USACO 2019 US Open银组Silver竞赛真题(中文)
2019年全国大学生英语竞赛C类初赛决赛真题及答案汇总集原创60页word
2019年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛试题2019 National English Contest for College Students（Preliminary）Part I Listening Comprehension（30 minutes，30 points）Section A Dialogues（10 points）Directions：In this section ，you will hear 10 short dialogues．At the end of each dialogue，a question will be asked about what was said．Both the dialogue and the question will be read only once．After each question there will be a pause．during the pause，you must read the four choices marked A，B，C and D，and decide which is the best answer．Then m ark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center．1．A．A sales clerk．B．A police officer．C．A tailor．D．A nurse．2．A．By train．B．She walks．C．By car．D．By bus．3．A．Fish is the only dish left．B．Chicken is the only dish left．C．Vegetarian meals are not offered．D．There aren't any vegetarian meals left．4．A．He starts work next weekend．B．He'll be away．C．He'll be in the mountains．D．He's moving to Florida．5．A．In an elevator．B．At a dress store．C．On the seventh floor．D．At a department store．6．A．They felt it was disorganized．B．They were pleased with its Asian content．C．They felt it lacked Asian content．D．They felt it ignored recent events．7．A．He doesn't have enough time．B．He doesn't have a watch．C．The library doesn't have the articles he wants．D．He can't find the library．8．A．He wants the woman to dine out with them．B．He wants to work tomorrow．C．He wants the woman to finish dinner first．D．He wants to pay for the dinner．9．A．Twice a day．B．Twice a week．C．Once a week．D．Daily．10．A．At two o'clock．B．At four o'clock．C．At three thirty．D．At eight o'clock．Section B News Items（10 points）Directions：In this section，you will hear 10 pieces of short news from BBC or VOA．There will be a question following each piece of news．Write down the answer to each question in no more than 15 words．11．_______________________________________12．_______________________________________13．_______________________________________14．_______________________________________15．_______________________________________16．_______________________________________17．_______________________________________18．_______________________________________19．_______________________________________20．_______________________________________Section C Compound Dictation（10 points）Directions：In this section，you will hear a passage three times．When the passage is read for the first time，you should listen carefully for its general idea．Then listen to the passage again．When the passage is read for the second time，you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 21 to 28 with the exact words you have just heard．For blanks numbered from 29 to 30，you are required to fill in the missing information．You can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words．Finally，when the passage is read for the third time，you should check what you have written and rewrite the correct answers on the Answer Sheet．Although general Motors and General Electric are large multinational companies with operations around the globe，there are numerous smaller companies that engage in international trade．Because 95percent of the world's population and two-thirds of its (21)_____ power are located outside the United States，it is important for American (22)_____to be present in foreign markets．However，before we explain the different methods by which a company may (23)_____in international trade，we might first consider some important (24)_____that U.S．companies often fail to study before they sell products in a foreign country．These factors are (25)_____with differences in language，in values and attitudes，and in political (26)_____．When (27)_____Coca-Cola into the Chinese market in 1920，the company used a group of Chinese symbols that，when spoken，sounded like Coca-Cola．However，when read，these symbols meant，“a female horse fattened with wax”．Upon reentering the Chinese market in the 1970s，Coca-Cola used a series of Chinese (28)_____that translates into“happiness in the mouth”．(29)_________________________．Culture is the total pattern of human behavior that is practiced by a particular group of people．(30)_________________________．Part II V ocabulary and Structure（15 minutes，30 points）Section A Multiple Choice（20 points）Directions：Questions 31-50 constitute a complete passage．There are 20blanks in the passage．For each blank there are four choices marked A，B，C and D．Choose the one that best completes the sentence．Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre．31．