美国政治概览 The American Political Landscape
美国政治系统英语作文
美国政治系统英语作文The American political system is a complex web of competing interests and ideologies. It's a messy, chaotic, and often frustrating process, but it's also a system that allows for diverse voices to be heard and for change to happen.There are two major political parties in the US the Democrats and the Republicans. These parties have very different ideas about how the country should be run, and they often clash in fierce debates and battles for power.The President of the United States is the head of the government and the leader of the country. The President is elected every four years and has the power to make important decisions about the country's policies and laws.The US Congress is made up of two chambers the House of Representatives and the Senate. These two bodies are responsible for making laws and overseeing the government'sactions.The Supreme Court is the highest court in the US and is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and making decisions about important legal issues.In addition to the President, Congress, and the Supreme Court, there are also many other government agencies and departments that play a role in shaping the country's policies and laws. These agencies are often staffed by experts and professionals who work to implement and enforce the government's decisions.The American political system is often criticized for being slow, inefficient, and prone to gridlock. However,it's also a system that allows for change and progress to happen, albeit at a sometimes glacial pace. Ultimately, the American political system reflects the messy and complicated nature of democracy itself.。
美国政治制度用英语简洁介绍
美国政治制度用英语简洁介绍篇一：美国政治制度的英语作文The United State political systemAs far as I am concerned, I believe that the Constitutional federal republish of The United State is democratic. The United State federal system pursues the principe of “Checks and Balan ces”. The American constitution required that the state authority consisted of legislative branch, executive branch, judicial branch , which was parallel to others and restricted others. The Congress consists of the House and the Senate. Each state has two senators despite the population, which ensures that the small states have an equal power in one of the houses of Congress. The House of Representatives are elected according to the proportion of the population states. The main duty of the Congress is to make laws. Only when the House and the Senate vote and pass the bill and then send it to the president for his signature, can it become a law. The chief executive of the United State is the president.He is head of government, commander–in–chief of the armed forces and chief of state. The president is elected by the citizens and he has to be responsible for them. The president can veto the law that the Congressproposes. However,Congress can enact the law despite the president’s views only if two thirds of the members of both houses vote in favour of it. The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court. The judges are appointed by the president. The judges can have lifelong tenure if they do not commit a crime.In my opinion, I think that both the presidential election and the enactment of law in the United State are democratic. Thomas Jefferson ever said“As far as I understand it, the supreme power of the most reliable person in charge can only be the people themselves” in 1820. The American system of government represents the citizens benefit and promotes the economic development rapidly.However, the American system has also existed disadvantages. I think the racial prejudice is a serious problem in American society. A 18‐year‐old black youth named Michael Brown was shot by a white policeman and finally died in Missouri, America on August 9th 2014. whichcaused large‐scale demonstrations and developed the violent incident such as beating,smashing and looting in many places. When the grand jury judgedthat the white policeman can not be accused on November 24th , the protests spread quickly more than 170 cities in America. This issue caused wild public concern not only at home but also all over the world. Unfortunately, the racial problem has not been solved yet.Different from the America, China carried out the system of people’s congress, which fits our country’s situation. In political parties, America has two‐party system but China insists an single‐party system. I think that Chinese system has high efficiency in a short time but has poor long‐term stability, because of lacking power supervision. Instead, American system has low efficiency in short‐term but has high efficiency for a long time. Therefore, we can not say the Chinese system is superior to American system, because they both fit their own country’s situation and have positive impact on the economical development. However,the officials looting has become a more and more serious problem in our country. The officials’duties are serving to the people and doing something beneficial to the public. Butthey failed in their responsibility and looted,which may cause the public feel disappointed to the government. Although the government has taken effective measures to suppress the corruption,officials looting remains a serious problem in our country. So,I think that our government should perfect the power supervision system constantly and prevent the officials from looting. Only by doing this, our country may become better and better.篇二：美国政治制度英文the united state political systemin my opinion, i think that both the presidential election and the enactment of law in the united state are democratic. thomas jefferson ever said“as far as i understand it, the supreme power of the most reliable person in charge can only be the people themselves” in 1820. the american system of government represents the citizens benefit and promotes the economic development rapidly.however, the american system has also existed disadvantages. i think the racial prejudice is a serious problem in american society. a 18‐year‐old black youth named michael brown was shot by a white policeman and finally died in missouri, america on august 9th 2014. whichcaused large‐scale demonstrations and developed the violent incident such as beating,smashing and looting in many places. when the grand jury judgedthat the white policeman can not be accused on november 24th , the protests spread quickly more than 170 cities in america. this issue caused wild public concern not only at home but also all over the world. unfortunately, the racial problem has not been solved yet.the united state political systemin my opinion, i think that both the presidential election and the enactment of law in the united state are democratic. thomas jefferson ever said“as far as i understand it, th e supreme power of the most reliable person in charge can only be the people themselves” in 1820. the american system of government represents the citizens benefit and promotes the economic development rapidly.however, the american system has also existed disadvantages. i think the racial prejudice is a serious problem in american society. a 18‐year‐old black youth named michael brown was shot by a white policeman and finally died in missouri, america on august 9th 2014. which caused large‐scale demonstrations and developed theviolent incident such as beating,smashing and looting in many places. when the grand jury judgedthat the white policeman can not be accused on november 24th , the protests spread quickly more than 170 cities in america. this issue caused wild public concern not only at home but also all over the world. unfortunately, the racial problem has not been solved yet.一、英国政治体制的模式及特点英国的政治制度是典型的君主立宪制，其主要特点是“议会至上”、以内阁为权力核心、君主虚位、政党组织严密。
