我的外文文献原文及译文附件

合集下载

外文文献翻译模板

外文文献翻译模板广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部管理学部专业人力资源管理年级 2008级班级名称 08人力资源管理1班学号 150********学生姓名王凯琪指导教师2012年 5 月目录1 外文文献译文 (1)2 外文文献原文 (9)德国企业中老化的劳动力和人力资源管理的挑战本文的主要目的就是提供一个强加于德国公司的人力资源管理政策上的人口变化主要挑战的概况。

尽管更多方面的业务受到人口改变的影响，例如消费的改变或储蓄和投资，还有资金的花费，我们把注意力集中劳动力老龄化促使人事政策的变化上。

涉及广泛的人力资源管理政策，以有关进行创新和技术变化的招募问题为开端。

1 老化的劳动力及人力资源管理由于人口的变化，公司劳动力的平均年龄在未来将会更年长。

因此，劳动力高于50的年龄结构占主导地位的集团不再是一个例外，并将成为一个制度。

在此背景下，年长的工人的实际份额，以及最优份额，部分是由企业特征的差异加上外在因素决定的。

2 一般的挑战尽管增加公众对未来人口转型带来的各种挑战的意识，公司对于由一个老化劳动力引起的问题的意识仍然是相当低的。

事实上，只有25%的公司预计人口统计的变化在长远发展看来将会导致严重的问题。

然而，现在越来越多关于老化劳动力呈现的挑战和潜在的解决方案的文献。

布施提出了一种分析老员工一般能力的研究文集，并给出有关于年长工人的人力资源政策的实例。

目前，华希特和萨里提出一篇关于研究公司对于提前退休的态度和延长工作生涯的态度的论文。

在这些研究中，老员工的能力通常被认为是不同的，并不逊色，同时指出一个最优的劳动力取决于不同的公司的特殊要求。

一般来说，然而由于越来越缺少合格的员工，人口统计的变化将使得在各种人事政策方面上的压力逐渐增加。

特别是，没有内部人力资源部门的中小型企业，因此缺乏足够的特殊的基础设施，则面临着严峻的挑战。

与他们正常的大约两到五年的计划水平相反，他们将越来越多地要处理长期的个人问题和计划。

外文参考文献译文及原文【范本模板】

广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor’s Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文（1）项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大,在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。

本文论述了在施工阶段,项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。

本文讨论了很多方法。

它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法.1。

简介调查显示,大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本.2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000）指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。

监控的目的就是纠偏措施的。

.。

标范围内。

3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。

项目成功与良好的沟通密。

决（ Diallo and Thuillier， 2005）.4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。

第四,项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有。

..重要（Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。

4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。

为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统：a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化-—在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰..。

外文参考文献译文及原文

目录1介绍 (1)在这一章对NS2的引入提供。

尤其是，关于NS2的安装信息是在第2章。

第3章介绍了NS2的目录和公约。

第4章介绍了在NS2仿真的主要步骤。

一个简单的仿真例子在第5章。

最后，在第.8章作总结。

2安装 (1)该组件的想法是明智的做法，以获取上述件和安装他们的个人。

此选项保存downloadingtime和大量内存空间。

但是，它可能是麻烦的初学者，因此只对有经验的用户推荐。

(2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在unix-based系统 (2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在Windows系统 (3)3目录和公约 (4)目录 (4)4运行ns2模拟 (6)ns2程序调用 (6)ns2模拟的主要步骤 (6)5一个仿真例子 (8)6总结 (12)1 Introduction (13)2 Installation (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Unix-Based Systems (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Windows-Based Systems (16)3 Directories and Convention (17)Directories and Convention (17)Convention (17)4 Running NS2 Simulation (20)NS2 Program Invocation (20)Main NS2 Simulation Steps (20)5 A Simulation Example (22)6 Summary (27)1介绍网络模拟器(一般叫作NS2)的版本，是证明了有用在学习通讯网络的动态本质的一个事件驱动的模仿工具。

