英国文学史及选读2017期末复习名词解释中英
名词解释_英国文学史与选读
名词解释Allegory: It is a fictional narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from, and more important than, the literal meaning. The symbolic meaning is usually expressed through personifications and other symbols. Related forms are the fable and the parable, which are didactic, comparatively short and simple allegories. The art of allegory reached its height during the Middle Ages, (especially in the works of the Italian poet Dante and the English poet Geoffrey Chaucer) and during the Renaissance. In The Faerie Queene the English poet Edmund Spenser conceals, beneath a surface of chivalric romance, a commentary on religious and ethical doctrines and on social conditions in 16th-century England. One of the greatest of all allegories is Pilgrim’s Progress by John Bunyan, a prose narrative symbolically concerning the search for spiritual salvation. Although modern authors generally favor less abstract, more personal symbolism, allegories are still written. Animal Farm is a popular example, which was written by the English writer George Orwell.Alliteration: A repeated initial consonant to successive words. In Old English verse, any vowel alliterates with any other, and any alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regularly recurring structural feature of the verse, occurring on the first and third, and often on the first, second, and third, primary-stressed syllables of the the four-stressed line. Thus, from The Seafarer: hreran mid hondum hrincaelde sae(“to stir with his hand the rime-cold sea”)In later English verse tradition, alliteration becomes expressive in a variety of ways. Spener uses it decoratively, or to link adjective and noun, verb and object, as in the line: “much daunted with th at dint, her sense was dased.” In the 18th and 19th centuries it becomes even less systematic and more “musical”.Ballad: It is a lyric poem generally of three eight-line stanzas with a concluding stanza of four lines called an envoy. With some variations, the lines of a ballad are iambic or anapestic tetrameter rhyming ababbcbC; the envoy, which forms a personal dedication to some person of importance or to a personification, rhymes bcbC. The last line (C) of the stanza is repeated as a refrain throughout. Another pattern often employed consists of a ten of five lines rhyming ccdcD. The ballad became popular in England in the late 14th century and was adopted by Geoffrey Chaucer, who wrote several notable examples, including the Complaint…to His Empty Purse.Blank Verse: Blank verse is unrhymed poetry, typically in iambic pentameter, and the dominant verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century. Blank verse was adapted by Italian Renaissance writers from classical sources; it became the standard form of dramatists. Christopher Marlowe used blank verse for dramatic verse; William Shakespeare transformed blank verse into a supple instrument, uniquely capable of conveying speech rhythms and emotional overtones. According John Milton, only unrhymed verse could give English the dignity of a classical language.Classicism: As a critical term, a body of doctrine thought to be derived from or to reflect the qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture, particularly in literature, philosophy, art, or criticism. Classicism stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes, mainly drawn from the critical utterances of the Greeks and Romans or developed through an imitation of ancient art and literature. These include restraint, restricted scope, dominance of reason, sense of form, unity of design and aim, clarity, simplicity, balance, attention to structure and logical organization, chasteness in style, severity of outline, moderation, self-control, intellectualism, decorum, respectfor tra dition, imitation, conservatism, and “good sense”.Couplet (Heroic): It is a term in poetry applied to two successive lines of verse that form a single unit because they rhyme; the term also is often used for lines that express a complete thought or form a separate stanza. Couplets in English are usually written in ten-syllable (decasyllabic) lines, a form first used by the 14th-century poet Geoffrey Chaucer. This evolved into the so-called heroic couplet popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. The heroic couplet, two rhyming iambic pentameter lines, is also called a closed couplet because the meaning and the grammatical structure are complete within two lines. John Dryden and Alexander Pope employed this form with great effect. Sometimes the sense of the first line of a couplet runs over to the succeeding line; this is termed enjambment. An even freer form of expression is provided by the open couplet, of which the second line is run-on, requiring the first line of the succeeding couplet to complete its meaning. Nineteenth-century romantic poets most notably employed this variant. Couplets form the concluding lines of sonnets by William Shakespeare; they were also used for emphasis at the ends of long speeches in Elizabethan and Jacobean drama.Criticism, Literary: The term refers to analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of works of literature in light of existing standards of taste, or with the purpose of creating new standards. There are two approaches to literary criticism. Theoretical criticism is the study of the principles governing fiction, poetry, and drama with the aim of defining the distinct nature of literature. Practical criticism is the threefold act of reading and experiencing a literary work, judging its worth, and interpreting its meaning.Elegy: It is, originally in Greek and Roman literature, a poem composed of couplets. Classical elegies addressed various subjects, including love, lamentation, and politics, and were characterised by their metrical form. Since the 16th century elegies have been characterised not by their form but by their content, which is invariably melancholy and centers on death. The best known elegy in English is Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, by the English poet Thomas Gray, which treats not just a single death but the human condition as well. A distinct category of elegy, the pastoral elegy, has its roots in Greek and Sicilian poetry of the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. Using formal conventions, which developed gradually over centuries, pastoral elegists mourn a subject by representing the mourner and the subject as shepherds in a pastoral setting. The most famous example of the pastoral elegy is Lycidas, by the English poet John Milton.Epic: It is, originally, an oral narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. Epics deal with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance, involving action of broad sweep and grandeur.Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual.Renaissance: It is commonly applied to the movement or period which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in the Western Europe. In the ususal sense of the word, Renaissance suggests especially the 14th, 15th, 16th, and early 17th centuries, the dates differing for different countries. It is best to regard the Renaissance as the result of a new emphasis upon and a new combination of tendencies and attitudes already existing, stimulated by a series of historical events. The new humanistic learning which resulted from the rediscovery of classical literature is taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, since it was to the treasures of classical culture and to the authority of classical writers that the people of the Renaissance turned for inspiration.Romanticism: Romanticism, as a literary movement, developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Romanticism is above all an exaltation of individual values and aspirationsabove those of society. It was to cultivate the individual ego, reflect all that is spontaneous and unaffected in nature and in man, and be free to follow its own fancy and its own way. Through its concern with the hidden forces in man, Romanticism excerted a profound infuence on modern thought, and opened the way, for example, to psychoanalysis. The leading Romantic literary figures found Byron, keats, Shelley, Jane Austen, Coleridge and Wordsworth in Britain.Satire: A type of writing that holds up persons, ideas, or things to varying degrees of amusement, ridicule, or contempt in order, presumably, to improve, correct, or bring about desirable change. Science Fiction: A form of fantasy literature which speculatively extrapolates known facts of science or its possibilities into the future. Ray Bradbury’s “August 2002: Night Meeting” (1950) is an example of good science fiction.Setting: The time and place in which the action of a story, poem, or play occurs; physical setting alone is often referred to as the locale.Stream of Consciousness: The narrative method of capturing and representing the inner workings of a character’s mind. The term was first used by William James in his Principles of Psychology (1890).Structuralism: A critical approach, utilizing methodology of anthropology linguistics, that attempts to analyze literature in terms of its underlying structural patterns. In critic Jonathan Culler’s words, “Structuralists take linguistics as a model and attempt to develop grammars .. that would account for the form and meaning of literatury works.”Style: The author’s characteristic manner of expression; style includes the author’s diction, syntax, sentence patterns, punctuation, and spelling, as well as the use made of such devices as sound, rhythm, imagery, and figurative language.Subplot: The subplot (also called the minor plot or underplot) is a secondary action or complication within a fictional or dramatic work that often serves to reinforce or contrast to the main plot.Suspense: The psychological tension or anxiety resulting from the reader’s or audience’s uncertainty or just how a situation or conflict is likely to end.Symbol: Literally, something that stands for something else. In literature, any word, object, action, or character that embodies and evokes a range of additional meaning and significance. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness (1899), for example, the journey up the Congo River into the jungle is obviously a symbol of a parallel journey into the recesses of the human heart and back into the bleakest corners of civilization.Three Unities: Three rules or absolutes of 16th-and 17th-century Italian and French drama, broadly adapted from Aristotle’s Poetics: the Unity of Time, which limits a play to a single day; the Unity of Place, which limits a play’s setting to a single location; and the Unity of Action, which limits a play to a single story line.Assonance: The repetition in two or more nearby words of similar vowel sounds, for example:”…the ch a lk w a ll f a lls”Augustan Period: The period in English literature between about 1700 and 1750, when English writers deliberately set out to imitate ideals of restraint and balance in the reign of Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus (27 B.C. – 14 A.D.). Major writers include Addison, Pope, Steele, and Swift.Black Humour: Humour which is the product of a morbid, alienated, or pessimistic view of the world. Black humour is often associated with the antinovel (anti-story) and the theatre of theabsurd. Black humour is exemplified in the folk expression, “Been down so long it looks like up to me.”Cavalier Poets: A group of poets – including Carew, Herrick, Lovelace, and Suckling – associated with the court of Charles I of England (reigned between 1625--1649), whose supporters were known as Cavaliers. The Cavalier poets were known for their light and amorous verse. Character: It is an individual within a literary work. Characters may be complex and well developed (round characters) or undifferentiated and one-dimensional (flat characters); they may change in the course of the plot (dynamic characters) or remain essentially the same (static characters).Closet Drama: It is a drama written to be read rather than staged and acted. Samson Agonistes by Milton, Cain by Byron and Prometheus Unbound by Shelley are such examples.Sonnet:A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea. Sonnets vary in structure and rhyme scheme, but are generally of two types: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Elizabethan or Shakespearean sonnet.Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an entire poem. Byronic hero: As a leading Romanticist, Byron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byroni c hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions, such a hero ap pears first in “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”, and then further developed in later works in different guises. The figure is, to some extent, modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself, and makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.heroic couplet: the heroic couplet refers to iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. During the Restoration and the 18th century Alexander Pope perfected the closed couplet, which means only a couplet can express a complete idea, and developed it to the heroic couplet.ballad stanza: a type of four-line stanza. The first and third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses. Ballad meter is usually iambic. The number of unstressed syllables in each line may vary. The second and fourth lines rhyme.terza rima: An Italian verse formc onsisting of a series of three-line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza, as follows: aba bcb cdc, ect.。
英国文学史名词解释
英国文学史名词解释1. Ballad(民谣)A ballad originally is a song intended as an accompaniment to a dance or a popular song. In the relatively recent sense, now most widely used, a ballad is a single, spirited poem in short stanzas, in which some popular story is graphically narrated. The ingredients of ballads usually include a refrain, stock descriptive phrases, and simple, terse dialogue.2. Alliteration(头韵)It refers to a repeated initial consonant to successive words and it is the most striking feature in its poetic form. In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, and it is the initial sound of the third accented syllable that normally determiners the alliteration. In old English verse, alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regular recurring structural feature of the verse.3. Sonnet (十四行诗)It is a poem of 14 lines (of 11 syllables in Italian and 10 in English), typically in rhymed iambic pentameter. Sonnets characteristically express a single theme or idea.The sonnet was introduced to England by Sir T. Wyatt and developed Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey) and was thereafter widely used notably in the sonnet sequences of Shakespeare, Sidney, and Spenser. 4. Tragedy(悲剧)The word is applied broadly to dramatic works in which events move to a fatal or disastrous conclusion. It is concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. Often the herofalls from power and his eventual death leads to the downfall of others. The tragic action arouses feelings of awe in the audience.5. Lyric(抒情诗)As a genre, it was the tradition of popular song flourishing in all the medieval literatures of Western Europe. In England lyric poems flourished in the Middle English period, and in the 16th century, heyday of humanism. This tradition was enriched by the direct imitation of ancient models. During the next 200 years the links between poetry and music was gradually broken, and the term “lyric” came to be applied to short poems expressive of a poet’s thoughts or feelings.6. Epic(史诗)It is a poem that celebrates in the form of a continuous narrative the achievements of one or more heroic personages of history or tradition. Among the great epics of the world may be mentioned the Iliad, Odyssey, Aeneid, and Paradise Lost.7. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period of great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern worn world. It came about under the influence of Greek and Roman models. It began in Italy in the late 14th century, reached the highest development in the early 16th century, and spread to the rest of Europe in the 15th century and afterwards. Its emphasis was humanist: that is , on regarding the human figure and reason without a necessary relating of it to the superhuman.8. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)Enlightenment also called the neoclassic movement. It refersto the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the 19th century. The term is generally used to describe the philosophical, scientific, and rational spirit, the freedom from superstition, the skepticism and faith in religious tolerance of much of 18th-century Europe. Te Enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule the illogical errors in government, social custom, and religious belief. This period’s poetry in England was typified by Alexander Pope, John Dryden and others.9. Classicism(古典主义)The term, when applied generally, means clearness, elegance, symmetry, and repose (清新、优雅、对称与和谐) produced by attention to traditional forms. More precisely, the term refers to the admiration and imitation of Greek and Roman literature, art, and architecture. It stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes including dominance of reason, balance and other etc. Classicism is usually contrasted with romanticism.10. Romanticism or Romantic Movement(浪漫主义)The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. The Romantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living. Its stylistic keynote is intensity, and its watchword is imagination. Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic setting and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent” c haracters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included Blake, Wordsworth, Keats,Shelley, and Byron.11. Genre (样式):A type of category of literature marked by certain shared features or customs. The three broadest categories of genre include poetry, drama, and fiction. These general genres are often subdivided into more specific genres and subgenres. For example, the poetry can be sub-classified as epic, elegy, lyric and pastoral etc.12. Critical realism(批判现实主义)Critical realism is one of the literary genres that flourished mainly in the 19th century. It reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of eash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, they used humor and satire to contrast the greed and hypocrisy classes. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time, bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society. The critical realists, however, did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. Their works do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here are the strength and weakness of critical reali sm.。