英语国家概况：美国政治
英语国家概况:美国政治下面是店铺整理的英语国家概况:美国政治，希望对大家有帮助。
Political Institution政治体制1)A workable form of government under theConstitution: a federal system of government whichhas two layers of rule.两极统治的联邦政府体制。
2)Separation of powers with checks and balancesunder the Constitution: The Constitution divides thegovernment into three branches: the legislative,the executive and the judicial. Each branch hasonly part of the powers but not all the powers. Thethree branches are in balance and they may check each other.三权分立和制衡制度：宪法将政府划分为3个部门，立法部门、执法部门和司法部门。
每个部门只有部分权利不是全部。
三个部门权利平衡并互相限制。
3) Safeguards for individual liberty under the Constitution: the Bill of Rights. It is the termused for the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Ti guarantees freedom of religion,freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and petition, freedom fromunreasonable searches, right to jury trial, right to due process of law and other legal rights.宪法下的个人自由的保护：人权。
美国政治英语作文
美国政治英语作文The United States has a complex political system that is often a subject of interest and study for many around the world. Here's a composition on American politics:The American Political LandscapeThe United States is a federal republic with a government divided into three branches: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. This separation of powers is designed to prevent any single entity from having too much control and to ensure a balance of power.Legislative Branch: CongressThe legislative branch, composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives, is responsible for making laws. The Senate has 100 members, two from each state, and the House has 435 members, with representation based on the population of each state. Bills must pass both houses before they can become law.Executive Branch: The PresidentThe executive branch is headed by the President, who serves as the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the armedforces. The President is elected every four years and is responsible for enforcing laws passed by Congress. The President also has the power to veto legislation, although this can be overridden by a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress.Judicial Branch: The Supreme CourtThe judicial branch interprets the Constitution and federal laws. The Supreme Court, composed of nine justices, is the highest court in the land. Its decisions are final and can set precedents for future cases.Political PartiesThe two major political parties in the United States are the Democrats and the Republicans. The Democrats generally lean towards progressive policies, advocating for social justice and environmental protection, while the Republicans tend to favor conservative policies, emphasizing limited government and free-market principles.ElectionsElections in the United States are a cornerstone of its democracy. The presidential election, held every four years, is one of the most watched events globally. Additionally, there are midterm elections, which occur every two years, where all House seats and one-third of Senate seats are up for election.Challenges and DebatesAmerican politics is not without its challenges. Issues such as healthcare, immigration, and gun control are hotly debated topics. The political climate can be polarized, withdiffering views often leading to intense discussions and disagreements.ConclusionUnderstanding American politics requires an appreciation of its historical context, the structure of its government, and the role of its citizens in the democratic process. The United States' political system, while not perfect, is a model for many countries seeking to establish a democratic government.This composition provides a brief overview of the American political system, touching on the three branches of government, the two major political parties, and some of the key issues and challenges faced by the nation.。
the_political_system_of_the_USA美国的政治现况简介(英语)
the political system of the USA美国的政治现况介绍（英语）====================================================================== ===================The United States of America is the first country with nuclear weapons, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and a founding member of NATO. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole superpower. The country accounts for approximately(近似的) 50% of global military spending and is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world.This essay aims at discussing the spirit of constitutional government by studying American political system====================================================================== ===================The United States of America is the first country with nuclear weapons, a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, and a founding member of NATO. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left the United States as the sole superpower. The country accounts for approximately(近似的) 50% of global military spending and is a leading economic, political, and cultural force in the world.The political system of the United States Began in 1776.At first it was just a experiment? based on the idea of Equality, Freedom and Justice ,which has already become our world’s universal value(普世价值) now.USA is frequently called a democratic government(民主政体).But properly speaking ,it is a constitutional federal republic (宪政联邦共和制). Constitutional means American government is based on its constitution,which is the supreme law,not only establish the federation?and the state government’s power structure ,but also confirm the authority of the government. Federal ?is embodied in that the system of the United States is composed of a national government and fifty state governmentsRepublic refer to a political entity that is reigned by a elective government ?Government and electionsThe United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic, "inwhich majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law."It is fundamentally structured as a representative democracy.The federal government is composed of three branches:Legislative: The bicameral Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse, and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove sitting members of the government.Executive: The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they become law, and appoints the Cabinet and other officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.Judicial: The Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the president with Senate approval, interpret laws and can overturn laws they find unconstitutional.Parties, ideology, and politicsThe United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history. For elective offices at all levels, state-administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections. Since the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil War, only one third-party presidential candidate—former president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive in 1912—has won as much as 20% of the popular vote.Within American political culture, the Republican Party is considered center-right or "conservative" and the Democratic Party is considered center-left or "liberal". The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states, known as "blue states", are relatively liberal. The "red states" of