Senior Metropolitan police officers tried to dismiss the Noting Hill race riots which raged for five nights over the August bank holiday in 1958 as the work of“ruffians ，both colored and white”hell-bent on hooliganism ，according to _____ official files．A．recent revealed B．newly releasedC．previous disclosing D．earlier exposing32．But police eyewitness reports in the secret papers_____ that they were overwhelmingly the work of a white working class mob out to get the“niggers”．A．contain B．convinceC．consist D．confirm33．The ferocity of the Noting Hill“racial riots”，as the press called them at the time，shocked Britain into_____ for the first time that it was not above the kind of racial conflict then being played out in the American deep south．A．realizing B．witnessingC．watching D．identifying34．The carnival，which will_____ the streets of west London _____more than 1.5 million people this weekend，was started in 1959 as a direct response to the riots．A．crowd；of B．pour；forC．fill；with D．emerge；in35．While senior officers tried to play down the racial aspects of the riots，the internal Metropolitan police files released this month at the public record office confirm that the disturbances were overwhelmingly _____ by 300 to 400 strong“Keep Britain White”mobs ，many of them Teddy boys armed with iron bars ，butcher's knives and weighted leather belts，who went“nigger-hunting”among the West Indian residents of Noting Hill and Noting Dale．A．erupted B．commencedC．triggered D．inaugurated36．The first night left five black men _____ on the pavements of Noting Hill．A．lying unconscious B．there diedC．feel faint D．serious hurt37．The battles raged over the bank holiday weekend as the black _____responded in kind with counterattacks by large groups of“men of color”similarly armed．A．column B．armyC．brigade D．community38．Thomas Williams was stopped by the police as he came out of Bluey's Club on Talbot Road，Noting Hill．He _____a piece of iron down his left trouser leg，a petrol bomb in his right pocket and a razor blade in his inside breast pocket：“I have to protect myself，”he told the arresting officer．A．found to have B．was found to haveC．found having D．was found having39．The _____ files，which were sealed under the 75-year rule but have been released early，show that senior officers tried to convince the then home secretary，“Rab”Butler，that there was not a racial element to the rioting．A．forbidden B．confidentialC．incredible D．strict40．In his official report，Detective Sergeant M.Walters of the Notting Hill police said the national press had been wrong to portray the“widespread series of street disturbances”as“racial”riots：“Whereas there certainly was some _____ feeling between white and colored residents in this area，it is abundantly clear much of the trouble was caused by ruffians，both colored and white，who seized on this opportunity to indulge in hooliganism ．”A．ill B．sickC．painful D．hurt41．But the police witness statements and private statistics _____ ．A．told differently B．interpreted in a different wayC．existed m any differences D．told a different story42．The Met com missioner was told that _____ the 108people who were charged with offences ranging from grievous bodily harm to affray and riot and possessing offensive weapons，72 were white and 36 were “colored”．A．for B．fromC．of D．in43．It is popularly believed that the riot began on the night of Saturday，August 20，when a 400-strong crowd of white men，_____“Teds”，attacked houses occupied by West Indians．A．they are all B．many of themC．some were D．most of them belong to44．Among the _____ was Majbritt Morrison ，a young white Swedish bride of a Jamaican．A．offenders B．riotersC．victims D．residents45．She was pelted with stones，glass and wood，and _____ in the back with an iron bar as she tried to get home．A．bruised B．struckC．patted D．scratched46．The internal police witness statements provide graphic evidence of the motives of the mobs—at one point crowds several thousand strong roamed the streets of Notting Hill，_____ homes and attacking any West Indian they could find．A．plunging into B．breaking intoC．seeking for D．searching for47．PC Richard Bedford said he had seen a mob of 300 to 400 white people in Bramley Road _____：“We will kill all black bastards．Why don't you send them home？”A．shouting B．to cryC．utter D．announced48．PC Ian McQueen on the same night said he was told：“Mind your own _____，cops．Keep out of it．We will settle these niggers our way．We'll murder the bastards．”A．matters B．affairC．things D．business49．The disturbances continued night after night until they finally petered out on September 5．At the Old Bailey Judge Salmon later handed down exemplary _____ of four years each on nine white youths who had gone“nigger hunting”．A．decisions B．statementsC．trials D．sentences50．