2012届钻石卡学员基础阶段第三次测试卷(英语)

2012届海文考研钻石卡学员基础阶段测试卷三考试时间：180分钟满分：100分学员姓名：主管顾问：是否学数学：目标院校和专业：总分：Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)You probably have a long mental list of moments and facts you wish you could remember—but actually you cannot. The good news, 1 , is that while such memories may be currently 2 , they are not entirely gone, and could theoretically be 3 , according to a new brain research.In the study, biologist Jeffrey Johnson 4 16 college participants through an FMRI machine (which 5 nervous activity via blood flow) to compare brain patterns 6 memory formation and recall. First, he showed the students various common words and had them 7 a few tasks: say the word backwards in your head, 8 its uses, and picture how an artist would 9 it. Then, 20 minutes later, after the students re-entered the FMRI machine, Johnson showed them the list of words and asked them to recall 10 they could from before. Finally, he compared brain activity from both 11 and what he found will surprise you.Using 12 is called “pattern analysis”, it’s possible to13 a unique pattern of brain activity to every individual thing we do. This means that when a participant says the word “apple”backwards the 14 pattern of brain activity is different than when he pictures the fruit. 15 interestingly, there is close similarity between the pattern that emerges when we 16 an activity and when we later recall it. The stronger our memory, the 17 the pattern, but as Johnson found, even at a moment 18 we cannot remember anything, our nerve cells still fire in a way that 19 the activity of when we formed the memory. This 20 that sometime in the future we may be able to retrieve the memories we thought we’d lost forever.1. [A]although [B]rather [C]though [D]therefore2. [A]forgetful [B]absent [C]faultless [D]unavailable3. [A]retrieved [B]recognized [C]claimed [D]accumulated4. [A]let [B]put [C]ran [D]got5. [A]measures [B]calculates [C]assesses [D]evaluates6. [A]between [B]during [C]across [D]throughout7. [A]assign [B]display [C]perform [D]overtake8. [A]bring forward [B]think of [C]check out [D]catch on9. [A]predict [B]manifest [C]depict [D]specify10. [A]however [B]whenever [C]whatever [D]whichever11. [A]procedures [B]sessions [C]progresses [D]sections12. [A]which [B]that [C]as [D]what13. [A]attach [B]subject [C]submit [D]stick14. [A]controversial [B]relevant [C]particular [D]associated15. [A]Even [B]But [C]So [D]As16. [A]set about [B]sit for [C]engage in [D]go through17. [A]stronger [B]closer [C]further [D]weaker18. [A]when [B]that [C]which [D]as19. [A]hampers [B]distinguishes [C]duplicates [D]resembles20. [A]highlights [B]implies [C]entails [D]exclaimsSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The Republican National Convention of 1992 marked the true beginning of the concept of “family values,” a campaign concern that in part led an election loss to the Democrats. But the Republican Party claimed that the American public, specifically the rural middle-American public, agreed with them that “faith, family and freedom” were important issues. This was the most specific definition of “family values”that the GOP (Republic- an Party) ever provided without getting in trouble—any definition containing factual information continually offended a large section of the populace because the tenets of the proposal entered the conscious mind.The ideal of Family Values is necessarily fictitious, since it never existed in the past, and never could now, unless homosexuality, single mothers, and minorities simply disappeared from the American landscape. To a certain (perhaps unconscious) degree, the drafters of this ideology realized that it was impossible to achieve. This is why the concept was fictionalized in the most legitimate way possible—by Hollywood. The idea of Family Values was only successfully communicated through fiction—since the subtle influences of film would allow for the “message” of family values to get through to the audience unconsciously without a significant portion being offended. In other words, a fictitious dream for the future could only be embodied by fiction, since any realistic policies based on family values would meet with overwhelming opposition. But as an un-actualized inference of a desire for things to “go back to how they were,” most people agreed with them, since the program’s approach was not targeted to the conscious mind.The majority of the American public that agreed with the image of family values is arguably the most desirable target audience for Hollywood, and so not surprisingly, action films (middle-America’s favorite genre) became motivated by the concept of family. Beginning in 1992, the same year as the aforementioned Convention, Patriot Games was released: the story of an ex-CIA agent who gets involved in a case only to have a terrorist target his family for revenge. This was followed by The Fugitive(1993), in which a man searches for the “someone else” that killed his beautiful and virtuous wife. The audience meets her in numerous flashback scenes that indicate that the desire for family and the “way things were” are Dr. Richard Kimble’s main goals.It should also be pointed out that the term “family values” is never uttered in any of these films, and any allusion to the concept and its tenets is completely indirect and implied. The concept of family as the most important asset of any American’s life is unconsciously acknowledged so that any conscious opinions about the subject could be altered significantly.21. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that .[A] the concept of “family values”caused the Republican Party’s loss in the 1992 election[B] the concept of “family values” is accepted by few Americans[C] the definition of “family values” aroused anger among the American public[D] to avoid offending the citizens, a definition should not reflect factual information22. The word “fictitious” (Line 1, Para. 2) probably means .[A] imaginary[B] ambiguous[C] fade[D] fraud23. According to the text, what is the best way to convey the ideal of family values?[A] Novels.[B] Propaganda.[C] Films.[D] Election.24. To which of the following is the author like to agree?[A] People prefer to accept the ideal of family values unconsciously.[B] Policy-makers shouldn’t make realistic policies related to family values.[C] It is unwise to embody the ideal of family values through fiction.[D] Family values are embraced by many Americans by Hollywood films’ unconscious way.25. The author uses the examples of two Hollywood films to show .[A] the two films are very popular[B] how the term of family values is conveyed to the audience through the films[C] what the films are mainly about[D] what action films areText 2We need to avoid the nostalgia factor—a longing for the late regrettable economic boom that clouds our vision and corrodes our judgment. People understandably long to return to the good old days of the late 1990s. It won’t happen any time soon, and those who suggest it might are engaging in wishful thinking. They’re telling us what we want to hear. There’s a lot of that these days. Beginning a new year, when economic forecasts are flying furiously, it’s important to grasp their limits.If you believe the conventional wisdom—which seems reflected in the stock market’s recent rise—the recession is almost over. The Blue Chip Economic Indicators, a newsletter, surveys 53 forecasters and finds that about 70 percent think the recession will end no later than April. The latest average forecast predicts 0.4 percent growth in the gross domestic product (the economy’s output) in the present quarter. By the fourth quarter, GDP should expand at a respectable 3.9 percent annual rate. Could happen. But if it does, it will be luck as much as anything else.Truth be told, most economists don’t really understand this peculiar recession especially well. We know this because most of them didn’t predict it, which wasn’t surprising, because most didn’t understand the preceding boom, either. They constantly underestimated its strength and only belatedly recognized that some of its powerful driving forces—extravagant investment in new technologies, widespread stock-market speculation—were not altogether good. Forecaster’s recent record has been dismal.It’s easy to sympathize with forecasters. So many unfamiliar forces are now tugging at the economy that a coherent outlook is hard, maybe impossible. No one truly knows that will happen—especially, how long it will take consumers and businesses to recover from their recent frenzied spending, and how the economy will react to the Fed’s 11 interest-rate cuts.But the forecasters crank out their numbers, and there’s tendency to see the recession simply as a brief and unpleasant interruption to unspoiled prosperity. This may be too superficial. The central reason economists misinterpreted the 1990s boom was that they assumed that the economy would follow historical patterns. It didn’t. If economists repeat their error—and they may be doing just that—then they will be surprised, probably unpleasantly, by the pattern of recession and recovery. And that could be bad news for us all.26. We can infer from the first paragraph that .[A] people should look forward to futurity[B] the traditional thinking pattern may be challenged[C] economic forecasters are counting on a quick recovery[D] people miss the days when there was a large supply of food27. By saying “... be luck as much as anything else” (Line 5-6, Para. 2), the author implies that .[A] it is really lucky to see a new economic prosperity[B] there is a narrow chance of having a new boom[C] some economists don’t show expertise on economy[D] luck indeed counts much in an economic boom28. Most experts failed to form a correct judgment of the economic depression because .[A] they neglected the risks involved in the growth of economy[B] they were unable to take control of the economic pattern[C] new technologies attracted too much investment[D] a lot of speculators appeared in the stock market29. The author’s attitude towards economists’ forecasts is one of .[A] harsh criticism[B] deep regret[C] profound sympathy[D] unbiased criticism30. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes .[A] the economic development is likely to follow previous patterns[B] economists’ judgments were based on a large quantity of data[C] economists are constantly making mistakes[D] a sudden economic recovery is out of sightText 3Should a leader strive to be loved or feared? This question, famously posed by Machiavelli, lies at the heart of Joseph Nye’s new book. Mr. Nye, a former dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard a nd one-time chairman of America’s National Intelligence Council, is best known for promoting the idea of “soft power”, based on persuasion and influence, as a counterpoint to “hard power”, based on coercion and force.Having analyzed the use of soft and hard power in politics and diplomacy in his previous books, he has now turned his attention to the relationship between power and leadership, in both the political and business spheres. Machiavelli, he notes, concluded that “one ought to be both feared and l oved, but as it is difficult for the two to gotogether, it is much safer to be feared than loved.” In short, hard power is preferable to soft power. But modern leadership theorists have come to the opposite conclusion.The context of leadership is changing, they observe, and the historical emphasis on hard power is becoming outdated. In modern companies and democracies, power is increasingly diffused and traditional hierarchies are being undermined, making soft power ever more important. But that does not mean coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion, Mr. Nye argues. Instead, he advocates a synthesis of these two views. The conclusion of The Power to Lead, his survey of the theory of leadership, is that a combination of hard and soft power, which he calls “smart power”, is the best approach.The dominant theoretical model of leadership at the moment is, apparently, the “neocharismatic and transformational leadership paradigm”. Anyone allergic to management jargon will already be running for t he exit, but Mr. Nye has performed a valuable service in rounding up and summarising the various academic studies and theories of leadership into a single, slim volume. He examines different approaches to leadership, the morality of leadership and how the wider context can determine the effectiveness of a particular leader. There are plenty of anecdotes and examples, both historical and contemporary, political and corporate.Alas, leadership is a slippery subject, and as he rehearses the pros and cons of various theories, even Mr. Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall. He is at his most interesting when discussing the moral aspects of leadership—in particular, the question of whether it is sometimes necessary for good leaders to lie—and he provides a helpful 12-point summary of his conclusions. A recurring theme is that as circumstances change, different sorts of leaders are required; a leader who thrives in one environment may struggle in another, and vice versa. Ultimately that is just a fancy way of saying that leadership offers no easy answers.31. According to the first three paragraphs, Mr. Nye .[A] concludes that “smart power” is the best choice for leaders[B] believes that it is much safer to be feared than loved[C] argues that coercion should now take a back seat to persuasion[D] is now the dean of the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard32. We can infer from the last two paragraphs that Mr. Nye .[A] establishes the dominant theoretical model of leadership[B] does not like the dominant theoretical model of leadership[C] summarizes different approaches to leadership[D] believes it is necessary for good leaders to lie33. The sentence “Mr. Nye never quite nails the jelly to the wall.” (Line 1-2, Para. 5) most probablymeans .[A] Mr. Nye doesn’t like the jelly[B] Mr. Nye is excited to finish his new book[C] Mr. Nye believes there is something wrong with his wall[D] Mr. Nye does not make a conclusion34. According to the passage, Machiavelli .[A] is the author of the book The Powers to Lead[B] promotes the idea of “soft power”[C] believes hard power is preferable to soft power[D] is one of the most important modern leadership theorists35. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?[A] Joseph Nye and Machiavelli[B] Secrets of Leadership[C] Soft Power and Hard Power[D]What Is Smart Power?Text 4“Making money is a dirty game,” says the Institute of Economic Affairs, summin g up the attitude of British novelists towards business. The IEA, a free market think-tank, has just published a collection of essays (The Representation of Business in English Literature) by five academics chronicling the hostility of the country’s men and women of letters to the sordid business of making money. The implication is that Britain’s economic performance is retarded by an anti-industrial culture.Rather than blaming recalcitrant workers and incompetent managers for Britain’s economic worries, t hen, we can put George Orwell and Martin Amis in the dock instead. From Dickens’s Scrooge to Amis’s John Self in his 1980s novel Money, novelists have conjured up a rogue’s gallery of mean, greedy, amoral money-men that have alienated their impressionable readers from the noble pursuit of capitalism.The argument has been well made before, most famously in 1981 by Martin Wiener, an American academic, in his English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit. Lady Thatcher was a devotee of Mr. Wiener’s, and she led a crusade to revive the “entrepreneurial culture” which the liberal elite had allegedly trampled underfoot. The present Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, sounds as though he agrees with her. At a recent speech to the Confederation of British Industry，he declared that it should be the duty of every teacher in the country to “communicate the virtues of business and enterprise”.Certainly, most novelists are hostile to capitalism, but this refrain risks scapegoating writers for failings for which they are not to blame. Britain’s culture is no more anti-business than that of other countries. The Romantic Movement, which started as a reaction against the industrial revolution of the century, was born and flourished in Germany, but has not stopped the Germans from being Europe’s most successful entrepreneurs and industrialists.Even the Americans are guilty of blackening business’s name. Smersh and Specie went out with the cold war. James Bond now takes on international media magnates rather than Rosa Kleb. His films such as Erin Brockovich have pitched downtrodden, moral heroes against the evil of faceless corporatism. Yet none of this seems to have dented America’s lust for free enterprise.The irony is that the novel flourished as an art form only after, and as a result of, the creation of the new commercial classes of Victorian England, just as the modern Hollywood film can exist only in an era of mass consumerism. Perhaps the moral is that capitalist societies consume literature and film to let off steam rather than to change the world.36. In the first paragraph，the author introduces his topic by .[A] posing a contrast[B] explaining a phenomenon[C] making a comparison[D] justifying an assumption37. The word “sordid” (Line 4, Para. 1) implies.[A] holy[B] dirty[C] sanity[D] pure38. George Orwell and Martin Amis are defendants because .[A] their works retard the development of the country’s eco nomy[B] of no accusation of the inefficient management[C] the novelists are in favor of them[D] novelists depict them as merciful people39. American academic Martin Wiener’s argument.[A] sides with the liberal elite[B] is neutral about the virtue of business and enterprise[C] is hostile to the industrial spirit[D] inclines towards the revival of the entrepreneurial culture40. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] The novel flourished before the creation of the new commercial classes[B] Capitalist societies use literature and film to change the world.[C] Literature and film do good instead of harm to capitalist societies.[D] The modern holy world has nothing to do with consumers.Part BDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)(41) I can’t help wondering what Charles Darwin would think if he could survey the state of his intellectual achievement today, 200 years after his birth and 150 years after the publication of “On the Origin of Species”, the book that changed everything. His central idea—evolution by means of natural selection—was in sonde sense the product of his time, as Darwin well knew. He was the grandson of Erasmus Darwin, who grasped that there was something wrong with the conventional notion of fixed species. And his theory was hastened into print and into joint presentation by the independent discoveries of Alfred Russel Wallace half a world away.But Darwin’s theor y was the product of years of patient observation. (42) We love to believe in science by epiphany（顿悟）, but the work of real scientists is to rigorously test their epiphanies after they have been boiled down to working hypotheses. Most of Darwin’s life was devoted to gathering evidence for just such tests. He writes with an air of incompleteness because he was aware that it would take the work of many scientists to confirm his theory in detail.I doubt that much in the subsequent history of Darwin’s idea would have surprised h im. (43) The most important discoveries—Mendel’s genetics and the structure of DNA—would almost certainly have gratified him because they reveal the physical basis for the variation underlying evolution. It would have gratified him to see his ideas so thoroughly tested and to see so many of them confirmed. He could hardly have expected to be right so often.Perhaps one day we will not call evolution “Darwinism”. After all, we do not call classical mechanics “Newtonism”.As for the other fate of so-called Darwinism—the reductionist controversy fostered by religious conservatives—well, Darwin knew plenty about that, too. The cultural opposition to evolution was then, as now, scientifically irrelevant. (44) Perhaps the persistence of opposition to evolution is a reminder that culture is not biological, or else we might have evolved past such a gnashing（咬牙切齿，非常愤怒）of sensibilities. (45) In away, our peculiarly American failure to come to terms with Darwin’s theory and what i t’s become since 1859 is a sign of something broader: our failure to come to terms with science and the teaching of science.Section III WritingPart A46. Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)r ecommend one of your favorite movies and2)g ive reasons for your recommendation.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B47. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。