the South and much of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative.Present situationThe winner of the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama, is the 44th U.S. president and the first African American to hold the office. All previous presidents were men of solely European descent. The 2008 elections also saw the Democratic Party strengthen its control of both the House and the Senate. In the 111th United States Congress, the Senate comprises 57 Democrats, two independents who caucus with the Democrats, and 40 Republicans (one seat remains in dispute); the House comprises 256 Democrats and 178 Republicans (one seat is vacant).Political divisionsThe United States is a federal union of fifty states. The original thirteen states were the successors of the thirteen colonies that rebelled against British rule. Most of the rest have been carved from territory obtained through war or purchase by the U.S. government. One set of exceptions comprises Vermont, Texas, and Hawaii: each was an independent republic before joining the union. Another set of exceptions comprises those states created out of the territory of the original thirteen. Early in the country's history, three states were created in this manner: Kentucky from Virginia; Tennessee from North Carolina; and Maine from Massachusetts. During the American Civil War, West Virginia broke away from Virginia. The most recent state—Hawaii—achieved statehood on August 21, 1959. The states do not have the right to secede from the union.American political ideologyGive me your tired, your poor.The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest tost to me.I lift my lamp beside the golden door.---Statue of Liberty把你们疲惫的人,你们贫穷的人/你们渴望呼吸自由空气的挤在一堆的人都给我/把那些无家可归,饱经风浪的人都送来/在这金色的大门旁,我要为他们把灯举起.——自由女神像铭文节选Among the core tenets of this ideology are the following:1 Democracy: The government is answerable to citizens, who may change it through elections.2 Equality: The laws should attach no special privilege to any citizen (that is, citizens should be equal before the law).3 Freedom of Religion, separation of Church and State: The government's power in matters of religion are limited to prevent abuse of power.4 Freedom of Speech: Individuals and political parties debate how this ideology applies to particular circumstances, and may disagree openly with any of it.In the USA,Individual freedoms are important and respected by the government. Even though Congress has no right to interfere with a citizen 's personal liberty.In many countries of the Earth,it is believed that the interests of the country come before everything else. However, The US-led Western w orld deem that “Human Rights Rank Above the Rights of States”many people think it’s just a pretext for intervening in the affairs of other countries.But as a political view,it is just a respect ofprivate freedom and individual rights and interests.THE END====================================================================== =====================referenceWIKIpediaBaidupedia三张大饼's blog斩红郎无双剑's blog人文主义回归's blog普世价值万岁's statement。
美国政治制度(精选多篇)
美国政治制度(精选多篇)第一篇：美国政治制度概况美国政治制度概况political institution（政治制度）1．the american constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. it was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。
2．in 1787,congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the articles of confederation.1787年，国会召开各州代表参加的大会，主要目的是修改有明显缺点的《联邦条款》。
3．the government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial. each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美国政府被分为3部分：立法机构，行政机构和司法机构。
4．in either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.有两种情可以提出修改宪法条款，但不管是哪种，修正案必须经过3/4的批准才能生效。
5．the president of the u.s is the head of the executive branch and the headof the state elected by the whole nation. the constitution requires the president to be a natural-born american citizen at least 35 years of age. the president election was held every 4 years .宪法规定总统必须是美国本土出生的美国公民，至少年满35岁，总统选举每四年举行一次。
英语国家概况Chapter_9美国的宪法和政府
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH（行政部门）
Prsident
Departments
Cabinet（内阁） 14 departments Department Heads: Secretaries Advice and assistance The Central Intelligence Agency（中央情报局） National Aeronautics and Space Administration（航空航
The legislative branch The executive branch
The State government
The judicial branch
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U.S. FEDERALISM
A compromise between the absolute concentration of powers and a loose confederation of independent states.
宪法序言
美国宪法的序言只有一句话，由52个单词构成。 “ We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility,
provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare,
and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of
英美政治体制
Politics of the United StatesThe United States of American is a state of the dictatorship of bourgeoisie. The capitalists put all political power into their hands. The state system serves the will and interest of the ruling class. The center of the national government is the District of Columbia.The ConstitutionUnlike Britain but like most nation states, the American political system is clearly defined by basic documents. The Declaration of Independence of 1776 and the Constitution of 1789 form the foundations of the United States federal government. The Declaration of Independence establishes the United States as an independent political entity, while the Constitution creates the basic structure of the federal government.At the heart of the US Constitution is the principle known as 'separation of powers', a term coined by the French political, enlightenment thinker Montesquieu. The constitution determines the government and divides the powers into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the president; the legislative, including houses of congress (the senate and house of representative); and the judicial, by the Supreme Court.This means that power is spread among three institutions of the state - the executive, the legislature and the judiciary - and no one institution has too much power and no individual can be a member of more than one institution. This principle is also known as 'checks and balances', since each of the three branches of the state has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branchesSeparation of PowersThe President is both the head of state and the head of government, as well as the military commander-in-chief .He presides over the executive branch of the federal government. Within the executive branch, the President has broad constitutional powers to manage national affairs and the workings of the federal government and he may issue executive orders to affect internal policies. The President may sign or veto legislation passed by Congress and has the power to recommend measures to Congress. The Congress may override a presidential veto but only by a two-thirds majority in each house. The President may not dissolve Congress or call special elections, but does have the power to (with the consent of the Senate) appoint Supreme Court justices and federal judges. The President is elected for a fixed term of four years and may serve a maximum of two terms..The President is not elected directly by the voters but by an Electoral College representing each state on the basis of a combination of the number of members in the Senate (two for each state regardless of size) and the number of members in the House of Representatives (roughly proportional to population). The total Electoral College vote is 538. This means that, to