While those dealt with by the courts were overwhelmingly white ，the large number of black people also arrested and the official _____ there had not been a racial motive ensured a legacy of black mistrust of the Metropolitan police that has never really been eradicated．A．persistence B．perseveranceC．insistence D．instanceSection B Error Correction（10points）Directions：The following passage contains 9 errors．In each case only one word is involved．You should proofread the passage on the Answer Sheet and correct it in the following way：EXAMPLEOne night，quite late，I was still awake in the room I am shared with 1. ammy husband．I was lying on my right side and can hear a child crying． 2. couldGetting up，I went ∧see if our son was all right． 3. toHe was sleeping soundly，breathing deeply and gently． 4. √The ZipperWhatever did we do before the invention of the zipper？In 1893 the world's first zipper was produced in Chicago．Although the inventor claimed that it was a reliable fasteningfor clothing，this was not the case．The Chicago zipper sprang 51．______open without warning，or jammed shut，and it swiftly lostpopularity．Twenty years ago a Swedish-born engineer called 52．______Sundback solved the problem．He attached tiny cups to thebacks of the interlocked teeth，and this meant that the teeth 53．______could be enmeshed more firmly and reliably．At first zippers were made of metal．They were heavy，andif they got stuck it was difficult to free．Then came nylon 54．______zippers which were lighter and easier to use，and had smallerteeth．The fashion industry liked the new zippers far betterbecause they didn’t distort the line of the garment or weighing 55．______down light fabrics．They were also easier for the machiniststo fit into the garment．Meanwhile a new fastening agent made its appearance atthe end of the twenty century: velcro. Velcro is another product 56．______made from nylon．Nylon is a very tough synthetic fibre firstdeveloped in the 1930s，and bearing a name to mind the wearer 57．______of the two places where it was developed：NY for New York andLON for London．Velcro is made with very small nylon hooks onone side of the fastening which caught tiny looped whiskers on the 58．______other side of the fastening．It is strong and durable．Velcro is used on clothing，luggages and footwear．It is quick 59．______and easy to fasten and unfasten，and has taken a large part ofthe zipper's share of the market．It is also used in ways a zippercannot be used—for instance as an easily changed fastening onplaster casts，and to hold furnishing fabrics in a position．60．______Part III Situational Dialogues（5 minutes，10 points）Directions：Complete the following dialogues by choosing the best answer．Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre．61．Rob：Hey Jill，you're looking great．Jill：Thanks，Rob．____________Rob：Well，you did it．How？Jill：I jog every morning，and I go to aerobics every other day．A．I bought this dress yesterday．Really smart．B．You are looking fine too．C．I'm recovering my strength after the flu．D．My New Year's resolution was to get in shape．62．Bob：Hi Jane．How are you？Jane：____________I didn't sleep a wink last night．The people next door were making a lot of noise again till very late at night．A．I'm feeling a bit out of sorts this morning．B．Fine，thank you．And you？C．I slept like a log and didn't want to get out of bed．D．It seems a bit unusual，you know．63．Ann ：Aah！He's gorgeous！Look at those big，golden paws．When did you get him？Roger：Yesterday．____________Ann ：Oh，right．What kind is she？Roger：A Labrador．A．Susan's got a more beautiful one．B．What's up？C．It's a she actually．D．Isn't it right？64．Tina：Wow，look at all the things on sale．____________Andrew：Yes，look，this shirt is 50 ％off．Tina：And look at these shoes．They are 30 ％off the normal price．A．I'd like to buy a skirt．B．There are some real bargains．C．Are the prices reasonable？D．These shoes are the same as mine．65．Woman：Have you finished the packaging？Man ：____________Woman：Good．Because the truck will be coming soon，this is a rush job．A．Don't hurry m or I'll break the glass．B．Almost．I just have to wrap the glass and put it into boxes．C．No，I haven't．Why didn't you help me with it？D．Yes，I have．What else can I do for you？66．Customs Officer ：________________________Mrs．John son ：No，nothing at all．Customs Officer ：No perfume，alcohol or cigarettes？Mrs．John son ：Well，I have 200 cigarettes；that's all．A．Do you have anything in the bag，ma'am？B．Do you have anything to declare，ma'am？C．Do you want to buy something，ma'am？D．Is there anything I can do for you，ma'am？67．Linda：Hello．I'd like to send this package，please．Clerk：____________________________________Linda：First class．How long will that take？Clerk：About three days．A．