中考英语阅读词义猜测讲解教案

中考英语阅读词义猜测讲解教案一、考点分析猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。

英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。

任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。

所谓上下文(context), 正如英语辞典所解释的，其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。

据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。

二、考察形式猜测词义的能力属于英语的基本能力之一。

具体到考试题型上，在单项选择、完型填空、首字母填空、阅读理解等题型上都会有体现，尤其是阅读类题目，对陌生单词意思的猜测和对熟词生义的理解都是会直接影响到对文章的理解。

阅读理解题型往往会以如下形式进行考察。

1.What does the word “…” refer to?2.The underlined word “…” is the closest in meaning to ______.3.By saying that“…”, the author means tha t ___.看到这样的题目，就知道，若是不能理解所指单词意思，那就是失分喽！三、猜词方法大突破前面一开始我们猜测了几个单词的意思，现在我们在有上下文语境的情况下，你猜的对不对。

⏹On the way to the factory, Jack sang a pop song happily. Because it is the first day for himto work，When he was working, he talked with his comrade. Suddenly, the machine broke down because of his carelessness. Jack was afraid of the blame of his boss. His comrade told him, “Take it easy, you are a green hand.”⏹Do you like a lady bird? It is not a kind of bird. It is a insect（昆虫）. It can fly. Its wingsare red. It is very small.⏹Tom is a great man. Tom is treated as a big potato.⏹Tim drank too much water last night, so he went to visit john twice.【讲解】一个完全陌生的单词，或者一个熟悉的单词怎么都看不出啥意思？为什么？缺乏上下文的语境,一个单词，尤其是在文章中出现的单词，其前后句子或单词在意义上和语法上都会与其相联系。

如上面几句，第一句，第二句，第三句都是相当于对单词的解释，第四句就是因果关系，根据我们的日常生活逻辑，喝水多了，自然就要上厕所。

所以这些就是帮助我们判断词义的重要线索。

下面我们来看看，英语的句子，在语法关系上，在句型结构上，有没有帮助我们的技巧。

1、定义释义法：通过定义,定语从句,词组,同位语从句来体现. 其表现形式为:用that is, in other words, or ,mean, be called, refer to,或连系动词to be等定义或重述形式来解释生词.如:1）Sociology is the term used to describe the scientific study of human society.2）Jane is indecisive, that is, she can’t make up her mind.3）It will be very hard but also very brittle— that is, it will break easily.4）A calendar is a list of the days, weeks, months of a particular year.2、对比法：句中多半有unlike, but, although, yet, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead of, rather than等信息词. 另外,分号也可以表示转折,对比的意义.1）Andrew is one of the most supercilious man I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite humble and modest.2).Her voice was usually soft and sweet, but now it was hoarse, (沙哑的)3).Though Tom's face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. (肮脏的).【讲解】在含有though , but 等含有转折词的句子中, 主从句某些词构成对比关系. 即可看出soft and sweet 和hoarse 及clean 和grubby 意义相对.4).If you agree, write "yes"; if you dissent, write "no".【讲解】根据对比关系的yes 和no,不难看出agree 和dissent是反义词.5).He has been in office for only a few months. However，he has achieved more than any of his predecessors. (前任者)【讲解】用however 来提示下文要表达意想不到的结果.3、因果法：文章借助关联词because, as, since, for, so, thus, as the result, therefore等表示前因后果.有时利用动词lead to, cause, result in, result from, bring about等表达因果关系.1）The flowers in the vase withered because they had no water.2）The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was pe rmanent. So the player could never play the sport again.3）The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.4.根据同等关系猜词：在特定的情况下，作者通过一连串同一类型或同一范畴和词语来表达其思想。

如果有一生词在这一系列的同一范畴的词语中，可以通过这些词语的一段特征和语义范围推断出生词的词义范围。

如：1).But the captain's courage, perseverance, and powerful will mastered every man on board, andwe went to work again. (意志)这一段文字中，反映的是船长的积极进取的精神面貌，是船长的勇气、毅力和意志征服大家，才使他们又重新投入排水战斗。

2).In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, church, battle site, theatre and public halls. (建筑物)从这一连串词不难看出mansion的词义.5.根据生活经验和常识：1）In old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry.嫁妆2)"I don't have any family," said the boy, "I am an orphan." 孤儿3) Soon the wind had piled snow into drifts.雪堆【讲解】其实很多生词或熟词僻义都可以根据经验和常识来推测出来，尤其是英英字典，全都是用语言来解释单词，反过来也可以根据句子来猜测词义，让学生养成动脑子的好习惯。

