口腔全景片翻译

R
40 27
L
E LN 36
LN = calcified lymph node E = epiglottis
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2
L
40 18
8
45 ?
? Identifies calcification, possibly in carotid or in lymph node
What positioning error is seen on this film? The head was turned to the left, side. Note the width of the The patient’s head is turned to thebringing that side closer to the film each side (The the width are the same length). ramus on and decreasingred arrowsof the ramus on that side. The direction was the to the biteblock, centered on the Whichgreen arrow pointspatient’s head turned (left or right)? contact between the right central and lateral incisors.
The following slides show anatomical structures seen on panoramic films. See what other structures you can identify that are not labeled. At the end of this presentation there are 11 test slides.
Types of Panoramic Images
Single Real Image Double Real Image Ghost Image
Single Real Image
Only one image results from a given anatomical structure. The structure is located between the rotation center and the film and the x-ray beam only passes through the structure one time. Most images seen on a panoramic film are of this type.
Click for next slide
Panoramic Anatomy
The following is a PowerPoint presentation. If you right click on the screen and select “Full Screen”, the images should fill the entire screen. If you want to print slides 7, 8 and 9, you must rightclick, select “End Show” and then right click again on slide you want to print and select “Print”.
ghost image of earring (between lines)
Panoramic Anatomy
The numbers on the diagram below and on the next slide (air spaces) correspond to the numbers on the key (slide 9).
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17 15 8 1
L
32 N
N = soft tissue of nose
What head positioning error is seen on this film? The head is tipped down too much, resulting in shortened mandibular incisors and a V-shaped mandible.
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8 46 47 7
L
33
E
E = epiglottis
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11
L
21 3 29 32 34
What causes the black dots identifed by the red arrow? The chin dots result from static giving a more squared The black is tipped up too much, electricity, caused by off What positioning error creating cassette smile and appearance film too quickly from the a reverseor removing the to the mandible,is seen on this film? from the causing the hard palate to which results in a static box of film (creates friction, be superimposed on the roots of the maxillary teeth. discharge).
b. 10-12 years old
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17
L
2
44
20 28 43
R
atlas
2
L
31
transverse foramen
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15 46 47 27 19 6
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34
What head positioning error is seen on this film? The anterior teeth are positioned in front of the notch in the bitestick, resulting in the widening of the anterior teeth (the maxillary central incisors are as wide as the molars).
11 5 6 8 14 23 44 25 24 19 21 18 4 41 22 40 26 20 29 31 32 1 3 42 15 13 16 12 17 10 7 9 2
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33 39 43 30 38 36
37 35 34 28
Air Spaces
46
45
47
45
Panoramic Anatomy Key
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. maxillary sinus pterygomaxillary fissure pterygoid plates hamulus zygomatic arch articular eminence zygomaticotemporal suture zygomatic process external auditory meatus mastoid process middle cranial fossa lateral border of the orbit infraorbital ridge infraorbital foramen infraorbital canal nasal fossa nasal septum anterior nasal spine inferior concha incisive foramen 硬腭 maxillary tuberosity condyle coronoid process 25. sigmoid notch 26. medial sigmoid depression 27. styloid process 28. cervical vertebrae 29. external oblique ridge 30. mandibular canal 31. mandibular foramen 32. lingula 33. 颏孔 34. submandibular gland fossa 35. internal oblique ridge 36. 颏窝 37. mental ridges 38. genial tubercles 39. 舌骨 40. 舌 41. 软腭 42. 悬雍垂 43. posterior pharyngeal wall 44. 耳垂 45. glossopharyngeal air space 46. nasopharyngeal air space 47. palatoglossal air space
Welcome. In navigating through the slides, you should click on the left mouse button when (1), you see the mouse holding an x-ray tubehead (see below), (2) you are directed to “click” for the next action and (3) you are done reading a slide. Hitting “Enter” or “Page Down” will also work. To go back to the previous slide, hit “backspace” or “page up”.
Double Real Image
Two images of a single object are seen on the film. Double real images are produced by structures located in the midline. The x-ray beam passes through these objects twice as the tubehead rotates around the patient. Structures that result in double real images are the hard and soft palates, the hyoid bone and the cervical spine.
Ghost Image
Ghost images are formed by dense objects located between the tubehead and the rotation center. These ghost images usually result from external objects such as earrings, but they may be produced by dense anatomical structures such as the mandible. (For more information, see selfstudy module “Panoramic Technique”).
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12 19
7
5
25
14 18
17
13 22
6
39 28 33 9 19 7
12
5
14 25 18
17
13 6 22 39
28
33
11 15 24 26 8 16 20 34 36
2
32 1 4 3
23 31 44
30 38
11 24 26 8
2 15 32 16 20 1 3
23 31 44
34 36 38
30
46 42 21 41
47 40 45
43
46 42
21
41
47 40 43 45
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7 1 46 41
11
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47
43 36 38 45
16
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23
2
17
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8 6
21
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
18
19
39
Red arrows point to ghost image of hard palate
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9
11
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3
20
How old is this patient? a. 6-9 years b. 10-12 years c. 13-15 years