模仿架线并且无线网络作用和协议(即寻址算法，TCP，UDP)使用NS2，可以完成。

一般来说，NS2提供用户以指定这样网络协议和模仿他们对应的行为方式。

外文文献原文及译文

附录1 外文文献原文及译文原文：An evaluation of NDT methods for the location and sizing of forging discontinuitiesIn selecting an NDT method for flaw detection in forgings a number of variables must be considered:a) the type of discontinuity to be assessed;b) the method to be used for detection and evaluation, andc) the variables associated with the forging itselfThe variables in item a) will govern the location within the forging and its orientation with respect to a particular surface Item b) could include a considerable array of NDT methods, but for the purpose of this paper only the six most widely used are considered一visual testing (VT), penetrant inspection(PI), magnetic particle inspection(MI), eddy current testing (ET), radiographic inspection (RT) and ultrasonic inspection (UI). In the last item c) the component race include such things as condition, geometry access for inspection.a)Forging discontinuitiesThe location of the discontinuity will have a significant influence on the selection of the NDT method to be used and they are therefore grouped into three categories, to aid this selection:1. open to the surface: laps, seam, burst, slugs, cracks and inclusions2. slightly subsurface: seam, stringers, inclusions and grain structure variations3. internal: stringers, burst, lamination, grain structure, inclusions and pipingA brief review of these terms may be helpful:Lap: folded metal, flattened into the surface but not fusing with itSeam: linear flaws due to oxidized blow holes or ingot splashes, which are elongated by hot workingBurst:ruptures caused by failure of plastic deformation by processing at too low a temperature or excessive working of metalStringers: a bar stock defect, due to non metallic inclusions being squeezed out into long and thin stringsLamination: planar defect aligned parallel to surface, originating in the original ingot from rolled out pipingCracks: transgranular failure, due to localized stresses resulting from non-uniform heating or cooling and non-plastic deformationInclusions: impurities, such as slag, oxide and sulphides, often from the original molten stage in forming the billet used for forgingGrain structure: depending upon the extent of working, (deformation and recrystllisation) can be as small as 0.5mm or as large as 10mmPiping: a cavity at the centre of the ingot or billet, caused by shrinkage during solidification Slug: a piece of foreign matter that has been pressed or rolled into the surface of the material b)The NDT MethodVT—visual testing is the oldest of the NDT methods but still valid and widely used today The system is based upon observation, usually by a human observer, but now increasingly by digital/video cameras which use pattern recognition to locate dissimilar areas in a surface. The sensitivity will depend upon the method but typically a good observer with simplevisual aids can resolve 0.5mm differences aids will include magnifying glasses (up to x10), microscopes(up to x100) and fibred-optic bores copes and endoscopes for viewing internal details in hollow or complex sections. The system is used for surface inspection only with costs in the range $4 to $4000.PT一the surface is covered with brightly covered oil (typically red or fluorescent), which will penetrate any surface openings. After removal of excess, an absorbent, white powder is applied, which draws any trapped oil to the surface. This creates an indication of the presence of the surface opening. This process, like visual inspection, also requires visual acuity, but the indications are ‘enhanced’ by the process, since‘bleed-out’ spreads the visual image. Costs can range from as little as $4 for a couple of cans, to $8000 for a process ‘line’. Both VT and PT are surface inspection systems only arid will therefore detect only those discontinuities that have a definite surface opening Surface cleanliness is very important, particularly with PT.MT一ferromagnetic materials carrying a large flux density; retain the presence internally, with little external evidence other than at the poles. Any discontinuity in the material will disturb this uniform flux and create a small ‘leakage’ at the site of the discontinuity. This leakage can be detected by the fact that finely divided; ferromagnetic particles collect at the-site, creating an indication. As with PT, the particles can be colored, to increase contrast, which when viewed under suitable lighting, create a clear visual image of the discontinuity. However, unlike PT the leakage can pass through thin layers of paint or plating materials, so that the discontinuity does not have to be open to the surface. The system can therefore detect surface AND slight subsurface discontinuities. However this is only possible in ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, mild and tool steel, nickel, cobalt and martenstic stainless. It will not operate on Paramagnetic or Diamagnetic materials, such as copper, aluminum and austenitic stainless steel. A small electromagnet can cost as little as $200, but a large `bench type' machine can cost up to $10 000 and the cost of electricity can be substantial.ET一Direct current flowing in a coil, sets up a longitudinal magnetic, field through the coil, and exhibits a particular resistance to flow. If the current is alternating, then a further effect一inductive reactance, adds to this resistance, the total being impedance. This impedance also causes a lag between the current and the voltage, called a phase shift. This shift and impedance are characteristics of the coil.If the coil is now placed close to a conducting surface, the reversing magnetic field induces a reversing current in the conducting (eddy current) which opposes the inducing field. This opposition alters the impedance of the coil and a suitable instrument can detect these changes (both phase angle and/or impedance).For a given ,discontinuity-free surface , a specific alteration will be present which can be zeroed .If the coil now passes over a discontinuity, a change in induction will occur which will be registered by the instrument. However, a change in the conductivity of the material will also effect the induction, as will changes in permeability. Thus, non-uniform heat treatment, segregation and in homogeneities in material composition and structure will also effect the induction and create an ‘indication’. Another critical factor is the distance between the coil and the test surface. This ‘lift off’ can be used in a positive way to determine coating or paint thickness’, on conducting materials. But equally, differences in the coil/specimen gap can result in non-relevant signals. The system can therefore detect surface AND slight subsurface discontinuities. However this is only possible in conducting materials and the proximity of the test coil to the test surface is critical. This means that for any component (other than flat plate), special probes are usually designed to follow specific component contours. A small eddy current machine can cost as little as $2000, but a large automated machine can cost upto $20 000RT一Short wavelength, electromagnetic radiation will pass through many materials, depending upon density and thickness, and then create a range of exposures on either film or a fluoroscopic screen, to present a visual image of the internal composition of the item. Differences in absorption within the material due to such things as gas holes, cracks and bursts will create photographic density differences on the film or detector, which can be interpreted by trained personnel. The source of radiation can be an X-ray tube or a gamma source (such as Iridium or Cobalt) and the images can be generated on either film or as real-time images on fluoroscopic screens. Defect orientation is a vital factor in radiography since it is thickness differences, which the process detects. Hence, a lamination type defect, parallel to the film would be almost impossible to detect. On the other hand, a crack perpendicular to the film would almost certainly be detected. It is therefore often the case that a single component would have to be radio graphed from more than one direction, in order to detect most defects. Finally, the radiation used is highly hazardous and therefore any environment in which it is used, must suitably shielded, to prevent exposure of the operator. As well as shielding the use of X or gamma rays will also require, monitors, alarms, interlocks and personal dosimetry systems, which along with the film itself, adds to the cost.A basic X-ray set up would cost around $10000 and with ancillary equipment and film could cost $3000 per year to run.UT—At an interface between materials of differing acoustic impedance, a sound wave will have a proportion reflected and the remainder transmitted. Thus a gas hole or crack in a forging will reflect a sound beam because of their large difference in acoustic impedance with the metal structure containing them. Since ultrasound travels in a given material at a known (predictable) velocity, then the distance to a reflector will be a direct function of this time of flight of the pulse of sound. Its location can therefore be estimated .Since the amplitude of the returning signal is also related to the size of the reflector, then an approximation can be made of the extent of the reflector, in terms of length through-wall thickness and width. The data can be presented as an ‘A’scan, on a cathode ray tube (requiring skilled interpretation) or as a ‘B’ or ‘C’ scan, where the data are plotted on printers or strip charts as a permanent record. Depths of penetration can be adjusted (by calibration and probe selection) from 10mm to 3 meters in suitable, fine-grained material. However cast, or large grained forged material, could be attenuate signals to the extent that they are untestable. A typical portable flaw detector and probes would cost around $5000, a fully automated ‘C’ scan immersion system could cost $2000.c)The variables associated with the forging1.Surface conditionFor VT and PT surfaces better than 6.3um Ra would yield the best results. For MT a similar situation exists, where a confusing background could result from rough surfaces. ET also requires a smooth a surface for preference, since ‘lift-off’ effects could be unacceptable. For RT a surface roughness exceeding 1% of material thickness could result in a significant loon of sensitivity. However for UT, a suitably viscous ‘couplant’could assist in sound transmittance, but entry surface ‘noise’on the timebase and attenuation would reduce sensitivity.2.GeometryFlat surfaces are the simplest to inspect, by any method. However, PT is least influenced by geometry, being a liquid process. MT requires that the flux be at 90 to the discontinuity and thus, curved surfaces and hollow sections offer particular problems. VT may require special access equipment and ET will need specially designed probes for curved or irregular surfaces. Since RT relies on absorption differences, variations in thickness due to curvaturewill result in large variations in photographic density and a consequent loss of film contrast. In UT the probe has best transmittance when it is whole face is in direct contact with the surface. Any curvature will result in “rocking”of the probe and a consequent loss of “coupling” and reduced signal amplitude.plexityForged bar, billet, rod and plate offer simple shapes for inspection, but aircraft landing gear is an entirely different manner. PT is the least influenced by complex shapes when using the water washable system VT will require longer inspection periods and aids such as mirrors and bores copes. For MT, the more complex the shape, the more difficult it is to arrive at an all over procedure and individual flux/current tor the various sections ET will again require specially shaped probes and RT a larger number of film exposure and angled shots UT will need careful planning to ensure complete coverage and may not be possible if access is limited.4.ThicknessVT, ET, PT and MT are all unaffected by thickness since they are surface methods. RT has an approximate thickness limit of 300mm in steel and at 2% sensitivity (a typical value), will only record discontinuities of 6mm maximum section, in the plane of the radiation. UT is capable of inspecting beyond 2 meters in fine-grained material but is less effective below 10mm or so.5.Discontinuity OrientationVT and PT are unaffected by orientation. In MT, for maximum sensitivity the flux should be at right angles to the discontinuity. ET requires that the discontinuity be at right angles to the coil windings and RT has its maximum sensitivity when the discontinuity lies parallel to the radiation beam. UT has the maximum response when the reflector is at right angles to the sound beam.译文：对铸件缺陷位置和尺寸的无损检测方法的评价对铸件裂纹探测时，选择无损检测方法必须注意以下几点：a)评定缺陷类型；b)确定评定和探测缺陷的方法；c)铸件自身相关的变化。

论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：非常文献、资料英文题目：Extreme ASP.NE文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院专业学生姓名班级学号外文出处附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文指导教师评价：1．翻译内容与课题的结合度：□优□良□中□差2．翻译内容的准确、流畅：□优□良□中□差3．专业词汇翻译的准确性：□优□良□中□差4．翻译字符数是否符合规定要求：□符合□不符合指导教师签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文非常1.1Web 部署项目当ASP 第一次发布时，Web 编程还比较困难，因为需要 IIS 来处理 ASP 页。

后来， 2.0 和 Visual Studio® 2005 通过引入网站开发模型使一切工作都变得容易了。

借助该网站模型，您不必在 Visual Studio 中创建新项目，而是可以指向一个目录并开始编写网页和代码。

此外，您还可以使用内置的 Development Server 快速测试站点， Development Server 将寄宿在一个本地进程中，并消除了必须安装 IIS 才能进行开发这一先决条件。

该网站模型的魅力在于您在开发 Web 应用程序时无需考虑打包和部署。

需要其他类时怎么办？向 App_Code 目录添加一个 .cs 文件即可开始编写。

希望将可本地化的字符串存储在资源文件中时怎么办？向App_GlobalResources 目录添加一个 .resx 文件并键入字符串。

一切都顺顺当当；您根本就不必考虑编译和部署方面的事情。

在准备进行部署时，您有多种可选方案。

最简单的方案是将文件复制到主运行服务器并按要求编译每一个文件（和在测试环境中一样）。

第二种方案是使用aspnet_compiler.exe 实用工具将应用程序预编译为二进制版本，之后将只剩下要放到服务器上的一组程序集、静态内容和配置文件。

外文文献翻译原文及译文

华北电力大学毕业设计（论文）附件外文文献翻译学号： 200701000324 姓名:杨曦所在院系：电力工程系专业班级：电气化0707指导教师：安勃原文标题： Research on Smart Grid in China2011年06月20日对中国智能电网的研究1摘要——智能电网是电力系统的未来发展的新方向。

在本文中，首先是智能电网的背景，意义，以及概念和结构。

典型的智能电网图如下所示.然后,在美国和欧洲智能电网的发展现状进行了描述，并对这些国家未来发展思路的趋势进行了总结和比较及分析。

此外，分析了中国智能电网发展的必要性，详细介绍了在目前与中国与有关项目，并对特高压电网和智能电网之间的的关系进行了讨论。

最后，对智能电网在未来在中国电网的潜在作用进行了展望和并为中国的智能电网发展指明新方向.索引词,智能电网，特高压电网，规划,经营，管理一导言随着世界经济全球化的推广,石油价格一直维持在一个上升的趋势。

