如何有效地练习英语写作的逻辑思维

如何有效地练习英语写作的逻辑思维？

我们先来瞧瞧文章的评判标准。一般情况下,我们可以通过这几个标准来衡量一篇文章的优劣:词汇的丰富与准确性,语法的准确性,文章的连贯与流畅度,观点就是否清晰扣题,论证就是否严谨有力。对大部分人来说,词汇与语法并不就是最大的问题,多阅读多练习,假以时日,总可以慢慢掌握。实际上,在英文写作中最让人头疼的往往就是后面几项:观点的提出以及论证,文字的衔接与耦合。

文章要做到连贯流畅,观点清晰,论证有力,仅仅靠背单词与学语法就是不够的,因为它还涉及到一个更深层次的问题:逻辑思维能力。写作活动就是一种严密而有序的逻辑思维过程。很多作文中出现的表达混乱,层次不清等问题,往往就是写作时逻辑思维混乱导致的。还没想清楚就下笔,写出来的东西自然不会清晰到哪里去。

那我们应该要怎样做,才能提高逻辑思维能力,写出清晰严谨的文章呢？

可以从以下几点入手:

1、注意句子以及段落的逻辑关系

之前一直有这样的说法“英语就是一门逻辑性很强的语言”,为什么这么说呢？因为仔细观察您会发现,英语在遣词造句上就是遵循严密的的逻辑形式的:用词上要求人称、数、格的一致;句子有严谨的主谓结构,多用关联词语,重视形式的对应与显性衔接。而在语篇中多突出主题句,直线式地展开段落。对于写作来说,一篇好的文章要遵循句子与句子之间,段落与段落之间的衔接与连贯。一篇好文章并不就是句子的机械堆砌,而就是一个有机整体,句子与

句子之间就是存在严谨的逻辑关系的。举个例子,下面就是一篇常见的说明文段落:

AIDS seems to follow a pattern of recognizable symptoms、 First, after being exposed to the virus, the AIDS patients tends to complain of a fever, sore throat, sore muscles,and diarrhea、 Then there seems to be a dormant period ,which can last for three years or longer、 Finally, after this period, more serious symptoms begin to emerge、

仔细阅读之后会发现,文章中的句子之间在逻辑上环环相扣,每一个都不可或缺。如果句子之间的衔接没做好,写出来的文章可能会就是这样的:

Every summer, I go to traveling with my family or my best friends、When the new term comes, I will surprisingly find my oral English is much improved、So I firmly believe book is not only the source of knowledge、

上面的句子虽然没有语法问题,但读起来感觉却很奇怪,为什么？因为句子与句子之间并没有一个很好的逻辑关系:"go to traveling with my family" 与后面的"my oral English is much improved" 并没有必然联系,逻辑上讲不通。除了句子的衔接外,段落与段落之间的衔接也非常重要。这一点在经济学人等外刊文章上体现得很好,比如这篇文章The weaker sex , 段落的结构非常清晰,开头都有主题句来引领全段,而且段落与段落之间就是层层递进的关系。

What can be done? Part of the solution lies in a change in cultural attitudes、Policymakers also need to lend a hand, because foolish laws are making the

problem worse、

Even more important than scrapping foolish policies is retooling the educational system, which was designed in an age when most men worked with their muscles、

More generally, schools need to become more boy-friendly、

从上面可以瞧到,要写出逻辑清晰的文章,我们要特别注意句子以及段落的衔接与连贯。这就要求我们要用好连接词以及语义承接。

在写作中常见的连接词有"because, as, while, if, however, therefore, although, similarly, consequently, nevertheless "等,它们属于“明连接”。

语义承接则就是通过上下文之间的承接关系来自然行文,比如通过指示代词、人称代词等对前一句中出现过的内容进行指代,或者对前一句话中出现的关键词进行转述,解释,从而形成自然的承接关系。语义承接属于“暗承接”。下面这篇雅思9 分作文片段就很好地体现了连接词以及语义承接的效果(仔细体会加黑以及带下划线的单词,感受一下连接词的效果)。

I tend to agree that young children can be negatively affected by too much time spent on the computer everyday、 This is partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture of a young child, regardless of what they are using the computer for、

The main concern is about the type of computer activities that attract children、 These are often electronic games that tend to be very intense and rather violent、 The player is usually the "hero" of the game and too much