How would you like to send it？B．Which class are you in？C．Where do you want to send it to？D．Which class is it in？68．Assistant：Can I help you？Colin ：Yes，it's about this sports shirt．I washed it the other day．The colour ran and it shrank．Assistant：Oh dear，I see．________________________Colin ：I'm afraid not．Assistant：I'm sorry，but I'm not allowed to change anything without a receipt．A．Did you buy it here？B．Would you want to change it？C．Do you have the receipt？D．Could you tell me who sold it to you？69．James：Could I have my bill，please？Can I pay by credit card or eurocheque？Receptionist：____________James：I'll pay by credit card，then．Receptionist：That's fine．I hope you enjoyed your stay here．A．Here's your bill．B．Sorry，we don't take credit card．C．You can pay by eurocheque．D．Yes，we take both．70．Husband：When is our anniversary？Wife：________________________Husband：No，it's just that I bought these flowers for you and I was hoping today was the day．A．Hmm ．．．I can't remember either．Why？B．Hey，are these flowers for me？C．Who cares？Do you want to give me a surprise？D．Are you joking？Have you really forgotten again？Part IV Reading Comprehension（25 minutes，40 points）Section A Multiple Choice（10 points）Directions：There is one reading passage in this part．The passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D．You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre．Questions 71 to 75 are based on the following passage：Taking a peep at what's going on in your headCARL Filer，18，a star salesman at a B＆Q hardware store in the UK，was called up for promotion within one week of starting work．But，instead of being made supervisor，he was sacked—after his employers saw the results of his psychometric test．You might think that anyone who answers that he“strongly disagrees he is an over-achiever is asking for trouble，but Mr Filer already thought he had proved himself more than capable．This year，nearly half of UK firms—46 percent—will use psychometric tests to select trainees，compared with just 17 percent in 2000，according to a report for GTI，a publisher of graduate career guides．These tests，which rate candidates’ability and gauge their personality，have been used in the UK since the 1980s．But assorted studies have shown most people—graduates in particular—are wholly cynical about the idea of their personality being“measured．“People tend to see them as either too silly or too clever，says Clive Fletcher，professor of occupational psychology at University of London．“But all the evidence indicates the tests do have some value．The first personality test as we know it，was developed by the American army in 1917 to filter outweak recruits．But it was not until the 1980s that the tests became popular in Britain．With a rising number of graduates going for a decreasing number of jobs，organizations began to see psychometric testing as a cheap，reliable alternative to the expensive，time-consuming interview．But today the tests are becoming alarmingly sophisticated and are edging towards probing the “dark side：pathology and personality disorders．Increasingly，tests are being used to try to detect promising young graduates who may，later in life，fly off the rails（go crazy）；or to stop psychopaths（having mental disorder）getting recruited．In the future，interviewees could even be given a mouth swab to reveal the genetic and biological markers of personality．“We are heading for the era of genetic screening，”warns Carolyn Jones，of the Institute for Employment Rights．“I think these tests are very flawed．And there are other problems with the tests．For starters，it is possible to fake it—even the test producers agree on this．But they have made it as hard as possible．For example，look at whether you agree or disagree with the following two statements：“New ideas come easily to me and“I find generating new concepts difficult．How long did it take you to realize they both could mean the same thing？The main argument，however，is that the tests are invalid and cannot quantify（put a numerical value on）something as changeable as personality．The golden rule is then，that a psychometric test should never be used as the sole basis of selection，but should always be followed by interviews．71．Most people's attitude towards the psychometric test is ______．A．contemptuous B．favorable C．tolerant D．confounded72．Which of the following is one of the reasons why psychometric testing wins an advantage over interviews？A．It doesn't cost any money．B．It requires no equipment．C．It is time-saving．D．It can be done within seconds．73．Which of the following statements is the author's idea？A．Psychometric tests are defective．B．Psychometric tests should not be the only way to recruit promising young graduates．