become President, a candidate has to win at least 270 electoral votes. The President may be impeached by a majority in the House and removed from office by a two-thirds majority in the Senate for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors ".An important feature of the American political system is that the two major parties - the Democrats and the Republicans - hold a system of primaries to determine who will be their candidate in the general election. These primaries are particularly important when it comes to the four-yearly Presidential election.CongressThe House and Senate are often referred to by the media as Capitol Hill or simply the Hill.The Senate is the upper chamber in the bicameral legislature known collectively as Congress. The original intention of the authors of the US Constitution was that the Senate should be a regulatory group, less politically dominant than the House. However, since the mid 19th century, the Senate has been the dominant chamber and indeed today it is perhaps the most powerful upper house of any legislative body in the world. The Senate consists of 100 members, each of which represents a state and serves for a six-year term (one third of the Senate stands for election every two years).The House of Representatives is the lower chamber in the bicameral legislature known collectively as Congress. The House consists of 435 members, each of whom represents a congressional district and serves for a two-year termTHE SUPREME COURTThe Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. The court deals with matters pertaining to the federal government, disputes between states, and interpretation of the Constitution. The Supreme Court consists of nine Justices: the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices. They have equal weight when voting on a case and the Chief Justice has no casting vote or power to instruct colleagues.The Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed with the 'advice and consent of the Senate. As federal judges, the Justices serve during "good behavior", meaning essentially that they serve for life and can be removed only by resignation or by impeachment and subsequent conviction.Below the Supreme Court, there is a system of Courts of Appeal, and, below these courts, there are District Courts. Together, these three levels of courts represent the federal judicial system.POLITICAL PARTIESTo an extent quite extraordinary in democratic countries, the American political system is dominated by two political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party (often known as the 'Grand Old Party' or GOP). The Democratic Party is sometimes represented as a donkey, while the Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant.Two-party system in the United States had controlled the entire country's political institutions, manipulation of national political life. The main functions of the two parties are to manipulate and arrange elections, particularly President Election. Democratic and Republican parties are in power for long-term rotation.BRITISH POLITICAL SYSTEMThe politics of the United Kingdom takes place within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. So UK does not have a President. Constitutionally the head of state is the monarch who is a hereditary member of the Royal Family. However, the monarch has very few formal powers and stays above party politics and is ceremonial. So, in practice, the most important person in the British political system is the Prime MinisterThe most important practical power is the choice of the Member of Parliament to form a government, but invariably the monarch follows the convention that this opportunity is granted tothe leader of the political party with the most seats in the House of Commons.The monarch is determined on the hereditary and primogeniture principles which means that the oldest male child of a monarch is the next in line to the throne. The British Monarch, currently Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is the Chief of State. Though she takes little direct part in government,Executive Executive power in the United Kingdom is exercised by the Prime Minister as the head of Government, guided by the strict convention that the Prime Minister should be the member of the House of Commons, most likely to be able to form a Government with the support of that House. In practice, this means that the leader of the political party with an absolute majority of seats in the House of Commons is chosen to be the Prime Minister. If no party has an absolute majority, the leader of the largest party is given the first opportunity to form a coalition. The Prime Minister then selects the other Ministers which make up the Government and act as political headsLegislatures The UK Parliament is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom. Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords In modern times, all Prime Ministers and Leaders of the Opposition have been drawn from the Commons, not the Lords. One party usually has a majority in Parliament, because of the use of the First Past the Post electoral system, which has been conducive in creating the current two party system. House of LordsThe House of Commons is the lower chamber but the one with less authority. Its main roles are to revise legislation and keep a check on Government by scrutinizing its activities. Since 1911, its power to block "money bills" is limited to one month and its power to block other bills is limited to one session, so ultimately it cannot block the will of the House of Commons The House of Lords was previously a largely hereditary aristocratic chamber, although including life peers, and Lords Spiritual. It is currently mid-way through extensive reforms, the most recent of these being enacted in the House of Lords Act 1999.The British Parliament is often called Westminster because it is housed in a distinguished building in central London called the Palace of Westminster (Parliament house, Whitehall Buckingham palace, Downing Street). The House of Commons is the lower chamber but the one with the most authority. The Commons is chaired by the Speaker. Unlike the Speaker in the US House of Representatives, the post is non-political and indeed, by convention, the political parties do not contest the Parliamentary constituency held by the Speaker.Judiciary The United Kingdom does not have a single legal system due to it being created by the political union of previously independent countries with the terms of the Treaty of Union guaranteeing the continued existence of Scotland's separate legal system. Today the UK has three distinct systems of law: English law, Northern Ireland law and Scots law.Political parties Three parties currently dominate the national political landscape in Britain: the Conservative Party, the Labour Party, and the Liberal Democrats.(shadow cabinet)There are three major political parties in the British system of politics:The Labour Party (often called New Labour): the centre-Left party whig partyThe Conservative Party (frequently called the Tories) the centre-Right partyThe Liberal Democrat Party (known as the Lib Dems) � the centrist, libertarian party。
American-political-parties(美国政党)
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• 1. The Republic Party was founded in 1854 by anti-slavery activists and modernizers. After its establishment, the Republic Party gained its political power for the first time in 1860, when Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election.