还值得注意的是世界范围内的的能源供应短缺，对资源和环境的压力越来越大,同时，由于目前电网的低效率，在能源输送过程中损失了巨大的电力。

此外,由于不断增长的电力需求和用户对电力可靠性和质量日益增长的要求，电力工业正面临着前所未有的挑战和机遇。

因此，一个有环境友好,经济，高性能，低投资，安全性，可靠性和灵活性特点的的电力系统一直是电力工程师的目标。

尽管如此，基础设施和先进的仪表出现互联网更广泛地的使用加速了这个过程[1］。

自1990年以来随着分布式发电越来越多地使用，已经对对电网的强度提出更多的需求和要求［2][3]。

对于这些问题，为了找出最佳的解决方案，电力公司应接受新的思路，采用新技术，对现有的能源系统进行潜力挖掘，对技术和应用加以改进。

来自不同国家的学者和专家已经达成共识：未来电网的必须能够满足不同的需求及能源发电，高度市场化的电力交易的需求，由此可以满足客户的自我选择。

所有这些都将成为未来智能电网的发展方向。

外文文献原稿和译文

（空一行）原□□稿（空一行） IntroductionThe "jumping off" point for this paper is Reengineering the Corporation, by Michael Hammer and James Champy . The paper goes on to review the literature on BPR. It explores the principles and assumptions behind reengineering, looks for commonfactors behind its successes or failures, examines case studies, and presents alternatives to "classical" reengineering theory . The paper pays particular attention to the role of information technology in BPR. In conclusion, the paper offers somespecific recommendations regarding reengineering. Old Wine in New BottlesThe concept of reengineering traces its origins back to management theories developedas early as the nineteenth century . The purpose of reengineering is to "make all your processes the best-in-class." Frederick Taylor suggested in the 1880's that managers use process reengineering methods to discover the best processes for performing work, and that these processes be reengineered to optimize productivity. BPR echoes the classical belief that there is one best way to conduct tasks. In Taylor's time, technology did not allow large companies to design processes in across-functional or cross-departmental manner. Specialization was the state-of-theart method to improve efficiency given the technology of the time.（下略）正文内容：新罗马“TimesNewRoman ”字体，小四号字。

外文文献翻译译稿和原文【范本模板】

外文文献翻译译稿1卡尔曼滤波的一个典型实例是从一组有限的，包含噪声的，通过对物体位置的观察序列(可能有偏差）预测出物体的位置的坐标及速度。

在很多工程应用（如雷达、计算机视觉）中都可以找到它的身影。

同时，卡尔曼滤波也是控制理论以及控制系统工程中的一个重要课题。

例如，对于雷达来说，人们感兴趣的是其能够跟踪目标.但目标的位置、速度、加速度的测量值往往在任何时候都有噪声。

卡尔曼滤波利用目标的动态信息，设法去掉噪声的影响，得到一个关于目标位置的好的估计.这个估计可以是对当前目标位置的估计(滤波),也可以是对于将来位置的估计（预测），也可以是对过去位置的估计（插值或平滑).命名[编辑]这种滤波方法以它的发明者鲁道夫。

E。

卡尔曼(Rudolph E. Kalman）命名，但是根据文献可知实际上Peter Swerling在更早之前就提出了一种类似的算法。

斯坦利。

施密特（Stanley Schmidt)首次实现了卡尔曼滤波器。

卡尔曼在NASA埃姆斯研究中心访问时,发现他的方法对于解决阿波罗计划的轨道预测很有用，后来阿波罗飞船的导航电脑便使用了这种滤波器。

关于这种滤波器的论文由Swerling（1958）、Kalman (1960)与Kalman and Bucy（1961）发表。

目前,卡尔曼滤波已经有很多不同的实现.卡尔曼最初提出的形式现在一般称为简单卡尔曼滤波器。

除此以外，还有施密特扩展滤波器、信息滤波器以及很多Bierman, Thornton开发的平方根滤波器的变种.也许最常见的卡尔曼滤波器是锁相环，它在收音机、计算机和几乎任何视频或通讯设备中广泛存在。

以下的讨论需要线性代数以及概率论的一般知识。

卡尔曼滤波建立在线性代数和隐马尔可夫模型(hidden Markov model）上.其基本动态系统可以用一个马尔可夫链表示，该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯噪声（即正态分布的噪声）干扰的线性算子上的。

系统的状态可以用一个元素为实数的向量表示.随着离散时间的每一个增加，这个线性算子就会作用在当前状态上，产生一个新的状态,并也会带入一些噪声,同时系统的一些已知的控制器的控制信息也会被加入。

外文参考文献译文及原文

广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor's Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文（1）项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大，在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。

本文论述了在施工阶段，项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。

本文讨论了很多方法。

它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法。

1.简介调查显示，大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本。

2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000)指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。

监控的目的就是纠偏措施的...标范围内。

3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。

项目成功与良好的沟通密...决( Diallo and Thuillier, 2005)。

4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。

第四，项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有...重要(Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。

4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。

为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统：a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化--在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰...围、变更、进度、质量）相结合由于一个工程项目......虑时间价值影响后的结果。