英国文学期末复习-名词解释部分
Ⅱ. Define the following terms.1.English critical realism2.Victorian period3.Autobiography4.Regional novel5.Dramatic monologue6.Dramatization7.Disinterestedness8.Idyll9.Psychological novel10.The Pre-Raphaelites11.Künstlerroman12.Aestheticism13.Naturalism14.Aestheticism15.Beowulf16.Blank verse17.Ballad18.Byronic Heroes19.Classicism20.Conceitic epic in prose22.Enlightenment23.Graveyard School / Poets24.Gothic novel25.Heroic couplet26.Humanism27.Individualismke Poets29.Metaphysical Poetry30.Neoclassicism31.Romance32.Romanticism33.Renaissance34.Rationalism35.Relativism36.Sonnet37.Spenserian Stanza38.Sentimentalism39.Stream-of-consciousness40.University witsⅡ. Define the following terms.1.English critical realism: English critical realism o f the 19th century flourished in the forties and in theearly fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point. The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens. With striking force and truthfulness, he pictures bourgeois civilization, showing the misery and sufferings of the common people. Another critical realist, William Makepeace Thackeray, was a no less severe exposer of contemporary society. Thackeray‟s novels are mainly a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society. Other adherents to the method of critical realism were Charlotte and Emily Bronte, and Elizabeth Gaskell. In the fifties and sixties the realistic novel as represented by Dickens and Thackeray entered a stage of decline. It found its reflection in the works of George Eliot. Though she described the life of the laboring people and criticized the privileged classes, the power of exposure became weaker in her works. She seemed to be more morally than socially minded. The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people.2.Victorian period: The era of Queen Victoria‟s reign (1837~1901). The period is sometimes dated from1832 (the passage of the first Reform Bill), a period of intense and prolific activity in literature, especially by novelists and poets, philosophers and essayists. Dramatists of any note are few. Much of the writing was concerned with contemporary social problems: for instance, the effects of the industrial revolution, the influence of the theory of evolution, and movements of political and social reform. The following are among the most not able British writers of the period: Thomas Carlyle, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Alfred Tennyson, Charles Darwin, W. M. Thackeray, Robert Browning, Edward Lear, Charles Dickens, Anthory Trollope, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Anne Bronte, George Eliot, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold, George Meredith, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, William Morris, Samuel Butler, Swinburne, Thomas Hardy, Robert Louis Stevenson, Henry Arthur Jones, Oscar Wilde.3.Autobiography: An account of a person‟s life by him or herself. The term appears to have been first usedby Southey in 1809. In Dr. Johnson‟s opinion no man was better qualified to write his life than himself, but this is debatable. Memory may be unreliable. Few can recall clear details of their early life and most are therefore dependent on other people‟s impressions, of necessity equally unreliable. Moreover, everyone tends to remember what he or she wants to remember. Disagreeable facts are sometimes glossed over or repressed, truth may be distorted for the sake of convenience or harmony and the occlusions of time may obscure as much as they reveal.4.Regional novel: A regional writer is one who concentrates much attention on a particular area and uses itand the people who inhabit it as the basis for his or her stories. Such a locale is likely to be rural and or provincial. Once established, the regional novel began to interest a number of writers, and soon the regions described became smaller and more specifically defined. For example, the novels of Mrs. Gaskell (1810~1865) and George Eliot (1819~1880) centered on the Midlands, and those of the Bronte sisters were set in Yorkshire. There were also “urban” or “industrial” novels, set in a particular town or city, some of which had considerable fame in the 19th century. Notable instances are Mrs. Gaskell‟s Mary Barton (1848), Charles Dickens‟s Hard Times (1854) and George Eliot‟s Middlemarch (1871~1872).5.Dramatic monologue:Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historicalcharacter other than the poet speaks to a sile nt “audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet‟s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character,whose personality is revealed unwittingly; this distinguishes a dramatic monologue from a lyric, while the implied presence of an auditor distinguishes it from a soliloquy. Major examples of this form in English are Tennyson‟s “Ulysses” (1842), Browning‟s “Fra Lippo Lippi” (1855), and T. S. Eliot‟s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1917).Some plays in which only one character speaks, in the form of a monologue or soliloquy, have also been called dramatic monologues; but to avoid confusion it is preferable to refer to these simply as monologues or as monodramas.6.Dramatization: The act of making a play out of a story in another genre, from a chronicle, novel, shortstory and so forth. In medieval drama the Bible was dramatized into the Mystery Plays. In the Tudor period dramatists “lifted” plots, stories, and ideas from historians like Plutarch and Holinshed, and novelists like Lodge and Nashe. But it was not until the 18th century that dramatization really began to flourish. Then novels provided the material. For example, Richardson‟s Pamela, dramatized by James Dance, was extremely popular. There followed dramatization of novels by Mrs. Radcliffe, Alpole, Godwin, “Monk”Lewisand Clara Reeve. In the 19thcentury.DickensandScottweretheauthorsmostused; so were Lord Lytton, Charlotte Bronte, Charles Reade, Wilkie Collins, and many more. The arrival of a group of original dramatists towards the end of the century saved the theatre from this deadening activity. But it is a practice by no means extinct, as television and recent theatrical history amply demonstrate.7.Disinterestedness: (In criticism) “Disinterestedness” is an important term in Matthew Arnold‟s essay TheFunction of Criticism at the Present Time, first delivered as a lecture in1864 and later published in Essays in Criticism(1865). Arnold spoke of the need, in the study of all branches of knowledge, to see the object “as in itself it really is”.This depended on the attitude of the critic, which, in his view, ought to be objective and open-minded, a kind of involved detachment.8.Idyll:Idyll is a short poem describing an incident of country life in terms of idealized innocence andcontentment, or any such episode in a poem or prose work. The term is virtually synonymous with pastoral poem. The title of Tennyson‟s Idylls of the King (1842~1885), a sequence of Arthurian romances, bears little relation to the usual meaning. Browning in Dramatic Idylls(1879~1880) uses the term in another sense, as a short self-contained poem.9.Psychological novel: A vague term to describe that kind of fiction which is for the most part concernedwith the spiritual, emotional and mental lives of the characters and with the analysis of characters rather than with the plot and the action. Many novelists during the last two hundred years have written psychological novels.10.The Pre-Raphaelites:Pre-Raphaelites is a group of English artists and writers of the Victorian period,associated directly or indirectly with the self-styled Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood of young artists founded in 1848 by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais, and William Holman Hunt.The PRB (as it is usually abbreviated) rebelled against the conventional academic styles of painting modeled upon Raphael (1483～1520), seeking a freshness and simplicity found in earlier artists, along witha closer fidelity to Nature. The organized Brotherhood itself lasted only a few years, but Pre-Raphaelitismas a broader current survived in the paintings of Edward Burne-Jones, the designs of William Morris, and the art criticism of John Ruskin, as well as in the poetry of Christina Rossetti, D. G. Rossetti, Morris, and A.C. Swinburne—the last three being dubbed “The Fleshly School of Poetry” in a hostile review by RobertBuchanan (Contemporary Review, 1871). Pre-Raphaelite poetry is often characterized by dreamy medievalism, mixing religiosity and sensuousness, notably in D. G. Rossetti‟s“The Blessed Damozel”(1850), Morris‟s The Defence of Guenevere (1858), and Swinburne‟s Poems and Ballads (1866).11.Künstlerroman: A novel which has an artist (in any creative art) as the central character and which showsthe development of the artist from childhood to maturity and later. In English literature the most famous example of a Künstlerroman is James Joyce‟s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.12.Aestheticism:The term aesthetic has come to signify something which pertains to the criticism of thebeautif ul or to the theory of taste. An aesthete is one who pursues and is devoted to the “beautiful” in art, music and literature. And aestheticism is the term given to a movement, a cult, a mode of sensibility (a way of looking at and feeling about things) in the 19th century. Fundamentally, it entailed the point of view that art is self-sufficient and need serve no other purpose than its own ends. In other words, art is an end in itself and need not be (or should not be) didactic, politically committed, propagandist, moral or anything else but itself; and it should not be judged by any non-aesthetic criteria (e.g. whether or notit is useful).13.Naturalism:Naturalism is a post-Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the”laws”of scientific determinism to fiction. The naturalist went beyond the realist‟s insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity. Major writers include Crane, Dreiser, Norris, and O‟Neill in America; Zola in France; and Hardy and Gissing in England. Crane‟s“The Blue Hotel” (1898) is perhaps the best example in this text of a naturalistic short story.14.Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）The Aesthetic Movement is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts, and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain. It represents the same tendencies that symbolism or decadence stood for in France and may be considered the British branch of the same movement. It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates modernism. It took place in the late Victorian period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde.15.Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements.16.Blank verse（名词解释）:This term，which was first brought into England by Surrey，is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter 1ine in poetry．17.Ballad民谣（名词解释）(Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed.)A short narrative poem with stanzas of two or four lines and usually a refrain. It can be about the story, folklore popular legends. straightforward verse, with graphic simplicity and force and is suitable for singing generally written in ballad meter, with the last words of the second and fourth lines rhyming.Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission.18.Byronic heroA proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.19.Classicism（名词解释）In the arts, historical tradition or aesthetic attitudes based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity; Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity.20.ConceitConceit is a far-fetched metaphor or simile originally a "concept" or "idea", conceit came to mean a striking parallel between two highly dissimilar things, The metaphysical conceit is more far-fetched and less trivially ornamental, and generally more original.ic epic in prose（散文体喜剧史诗）It …s similar to the epic.its large,comprehensive,and contains many incidents and characters.Unlike the serious epic,which treats great persons,the comic epic treats persons pf inferior rank and manner(the generic subject matter of comedy)instead of kings and nobles and it portrays the ridiculous.22.Enlightenment (1650-1800)（名词解释）The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy23.Graveyard School / Poets:A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness to profound gloom.24.Gothic novel(哥特式小说)mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)25.Heroic couplet (名词解释)heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)26.Humanism 人文主义：Humanism is a system of beliefs upheld by writers and artists of the Renaissance period in their fighting against medieval asceticism．It states that man is godly，that man is able to find truth，goodness and beauty，and that man is in contro1 of the present life rather than being controlled by God. Briefly，humanism puts man at the center of their be1iefs and takes man to be the measure of every thing while the former asceticism puts God at the center of their beliefs and takes personal salvation to be the most important thing on the earth for man．27.Individualismemphasized the importance of the individual and his inborn rightske Poets（名词解释）The Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.29.Metaphysical Poetry"The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne .With a rebellious spirit, they tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, in particular the Petrarchan tradition, which is full of refined language, polished rhyming schemes and eulogy to ideal love, The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.30.NeoclassicismIt is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome). These movements were dominant at various times between the 18th and 20th centuries. This article addresses what these "neoclassicisms" have in common.31.Romance （名词解释）(1)The basic material of medieval romance is knightly activity and adventure; we might best define medieval ro mance as a story of adventure--fictitious, frequently marvelous or supernatural--in verse or prose.(2)A long com position describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central character was the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons who was very devoted to the king or to the church.(3)One who wanted to be a knight should serve patiently until he was admitted to the knighthood with solemn ceremony and the swearing of oaths.32.RomanticismRomanticism was a movement in literature，philosophy，music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above those of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命)，it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感)。
英国文学史名词解释
英国文学史名词解释英国文学史是西方文学史中重要的一个分支，它以英国作家的作品为研究对象，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的众多文学作品和文学流派。
在这篇文章中，我将解释一些与英国文学史相关的重要名词，帮助读者更好地理解和欣赏英国文学的发展历程。
1. Beowulf (《贝奥武夫》)《贝奥武夫》是一部古老的英国史诗，被认为是英国文学史上最早的重要文学作品之一。
它讲述了贝奥武夫这位英勇的斗士与怪物格列伦德之间的战斗，强调了英雄气概和荣誉观念。
2. Elizabethan Age (伊丽莎白时代)伊丽莎白时代是英国文学史上一段璀璨的时期，时间跨度大约是1558年到1603年，得名于当时的女王伊丽莎白一世。
莎士比亚和培根等众多杰出的文学家在这个时代涌现，他们的作品对英国戏剧和文学产生了深远的影响。
3. Restoration (复辟时期)复辟时期是指英国历史上查理二世复辟王朝（1660年至1688年）期间的文学时期。
在这个时期，英国文学经历了从古典主义到启蒙思想的转变，作家们开始关注社会问题，并使用更加通俗的语言创作。
4. Romanticism (浪漫主义)浪漫主义是18世纪末至19世纪初在英国兴盛的一种文学运动，它强调个人情感和情感共鸣，对自然界、个体感受和非理性有着强烈的兴趣。
威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治和约翰·济慈等浪漫主义诗人的作品在这一时期达到了巅峰。
5. Victorian Era (维多利亚时代)维多利亚时代是19世纪英国的一个时期，得名于维多利亚女王。
这个时期的文学作品反映了当时社会的道德伦理观念和社会问题，女性权益和道德拯救等主题常常被探索和讨论。
查尔斯·狄更斯、艾米丽·勃朗特和托马斯·哈代是这个时期最著名的文学家之一。
6. Modernism (现代主义)现代主义是20世纪初在英国兴起的一种文学运动，它反对传统形式和传统价值观，并试图通过新颖的写作风格和形式来呈现当时复杂多变的现实。
英国文学史名词解释[1]
![英国文学史名词解释[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/e567f429af45b307e871971d.png)
名词解释Old English: the language of Anglo and Saxon people during 5and 11t h centuryEpic: A long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes. In a grand ceremonious style .The hero, usually protected by or even descended from gods, performs superhuman exploits in battle or in marvelous voyages, often saving or founding a nation.Romance:the most popular literary form in the Middle Ages in Europe; A tale (in verse or prose) that deals with knightly adventures or other heroic deeds or supernatural or amorous subjects, and usually emphasizes the chivalric love.Ballad:A folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct and dramatic manner some popular story usually derived form a tragic incident in local history or legend.Ballad are normally composed in quatrains with alternating four-stress and three- stress lines ,the second and fourth lines rhyming.Couplet(双行体)a pair of rhyming verse lines of the same length. Chauser established the use of couplet in his Canterbury Tales, using rhymed iambic pentameters later known as heroic coupletThe Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and 17th centuries.The rebirth of literature, art, and learning that progressively transformed European culture from the mid-14th century in Italy to the mid-17th century in England, strongly influenced by the rediscovery of classical Greek and Latin literature. The Renaissance is commonly held to mark the close of the middle Ages, and the beginning of the modern western world. The term normally refer to the combined intellectual and artistic transformation of the 15th 16th centuries, including the emergency of humanism, protestant individualism, Copernican astronomy, and the discovery of AmericaHumanism:it stands for devotion to human values represent in classical literature.it is the keynote or the dominate ideology during the Renaissance Sonnet：A lyric of fourteen lines usually in iambic pentameter. 