C．Psychometric tests are invalid and cannot quantify something changeable as personality．D．Psychometric tests are golden rules．74．The test producers make the tests very complicated to ______．A．avoid cheating B．improve genetic screeningC．find out the best ideas D．generate new concepts75．Which of the following is not true according to the passage？A．The American army developed the first personality test to screen out weak recruits．B．In the future，interviewers could give a mouth swab to reveal interviewees’symptoms．C．There are possibilities for starters to cheat in the psychometric tests．D．Interviews still play an important role in evaluating interviewees．Section B Short Answer Questions（30 points）Directions：In this part there are 3 passages with 15 questions or incomplete statements．Read the passages carefully．Then answer the questions in the fewest possible words（not exceeding 10 words）．Remember to rewrite the answers on the Answer Sheet．Questions 76 to 80 are based on the following passage：The 8 Steps of Social Invention1．Get ready to play．Like other types of creativity，social inventiveness flourishes when you begin thinking outside conventional boundaries．Charlie Girsch，a St．Paul，Minnesota-based creativity consultant，suggests that you start by playing with obviously absurd explanations for everyday events．“If traffic is slow，you'll be tem pted to say，‘Hmm．Must be an accident up ahead．’Instead，try saying，‘Must be a family of turtles crossing the highway’or‘I expect there's some kind of alien abduction going on．’You'll be amazed how soon you will be looking at familiar problems in new ways．”Girsch's book，Fanning the Creative Spirit（Creativity Central，2019）has scores of other exercises for limbering up the inventive part of your brain．2．Generate a zillion far-fetched ideas．Concerned about the homeless in your neighborhood？Imagine a Homeless Parliament，a Homeless Circus，homeless families forming an orchestra，a homeless museum ．．．and on and on．Generate like mad with no regard for feasibility in order，as social invention pioneer Nicholas Albery advises，to“overcome e worthy-but-dull ideas．”Eventually the two or three best ideas will begin to stand out．3．Take your wildest idea and bring it down to earth．How about that Homeless Circus？Could it turn into a forum for homeless people to display their creative talents？A performance series about homelessness？A neighborhood carnival with the homeless as guests of honor？Your flakiest idea may have a germ of brilliance that actually makes it more attractive，and thus more feasible（and fundable），than its worthy-but-dull cousins．4．Look for in venations that solve more than one problem．The Slow Food Movement，born in Italy，boosts local farmers and regional cuisine traditions and restaurateurs and the same time that it“feeds”our hunger for authentic tastes，healthy eating，and a more leisurely，saner style of life．5．Accentuate the positive．“A very common question that I get when I work with people in communities is‘Why doesn't anybody care about our problems？’”notes M chael Patterson，a social inventor and activist in Massachusetts．“What a worthless question．‘Why’？questions are for philosophers．Ask ‘How’？and‘What’？questions—they are a lot more practical．”For instance，Patterson asks，“What would you do if you knew you couldn't fail？”6．Give it a rest．Walk away from your favorite idea for a while，forget about it，let it sleep．With your conscious mind out of the way，your subconscious gets to fiddle with the concept for a while，and you just might have an unexpected insight or breakthrough．7．Practice“yes and”in stead of“yes but”．No matter how tempted you are to say“Yes，but this will be hard because，”or“Yes，but a million other people are doing this，”shift the conjunction to“and”and see what sort of positive refinement or change emerges．“Yes，and we could concentrate on immigrants．”“Yes，and we can make it open to all ages．”8．Get your idea into the world．This is the tough part．You might seek out the help of activists who will take a shine to your ideas．Or become an organizer yourself．Paul Glove，a New York social inventor，coun-sels：“If you have an idea you believe in，write a pamphlet with your phone number on it and post it inLaundromats and bookstores．If three people call you，have lunch with them and call yourselves an organization．If five people call，meet with them and issue a press release．”Presto，you're launched．76．To generate far-fetched ideas helps to ______．77．Michael Patterson wants us to come up with“How”？and“What”？instead of“Why”？questions because he considers they are more practical than ______．78．The purpose to practice“yes and”instead of“yes but”is to make yourself more ______．