外文文献原稿和译文

外文文献原稿和译文原稿The introduction of the electronic commerceWith the rapid development of Internet, websites surging forward are after frying the foot " concept ", it is " practical " to all change direction one after another, and " practical one of the more distinct characteristics ": It is most websites that are all attempting to do the true " e-commerce ". What is " e-commerce " so? The so-called e-commerce (Electronic Commerce ) utilizes technology of the computer, network technology and long-range communication technology, realize the electrification , digitization and networked in the course of the whole commercial affair (buys and sells ). People are no longer face-to-face , look at the true goods , depend on the paper medium document (including the cash ) to carry on the business transaction. But provide and deliver system and fund convenient to be safe and settle account and do a deal systematically through a feast for the eyes goods information on net , perfect logistics through the network (buy and sell).In fact, the course of the whole trade can be divided into three stages:The first stage is information interchange stage: To trade company, in order to release information stage this stage. Mainly choose one's own outstanding goods , organize one's own goods information meticulously, set up one's own webpage, then join in famous websites with greater reputation , with stronger influence power , of higher clicking rate, let as many as possible people understand you know you. To buyer, this stage is the stage going to look for the goods and goods information on the net. It is mainly according to the needs of one's own one, surf the Net and look for the information and goods that oneself needs, and the trade company choosing the service with a high reputation to be well cheap.The second stage signs the contract stage of the goods: As B2B (trade company vs. trade company ), this stage is exchange course of signing the contract , finishing the essential trade and business note. The ones that should pay attention to are: Complicatedproblems , such as accuracy , dependability , can't be alteredding of the data ,etc.. As B2C (trade company vs. personal customer ), this stage finishes doing shopping the order form of the course signs course, the customer should refer goods , one's own contacting information , way , payment method to deliver goods which you choose to the trade company after in the network good sign well, the trade company should send mails or the telephone and verify above-mentioned contents after receiving the order form .The third stage carries on goods handing over , fund settlement stage according to the contract: This stage is stage when trade of the whole goods is very key, not merely involve the putting in place correctly and safely on the net of fund, involve the accuracy that the goods provide and deliver , put in place on time too at the same time . There is banking , provide and deliver systematic involvement at this stage, technically, in law, such respects as the standard is first-class have higher requests. The succeeding or not for a stage just here of online trade.The characteristics of developmentWider environment: People are not restricted by time , is not restricted by space , a great deal of restrictions not doing shopping by the tradition , can conclude the business on the net whenever and wherever possible .Wider market: This world will become very small on the net, a trade company can face global consumers , and a consumer can do shopping in any global trade company .Faster circulation and cheap price: E-commerce has reduce the intermediate link of circulation of commodities, has saved a large amount of expenses, thus reduced the cost of the circulation of commodities and trade greatly .Accord with the demands for times even more: People pursue the fashion , stress the individual character more and more nowadays, pay attention to the environment that does shopping, the online shopping, the shopping course that best reflects individualization. Influence1.E-commerce will change the way of the commercial activityThe traditional most typical scene of commercial activity is that " the salesman exists everywhere ", " the purchasing agent runs everywhere ", " reveal the mouth , run and break the leg ", consumers look for the goods that oneself need all pooped outlay in the market .Now, it is if touch it all right to pass Internet, people can enter the online market to browse through , purchase all kinds of products, and can also get online service , trade company can get in touch with the customer on the net , utilize the network to carry on the payment for goods and close serving, the government can also carry on electron calling for bid , government procurement ,etc. conveniently .2.E-commerce will change people's consumption patternThe biggest characteristic of online shopping is consumers' leading factor, do shopping the will is grasped in consumer's hands, at the same time consumers can also finish the trade by way of a kind of relaxed and free self-service , consumer's sovereignty can be fully embodied in the shopping at network.3.E-commerce will change the modes of production of enterprisesBecause e-commerce is a kind of swift , convenient shopping means, consumers' individualization , priviledges need and be able to be totally shown in front of the manufacturer through the network, in order to please customers, stress the design style of the products, a lot of enterprises in the manufacturing industry develop and popularize e-commerce one after another , if American Ford Motor Company connects with inside network of the company in 120,000 computer work stations in the whole world of March of 1998, and include 15,000 distributors of the whole world in the inside network , the final purpose of Ford Company is to realize being according to users' different requests, supply the automobile as required.4.E-commerce will bring a revolution to the traditional tradeE-commerce is in the course of the whole commercial activity, through the combination of people and telecommunications way , improve the efficiency of the commercial activity greatly, reduce the unnecessary intermediate link, the traditional manufacturing industry enters the eras of short run , much varieties by this, " zero stock " become possible; Traditional retail business and wholesale business open the new mode of " online marketing " of " having no shop "; Various kinds of online services have offered the brand-new method of service for service trade of the tradition.5.E-commerce will bring a brand-new financial circlesBecause pay the key link that is e-commerce by mails online, it is basic condition that e-commerce can be developed smoothly too, with the break-through of e-commerce on the electronic trade link, such services as online bank , bank card pay the network , electronic payment system of bank and electronic cheque , electronic cash, bring traditional financial circles into a brand-new field.6.E-commerce will change the government's behaviorThe government is undertaking the function of the management and service of a large number of societies , economy , culture, in e-commerce era, as enterprises use e-commerce to carry on the production and management, the bank computerizes financial services, and while consumers realize cosumption online, will put forward the new request , an electronic government or calling the online government for government's administration behaviour too, will become an important social role as e-commerce is developed.In a word, as a kind of commercial activity course, e-commerce will bring an unprecedented revolution, its impact on social economy far exceeds the commercial affair itself. Besides these above-mentioned influence, it will also bring enormous influence on employment , legal system and culture and education ,etc., e-commerce will bring the mankind into the information-intensive society .In the modern information-intensive society, e-commerce can enable mastering the enterprises and individuals of the information technology and business rule , utilizing various kinds of electronic tools and networks systematically, the low cost with high efficiency is engaged in various kinds of commercial trade activities realized in electronic way. According to using with the function , can divide e-commerce into three levels or 3S , namely SHOW , SALE , SERVE:1.SHOW (show)Offer the electronic market conditions, enterprises release goods and other information on the net by way of webpage, with advertise etc. on the net, through SHOW, enterprises can establish one's own corporate image , expand the popularity of enterprises, propagate the service of one's own products , look for the new trade cooperative partner.2.SALE (trade)Realize the whole course of the transaction activity of the traditional form in electronic way in the network, for instance online shopping ,etc.. Enterprises can finish the whole course of the trade through SALE, expand the range traded, improve the efficiency of the work , reduce the cost of the trade , thus obtain the economic and social benefit.3.SERVE (serve)And the service after sale before meaning various kinds of related to commercial activity that enterprises launch through the network and selling, through such SERVE on net, enterprises can perfect one's own e-commerce system , consolidate the already existing customer , attract the new customer , thus expand the management business of enterprises, obtain greater economic benefits and social benefit. The enterprise is a protagonist who launches e-commerce.KindsE-commerce inside enterprise is mainly to deal with and exchange trade and business information through the way of the network (Intranet ) inside enterprises. The network (Intranet ) is a kind of effective commercial tool inside enterprises, pass the fire wall , enterprises isolate one's own inside network from Internet, it can be used for automaticallying process the commercial affair to operate and work to flow, strengthen it to the access of important system and key data, share experience , solve customer's problem together, and keep the connection while organizing. E-commerce inside enterprises, can bring the following advantage to enterprise : Increase agility that commercial activity punish, to market situation can reacting quickly, can provide service for the customer better . E-commerce (B-B mode ) among enterprise and enterprise mainly carries on the electronic commercial activity through INTERNET or the special-purpose network way. E-commerce among enterprises is merits attention and probes into most three kinds of modes of e-commerce, because it has potentiality of development most.E-commerce (B-C mode ) between enterprise and consumer is mainly that enterprises offer a new-type shopping environment to consumer through INTERNET --The online shop, consumers do shopping on the net through the network , pay on the net. Because this kind of mode has saved customer and time and space of both sides of enterprise, have improve trade efficiency greatly, has saved the unnecessary expenses.Enterprise and inter-governmental e-commerce (B-G mode) the commercial activity cover enterprise and government organize every thing among, mainly including government procurement , declare at the Customs , declare dutiable goods etc.on the net.译文电子商务介绍随着因特网的迅速发展，风起云涌的网站在炒足了“概念”之后，都纷纷转向了“务实”，而“务实”比较鲜明的特点之一：是绝大多数的网站都在试图做实实在在的“电子商务”。

毕业设计外文文献翻译【范本模板】

毕业设计（论文)外文资料翻译系别：专业：班级:姓名：学号:外文出处:附件： 1. 原文; 2。

译文2013年03月附件一：A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J。

J。

Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown，Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools，allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system，namely，the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System （RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software。

1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure。

Forexample，a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore，to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators。