1. Shakespearean sonnet: Also called English sonnet or Elizabethan Sonnet. It is structured of 3 quatrains and a final couplet with the rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg2. Petrarchan Sonnet: Also called Italian sonnet. It contains an octave with the rhyme pattern abba abba and a sestet of various rhyme Patterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd.3. Spenserian sonnet: comprising 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd eeOde is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.Elegy Formal lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or a public figure, or reflecting seriously on a solemn subject.Pastoral: a highly conventional mode of writing that celebrates the innocent life of shepherds or shepherdesses in poems, plays, and prose romance. Tragedies were concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. They involved the trials and eventful death of a hero who was an important person and whose death led to the downfall of others.a. the central characters are always people of importance, like kings, queens, prince, general, nobles.b. a tragic hero often a flawed good man; often the hero’s fall from happiness was due to a weakness in his character, by some great error in his part.c. supernatural beings are often involved in the conflict of human beings, like gods, spirits, witches, ghosts.d. sadness is mixed with horror, murder, treachery, and blood-shedding.Catharsis or Cathartic effect of tragedies: Tragedies give an outlet for such emotions as greed, hatred, lust, fear and pity. The audience feel relieved or purged when they leave the theatre.Comedy deals with ordinary people in everyday situations, it deals with ordinary people in a humble style, usually beginning with misfortune and ending with joy. The purpose of comedy is chiefly to entertain people, but some have moral and corrective purposes, to ridicule and satirize human weaknesses.Comedy of humor according to the comedy of humor, each of characters in the play has some dominating passion or peculiar quality such as jealousy,greedy and comedy of humor mainly satires these humours demonstrated the characters in the play. Ben Jonson has been chefly known for his comedy of humors Soliloquy is the act of talking to oneself, whether silently or aloud. In drama it denotes the convention by which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts aloud. Playwrights have used this device as a convenient way to convey information about a charact er’s motives and state of mind, or for purpose of exposition, and sometimes in order to guide the judgments and responses of the audience.Allegory: is a fictional narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from and more important than the literary meaning.Dramatic irony involves the reader (or audience) knowing something about what's happening in the plot, about which the character(s) have no knowledge. Dramatic irony can be used in comedies and tragedies, and it works to engage the reader, as one is drawn into what is happening. The audience may sympathize with the character, who does not know the true situation. Or, the reader may see the character as blind or ignorant (as with Oedipus). The clues may be rather obvious, but the character may be unwilling to recognize the truth.The term“metaphysical”indicates a common poetic style, use of figurative language, and way of organizing the meditative process or the poetic argument.This term is now applied to a group of 17th century poets who, whether or not directly influenced by Done, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry( Cleveland, Marvell, Cowley) and in religious poetry(Herbert, Vaughan, Crashaw, and Traherne). The term was coined by John Dryden (1693): "He affects the metaphysicsMetaphysical ConceitIn general, the metaphysical conceit will use some sort of shocking or unusual comparison as the basis for the metaphor. When it works, a metaphysical conceit has a startling appropriateness that makes us look at something in an entirely new way. Draws upon a wide range of knowledge, mainly using highly intellectual analogies; its comparisons are elaborately rationalizedHeroic drama:A kind of tragedy or tragicomedy that came into vogue with the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660. Influenced by French classical tragedy and its dramatic unities (time, place, action), it aimed at epic (heroic) grandeur, usually by means of bombast, exotic settings and lavish scenery. The noble hero would typically be caught in a conflict between love and patriotic duty, leading to emotional scenes presented in a manner close to opera. The leading English exponent of heroic drama was John Dryden: hid the conquest of Granada (1670-1) and Aureng-Zebe (1675) were both written in heroic couplets.the Enlightenment movementA general term applied to the movement of the intellectual liberation that developed in Western Europe from the late 17th century to the late 18th century( the age of reason)。
英国文学史及选读 名词解释
Renaissance: Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.
Part One
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).
Edmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age.
英国文学选读上名词解释(中英文版)
Byronic heroA proud, mysterious, rebellious, gloomy figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedo m.SonnetA sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.OdeA complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion,to honor a person o a season or to commemorate an event.Lake PoetsThe Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic MovementMetaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion. John Donne is the most important representative.拜伦式英雄是指拜伦诗中的贵族出身的骄傲，神秘，反叛的角色。
英国文学史-名词解释
名词解释1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. 4．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 8．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 11．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释(word文档良心出品)
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄).②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation.③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths.④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics.⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》).⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】The English Bible: The first complete English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(约翰?威克里夫). The Authorized Version is King James Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of English language and English literature.Renaissance: Renaissance or the birth of letters is an intellectual movement. Its two features are a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.William Caxton威廉.卡克斯顿: He is the first English printer and invented in England the profession of publisher.Thomas More托马斯.莫尔: The greatest of the English humanists was Thomas More, the author of Utopia《乌托邦》. He is also one of such “giants”(巨匠) of the Renaissance. He distinguished himself as a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty talker, a lover of music, an honest statesman , and a man of noble character, modest but steadfast(坚定的), to his convictions. He was a far-sighted thinker, aspired for a totally new society with happy, classless, and free from poverty and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of modern socialist thought.Utopia: It is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conservation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. In the second book is described in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia. The name “Utopia”comes from Greek words meaning “no place”and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.Philip Sidney菲利普.锡德尼: He is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. His collection of love sonnets, Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》, was published in 1591.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞(莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人)：The poet’s poet of the period was ES who was buried beside Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions(感情的流露). His sonnets in Amoretti, together with Sidney’s Astrophel and Stella and Shakespeare’s sonnets ,are the most famous sonnet sequences of the Elizabeth Age. 【In 1579 he wrote The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人日记》which marked the budding(萌芽) of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England. The faerie Queen 《仙后》is his greatest work which was dedicated to Queen Elizabeth.】Francis Bacon: He is the founder of English materialist philosophy and the founder of modern science in England. His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method of reasoning. He is also the first English essayist. To give a few, “Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark..”“Studies serve for delight.”“Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.”Drama: The Miracle Play圣迹剧The Morality Play道德剧寓意剧The Interlude幕间节目Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗.马洛: The most gifted of the “university wits”was Christopher Marlowe. His best work include 3 of his plays, Tamburlaine《帖木儿大帝》(1587), The Jew of Malta《马耳岛的犹太人》(1592), and Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士》(1588). He was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the greatest English dramatist——Shakespeare——whose achievements were the monument of the English Renaissance.【His plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie, its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable(不知足的) appetite for power won by military, might, knowledge, or gold. The theme of his plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law, and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe. The heroes in his plays are merely individualists, their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.】William Shakespeare: Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. His dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation（改革）. Shakespeare long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse. He was especially at home with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great master of the English language. Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers over the world.①The great comedies: A Midsummer Might’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It, Twelfth Night.②The great tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.The Merchant of Venice: 威尼斯富商安东尼奥Antonio为了成全好友巴萨尼奥Bassanio的婚事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克Shylock借债。