79．According to the article，when one has difficulty developing his favorite idea，he should ______．80．One should not only generate far-fetched ideas but also ______ because the latter step is the nearest to reality．Questions 81 to 85 are based on the following passage：Thin Slice of TV Has Big MarketIt is too early to write an obituary for bulky picture tubes，which will remain the most affordable TV sets for years to come．But，analysts and industry executives insist that thin screens already have started to become the dominant format for TV sets in the digital era．Sharp price cuts have brought plasma sets and other thin，flat televisions out of high-end electronic boutiques and into thousands of mass-market outlets such as Cosco，a wholesale buying club in the US，best known for offering members bulk items and big discounts．The least expensive plasma sets still cost a hefty US ＄3，000or more ，yet sales are growing so rapidly that many manufacturers are racing to boost production．That increase，combined with expanding production capacity and improved technology，could push the price of plasma sets down by one-third next year，according to analyst Richard Doherty of Envisioneering Group，a US research firm．But manufacturers are not just competing with each other；they are also trying to fend off challenges from competing thin-screen technologies，such as liquid crystal displays（LCD）．The demand for thin screens is fuelled in part by the advent of DVDs and digital TV broadcasts，which offer more detailed pictures and more lifelike colors than conventional analog TV signals．To see the difference，consumers need a set that can pack more information onto the screen than their current TVs can．This sharpness is most vivid on screens that are 40inches diagonal or larger．At that size，however，traditional direct view and projection TVs are so bulky that many consumers have trouble finding a place for them at home．Hence the interest in thin screens—models slender and light enough to hang on a wall．The glass panels at the heart of plasma and LCD sets come mainly from about a dozen companies with factories in Japan，South Korea and，increasingly，China．About 800，000 plasma panels will be shipped this year around the world，analysts say．That is a tiny amount compared with the overall market for TVs，which was about 140 million sets last year．But，industry experts said 2019would be a“breakout year”or plasma because shipments should double．Helping drive the growth are new or expanded manufacturing facilities．For example，Japanese electronics giant NEC last year doubled the capacity of its Japanese factory—reaching 300，000to 400，000 plasma panels．And it plans to double it again in 2019，officials said．As competition has heated up during the last four years，prices have fallen more than 50 percent．According to“NPD Tec world”，the average price of a plasma display sold in the US dropped from US ＄12，700in January 2019 to US ＄6，100in October 2019．The best markets for plasma screens have been in Asia，and about half of the sets have gone to businesses instead of homes．LCD TVs carry a premium price—they can be 10 times as expensive as a comparable tube-driven television—that knocks them out of most buyers’budgets．But LCD panels are quickly taking over the market for computer monitors，and the tens of millions of panels being produced for that segment will help push down prices for LCD TVs，analysts predicted．Sharp Electronics，for one，is betting heavily on LCDs．Its chairman，Toshiaki Urushisako，has predicted that Sharp will switch completely from conventional tube sets to LCD TVs in Japan by 2019．Flat-panel refers to wafer-thin（3 inches or less）TVs，whereas flat-screen may actually describe traditional cathode-ray-tube sets（CRTs）whose glass front lacks the distorting curve that TVs have had for 50 years．Be aware of two things：One，flat-panel technology may not be high-definition TV；for eventual HDTV reception，some of these sets will require a separate HD tuner．Two，some flat-panel TVs are just the panel and lack speakers and sometimes a built-in tuner．Price range：US ＄700－2，000LCD vs plasmaIn general，LCD technology is used for smaller screens because of the enormous number of transistors needed to turn the glasslike liquid crystals into color images．The larger the display，the more transistors，the more chance of failed connections．A plasma screen is found in TV sets larger than 20 inches．Color is comparable to an LCD's．LCDs do not deteriorate over time，while a plasma display averages 30，000 hours（a traditional TV screen can go for 20，000），after which it fades over a period of years．Earlier problems with the quality of plasma's contrast have been addressed，and current screens are cleaner and better defined．