外文文献及翻译

外文文献（一）原文DUAL FULL BRIDGE PROTECTED MOTOR DRIVER（A3976）The A3976 is designed to drive both windings of a bipolar stepper motor or bidirectionally control two DC Motors. Both H-Bridges are capable of continuous output currents of up to+/- 500 mA and operating voltages to 30V. Free wheeling, substrate isolated diodes are included for output transient suppression when switching motors or other inductive loads. For each bridge the PHASE input controls load current polarity by selecting the appropriate source and sink driver pair. The ENABLE input, when held high, enables the respective output H-bridge. When both ENABLE pins are held low the device will enter SLEEP mode and consume less than 100mA. The 3976 is protected to ensure safe operation in harsh operating environments and was designed specifically for automotive applications. Protection circuitry will check for open or shorted load, motor lead short to ground or supply, VBB overvoltage, VCC undervoltage, and thermal shutdown. If any of these conditions are detected the outputs will be disabled and fault information will be output to diagnostic pins FAULT1 and FAULT2. The 3976 is supplied in a choice of two power packages, a 16-lead plastic DIP with a copper batwing tab (suffix ‘B’), and a 24-lead plastic SOIC with a copper batwing tab (suffix ‘LB’). In both cases, the power tab is at ground potential and needs no electrical isolation.FEATURES（1）30 V , ±500 mA Continuous Output Rating（2）35V Load Dump Survival（3）Output Short Circuit Protection（4）Coded Fault Diagnostic Outputs（5）Low Current Standby Mode（6）Open Load Monitor（7）Low Current Standby Mode（8）VBB Over Voltage Shutdown（9）Internal Thermal Shutdown Circuitry（10）Internal Low Parasitic Free Wheeling Diodes（11）Crossover Current ProtectionABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGSat TA = +25°COperating Supply Voltage, VBB .................... 30 VNon-Operating Supply Voltage..................... 35 V Output Current, IOUT ............................±500 mA* Logic Supply Voltage, VCC.......................... 7.0 V Fault Output Voltage ................................... 7.0 VLogic Input Voltage Range, VIN.......................... -0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 VPackage Power Dissipation (TA = +25°C), PDA3976KLB..................................2.2 WA3976KB ....................................2.9 WOperating Temperature Range,TA ..............................-40°C to +125°CJunction Temperature, TJ .........................+150°C Storage Temperature Range, TS...............................-55°C to +150°C* Output current rating may be limited by duty cycle, ambient temperature, and heat sinking. Under any set of conditions, do not exceed the specified current rating or ajunction temperature of 150°C.PART NUMBER PACKAGE RØJA RØJTA3976KLB24 Lead SOIC56︒C/W6︒C/WA3973KB16 Lead DIP43︒C/W6︒C/WInput LogicPHASE ENABLE OUTA OUTBX 0 OFF OFF0 1 LOW HIGH1 1 HIGH LOWFault LogicFault Condition FAULT1FAULT2Thermal Shutdown LOW LOWShort to Battery or Open Load LOW HIGHShort to Ground HIGH LOWNormal Operation HIGH HIGHAPPLICATION NOTESOpen Lead Protection. During normal PWM operation diagnostic circuitry will look for a minimum source current level after a bridge is signalled on. Additionally, the diode flyback is monitored on the proper output. The logic will signal a fault and disable the outputs if it determines that the current is below the minimum level AND no flyback is occurring. If the inductive load is too large, the current would take too long to reach the minimal level and afalse open load would be reported. It is recommended that the inductive load be less than38mH.Short Circuit Protection. Internal sense resistors in series with VBB and ground willtrip the fault circuitry if greater than 1.1A is detected. To prevent false overcurrent events due to reverse recovery spikes of the clamp diodes, the current monitor is blanked for 5us after a high side is signalled to turn on. If an additional input command follows after the initial fault, the selected pair of drivers will pulse on for the 5us blanking duration. The short circuit fault will remember the input state where the fault occurred and will wait for that particular logic state after the short has been removed before normal operation is allowed to resume.Thermal Protection. Circuitry turns OFF all drivers when the junction temperaturereaches 170°C typically. It is intended only to protect the device from failures due to excessive junction temperatures and has a hysteresis of approximately 15°C.Layout. The printed wiring board should use a heavy ground plane. For optimum electricaland thermal performance, the driver should be soldered directly onto the board. The load supply pin, VBB, should be decoupled with an electrolytic capacitor (> 47 μF is recommended) placed as close to the device as possibleEnengy or Solar EnegryEnergy means the power which does work and drives machines. All living things (including humans) rely on the sun as a source of energy. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are energy sources available today because organisms in the past captured sunlight energy and stored it in the complex organic molecules that made up their bodies, which were then compressed and concentrated. With the development of society, a large of energy sources have been used,such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, geothermal energy, nuclear fission power, nuclear fusion power, solar energy, and Hydrogen gas. however, under the circumstances, the quantity of energy source is limited. unlimited usage of energy source results in energy crisis. At present, most of the energy consumed by humans is produced from fossil fuels. The greatest recoverable fossil is in the form of coal and lignite. Although world coal resources are enomous and potentially can fill energy needs for a century or two, their utilization is limited by environmental disruption from mining and emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. These would become intolerable long before coal resources were exhausted. Only a small percentage of coal and lignite has been utilized to date, whereas much of the recoverable petroleum and natural gas has already been consumed. Petroleum has several characteristics that make it superior to coal as a source of energy. Its extraction causes less environmental damage than does coal mining. It is a more concentrated source of energy than coal, and it burns with less pollution, and it can be moved easily through pipes. These characteristics make it an ideal fuel for automobiles.Since first commercial oil well in 1859, somewhat more than 100 million barrels of oil have been produced in the United States, most of it in recent years. In 1990 world petroleumconsumption was at a rate of about 65 million barrels per day. Projected use of petroleum and natural gas indicates rapid depletion. Alaskan oil can help the petroleum supply only temporarily. Peak world petroleum resources production will be reached within a few years. Since the first "energy crisis" of 1973-1974, some concrete actions have even taken place. However, the several-fold increase in crude oil prices since 1973 has extacted a toll. In the U.S. and other industrialized nations, the economy has been plagued by inflation, recession, unemployment, and obsolescence of industrial equipment. The economies of some petroleum-deficient developing countries have been devastated by energy prices.Energy crisis was accompanied by worldwide shortages of some foods and minerals, followed in some cases by surpluses, such as the surplus wheat resulting from increased planting and a copper surplus resulting from the efforts of copper-producing nations to acpuire foreign currency by copper export.As known to all,the availability and cost of energy has become dominant factors in society today. Obviously, solving the "energy crisis" makes good sense. Many schemes has been proposed for conserving present energy resources and for developing new ones. It is always possible to use less energy in any process. Therefore, energy engineer is created and developed. The first goal of energy engineer is to determine the methods by which energy utilization is reduced but the output remains the same, or even increases.The second goal is to determine which methods of using less energy are cost effective.Conventional engineering techniques are used to evaluated the mechanisms of energy use. Economic considerations are of equal importance and life cycle cost and saving techniques are used to determine cost-effective measures. The evaluation focuses on those uses which are significant in the overall picture and attempts to determine those technical measures that can reduce usage and save money.Meanwhile, looking for ideal energy sources is also very important to solve energy crisis. The recipe for an ideal energy source calls for one that is unlimited in supply, widely available, and inexpensive; it should not add to the earth's total heat burden or produce chemical air and water pollutants. Solar energy fulfills all of these criteria. Solar energy does not add excess heat to that which must be radiated from the earth. On a global basis, utilization of only a small fraction of solar energy reaching the earth could provide for all energy needs.Solar energy is unlimited in supply, but its exploitation and utilization are limited owing to the limitation of technology and conditions. Solar energy utilization needs an enormous amount of land, and there are economic and environmental problems related to the use of even a fraction of this amount of land for solar energy collection. Certainly, many residents of Arizona would not be pleased at having so much of the state devoted to solar collectors, and some environmental groups would protest the resultant shading of rattlesnake habitat. Solar power cells for the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity have been developed and are widely used for energy in space vehicles. With present technology, however, they remain too expensive for large-scale generation of electricity. Therefore, most schemes for the utilization of solar power depend upon the collection of thermal energy, followed by conversion to electrical energy. The simplest such approach involves focusing sunlight on a steam-generating bioler. Parabolic refkectors can be used to focus sunlight on pipescontaining heat-transporting fluids. Selective coatings on these pipes can be used so that only a small percentage of incident energy is reradiated from the pipes.（二）翻译全双桥电机保护驱动器（A3976）A3759是一种用来驱动双极性步进电机双绕组的单片集成电路，也可以用来双向控制两台电动机。

5、外文文献翻译(附原文)产业集群,区域品牌,Industrial cluster ,Regional brand

外文文献翻译（附原文）外文译文一：产业集群的竞争优势——以中国大连软件工业园为例Weilin Zhao,Chihiro Watanabe，Charla-Griffy-Brown[J]. Marketing Science,2009(2):123-125.摘要：本文本着为促进工业的发展的初衷探讨了中国软件公园的竞争优势。

产业集群深植于当地的制度系统，因此拥有特殊的竞争优势。

根据波特的“钻石”模型、SWOT模型的测试结果对中国大连软件园的案例进行了定性的分析。

产业集群是包括一系列在指定地理上集聚的公司，它扎根于当地政府、行业和学术的当地制度系统，以此获得大量的资源，从而获得产业经济发展的竞争优势。

为了成功驾驭中国经济范式从批量生产到开发新产品的转换，持续加强产业集群的竞争优势,促进工业和区域的经济发展是非常有必要的。

关键词：竞争优势；产业集群；当地制度系统；大连软件工业园；中国；科技园区；创新；区域发展产业集群产业集群是波特[1]也推而广之的一个经济发展的前沿概念。

作为一个在全球经济战略公认的专家,他指出了产业集群在促进区域经济发展中的作用。

他写道：集群的概念,“或出现在特定的地理位置与产业相关联的公司、供应商和机构，已成为了公司和政府思考和评估当地竞争优势和制定公共决策的一种新的要素。

但是，他至今也没有对产业集群做出准确的定义。

最近根据德瑞克、泰克拉[2]和李维[3]检查的关于产业集群和识别为“地理浓度的行业优势的文献取得了进展”。

“地理集中”定义了产业集群的一个关键而鲜明的基本性质。

产业由地区上特定的众多公司集聚而成,他们通常有共同市场、,有着共同的供应商,交易对象,教育机构和其它像知识及信息一样无形的东西，同样地,他们也面临相似的机会和威胁。