英国文学选读名词解释
1.epic 史诗An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with legendary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.2.caesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the languageand sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line.3.alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4.alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard –with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5.kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description andassociation. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6.protagonist 主角the principal character of a drama or fiction. Hamlet is the protagonist of William Shakespeare’s drama Hamlet.7.antagonist 反角In drama or fiction the antagonist opposes the hero or protagonist. In Hamlet Claudius is antagonist to Hamlet.8.romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containingadventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.9.bob and wheel诗节末尾的短行与叠唱a rhyming section of five lines that concludes a stanza in Sir Gawain and theGreen Knight. The “bob” is a very short line, sometimes of only two syllables, followed by the “wheel”, longe r lines with three stresses and internal thyme.10.poet’s corner 诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments ofsome famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton.11.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体Two successive lines o f rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’smasterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.Named from its use by Dryden and others in the heroic drama of the late 17th century, the heroic couplet had been established much earlier by Chaucer as a major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic portry: it dominated English poetry of the 18th century, notably in the couplets of Pope, before declining in importance in the early 19th century.12.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love ballad.13.refrain 叠句，副歌a phrase, line or lines repeated at intervals during a poem and especially at the endof a stanza. It is very often found in English ballads, such as Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose”.14.English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “renaissance” means rebirth or revival. It is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization , which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world . It sprang up first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe, the date differing for different countries. The Renaissance indicates a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. The study and propagation of classical learning and art was carried on by the progressive thinkers of the humanists. They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and his brave fight for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Because in the ancient Greek and Roman mythology were found the ideas of universal love, respect to human beings and approval of man’s power, ability and knowledge. And at the same time worldly enjoyment on the earth was affirmed. In short, man became the center of the world instead of God as upheld in the Middle Ages. The Renaissance Movement is a great revolution carried out in the fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century Europe. It broke the chain and bondage of feudal and theological ties and brought human wisdom and capacity into full play.15.Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.16.sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourishedin Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.17.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.18.meter 格律the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. In English verse a line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses;the commonest meter is iambic. William Shakespeare’s so nnets are written in iambic.19.foot 音步a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllablevariation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter.William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines. 20.rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.21.quatrain 四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaicforms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.22.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such arepresentation helps evoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.23.poetic license 诗的破格the liberty allowed to the poet to wrest the language according to his needs in the use of figurative speech, archaism, rhyme, strange syntax, etc. An example is the last sentence of “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns –“Tho’ it were ten thousand mile!”24.verse drama 诗剧drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.25.blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.26.Globe Theatre 环球剧场One of the most famous of all theatres, it was built in 1599, with three stories. The roof was thatched, with the centre open to the sky. Many of William Shakespeare’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt the next year and finally demolished in 1644. Again it was rebuilt in 1997.27.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or ofbook length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.28.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelingsand flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.ke poets 湖畔诗人are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn o f the nineteenth century. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement. The thr ee main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordswo rth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.30.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his countryor era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843.31. Humanism(人文主义)Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural , divine elements ---or as opposed to the grosser, animal elements.In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively----in particular, those dealing with the life,thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. It proclaimed that man is the most important noble creature in the world; the goal of life is to enjoy oneself in this present world instead of afterlife. According to the humanists ; both man and world are hindered by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance.32. Ode(颂歌) Long, often elaborate formal lyric poem of varying line lengths dealing with a subject matter and treating it reverently. It aims at glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally. Conventionally, many odes are written or dedicated to a specifie subject. For instance,Ode to the West Wind is about the winds that bring change of season in England. Ode to the Nightingale is about the nightingale that lures the poet temporarily away from his great misery. The earliest English odes include the Epithalamion and the Prothalamion,or marriage hymns by poet Edmund Spenser. 33. Romanticism(浪漫主义)The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, stupidity, superstition, and barbarism. Instead ,theRomantics asserted that reliance upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics and living.The Romantic movement typically asserts the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status of imagination and fancy, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”, the human need for emotional outlets, the rejection of civilized corruption, and a desire to return to natural primitivism and escape the spiritual destruction of urban life Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive concern with “innocent”characters----children, young lovers, and animals. The major Romantic poets included William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats , Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Gordon Byron.34. Aestheticism( 美学主义)The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement----“art for art’s sake”----was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. The first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater, the most important critical writer of the late 19th century. The chief representative of the movement in England was Oscar Wilde,with his Picture of Dorian Gray. Aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake,can it be immortal They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style. This was one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.35. Stream of Consciousness(意识流)(psychol organized by William James) individual conscious experience regarded as continuously moving forward in time in an uneven flow. In creative writing the interior monologue makes use of this to reveal character and comment on life.（由威廉·詹姆士创立的心理学）个人的内心体验以不平衡的方式不断流动着。
英国文学期末考试会出现的名词解释(自己整理——超实用的!)