American Political Parties
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CONTENTS
1. origin of bipartisanship 2. two main parties 3. differences between the UK
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2
Origin
• Throughout most of its history, American politics have been dominated by a twoparty system. At the time it was signed in 1787, there were no parties in the nation. Indeed, no nation in the world had voterbased political parties.
government regulation in the marketplace -Advocates strong national defense
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American-policy-美国的政治
The United States is a federal (联邦的)republic
The simple introduction of American
Long tradition of private ,nongovernment organizations and associations.
Can veto (否决）a bill passed by the Congress议 会
The Job of a President
Party leadership Administrative leadership Domestic policy leadership Foreign policy leadership Military leadership Symbolic leadership
it is limited
It possesses a limited set of powers and cannot acquire additional power on its own. It depends on the fifty states for its structure ,its power ,and even its existence.
5.Inaugural address: the inauguration ceremony (总 统宣誓就职仪式) held in front of the U.S. Capital.
The presidential inauguration is the last procedure, only the elected president hand “Bible” and sworn in January 20th of the following year, the United States presidential election will end.
美国政治体制英文版介绍
The House of Representatives 众议 院
1 Composition :about 340 senator 2.The speaker : election by themselves 3.Tenure: 2 years 1at least 25 years old 4.The qualification: 2 ） 7 years’ American citizenship
2 Three Branches of Government
•The legislative branch立法 •The executive branch执行 •The judicial branch （司法）
•The Senate—参议院 •The House of Representatives—众 议院
The Democratic Party
• Thomas Jefferson • the DemocraticRepublic Party • the dominant political party in the US from
1800s until the 1820s
The Republican Party
• Abraham Lincoln , 1854 • to keep slavery from spreading to other
parts of the country • The party presided over the American
Civil War
The Origin of Donkey and Elephant
•Congress's main function is to make laws
Americanpoliticsandgovernmentbranch美国政治与政府机构
Americanpoliticsandgovernmentbranch美国政治与政府机构American Politics and Government SystemThe United States is a federal constitutional republic, in which the President of the United States (the head of state and head of government), Congress, and judiciary share powers reserved to the national government, and the federal government shares sovereignty1with the state governments. Federal and state elections generally take place within a two-party system.1.The ConstitutionThe government of the United States is based on a written constitution2, the Constitution of 1789, which creates the basic structure of the federal government. The Constitution is built on six basic principles. These are deeply ingrained in the mindset and landscape of US Government.● Popular Sovereignty3- This principle states that the source of governmental power lieswith the people.● Limited Government4- The US government does not derive its power from itself. It mustfollow its own laws and it can only act using powers given to it by the people.● Separation of Powers5- The US Government is divided into three branches so that no onebranch has all the power. Each branch has its own purpose: to make the laws, execute the laws, and interpret the laws.● Checks and Balances6- Each branch of government has a certain number of checks it canuse to ensure the other branches do not become toopowerful. For example, the president can veto legislation, the Supreme Court can declare acts of Congress unconstitutional, and the Senate must approve treaties and presidential appointments.● Judicial Review7- This is a power that allows the Supreme Court to decide whether actsand laws are unconstitutional.● Federalism8- One of the most complicated foundations of the US is the principle offederalism. This is the idea that the central government does not control all the power inthe nation. States also have powers reserved to them.2. Three Branches of GovernmentThe Constitution created three separate branches of government. Each branch has its own powers and areas of influence. The three branches are:● Legislative Branch - This branch consists of the Congress which is responsible for makingthe federal laws. Congress consists of two houses: the Senate and the House ofRepresentatives.● Executive Branch - The Executive power lies with the President of the United States whois given the job of executing, enforcing, and administering the laws and government. The Bureaucracy is part of the Executive Branch.● Judicial Branch - The judicial power of the United States is vested in the Supreme Courtand the federal courts.3. The PresidencyThe President is both the head of state and the head of government, as well as the military commander-in-chief and chief diplomat. Within the executive branch, the President has broad constitutional powers to manage national affairs and the workings of the federal government and he may issue executive orders to affect internal policies.The President may sign or veto9legislation passed by Congress and has the power to recommend measures to Congress; The President has the power to make treaties (with the 'advice and consent' of the Senate) and the power to nominate and receive ambassadors; He has the power to pardon10criminals convicted of offences against the federal government, enact executive orders, and (with the consent of the Senate) appoint Supreme Court justices and federal judges.The President is elected for a fixed term of four years and may serve a maximum of two terms. Elections are always held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.The President may be impeached11by a majority in the House and removed from office by a two-thirds majority in the Senate for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors".The first US President was George Washington, who served from 1789-1797, so that the current President Barack Obama is the 44th to hold the office.4. The Congress4.1 The House of