在全球产业集群有许多种发展模式。

比如美国加州的硅谷和马萨诸塞州的128鲁特都是知名的产业集群。

前者以微电子、生物技术、和风险资本市场而闻名,而后者则是以软件、计算机和通讯硬件享誉天下[4]。

外文文献翻译原文+译文

外文文献翻译原文Analysis of Con tin uous Prestressed Concrete BeamsChris BurgoyneMarch 26, 20051、IntroductionThis conference is devoted to the development of structural analysis rather than the strength of materials, but the effective use of prestressed concrete relies on an appropriate combination of structural analysis techniques with knowledge of the material behaviour. Design of prestressed concrete structures is usually left to specialists; the unwary will either make mistakes or spend inordinate time trying to extract a solution from the various equations.There are a number of fundamental differences between the behaviour of prestressed concrete and that of other materials. Structures are not unstressed when unloaded; the design space of feasible solutions is totally bounded；in hyperstatic structures, various states of self-stress can be induced by altering the cable profile, and all of these factors get influenced by creep and thermal effects. How were these problems recognised and how have they been tackled?Ever since the development of reinforced concrete by Hennebique at the end of the 19th century (Cusack 1984), it was recognised that steel and concrete could be more effectively combined if the steel was pretensioned, putting the concrete into compression. Cracking could be reduced, if not prevented altogether, which would increase stiffness and improve durability. Early attempts all failed because the initial prestress soon vanished, leaving the structure to be- have as though it was reinforced; good descriptions of these attempts are given by Leonhardt (1964) and Abeles (1964).It was Freyssineti’s observations of the sagging of the shallow arches on three bridges that he had just completed in 1927 over the River Allier near Vichy which led directly to prestressed concrete (Freyssinet 1956). Only the bridge at Boutiron survived WWII (Fig 1). Hitherto, it had been assumed that concrete had a Young’s modulus which remained fixed, but he recognised that the de- ferred strains due to creep explained why the prestress had been lost in the early trials. Freyssinet (Fig. 2) also correctly reasoned that high tensile steel had to be used, so that some prestress would remain after the creep had occurred, and alsothat high quality concrete should be used, since this minimised the total amount of creep. The history of Freyssineti’s early prestressed concrete work is written elsewhereFigure1:Boutiron Bridge,Vic h yFigure 2: Eugen FreyssinetAt about the same time work was underway on creep at the BRE laboratory in England ((Glanville 1930) and (1933)). It is debatable which man should be given credit for the discovery of creep but Freyssinet clearly gets the credit for successfully using the knowledge to prestress concrete.There are still problems associated with understanding how prestressed concrete works, partly because there is more than one way of thinking about it. These different philosophies are to some extent contradictory, and certainly confusing to the young engineer. It is also reflected, to a certain extent, in the various codes of practice.Permissible stress design philosophy sees prestressed concrete as a way of avoiding cracking by eliminating tensile stresses; the objective is for sufficient compression to remain after creep losses. Untensionedreinforcement, which attracts prestress due to creep, is anathema. This philosophy derives directly from Freyssinet’s logic and is primarily a working stress concept.Ultimate strength philosophy sees prestressing as a way of utilising high tensile steel as reinforcement. High strength steels have high elastic strain capacity, which could not be utilised when used as reinforcement; if the steel is pretensioned, much of that strain capacity is taken out before bonding the steel to the concrete. Structures designed this way are normally designed to be in compression everywhere under permanent loads, but allowed to crack under high live load. The idea derives directly from the work of Dischinger (1936) and his work on the bridge at Aue in 1939 (Schonberg and Fichter 1939), as well as that of Finsterwalder (1939). It is primarily an ultimate load concept. The idea of partial prestressing derives from these ideas.The Load-Balancing philosophy, introduced by T.Y. Lin, uses prestressing to counter the effect of the permanent loads (Lin 1963). The sag of the cables causes an upward force on the beam, which counteracts the load on the beam. Clearly, only one load can be balanced, but if this is taken as the total dead weight, then under that load the beam will perceive only the net axial prestress and will have no tendency to creep up or down.These three philosophies all have their champions, and heated debates take place between them as to which is the most fundamental.2、Section designFrom the outset it was recognised that prestressed concrete has to be checked at both the working load and the ultimate load. For steel structures, and those made from reinforced concrete, there is a fairly direct relationship between the load capacity under an allowable stress design, and that at the ultimate load under an ultimate strength design. Older codes were based on permissible stresses at the working load; new codes use moment capacities at the ultimate load. Different load factors are used in the two codes, but a structure which passes one code is likely to be acceptable under the other.For prestressed concrete, those ideas do not hold, since the structure is highly stressed, even when unloaded. A small increase of load can cause some stress limits to be breached, while a large increase in load might be needed to cross other limits. The designer has considerable freedom to vary both the working load and ultimate load capacities independently; both need to be checked.A designer normally has to check the tensile and compressive stresses, in both the top and bottom fibre of the section, for every load case. The critical sections are normally, but not always, the mid-span and the sections over piers but other sections may become critical ，when the cable profile has to be determined.The stresses at any position are made up of three components, one of which normally has a different sign from the other two; consistency of sign convention is essential.If P is the prestressing force and e its eccentricity, A and Z are the area of the cross-section and its elastic section modulus, while M is the applied moment, then where ft and fc are the permissible stresses in tension and compression.c e t f ZM Z P A P f ≤-+≤Thus, for any combination of P and M , the designer already has four in- equalities to deal with.The prestressing force differs over time, due to creep losses, and a designer isusually faced with at least three combinations of prestressing force and moment;• the applied moment at the time the prestress is first applied, before creep losses occur,• the maximum applied moment after creep losses, and• the minimum applied moment after creep losses.Figure 4: Gustave MagnelOther combinations may be needed in more complex cases. There are at least twelve inequalities that have to be satisfied at any cross-section, but since an I-section can be defined by six variables, and two are needed to define the prestress, the problem is over-specified and it is not immediately obvious which conditions are superfluous. In the hands of inexperienced engineers, the design process can be very long-winded. However, it is possible to separate out the design of the cross-section from the design of the prestress. By considering pairs of stress limits on the same fibre, but for different load cases, the effects of the prestress can be eliminated, leaving expressions of the form:rangestress e Perm issibl Range Mom entZ These inequalities, which can be evaluated exhaustively with little difficulty, allow the minimum size of the cross-section to be determined.Once a suitable cross-section has been found, the prestress can be designed using a construction due to Magnel (Fig.4). The stress limits can all be rearranged into the form:()M fZ PA Z e ++-≤1 By plotting these on a diagram of eccentricity versus the reciprocal of the prestressing force, a series of bound lines will be formed. Provided the inequalities (2) are satisfied, these bound lines will always leave a zone showing all feasible combinations of P and e. The most economical design, using the minimum prestress, usually lies on the right hand side of the diagram, where the design is limited by the permissible tensile stresses.Plotting the eccentricity on the vertical axis allows direct comparison with the crosssection, as shown in Fig. 5. Inequalities (3) make no reference to the physical dimensions of the structure, but these practical cover limits can be shown as wellA good designer knows how changes to the design and the loadings alter the Magnel diagram. Changing both the maximum andminimum bending moments, but keeping the range the same, raises and lowers the feasible region. If the moments become more sagging the feasible region gets lower in the beam.In general, as spans increase, the dead load moments increase in proportion to the live load. A stage will be reached where the economic point (A on Fig.5) moves outside the physical limits of the beam; Guyon (1951a) denoted the limiting condition as the critical span. Shorter spans will be governed by tensile stresses in the two extreme fibres, while longer spans will be governed by the limiting eccentricity and tensile stresses in the bottom fibre. However, it does not take a large increase in moment ，at which point compressive stresses will govern in the bottom fibre under maximum moment.Only when much longer spans are required, and the feasible region moves as far down as possible, does the structure become governed by compressive stresses in both fibres.3、Continuous beamsThe design of statically determinate beams is relatively straightforward; the engineer can work on the basis of the design of individual cross-sections, as outlined above. A number of complications arise when the structure is indeterminate which means that the designer has to consider, not only a critical section,but also the behaviour of the beam as a whole. These are due to the interaction of a number of factors, such as Creep, Temperature effects and Construction Sequence effects. It is the development of these ideas whichforms the core of this paper. The problems of continuity were addressed at a conference in London (Andrew and Witt 1951). The basic principles, and nomenclature, were already in use, but to modern eyes concentration on hand analysis techniques was unusual, and one of the principle concerns seems to have been the difficulty of estimating losses of prestressing force.3.1 Secondary MomentsA prestressing cable in a beam causes the structure to deflect. Unlike the statically determinate beam, where this motion is unrestrained, the movement causes a redistribution of the support reactions which in turn induces additional moments. These are often termed Secondary Moments, but they are not always small, or Parasitic Moments, but they are not always bad.Freyssinet’s bridge across the Marne at Luzancy, started in 1941 but not completed until 1946, is often thought of as a simply supported beam, but it was actually built as a two-hinged arch (Harris 1986), with support reactions adjusted by means of flat jacks and wedges which were later grouted-in (Fig.6). The same principles were applied in the later and larger beams built over the same river.Magnel built the first indeterminate beam bridge at Sclayn, in Belgium (Fig.7) in 1946. The cables are virtually straight, but he adjusted the deck profile so that the cables were close to the soffit near mid-span. Even with straight cables the sagging secondary momentsare large; about 50% of the hogging moment at the central support caused by dead and live load.The secondary moments cannot be found until the profile is known but the cablecannot be designed until the secondary moments are known. Guyon (1951b) introduced the concept of the concordant profile, which is a profile that causes no secondary moments; es and ep thus coincide. Any line of thrust is itself a concordant profile.The designer is then faced with a slightly simpler problem; a cable profile has to be chosen which not only satisfies the eccentricity limits (3) but is also concordant. That in itself is not a trivial operation, but is helped by the fact that the bending moment diagram that results from any load applied to a beam will itself be a concordant profile for a cable of constant force. Such loads are termed notional loads to distinguish them from the real loads on the structure. Superposition can be used to progressively build up a set of notional loads whose bending moment diagram gives the desired concordant profile.3.2 Temperature effectsTemperature variations apply to all structures but the effect on prestressed concrete beams can be more pronounced than in other structures. The temperature profile through the depth of a beam (Emerson 1973) can be split into three components for the purposes of calculation (Hambly 1991). The first causes a longitudinal expansion, which is normally released by the articulation of the structure; the second causes curvature which leads to deflection in all beams and reactant moments in continuous beams, while the third causes a set of self-equilibrating set of stresses across the cross-section.The reactant moments can be calculated and allowed-for, but it is the self- equilibrating stresses that cause the main problems for prestressed concrete beams. These beams normally have high thermal mass which means that daily temperature variations do not penetrate to the core of the structure. The result is a very non-uniform temperature distribution across the depth which in turn leads to significant self-equilibrating stresses. If the core of the structure is warm, while the surface is cool, such as at night, then quite large tensile stresses can be developed on the top and bottom surfaces. However, they only penetrate a very short distance into the concrete and the potential crack width is very small. It can be very expensive to overcome the tensile stress by changing the section or the prestress。

