英语基础知识

英语基础知识一：英语的基本成分有七种：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。

主语：可以作主语的有名词（如boy ），主格代词（如I,she ，he,they,we,you ），指示代词（如this ）,动词不定式（如to do sth ），动名词（如doing sth ）和主语从句。

The boy is happy. She is friendly. Playing basketball is interesting.To go swimming with him is enjoyable. That he is ill is true. This is wrong.谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。

1.不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.2.及物动词（vt.）有宾语，形成主谓宾结构，如：They like Englih.3.系动词（系动词一般分两类：be 译为是, look,smell,taste,.feel.touch, keep,stay,seem 等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn,go,come,fall 等属另一类，表示变化。

）后接表语，构成主系表结构，如：He is happy. The food smells delicious. 宾语: 可以作宾语的有名词（如boy ），宾格代词（如me,her,him,them,us,you ），指示代词（如this ）,动词不定式（如to do sth ），动名词（如doing sth ）和宾语从句。

I don ’t like the boy. I want to finish the work. I like this.I think that he is happy. I like playing football. You win him.表语: 可以作表语的有名词（如boy ），动词不定式（如to do sth ），动名词（如doing sth ），介词短语（He is in the classroom ），形容词（如good ），方位副词（如The pen is here .）和表语从句。

The book is good . Your duty is to finish the work .My hobby is playing cards . The good thing is that he will come .定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。

1.形容词作定语：The boy needs a blue pen.( blue 修饰名词pen.）2.数词作定语相当于形容词：The boy needs two pens. ( two 修饰名词pens.）3.代词或名词所有格（如Tom ’s ）或形容词性物主代词（如his ）作定语： The boy needs Tom's pen. (Tom's 修饰名词pen.）His name is Tom. (his 修饰名词name.）4.介词短语作定语：The boy in blue is Tom. ( in blue 修饰名词the boy.）5.名词作定语：The boy needs a paper box. ( paper 修饰名词box.）6.方位副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen. ( there 修饰名词boy ）7.不定式作定语(表将来的事)：The boy to write a letter needs a pen. (to write a letter 修饰名词boy ）8.动词的ing 形式（现在分词或动名词，表示主动或进行或用途）或过去分词（表示被动或完成）作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen. (smiling 修饰名词boy ）He is in the reading room. (reading 修饰名词room ）The pen bought by her is made in China. (bought by her 修饰名词pen ）9.定语从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. (who is reading 修饰名词boy ）状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。

1.副词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen very much.（程度状语）The boy really needs a pen.（程度状语）The boy needs a pen now ./Now ,the boy needs a pen.（时间状语）2.介词短语作状语：In the classroom ,the boy needs a pen.（地点状语）On Sundays ,there is no student in the classroom. (时间状语)3.现在或过去分词（短语）作状语：He sits there,asking for a pen.（表示伴随状态）Blamed by his father ,he sits there soundlessly./（因为）被他父亲骂了，他无声地坐在那儿。

（原因状语）4．不定式作状语：The boy needs a pen to do his homework.（目的状语）I am glad to see you. （原因状语）He hurried to the station,only to find the bus had left . (结果状语，意料之外)5．状语从句(9种)：时间状语从句（引导词有since 自从when,while,after 等）、地点状语从句（引导词有where 等）、原因状语从句（引导词有because,since 既然等）、结果状语从句（引导词有so (that)所以等）、目的状语从句（引导词有in order that,so that 为了等）、比较状语从句（引导词有as …as;the same as 等）、让步状语从句（引导词有though,although,even if,whatever 等）、条件状语从句（引导词有if,unless,in case 等）和方式状语从句（引导词有as 按照,as if 等）。

When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting. As it is raining, I will not go out.Make a mark where you have a question.Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.She was ill, so that she didn ’t attend the meeting.If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.Though he is a child, he knows a lot. Child as he is, he knows a lot.You must do the exercise as I show you.I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.补语：动词不定式（感官动词(see,hear,feel,smell,taste,touch 等)和使役动词(have,let,make 译为使或让)后的宾语补足语把to 去掉），名词短语，介词短语，形容词，现在分词和过去分词等可充当宾语补足语。

I find him happy . （形容词作宾语补足语）I see him doing his homework .我看到他正在做他的家庭作业。

I see him do his homework.我看到他做他的家庭作业的全过程。

I ask him to do the homework.（动词不定式作宾语补足语）同位语（7种主要成分之外的成分）:是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。

如：We students should study hard. (students 是we 的同位语，说明我们的身份。

） He gave me a good suggestion that we shuold put off the meeting.(同位语从句)二：英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。

英语五种基本句型列式如下：1： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋谓）The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。

2： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。

3： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋谓＋宾）He │enjoys │reading. 他喜欢看书。

4： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）有少数动词可以接双宾语。

如：give sb sth=give sth to sb; buy sb sth=buy sth for sbI │give │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。

I │give │a wash to my car.5： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色三.动词时态以及语态。

动词时态、语态汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。

英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有10种，而且重点测试完成时态。

要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。

各种时态的主动语态和被动语态：(被动语态中用by 接出做这个动作的人)主动语态 被动语态(被动词+动词过去分词)动词原形或+s/es 主语+am/is/are done(动词过去分词)1. 一般现在时 主语+ 系动词am/is/are+表语can/may/must do(动词原形) 主语+ can/may/must be done He makes the desk. The desk is made by him .动词过去式 主语+ was/were done2. 一般过去时 主语+ was/were +表语could/might/had to do 主语+ could/might/had to be done I punished him yesterday. He was punished by me yesterday.will/shall do 主语+ will/shall be done3. 一般将来时 主语+ am/is/are going to do 主语+ am/is/are going to be doneam/is/are to do 主语+am/is/are to be doneam/is/are about to do 主语+am/is/are about to be done He will finish the book. The book will be finished by him .would/should do 主语+ would/should be done4. 过去将来时 主语+ was/were going to do 主语+ was/were going to be donewas/were to do 主语+ was/were to be donewas/were about to do 主语+ was/were about to be done He said that he would finish the book. He said that the book would be finished by him .5. 现在进行时 主语+am/is/are doing 主语+am/is/are being doneHe is reanding the book now. The book is being read by him now.6. 过去进行时 主语+was/were doing 主语+ was/were being doneHe was reading the book when I came. The book was being read by him when I came.7. 现在完成时 主语+have/has done 主语+ have/has been doneShe has finished the work. The work has been finished by him .8. 过去完成时 主语+had done 主语+had been doneShe said that he had finished the work. She said that the work had been finished by him .9. 现在完成进行时 主语+have/has been doing(无被动)She has been writing the book since last year.10. 一般将来进行时 主语+will be doing(无被动)He will be attending the meeting this time next week.四.主谓一致：在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。