6、根据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等，如下列举一些常见的词缀。

1. adj. +ly =adv.Cheap—cheaply cruel—cruellyfirm—firmly strange—strangely2. en+adj.=v.sure—ensure able—enable1.n.+en=v.fright—frighten height—heighten strength—strengthen2.adj+ize=v.familiar—familiarize 使通俗modern—modernize 现代化real—realize special—specialize 以...为专业5.n.+y=adj.mud—muddy rain—rainy shadow—shadowy 阴暗的storm—stormy wind—windy6.adj+en=v. 使具有；使成为black—blacken bright—brightensharp—sharpen weak—weaken7. n.+some=adj.quarrel—quarrelsome trouble—troublesometire—tiresome worry—worrisome8.n.+y=adj.Air—airy anger—angry hill—hilly luck—lucky9.n.+ly=adj.Love—lovely hour—hourlyquarter—quarterly year—yearly10.n.+ous=adj. 充满...的danger—dangerous courage—courageous fame—famous11.n.+al=adj.center—central education—educational industry—industrial12.v.+al=n.arrive—arrival refuse—refusaldismiss—dismissal remove—removal练习一、单项选择练习1. He is usually prompt for all her classes，but she arrived in the middle of her first class.teB. on timeC.Pleased2. Tom saw an owl last night but it flew away when he got near．A. a birdB.an animalC.the sun3.The boy wants to ride a brown pony.A.dogB.catC.Horse4. The children are looking at a large, hairy(毛的) ape at the zoo．A.a kind of monkeyB.a kind of snakeC.a kind of bird5. The fresh trout is very cheap, but I don’t kn ow how to cook it．A.fishB.fruitC.Apple6.The lady asked the waitress to get her a clean saucer to put her coffee cup on．A.a glassB.a cakeC.a small plate7. We seldom see a sparrow in the sky because the air is not so clean now as used to be．A.a kind of dogB.a kind of planeC.a kind of bird答案：ABCAA CC二、综合语境练习1、Fast food is a kind of food that is quick and convenient. You can buy fast food anywhere. Fast food is usually not very expensive. That is because it is usually made with cheaper ingredients, such as high-fat meat and sugar, but no healthy ingredients, such as fresh fruit and vegetables.Eating fast food once in a while is not going to cause a problem. If you eat too much fast food over a long time, however, it can bring some health problems. For example, you could become overweight or too large.Many fast food restaurants are revamping their menus. They want to make their fast food healthier. For example, some restaurants have stopped selling food made with unhealthy ingredients. They are starting to sell food with fruit and vegetables. If you have fast food more than once a week, try to make a healthier choice. Most fast food restaurants and other restaurants put information about their food online. Have a look at this information; then you can make healthier choices when eating out.1. What does the und erlined word “ingredient” mean in the first paragraph?A. 价格B. 调料C.因素D.成分2. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “overweight” ?A. TallB. FatC. ThinD. Short3. The underlined word “revamping” can best be replaced by “ _________”.A.changingB. choosingC. sellingD. creating答案：DBA2、Weekends are short. They are only two days out of a seven-day week. In order to make your weekend seem longer, you need to plan it better. Here are some ideas:Wake up at your usual time. The biggest mistake is to think that the weekend is great for a sleep-in. Go to bed earlier if you are tired on Friday night.Nobody wants to do the chores(家务杂事) , but they have to be done. So the earlier you do them at the weekend, the better. Set aside(留出) a time, say 7:00am to 9:00am on Saturday morning to do them. You’ll feel great when they are done and this clears the way for the rest of the weekend.After doing the chores, plan to do things. Weekends feel longer if you get out and enjoy them. Think about what you, your family and your friends like to do together. Plan a sports activity , for example, playing football in the park. You can also plan to go to a museum, a zoo, or a park. Visiting the circus will be fun, too. There, you can see interesting shows with trained animals.Weekends are a good time to relax and enjoy. Please cherish them!1. The underlined words “sleep-in” means .A.睡在屋里B. 睡得早C. 睡懒觉D. 睡得少2. The underlined word “circus” means “ _______” in Chinese.A. 马戏团B.电影院C.农场D. 市场3. What does the underlined word “cherish” mean in Chinese?A. 珍惜B. 保存C.浪费D.失去答案：CAA3、People have been making tasty pizza for a very long time. In old times, people cooked large pieces of bread on flat stones(平滑的石头). Later, in Italy, people cooked these flat pieces of bread with herbs(香草) and called it focaccia bread. When people from Europe came to the New World, they got to know tomatoes. Then they took tomatoes back to their home countries. People didn’t want to eat tomatoes at first, because they thought this delicious red fruit was poisonous!The Italians were the first to put tomatoes on their bread. In the late 1800s, an Italian baker named Raffaele Esposito made a dish for the king（国王）of Italy. He wanted to have the colors of the Italian flag in his dish, so he put red tomatoes, white cheese and green basil on some focaccia bread. The king liked it very much. The dish was called pizza. It is said that the world’s first pizzeria opened in 1830.However, pizza did not become popular until World War II. Today, pizza is one of the tastiest and most popular kinds of food in the world!1.If we say something is “poisonous”, we will mean it ____________.A.can kill people or animalsB. can burn people or animalsC. is very beautiful and tastyD. is beautiful but not tasty2. From the second paragraph, we know that “basil” is something___________.A. to paint withB. to write withC. to eatD. to drink3. A “pizzeria” is probably a “___________”.A. factoryB. hospitalC. restaurantD. supermarket答案：ACC强化练习ASometimes people come into your life and you know at once that they were sure to be there. They serve some sort of purpose, teach you a lesson or help find out who you are or who you want to become. You never know who these people may be: your classmate, neighbor, teacher, long-lost friend or even a real stranger. But you know that every moment they will affect (影响) your life in some serious way.Sometimes things happen to you. At the time they may seem terrible, painful (痛苦的) and unfair. But later you realize that without getting over those difficulties you would have never realized your further ability and strength. Everything happens for a reason and nothing happens by chance or with good or bad luck.The people you meet affect your life, and the successes and failure (失败) you experience, create who you are. Even the bad experiences can be learned from. In fact, they are probably the most poignant and important ones.Enjoy every day even every moment and take from it everything that you possibly can, for you may never be able to experience it again. Talk to people you have never talked to before, and really listen. You should set your sights high, hold your head up, tell yourself you are a great one and believe in yourself.You can make your life anything you wish. Create your own life and then go out and live it.68. The underlined word "poignant" in the passage means " ".A. 平淡的B. 明显的C. 深刻的D. 艰苦的解析：【文章大意】有些人可能会走进你的生活，也可能会改变你的生活，这个人也许是你的同学、你的朋友，也许是为陌生人。