毕业论文外文文献以及中文译文

Luxury puts the shine on Chinese retailing, although the business is mostly about selling more mundane things. Hence the Shenzhen Sam's Club also stocks gallon drums of cooking oil, plastic cups and other everyday items at rock-bottom prices. The sprinkling of expensive stuff among thebargains says much about the aspirations of modern Chinese consumers, as well as the heroic efforts of the world's retailers to win a share of their wallets. The scramble to open stores has made China a paradise for shoppers, but for shopkeepers it has become a brutally competitive market in which only the strong will survive.
Stores like the one in Shenzhen show how much has changed in Chinese retailing. Just two decades ago, shops had surly staff offering a few drab items, often locked safely away in glass cases. Yet there is still a long way to go. Even today, much of the population buys from daily markets or directly from producers. ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱrganised retailing remains relatively new. Most Chinese stores are tiny, family-run outfits. China's top 100 chains account for just a tenth of total retail sales.

20外文文献翻译原文及译文参考样式

20外⽂⽂献翻译原⽂及译⽂参考样式华北电⼒⼤学科技学院毕业设计（论⽂）附件外⽂⽂献翻译学号： 0819******** 姓名：宗鹏程所在系别：机械⼯程及⾃动化专业班级：机械08K1指导教师：张超原⽂标题：Development of a High-PerformanceMagnetic Gear年⽉⽇⾼性能磁齿轮的发展1摘要：本⽂提出了⼀个⾼性能永磁齿轮的计算和测量结果。