1.epic 史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodyingheroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands. Other examples of epic poems are Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, John Milton's Paradise Lost, William Wordsworth's The Prelude, Elizabeth Barret Browning's Aurora Leigh, and T. S. Eliot's "The Waste Land."2.caesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the languageand sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line.3.alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4.alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard –with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5.kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description andassociation. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6.romanceoriginally refers to the vernacular (native) language, as opposed to Latin, and later it means a popular literary form in the medieval period which uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance.7.allegoryIt is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning, and serve to spread moral teaching.It has a primary meaning and a secondary meaning . In an allegory, abstract qualities or ideas, such as patience, purity, or truth, are personified as characters in the story.8.rhythmbriefly speaking, rhythm is a regular repeated pattern of movement or sound.In poetry, two main factors contribute to the formation of rhythm are the recurrence of stresses and pauses. That is the regular repeated appearance of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables and pauses.9.foot 音步is the unit of rhythm in verse composed of accented and unaccented syllables.Different patterns of arrangements of stressed and unstressed syllables are given different names. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter. William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18”contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines.10.meter 格律is the rhythm established by the use of the specific foot, in another word, the specific arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. The number of feet in a line forms another means of describing the meter: monometer (one foot), dimeter (two), trimeter (three), tetrameter (four), pentameter (five) hexameter (six).heptameter(7).octameter(8).11.rhyme 韵律the sameness or similarity of the sounds at the end of the poetry lines.12.rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.13.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales14.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs with the rhyme scheme :aabbcc. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet and it was best represented by Alexander Pope.15.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” is a great love balla d.16.ballad民谣It is a story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were passed down from generation to generation by singers. The medieval ballads are ballads of Robin Hood.17.Renaissancemarks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival. In essence, it is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic Church authorities. Two features of renaissance: It is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. People learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form. It is the keen interest in the activities of humanity.18.Dramais a genre of literature, in which the words are mainly dialogue. People talking is the basic dramatic action. The essential quality of drama is interaction since it used words to create action through the dialogue of characters talking to one another rather than to the reader.19.Spenserian stanza:is a group of eight lines of iambic pentameter followed by a six-stress iambic line, with a rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. further utilized by Milton, Gray, Keats, Shelley, Byron and Tennyson.20.University Wits :in 16th century a number of university students began to write plays after the model of Roman dramatist and they were the predecessors to Shakespeare:Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe.21.Elizabethan literatureliterature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603).22.sonnet 十四行诗A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose ryhme scheme is fixed. The rhyme scheme in the Italianform as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch is abbaabba cdecde. The Petrarchian sonnet has two divisions: the first is of eight lines (the octave), and the second is of six lines (the sestet). The rhyme scheme of the English, or Shakespearean sonnet is abab cdcd efef gg. The change of rhyme in the English sonnet is coincidental with a change of theme in the poem. The meter is iambic pentameter.23.blank verse 无韵诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. It was first made the principal instrument of English drama by Christopher Marlowe and it was the chief verse form used by Shakespeare.John Milton’s Paradise Lost was also written in this form.24.The Metaphysical poetsA term that is now applied to a group of 17th-century poets who, whether or notdirectly influenced by John Donne, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry and in religious poetry.25.The Metaphysical poetry26.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or ofbook length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.27.Lyric:A poem, brief and discontinuous, emphasizes sound and pictorial imagery rather thannarrative or dramatic movement.。
英国文学选读上名词解释(中英文版)
Byronic heroA proud, mysterious, rebellious, gloomy figure of noble origin, with fiery passions and unbending will, expresses Byron’s own ideal of freedom. He rises against tyranny and injustice, but he’s merely a lone fighter striving for personal freedo m.SonnetA sonnet is a 14-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter, following one of two traditional patterns: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet. A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Sonnet是一种欧洲传统的非常有影响力的诗歌形式。
从形式上来说它有14行诗构成，通常是五步抑扬格，有着严格的特定的押韵方式。
莎士比亚的十四行诗非常出名。
Lake PoetsThe Lake Poets all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. As a group, they followed no single "school" of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review. They are considered part of the Romantic Movement早期浪漫主义诗人Wordsworth，Coleridge和Southey，也被称为湖畔派诗人。
英国文学史及选读 2017期末复习-名词解释(最新中英)
名词解释 ENGLISH LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS1singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a2Critical Realism of the 19th centuryof fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charles Dickens is the most important3With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in otherthere sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。
英国文学史及选读__复习要点总结
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1。
Beowulf: national epic of the English people；Denmark story; alliteration，metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance (名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”：a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4。
Ballad（名词解释)5。
Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer：founder of English poetry；The Canterbury Tales （main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance；form：heroic couplet）7。
Heroic couplet （名词解释）8。
Renaissance(名词解释）9。
Thomas More——Utopia10。
Sonnet（名词解释）11。
Blank verse（名词解释）12。
Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene”13。
Francis Bacon “essays" esp。
“Of Studies”（推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14。
William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题,背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。
他的sonnet也很重要，最重要属sonnet18。
英国文学史(1)名词解释
Sonnet• A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.It can be divided into two categories: the Italian/Petrarchan sonnet and the English/Shakespearean sonnet.•The Italian form, in some ways the simpler of the two, usually projects and develops a subject in the octet, then executes a turn at the beginning of the sestet, so that the sestet can in some way release the tension built up in the octave.•The Shakespearean sonnet has a wider range of possibilities. One pattern introduces an idea in the first quatrain, complicates it in the second, complicates it still further in the third, and resolves the whole thing in the final couplet.Humanism•Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. Humanists emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life and believe that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders by removing all the external checks by the exercise of reason. They also expressed their rebellious spirit against the tyranny of feudal rule and ecclesiastical domination.Neoclassicism, 18th century•It was initiated by J. Dryden, culminated in A. Pope, continued by S. Johnson.•In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.•According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, & so on)& those of the contemporary French ones by following some fixed laws and rules.•They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy.Byronic hero, George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)•Byron’s chief contribution to English poetry. Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is to right allthe wrongs in a corrupt society, and he would fight single-handedly againstall the misdoings. Thus this figure is a rebellious individual against outwornsocial systems and conventions.•Byronic heroes:heroic of noble birth，passionate，rebellious，individualCritical realism, Victorian Literature---the highlight of the critical realistic novels•English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and greatartistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalistsystem from a democratic viewpoint. They create pictures of bourgeoiscivilization, describing the misery and sufferings of the common people.They also showed profound sympathy for the common people.Modernism•Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism. It takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted，alienated and ill relationships（被扭曲的，渐渐疏远的，病态的关系。
