the church music.Journal Library of China -- the most authoritative publication website! Your paper experts!During the Renaissance, people get rid of the shackles of the great medieval theology, strongly advocated the spirit of humanism, regard people as the measure of all things, so that people gradually realize their own creativity and value. At this time, the school music education is no longer the absolute center of religion, the teaching content and teaching form began to multi-level, diversified and free development. In addition to the traditional music theory, some universities have begun to teach and cultivate students' practical music skills, and set up practical courses such as composition. In a British university, music is the only other single subjectof art, which fully reflects the special status of music in college. In addition to composition courses, the Renaissance music performance courses (such as singing, playing, etc.) are still taught in private, and have not yet entered the university curriculum system.Two. Modern higher music education in the WestIn the middle of the seventeenth Century, France established the first truly modern music institution, the national music and recitation Institute (the predecessor of the Paris National Conservatory of music). This conservatory had two functions at that time: one is to provide music service for public ceremony; two, to train special music performing talents. Since then, music education has entered the regular university classroom from the state of private teaching in the past. Since nineteenth Century, Europe has established music schools in major cities to cultivate special music talents, which has greatly promoted the education and development of European music." [3]In germany,Almost all big cities have their own music schools or music schools. The German music students in general college of music as the starting point, held in the second test at the end of the year, according to the examination results to decide which students continue to enter the University, what learning "curriculum standard" teacher training, which students were singing and playing music and commanding professional learning. Students who have entered the stage of music performance learning should further study solfeggio, musical instruments,vocal music and composition courses step by step. Every year, you have to compete for 30 scholarships through rigorous examinations, and only the winners can enter the next phase of the study. In the United Kingdom, with the establishment of the Royal College of Music in 1823, it marked a school specializing in music performance in the uk. The content and system of examination of professional music at the Royal Academy of music, from the beginning of the play is very strict, students must choose 10 music from Bach, Beethoven, Chopin, Schumann, Brahms, List and his works played for examination; to obtain professional musician degree students, in addition to playing test outside, but also for the advanced research and practice, such as games, concerts, music, education, etc.. The evaluation standards had to have the professional technology, good music performance ability, can read a score, analysis of music, harmony, counterpoint and composition simulation etc, the excellent students will receive bonuses and medals. In addition to the Royal College of Music, in 1872, another church choir and church music school devoted to church music was established in. It was renamed as the 31 Conservatory of music in 1875. 31 College of music and other music school in Europe was the biggest difference lies in that the college students from around the world, many of which are not in school learning in students (similar correspondence students), 31 College of music students in the local set up a special examination institution to test this kind of students.Three. The curriculum setting of music education in contemporary western colleges and UniversitiesThe development history of western music "s center" fullyexplains the historical status of music education in germany. According to the data, there are 37 music schools in, Berlin, Hannover, Munich conservatory, Cologne College of music and so on (including private). The music industry in Europe and the visibility of the equivalent of University of Oxford, Harvard University in the world academia the status of the Hannover Conservatory of music, the professional music teaching in the world's top level. Master with the Hannover School of music including some five years without graduation still continue to go to school (German university education learning period) students, only 1000 students, the college is not divided into vocal and keyboard, also set up two colleges, offering nearly 30 professional. After three years of study, the students take part in the final examination (some schools are four semesters), and at the same time, they need to submit a paper of about 50 pages, and they can get the degree of music education after their academic assessment. If the students have a certain musical talent, but also want to further study, after 1-2 years of learning and after the assessment to get concert concert Diploma (our previous "two section" educational system is similar to this). At the Hannover School of music, instrumental music performing arts students to obtain professional of the highest degree of Diplom (Solo) "concert cellist, in addition to the graduation exam also asked to play for about an hour and 1.5 hour chamber music solo concert, but also less than three games in cooperation with a large band. Hanover conservatory professors is the educator, performer, and most of them have many performances and as competition judges, although very busy but also practicing daily Buchuo, Hanover College of music almost every day students, professors, teachers and students on the same stage concert or show the size of A.The German School of music piano professional is generally divided into professional piano education, professional piano, art director (chamber music or vocal accompaniment) three professional training direction, curriculum according to the professional direction of different colleges and universities, curriculum and assessment form is the same. Compulsory courses and optional courses are also basically similar, or our "subject" and "auxiliary course", the piano professional general courses: Piano, chamber music / piano accompaniment, solfeggio, music / musical instruments / work analysis, science, history, music, chorus medieval music, new music, music and music education, music teaching method.In addition to the individual extracurricular professional subjects, there will be some schools each week (or other time period arrangement) group class piano teacher by their students together regardless of grade, not limited to music played in rotation, small group teaching by students and teachers to comment or say is open class (the general will allow other people to attend). This form of teaching has a positive effect on students' learning enthusiasm, psychological quality and the accumulation