Representatives12The House of Representatives is the lower chamber in the bicameral13legislature known collectively as Congress. The House consists of 435 elected members, each of whom represents a congressional district and serves for a two-year term.The House also has four non-voting delegates, bringing the total formal membership to 440. House seats are apportioned among the states by population according to each decennial census. Members of the House are elected by first-past-the-post voting14in every state except Louisiana and Washington, which have run-offs15.The House must introduce any bills for the purpose of raising revenue. However, the consent of both chambers is required to make any law. Activity in the House of Representatives tends to be more partisan16than in the Senate.4.2 The SenateThe Senate is the upper chamber in the Congress. It consists of 100 members, each of which represents a state and serves for a six-year term (one third of the Senate stands for election every two years). Each state has two Senators, regardless of population, and, since there are 50 states, then there are 100 senators.Members of the Senate are elected by first-past-the-post voting in every state except Louisiana and Washington, which have run-offs. Elections are always held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even numbered years.The Senate must give 'advice and consent' to many important Presidential appointments. However, the consent of both chambers is required to make any law. Activity in the Senate tends to be less partisan and more individualistic than in the House of Representatives.The original intention of the authors of the US Constitution was that the Senate should be a regulatory group, less politically dominant than the House. However, since the mid 19th century, the Senate has been the dominant chamber and indeed today it is perhaps the most powerful upper house of any legislative bodyin the world.5. The Supreme CourtThe Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. The court deals with matters pertaining to17the federal government, disputes between states, and interpretation of the Constitution. It can declare legislation or executive action made at any level of the government as unconstitutional18, nullifying19the law and creating precedent for future law and decisions.The Supreme Court consists of nine Justices: the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices. They have equal weight when voting on a case and the Chief Justice has no casting vote or power to instruct colleagues. The Justices are nominated by the President and confirmed with the 'advice and consent' of the Senate. As federal judges, the Justices serve for life and can be removed only by resignation or by impeachment and subsequent conviction.Below the Supreme Court, there is a system of Courts of Appeal, and, below these courts, there are District Courts. Together, these three levels of courts represent the federal judicial system.6. Political Parties & ElectionsThe American political system is dominated by two political parties: the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. These are very old and very stable parties - the Democrats go back to the 1824 and the Republicans were founded in 1854. The Democratic Party is sometimes represented as a donkey, while the Republican Party is sometimes featured as an elephant.The main reason for the dominance of these two parties is that the electoral system is “first past the post”, combined withthe large voter size of the constituencies in the House and the Senate, ensures that effectively only two parties can play. The other key factor is the huge influence of money in the American electoral system. Since a candidate can spend any amount he can raise and since one can buy broadcasting time, the US can only 'afford' two parties - candidates of any other party face a formidable financial barrier to entry.With a federal government, officials are elected at the federal (national), state and local levels. On a national level, the President is elected indirectly by the people, through an Electoral College，who in turn directly elect the President. The presidential election occurs quadrennially (the count beginning with the year 1792) on Election Day, the Tuesday between November 2 and 8. The most recent presidential election occurred on November 4, 2008, with the next one scheduled for November 6, 2012.Words and Phrases1sovereignty 主权2Written constitution 成文宪法3Popular Sovereignty 民众主权（主张主权归人民全体所有，政府应由人民产生并服从人民的意志）4Limited Government 有限政府5Separation of Powers 三权分立，分权6Checks and Balances 权力制衡7Judicial Review 司法审查8Federalism 联邦主义，联邦制度9veto ['vi:t?u] 否决10pardon 赦免11impeach 弹劾12The House of Representatives 众议院13bicameral 两院制的14First-past-the-post voting 得票最多者当选15Run-off 复选，决选16partisan 派系感强的17pertaining to 与…有关的18unconstitutional 违宪的19nullify撤销Questions1.What are the basic principles that American Constitution is based on?There are six basic principles: popular sovereignty, limited government, separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial review and federalism.2.What are the three branches of American government?Legislative Branch, Executive Branch and Judicial Branch3.How can the American President check the power of the Congress?The President may sign or veto legislation passed by Congress and has the power torecommend measures to Congress.4.Which chamber in the Congress is more powerful nowadays?The Senate5.In which situation will a federal judge in the Supreme Court be removed from his/her post?Only by resignation or by impeachment and subsequent conviction6.What are the two major reasons for American political system to be dominated by twopolitical parties?One reason is the “first past the post” electoral system, which makes it quite difficult for other small parties to win in the election; another reason is the huge influence of money in the American electoral system, which brings great financial burden to the participating party.。
美国政治相关知识英语作文