英国文学 名词解释 【英语专业英国文学复习资料之一】
1.epic 史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodyingheroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.2.caesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the languageand sometimes enforced by punctuation. In Old English verse, such as Beowulf, the caesura was used rather monotonously to indicate the half line.3.alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4.alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard –with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5.kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description andassociation. Beowulf is full o f kennings, such as “helmet bearer” for “warrior” and “swan road” for “sea”.6.protagonist 主角the principal character of a drama or fiction. Hamlet is the protagonist of William Shakespeare’s drama Hamlet.7.antagonist 反角In drama or fiction the antagonist opposes the hero or protagonist. In Hamlet Claudius is antagonist to Hamlet.8.romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containingadventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.9.bob and wheel诗节末尾的短行与叠唱a rhyming section of five lines that concludes a stanza in Sir Gawain and theGreen Knight. The “bob” is a very short line, sometimes of only two syllables, followed by the “wheel”, lon ger lines with three stresses and internal thyme.10.poet’s corner 诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments ofsome famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton.11.heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.12.ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain an d the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ “A Red,Red Rose” is a great love ballad.13.refrain 叠句，副歌a phrase, line or lines repeated at intervals during a poem and especially at the endof a stanza. It is very often found in English ballads, such as Robert B urns’ “A Red, Red Rose”.14.English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance.15.Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.16.sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourishedin Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.17.iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格the basic line in English verse, with five feet in a line, usually an unaccented syllable followed by an accented syllable. It was probably introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer and certainly established by him in The Canterbury Tales.18.meter 格律the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in verse. In English verse a line may have a fixed number of syllables and yet have a varying number of stresses;the commonest meter is iambic. William Shakespeare’s sonnets are written in iambic.19.foot 音步a group of syllables forming a metrical unit. We measure feet in terms of syllablevariation: long and short syllables, stressed and unstressed. The commonest foot in English verse is iamb; the commonest line is five-foot line, called pentameter.William Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” contains fourteen iambic pentameter lines. 20.rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are “aabbcc” and so on.21.quatrain 四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaicforms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ “A Red, Red Rose” has four quatrains.22.image 意象a concrete representation of an object or sensory experience. Typically, such arepresentation helps evoke the feelings associated with the object or experience itself. Many images are conveyed by figurative language. An image may be visual, olfactory, tactile, auditory, gustatory, abstract and kinaesthetic. The rose in Robert Burns’ poem “A Red, Red Rose” is a beautiful image.23.poetic license 诗的破格the liberty allowed to the poet to wrest the language according to his needs in the use of figurative speech, archaism, rhyme, strange syntax, etc. An example is the last sentence of “A Red, Red Rose” by Robert Burns –“Tho’ it were ten thousand mile!”24.verse drama 诗剧drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.25.blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and ep ic poetry. William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.26.Globe Theatre 环球剧场One of the most famous of all theatres, it was built in 1599, with three stories. The roof was thatched, with the centre open to the sky. Many of William Shakespeare’s plays were performed in it. It was destroyed by fire in 1613, rebuilt the next year and finally demolished in 1644. Again it was rebuilt in 1997.27.essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or ofbook length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexible and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his “Of Studies” is a model of good essay.28.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary m ovement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelingsand flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.ke poets 湖畔诗人the three romantic poets who lived in the Lake District of England and wrote poems about nature. William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets;he wrote many great nature poems, including “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.30.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative ofhis country or era; in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance. William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843.。
英国文学史及选读部分翻译
《贝奥武甫》是中世纪欧洲第一篇民族史诗，英国文学的开山之作。
其主要内容是讲述高特王子贝奥武甫带领十二勇士来到丹麦王国，除去恶魔葛婪代及其母亲，为丹麦解除祸患赢得和平，得到荣誉和重赏后回到故土；后来贝奥武甫做了高特国王，没想到在五十年后，一条火龙扰乱了王国的安宁，贝奥武甫虽然已经英雄暮年，但仍壮志不已，独战火龙，终于壮烈牺牲。
我只找到下面一些节选还有第七章的翻译，其余内容分析请楼主查看我提供的链接吧。
塞西尔特的海葬（26-52行）勇敢的塞西尔特气数已尽，从这尘世投入主的庇护所。
活着时他是塞西尔丁人的朋友而受尊敬长期治理这方地面；如今亲密的伙伴按照他生前的嘱咐，把他的尸体抬到海边。
港口停泊着一只船，它是酋长的财产，船首装饰珠光宝气，这会正准备启航，他们将敬爱的贤主——财产的施与者放进船舱，紧挨着桅杆。
他的身旁放了许多财宝和饰品，这些都是来之不易的珍玩。
另外还有各种兵器、宝剑、战袍和甲胄，一只船装饰得如此金光闪耀，我可闻所未闻。
许多奇珍异宝就放在塞西尔特的身上，任其一道进入汹涌的海洋。
他还是个孩子时，那边的人装了许多财宝送他独自过海，这回人们为他装备的贵重礼品，一点也不比那次少。
他们接着树起一面金色的旗，让它高高飘扬在他的头顶，就这样，他们把他交给了大海，心里好不悲伤、怀念！无论宫廷的智者还是天下的英雄，都不知这船货物落到谁的手中。
格兰道尔的巢穴（1357-1376行）他们居住在神秘的处所，狼的老巢，那里是招风的绝域，险恶的沼泽地，山涧流水在雾霭中向下奔泻，进入地下，形成一股洪流。
论路程那里并不遥远，不久即见一个小湖出现眼前；湖边长着经霜的灌木、树丛，扎根坚固而向水面延伸。
每到夜晚，湖上就冒出火光，那景象真让人胆颤心惊。
芸芸众生中没有任何智者，能将黑湖深处的奥秘探明。
任何野兽或长角的雄鹿，既便被猎狗追赶，跑进这片灌木，也会远远逃走，宁可让性命丧失在沙洲，宁可让性命丧失在沙洲．也不愿投入湖中寻求庇护。
这里的确不是一个好处所！湖中浊浪翻腾，黑雾直升云端，天空变得朦胧阴沉，整个世界为之恸哭失声！贝奥武甫的遗言（2792—2820行）年迈的国王忍着痛苦，望着财物说，“为了跟前这些玮宝明殊，我要感谢那光荣的王，感谢万物的授与者和永恒的主，在我临死之前，能为自己的人民获得这么多的财富！既然我用自己的残生换来这一切，你务必拿它去供养百姓：也许我的生命已经有限。
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名词解释 ENGLISH LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS1were passed down from generation to generation. 3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.2Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3) Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.3With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.启蒙主义：启蒙主义是在18世纪在英国发生的。
总体上，启蒙主义是当时的资产阶级对封建主义，社会的不平等、死寂、偏见和其他的封建残余的一种反对。
通过将科学的各个分支与人民的日常生活和需要联系起来，启蒙主义者们努力将他们变成为人民大众服务的工具4-of-Consciousness” or “interior monologue”, is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.意识流：“意识流”或“内心独白”是现代写作技巧之一。
它是像是人物亲身经历的那样来模仿人物思想、感觉、回忆、和头脑中意象来写作的一种手法。
爱尔兰作家詹姆斯•乔伊斯于1922年首次使用这种方法。
意识流小说打破了时间和空间的限制，生动地描写人物不断变化的潜意识活动，尤其是当人们面对现实时的犹豫和充满困惑、幻觉和心不在焉的那种心理。
美国作家福克纳对这种技巧做了进一步的发展，在他的故事中，行为和情节相比叙述者的反应和内心活动已经不那么重要了，时间顺序被打破，读者仿佛置身于故事中而不仅仅是一个观察者。
5 A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.6Definition: A sonnet is a lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of fourteen iambic pentameter lines, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.7Romanticism was an artistic,literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe,and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution. In part,it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts,music,and literature,but had a major impact on historiography,education and natural history.浪漫主义是一种艺术，文学和文化运动，起源于第十八世纪下半叶在欧洲，并获得了力量对工业革命的反应。
在某种程度上，这是一个反对启蒙和对自然的科学合理化反应时代的贵族社会和政治规范的反抗它在视觉艺术、音乐和文学中表现得最为强烈，但对史学、教育和自然史产生了重大影响。
81)Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England. 2) It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. 3) Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance.9“rebirth”.It meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the f ull cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.The essence of the Renaissance is Humanism.The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama.10is an English tendency in the Enlightenmentperiod when the classical works of ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones were worshipped. The neoclassicists believe that the artistic ideals should be order, logic,restrained emotion and accuracy and the literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.11who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas. The imagery is drawn from actual life.玄学诗：约翰•多恩的诗或17世纪其他诗人写的相同风格的诗。