of playing practice. Chamber music is a compulsory course for music majors, ensemble class combination course learning practice can broaden their horizons, and strengthen students' ability of cooperation in the process of playing and the spirit of cooperation, in order to avoid the students in addition to their learning play tracks and will not, can not be absolutely ignorant of good cooperation that is common in the domestic professional in the teaching of the phenomenon. In addition to his college course Quartet teachersalso employ professional orchestra (or duo) playing home to school teaching, students can follow the piano trio, Quartet in five piano teacher outside the band strings, the teacher in the class.The national Stuttgart music and performance student from University of the Arts, grade one to grade three, has to attend about fourteen musical performances every semester. In these activities, students can freely mix with chamber music performances, small orchestral performances, for music teachers and solo, solo, Concerto Concert accompaniment or school music groups concerts, local community concert and his own solo recital and other forms of performance. In addition, the students who major in music performance have the obligation to undertake the guidance and rehearsal work of local primary and secondary schools or social amateur performing groups, and arrange concerts for them and participate in concerts. In general, the German music education attaches great importance to the practical ability of cultivating students. In the course of teaching practice, it also pays more attention to the practicality after the students go to the society." [4]The Paris School of music as the world mainstream music school like trying to provide "music education" all for students, but the aim is designed to provide opportunities for students to make their creative genius or performance skills perfect. Even today, students at the Paris Conservatory of music only require six courses: Music Foundation, sight playing, music analysis, chamber music, a theoretical elective, and an elective course of applied studies." Institutional arrangements [5] Paris School of music with the strength standard, according to theage of the students from primary school to university in order to make the students accept the continuous music education has always been the subject for special classes to teach, different age and different professional students of the same class gathered in learning, competition. Students must obtain the first prize or the two prize within the prescribed period, otherwise they will not be eligible to participate in the class study of the required chamber music and other classes. The graduation examination held in public, usually by the president, vice president, professor and the school of famous musicians don't wait around ten as assessors, the professor only on the sidelines and does not participate in the study of scoring, completed the first phase of the study in 5 years after two years of post-graduate courses can continue. In addition to professional courses, the Paris conservatory also offers courses such as psychology, pedagogy and pedagogy as a required course to enable students to learn how to better communicate with people from such courses,Also can better undertake every "musician" should do the role of music inheritance, more realistic is after graduation to make a living, employment needs. The general course of psychology at least by two teachers and courses, there is no fixed unified textbook and reference books recommended by teachers, according to different topics, subject teaching in the form of lectures, students discussion."Julia Conservatory of music is one of the world's top music schools, mainly for individual music performers."." [6] Julia School of music curriculum and teaching arrangements and general syllabus of our country is not the same, for theperformance of music professional students, mainly provides three modules, respectively is the comprehensive knowledge of music courses, music theory and music skills course module performance training course module, the three modules have different curriculum goals and all kinds of related courses, is to cultivate excellent talents from the aspects of music performance. For example, music theory skills course module includes music literature and materials, course of solfeggio curriculum, the history of the music curriculum, physical curriculum, course of music appreciation, music keyboard (or vocal) art history course, world music history and works analysis course (including harmony, and orchestration of a musical performance); training courses including professional small class, chamber music courses, advanced courses, performing improvisation and singing courses, courses, courses (Opera Chorus rehearsal playing all students must be served as the band accompaniment piano) (vocal) research, music performance psychology courses. The courses of comprehensive art knowledge are similar to those in our domestic universities, including music appreciation course, western music history course, art painting appreciation course and drama history course, etc..Throughout the history of the development of western higher music education, it has undergone several periods of change, each period has the brand of the social era. The ancient Greek period attached great importance to the influence of music education on human beings. It believed that literature, music and art had a great influence on human character, and music education had more unique charm and power than other education. But in ancient Greece, music curriculum did not get its dueposition in the school curriculum system. During the middle ages and the Renaissance, the church monopolized the cultural education, and religion became the center of the content of music education. Music education, as a professional music education, was mainly carried out by the church. Until the end of the seventeenth Century, the establishment of the music school, the professional music education, and so formally entered the higher education system, began to develop rapidly. In modern times, the western higher music education has gradually presented the characteristics of various forms, rich content, comprehensive curriculum and flexible teaching. Generally speaking, only by summing up and studying the essence of western higher music education, can we promote the development of higher music education in china.Reference：[1] [J]. of Qinwen. Seven arts Peking University education review, 2006 (3): 139.[2][3] Chinese cultural industry network. Musician and Music Academy [EB/OL]. (2008-08-05)[2014-01-15]/content/200885/news_2724 5_p2.shtml[4] Xie Jie, Yang Yanyi, sun Hai. Overview of music education in German schools [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press, 2011:216.[5] Wu Yuanyuan. The history of French piano playing, [J]. piano art, 2011 (3): 24.[6] Luo yu-jia1. Connotation and highlight: professional music academic evaluation theory and practice [M]. Kunming: Yunnan Education Press, 2012:228.。