美国政治相关知识英语作文1. The United States is a federal republic, with a president as the head of state and government. The president is elected by the people and serves a four-year term.2. The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Members of Congress are elected by the people to represent their interests and pass laws.3. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States, responsible for interpreting the Constitution and reviewing the constitutionality of laws. The justices are appointed by the president and serve for life.4. The two major political parties in the United States are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. They compete in elections at all levels of government and have different ideologies and policy priorities.5. The United States has a system of checks and balances, where each branch of government has the power to limit the actions of the other branches. This is designed to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.6. Political campaigns in the United States often involve intense fundraising, advertising, and public appearances by candidates. Elections can be highly competitive and divisive, with issues such as healthcare, immigration, and the economy taking center stage.7. The United States has a long history of political activism and social movements, including the civil rights movement, the women's suffrage movement, and the labor movement. These movements have led to significant changes in laws and policies.8. The role of the media in American politics is significant, with news outlets and social media platforms shaping public opinion and influencing political discourse. The media also holds elected officials accountable throughinvestigative reporting and analysis.9. The United States has a system of federalism, where power is divided between the federal government and state governments. This allows for different laws and policies to be implemented at the state level, reflecting the diversity of the country.10. The political landscape in the United States is often characterized by polarization and partisanship, with deep divisions between different groups of people. This can make it challenging to find common ground and enact bipartisan solutions to pressing issues.。
介绍美国三个方面英语作文
介绍美国三个方面英语作文Title: Exploring the Multifaceted Nature of the United StatesIntroduction:The United States of America, often referred to simply as the U.S., is a vast country with a rich history and diverse culture. From its early beginnings as a British colony to its current status as a global superpower, the U.S. has undergone significant transformations. This essay will delve into three distinct aspects of American society: its education system, its cultural mosaic, and its political landscape. Each section aims to provide an overview of these areas, highlighting both their challenges and achievements.Section 1: The Education SystemThe American education system is renowned worldwide for its prestigious universities and innovative teaching methods.However, this system faces numerous challenges that reflect the country's socio-economic disparities. Public schools in low-income areas often struggle with inadequate funding, overcrowded classrooms, and a lack of resources. Despite these issues, the U.S. continues to produce graduates who excel in fields such as technology, medicine, and business.One of the most notable features of American education is its emphasis on higher education. Colleges and universities are seen as pathways to success, and the U.S. boasts some of the world's most prestigious institutions, including Harvard, Stanford, and MIT. These universities not only attract students from across the globe but also contribute significantly to research and development, driving innovation in various sectors.Another aspect of the education system is the presence of community colleges, which offer affordable two-year degrees and vocational training. These institutions play a crucialrole in providing educational opportunities for those who may not be able to afford traditional four-year universities. Additionally, online learning platforms have become increasingly popular, offering flexibility and accessibilityto learners from all walks of life.Despite its strengths, the U.S. education system faces ongoing debates regarding issues such as standardized testing, teacher pay, and the cost of higher education. These discussions reflect a deeper concern about the accessibility and equity of education in a country that prides itself on opportunity for all.Section 2: The Cultural MosaicThe cultural fabric of the United States is as diverse as its population. The U.S. is often described as a melting pot due to its blend of different ethnicities, languages, and traditions. This diversity is celebrated through culturalfestivals, cuisines, and art forms that enrich the American experience.One of the most influential cultural contributions has been the music scene, which has evolved from jazz and blues to rock and roll, hip hop, and electronic dance music. Musicians like Louis Armstrong, Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, and Beyoncé have not only shape d American music but have also left a mark on global culture.American cinema is another significant export, with Hollywood being the epicenter of the film industry. Movies produced in the U.S. have captivated audiences around the world, often shaping international perceptions of American culture and values. Iconic films such as "Casablanca," "The Godfather," and "Forrest Gump" have become part of the collective consciousness.Food culture in the U.S. is a reflection of its diverse population, with each group contributing its own uniqueflavors and dishes. Fast food chains like McDonald's and Starbucks have become synonymous with American culture, but there is also a growing appreciation for regional cuisines and farm-to-table dining experiences.However, the celebration of diversity is not without its challenges. Issues of racial tension, identity politics, and immigration continue to shape the cultural discourse in the U.S. These topics are complex and often contentious, reflecting the ongoing struggle to balance individual freedoms with social cohesion.Section 3: The Political LandscapeThe political landscape of the United