上述分析的永磁齿轮有5.5的传动⽐，并能够提供27 Nm的⼒矩。

分析表明，由于它的弹簧扭转常数很⼩，因此需要特别重视安装了这种⾼性能永磁齿轮的系统。

上述分析的齿轮也已经被应⽤在实际中，以验证、预测其效率。

经测量，由于较⼤端齿轮传动引起的磁⼒齿轮的扭矩只有16 Nm。

⼀项关于磁齿轮效率损失的系统研究也展⽰了为什么实际⼯作效率只有81％。

⼀⼤部分磁损耗起源于轴承，因为机械故障的存在，此轴承的备⽤轴承在此时是必要的。

如果没有源于轴的少量磁泄漏，我们估计能得到⾼达96％的效率。

与传统的机械齿轮的⽐较表明，磁性齿轮具有更好的效率和单位体积较⼤扭矩。

最后，可以得出结论，本⽂的研究结果可能有助于促进传统机械齿轮向磁性齿轮发展。

关键词：有限元分析（FEA）、变速箱，⾼转矩密度，磁性齿轮。

⼀、导⾔由于永久磁铁能产⽣磁通和磁⼒，虽然⼏个世纪过去了，许多⼈仍然着迷于永久磁铁。

，在过去20年的复兴阶段，正是这些优点已经使得永久磁铁在很多实际中⼴泛的应⽤，包括在起重机，扬声器，接头领域，尤其是在永久磁铁电机⽅⾯。

其中对永磁铁的复兴最常见于效率和转矩密度由于永磁铁的应⽤显著提⾼的⼩型机器的领域。

在永久磁铁没有获取⾼度重视的⼀个领域是传动装置的领域，也就是说，磁⼒联轴器不被⼴泛⽤于传动装置。

磁性联轴器基本上可以被视为以传动⽐为1：1磁⼒齿轮。

相⽐标准电⽓机器有约10kN m/m的扭矩，装有⾼能量永久磁铁的磁耦有⾮常⾼的单位体积密度的扭矩，变化范围⼤约300–400 kN 。

外文文献原稿及译文

外文文献原稿和译文原稿About Programmable Logiccontrollers（PLCs）PLCs (programmable controller) is used in a variety of automatic control system and process control hub.They contain multiple input and output, input and output is used to transistors and other circuit, analog switch and relay to control the equipment.PLC software interface, standard calculator interface, specialized language programming and network equipment.Programmable logic controller I/O channel rules including all input output contact and contact, to expand capacity and the largest number of channels.Contact number is the sum of input and output points.PLC can specify any combination of these values.Extension units can be stack or connected to each other to increase the total control.The largest number of channels are in an extension system, the total number of maximum input and output channels.PLC system rules include scanning time, number of instructions, data storage and storage program.Scan time is used to monitor input and output module of PLC need time.Standard operation instruction is used in PLC software.Data storage is the ability to store data.Program memory is the ability to control software.Used for programmable controller input devices including DC, AC, intermediate relay, thermocouple, RTD, frequency or pulse, transistors and interrupt signal input;Output devices include DC, AC, intermediate relay, frequency or pulse, transistor, three-terminal two-way thyristor switch components;PLC programming equipment including control panel, handle and computer.Programmable control is used to control a variety of software programming language.These languages including iec61131-3, sequential table (SFC), action block diagram (FBD), ladder diagram (LD), and the structure of the text (ST), instruction sequences (IL), relay ladder diagram (RIL), flow charts, C language and Basic language.Iec61131-3 programming environment can support five languages, with international standards to regulate, SFC, respectively, FBD, LD, ST and IL.This allows more vendor compatibility and a variety of languages.SFC is a kind of graphlanguage, it provides the programming in order to cooperate, can support the order selection and tied for choice, to choose between them.Runtime FBD with a big, established the complicated process, in the form of graphs.Standard mathematical and logical operation can be combined with user interaction and interface operation.LD is suitable for discrete control and interlock logic diagram language.It is fully compatible with FBD on discrete control.ST is a kind of text language, used for complex mathematical and computational process, language is not applicable to chart.IL is similar to the combination of coding low-level languages.It is used in relatively simple logical instructions.Relay ladder diagram and ladder diagram is used for programmable controller is an important programming dder diagram programming is designed to relay logic diagram representation of the program.Flow chart is a graphic language, for use in a controller or operations described in the order of application software, it is used to establish a standard component of recycled runtime.C language is a high-level programming language, suitable for processing the most complicated calculation, a continuous data acquisition task.It typically run in PC debugging.BASIC language is used to handle the number of consecutive data acquisition and interface operation of high-level language.Programmable controller also specification of many computer interface equipment, network rules and characteristics.PLC energy equipment and running environment is also very important.The development history of programmable controllerIn 1968, general motors (GM), according to the needs of the development of the market situation and put forward the "many varieties, small batch, new car brand model" strategy.To implement this strategy, relying on the original industrial control device obviously not, and there must be a kind of new industrial control device, it can be with the change of the products, flexible and easily change control scheme to difficult to meet the different requirements of control.In 1969, the famous American digital equipment corporation (DEC) according to the function requirements of GM, developed the new industrial control device, and the GM of a vehicle to run automated production line for the first time to succeed.According to this new type of industrial control devices can be programmedto change control scheme this characteristic, and the situation of the specialized for Logic control, says the new industrial control device for the Programmable control (Programmable Logic Controller), hereinafter referred to as PLC.From 1968 to now, the PLC has experienced four generation: most of the first generation of PLC with a machine development, with the core memory storage, only the logic control function.In the second generation of PLC products for 8-bit microprocessor and semiconductor memory, PLC product seriation.The third generation of PLC product with high performance microprocessor and chip is used in great quantities in the PLC CPU, PLC speed greatly improved, thus enabling it to develop in the direction of multi-function communications and networking.The fourth generation of PLC products not only comprehensive use 16-bit and 32-bithigh-performance microprocessors, high-performance slice microcontroller processor, RISC (Reduced instruction set computer) Reduced instruction system CPU and other advanced CPU, and more than one processor in a PLC configuration, multi-channel processing.Also produced a large number of embedded microprocessor module, only makes the fourth generation of PLC product has the function of logical control, process control, motion control, data control, networked control functions really worthy of the name of multi-functional controller.At the same time, the PLC network composed of PLC has also been rapid development.PLC and industrial control of PLC network in factory enterprises become the preferred device, composed of PLCmulti-stage distributed PLC network become indispensable fundamental part of CIMS system.People spoke highly of the importance of PLC and its network, it is one of the three pillars of modern.Selecting machine modelMarket popular PLC products manufacturer in China with the following companies:(1) schneider company, including the introduction of early from Modicon company by the tianjin instrument instrument and meter plant products, products are now Quantum, Premium and Momentum;(2) rockwell company (including AB company) PLC products, products are now SLC and Micro Logix Control Logix etc.(3) of Siemens PLC products, products are now 400/300 / S7-200 series;(4) ge PLC products;(5) the company's products such as omron, mitsubishi, Fuji, panasonic, one of the most popular is the mitsubishi FX series.The basic principle of PLC selection is: in the input/output quantity meet the requirements under the premise of should choose the most reliable, maintenance, and use the most convenient and cost-effective optimal products.Selecting I/OPLC is an industrial control system, the control object is industrial production equipment or the production process of industrial products, working environment is the industrial production field.It connects the industrial production process is achieved by I/O interface module.PLC has a lot of I/O interface module including switch input module, the switch output module, analog input module and analog output module and special module, we should use according to the characteristics of their implementation options.(1) determine the number of input/outputAccording to the requirements of the control system, determine the number of input/output required, should increase the spare quantity of 10% 20%, in order to increase control function in any time.(2) the switch quantity input/outputSwitch input/output interface and can take the signals from the sensors and switches and control equipment.A typical 24-240 - v ac input/output signals, 5-240 - v dc input/output signals.(3) the analog input/outputAnalog input/output inte rface can accept the signal generated by thesensor.These interfaces can be used to measure turnover rate, temperature and pressure, and thus to control the voltage or current output device.Range for these interfaces - 10-10 v, + 0 to 10 v, 4-20 ma, or 10 to 50 ma.Some manufacturers on the PLC design special dedicated analog interface, so it can receive low level signal.In general, this interface module can be used to receive different types of thermocouple and RTD mixed signal.(4) special function input/outputWhen selecting a PLC, user may faced some special types of input/output and some because of the location of the limited input/output and fast response and frequency problem caused by the non standard input/output.Now, the user should consider whether to accept by the market or manufacturers to provide a special module, through a dedicated part of the module and dispose data, so as to reduce the use of the CPU, improve the efficiency of the task processing, to minimize failure caused by high limit control.PLC statusIn a PLC, the lack of keyboard and other input and output devices is a very worthy of attention.In PLC front usually have a certain amount of status ually indicates that:The start-up - as long as the PLC charged, it will be started.Program is running - this will indicate whether running or if no program is running. Error display - when PLC has a large hardware or software errors, it will be displayed. These lights are usually used for debugging.A certain number of button will also be provided to the PLC hardware.The most common button is a run/programming selection switch, when in keeping the state, it will be transferred to the programming;When the production status, it will be transferred to the operation.A PLC system almost no start closing switch or reset switch at the front.It needs to be designed into the system the rest.The state of the PLC can also be ladder logic diagram.Test whether the program implemented is very common for the first time.'first scan input in ladder diagram by scanning for the first time, will is right, and in the rest of the time when the scanning is wrong.In this case, the PLC - 5 'first scan' address is' S2:1/14 '.According to the example of the logical relationship, the first scan will seal the 'light' until the 'clear' is started.So the light will be start brighter in the PLC, but after the "clear" is launched, it will shut down and remain in the closed position.'first scan module is mentioned in the "first pass" module.PLC application domainAt home and abroad at present, the PLC has been widely used in steel, petroleum, chemical, electric power, building materials, machinery manufacturing, automobile, textile, transportation, environmental protection and cultural industries with happiness and usage can be roughly divided into the following categories:(1) the switch quantity logic controlThis is the most basic, the most widely PLC applications, it replaces the traditional relay circuit, realize logic control, sequence control, can be used for control of single equipment, also can be used in many machines and automatic assembly line.Such as injection molding machine, printing machine, stapler machinery, combined machine tool, grinding machine, packaging production line, plating production line, etc.(2) analog controlIn the process of industrial production, there are a lot of continuous change, such as temperature, pressure, flow, liquid level and speed and so on are all analog.In order to make the programmable controller to deal with analog, must implement the analog quantity and digital quantity between A/D and D/A conversion module, the programmable controller for analog control.(3) motion controlPLC can be used in circular motion and linear motion control.From control mechanism configuration, early applied directly to switch the I/O module connection position sensors and actuators, now in general use special motion controlmodule.Such as driving a stepper motor or servo motor of uniaxial or multi-axis position control module.The world's major products almost all have motion control function of PLC manufacturers, widely used in all kinds of machinery, machine tools, robots, elevators, etc.(4) process controlProcess control is to point to the analog quantities such as temperature, pressure, flow rate of the closed loop control.As industrial control computer, PLC can prepare the all kinds of control algorithm procedures, complete the closed-loop control.PID control is generally be applied closed loop control system of the control rge and medium-sized PLC has PID module, at present many small PLC also has thefunction module.PID processing is generally run special PID subroutine.The process control in metallurgy, chemical industry, heat treatment, boiler control occasions has wide application, etc.(5) the data processingModern PLC with mathematical operation, data transmission, data conversion, sorting, look-up table, a function, such as the operation can complete data collection, analysis, and processing.These data can be compared with the reference value of memory, accomplish a certain number of control operation, also can send to other intelligent device, the use of communication function or printing them tabulation.Data processing is generally used in a large control system, such as unmanned control of flexible manufacturing systems;Can also be used to process control system, such as paper making, metallurgy, food industry, some of the large control system.(6) communications and networkingPLC communication with the communication between PLC and the communication between PLC and other smart devices.With the development of computer control, factory automation network is growing fast, the PLC manufacturers have attached great importance to PLC communications functions, have launched their own network systems.The newly production PLC has a communication interface, communication is very convenient.PLC application field is still in the extension, in Japan, the application of PLC has been from the traditional industrial automatic control equipment and machinery, extended to the following areas of application: small and medium-sized process control system, remote maintenance service system, the energy conservation monitoring control system, and of the relation of living machines, relationship with the environment, and all have rapidly rising trend.It is important to note that with PLC, DSC mutual penetration, both the boundaries of an increasingly fuzzy, PLC applied to discrete manufacturing industry from the traditional to the applied to the continuous process industries to expand.译文PLC介绍PLC（可编程控制器）是用于各种自动控制系统和过程的可控网络集线器。