States is characterized by its democratic system, which is based on the principles of checks and balances between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. This system has allowed for a dynamic and sometimes turbulent politicalenvironment where change can be initiated through various channels such as elections, lobbying, and public advocacy.One of the most significant recent events in American politics was the election of Barack Obama as the first African American president in 2008, followed by his re-election in 2012. Obama's presidency marked a turning point in American history, signaling a shift in social attitudes and a renewed focus on issues such as healthcare reform and climate change.However, the political atmosphere became increasingly polarized during the tenure of Donald Trump, who was elected in 2016. Trump's presidency was marked by controversial policies and rhetoric, including his approach to immigration and trade. The 2016 election also highlighted the importance of social media in modern politics, with platforms such as Twitter becoming central to political discourse.The 2020 presidential election saw the victory of Joe Biden, who faced unprecedented challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on campaigning and voter turnout. Biden's administration has focused on issues such as economic recovery, climate action, and racial justice, continuing the conversation on how best to address these critical concerns.Conclusion:The United States is a complex nation with a rich tapestry of education, culture, and politics. From the challenges faced by its education system to the vibrant cultural mosaic and the ever-changing political landscape, the U.S. continues to evolve and adapt to the needs of its diverse population. As it looks to the future, the country will undoubtedly continue to grapple with issues that testits ideals of equality, freedom, and opportunity for all. Through these challenges, the U.S. remains a beacon of hopeand progress for many around the world, showcasing the resilience and ingenuity of its people.。
美国的自然地理及政治文化
美国的自然地理及政治文化
美国国家介绍
自然地理：
美利坚合众国(United States of America)是一个由五十个州和一个联邦直辖特区组成的宪政联邦共和制国家。
其东濒大西洋，西临太平洋，北靠加拿大，南接墨西哥。
美国国土面积超过962万平方公里，位居全球第三，次于俄罗斯和加拿大;其人口总量也超过三亿人，少于中国和印度。
1776年7月4日，大陆会议在费城正式通过《独立宣言》，宣告美国诞生。
自1870年代以来，美国国民经济就高居全球第一。
今天的美国则是联合国安理会五个常任理事国之一，其在全球的政治、经济、军事、娱乐等众多领域的庞大影响力更是其他国家所无法匹敌的。
政治方面：
美国的国家组织是依据三权分立与联邦制度、二大政治思想而制定，当初在起草宪法时因恐权力过分集中于个人或某一部门将危害人民的自由，因而将立法、司法，行政三种权力分别独立，互相制衡，以避免政府滥权，根据宪法: 立法机关是参议院与众议院并设二院制议会，司法机关以联邦最高法院为首下设11个控诉法院， 95个地方法院及4个特别法庭。
行政机关是以由人民直接选举的总统为最高行政首长，并以副总统辅之，下设几个行政部门。
政府的权力有联邦政府、州政府之分，宪法起草人根据政府必须接近百姓才不致剥夺人民自由的原则，将有关各州自治权保留给州政府，各州政府本身拥有立法、司法、行政诸权限，联邦政府的权力系以一州政府无法单独行使者为限，如课税、财政、国防、外交、货币银行、出入境管理、对外贸易、国民福利、邮政，以及科学艺术的发展援助等。
美国政治文化综述
美國政治文化綜述一、研究美國政治文化的原因美國毫無疑問是當今世界上最強大的國家，美國之所以強大與其良好的政治制度有密切關係，也就是我們通常講的好的上層建築對於生産力推動作用，因此，研究美國的政治制度就具有重要的意義，我們可以借鑒其中優秀和有用的東西。
而要研究美國的政治制度，就必須要研究美國的政治文化，這是因為，美國的政治制度、政治行為都是其政治文化的反應，可以説，沒有美國的政治文化就沒有美國的政治制度。
如果説政治制度是表面的東西的話，那麼政治文化則是根植于一個民族的血液之中的。
只有了解了美國的政治文化，我們才能更好地理解其政治制度與政治行為。
這就是我們研究美國政治文化的原因。
二、美國政治文化的根源美國的文化來自於最早殖民、開拓北美新大陸的歐洲移民，是對歐洲文化的繼承和發展。
其中，又屬英國文化對美國文化的形成影響最大。
這是因為，從1607年第一批清教徒到達北美弗吉尼亞建立詹姆斯頓定居點，到1776年美國發表《獨立宣言》的169年間，北美殖民地的歷史基本上是英國人的歷史，英裔北美人是當時北美大陸社會的主體民族。
他們不可避免地將英國的文化、傳統、習俗、價值觀念帶到新大陸。
美國獨立以後，相通的語言為英美兩國的文化交流創造了極為便利的條件，從而使美國文化更易受到英國文化的影響。
因此可以説，美國文化的源頭，是以歐洲文化尤其是英國文化為主要背景。
美國政治文化的根源具體有以下幾個方面：1、美國政治文化的最主要源頭是基督教，特別是新教中的清教。
最早到達北美的歐洲人把基督教帶到了新大陸，使得美國人的基本價值觀念與基督教原則理念一脈相承，形成了實質上的宗教與自由的關係。
在基督教中，新教的影響更大一些，當初建立英屬北美殖民地的人都是新教徒，新教教義更加符合美國人的思想觀念。
英屬北美殖民地人民能夠奮起進行獨立戰爭並建立起民主共和制國家，與新教理念不無關係。
開拓北美殖民地時期的英國清教徒的信仰，極大地影響了美國的文化和政治文化。
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Geography and National Identity Because the United States is so large, it provided Americans with the opportunity to diffuse differences over religion, social class and national origin because they could isolate themselves from one another.
Cross-Cutting Cleavages Divisions within society that cut across demographic categories to produce groups more heterogeneous or different. Members of religions or social and civil groups.
What was the belief called that held that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oche study of characteristics of populations.
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Cleavages
Reinforcing Cleavages Divisions within society that reinforce one another, making groups more homogeneous or similar. When social and economic conditions coincide, they reinforce each other and make the differences between groups more important.
Hostility toward different religions in colonial America.
Anti-immigration movements in the late 19th & early 20th century.
Anti-woman’s rights movement of the 19th century. Anti-immigration and Anti-civil rights ballot initiatives of the 1990s.
The American Political Landscape
Albert Einstein once said few people are capable of expressing opinions that differ much from the prejudices of their social upbringing.
A Land of Diversity
Some elements of our diversity have political significance. Political Socialization The process by which parents and others teach children about political values, beliefs, and attitudes. Political Predisposition A characteristic of individuals that is predictive of political behavior.
A Land of Diversity
Despite the fact that America has been most hospitable to people from different religions, classes or races than almost any other nation in the world, we often prefer to associate only with people “like us” and are suspicious of people “like them.”
Geography and National Identity Geographic isolations from the major powers of the world during our government’s formative period helps explain American politics.
ETHNOCENTRISM Selective perception based on individual background, attitudes and biases
A Land of Diversity
People want to come to the United States because it holds a promise of religious, political, and economic freedom. Our economic system has provided widespread, but not universal opportunity, for individuals to improve their economic standing. Question: What was the issue passed in California with Proposition 187? Answer: It restricted public services and education to immigrants.