Price range：US ＄600－2，800HDTVSimply put，high-definition TV is 10 times as sharp as traditional TV，and the sound is digital，like CD sound，not FM ，which is what traditional TV provides．HD technology achieves its visual clarity with more immage lines on the screen．Where analog TVs have 480 horizontal lines，HDTV has 720 or 1，080lines．Be aware ：m any HDTV sets being sold now are in fact only HDTV monitors ，offering a crisp picture ．To receive genuine high-definition television signals，owners must buy a separate HDTV receiver．Price range：US ＄1，000－6，000LOS ANGELEST IMES81．According to the article，TV sets with _____will still be the most popular in the coming years．82．The factors that stimulate the thin screens to be more and more popular include _____，_____，and_____．83．The rapidly expanding market for LCD panels and their large-scale production will help lower _____．。
2017USACO银级第二题(翻译)
2017USACO银级第二题牛奶测量农场主约翰的每头奶牛最初每天生产G加仑的牛奶(1≤G≤109）。
由于随着时间的推移每头奶牛的产奶量可能会变化，约翰决定定期测量牛奶的产量并将其写在日志本上。
他的日志中的记录条目如下:35 1234 -214 2345+3第一个条目显示，在第35天，编号1234的奶牛产奶量比上次测量时少了2加仑。
下一个条目显示，在第14天，编号2345的奶牛产奶量比上次测量的时候增加了3加仑。
由于时间问题，约翰每天最多只能测量一次。
不幸的是，他管理有点混乱，没有严格按时间顺序记录他的测量结果。
为了保持奶牛的积极性，农场主约翰自豪地在他的谷仓墙上展示目前牛奶产量最高的奶牛照片(如果产量最高的奶牛有数头，这些奶牛的照片都会得到展示)。
请确定约翰多久需要更换展示墙上的照片。
请注意，农场主约翰有一大群奶牛，所以在他的日志中尽管有一部分奶牛产奶量有变化，但是还有许多其他奶牛的奶产量水平保持G加仑不变。
输入格式(文件measurement.in):第一行输入包含农夫约翰所做的测量的奶牛数量N(1<N<100,000)，然后是初始产量G。
接下来的N行中每行都包含一次测量，如题目所示格式：特定日期（1-106之间的整数），奶牛的编号ID(1-109的整数)，以及该奶牛的产奶量的变化量，因为它是最后一次测量的(非零整数)。
每头奶牛的产奶量在（0-109）的范围内。
输出格式(文件measurement.out):请输出农场主约翰需要调整他的展示照片的天数。
样例输入:4 107 3 +34 2-19 3-11 1+2样例输出:3。
2019-2019全国大学生英语竞赛(c类)试题及答案汇总-36页word资料
2019Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 30 marks)Part II Vocabulary and Structures ( 15 marks )There are 15 incomplete sentences in this part. For each blank there are four choices, marked A, B C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.31. When Ian was injured, Harry was chosen as last-minute for the rugby team.A. preferenceB. diversificationC. alternativeD. replacement32.—Hello, Mr. Brown, I’m ringing about our component delivery. It’s not arrived yet and it’s already three o’clock inthe afternoon.—Let’s see...it’s reach you on Tuesday afternoon.A. owing toB. likely toC. due toD. subject to33. Among the last groups of people to accept the new model were religious groups, who still the idea that the earth was the center of the universe.A. clung toB. applied toC. adapted toD. contributed to34. Although apparently rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to considerable impact.A. escapeB. overwhelmC. withstandD. suppress35.—Would you like me to go to the dentist with you?—No, you with me.A. need not to goB. need not goC. do not need goD. not need go36. Lance returned to cycling and training only five months after he was diagnosed with cancer.A. aggressivelyB. drasticallyC. exactlyD. initially37. Great minds generally look at life in a way to themselves.A. peculiarB. confinedC. similarD. unusual38. They called in an electrician he could put a finger on the cause of the short circuit.A. to hopeB. to be hopingC. hopingD. to have hoped39. The resistance experienced when one body moves over another, it is in contact, is called frictional force.A. to whichB. whereC. with whichD. while40. Above all, they want to study a question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?A. contraryB. fundamentalC. solemnD. progressive41.—Tina, I hear you had a good journey to the Maldives last week, How was it?—I enjoyed the beautiful scenery, but the hotel was satisfactory.A. not anythingB. nothing fromC. nothing butD. anything but42.At the beginning of the 20th century, people made coffee a cloth bag full of coffee grounds into boiling water.A. by dumpingB. to dumpC. for dumpingD. that dumped43. If you Sus an recently, you’d think the photograph on the right was strange.A. shouldn’t contactB. hadn’t contactC. weren’t to contactD. didn’t contact44. Beata: I’ve put the job advertisement in the newspaper, Mr. Trim.Trim: Good.Beata: Well, it was a bit more than the ＄10 that they quoted us.Trim: As long as it wasn’t ＄10 a day.A. How to schedule it?B. How much was it?C. How often was it put there?D. How about the newspaper?45. Woman: Who is Jackie Tow? I have a parcel here for him.Jackie: That’s me.Woman: Yes, put your name here.Jackie: Thank you. It must be the new pair of shoes I bought online.A. This is the receipt for it.B. Do you have the sender’s address?C. I have to check the packageD. Do I have to sign for it?Part III Cloze (10 marks)R ead the following passage and fill in each blank with one word. Choose the word in one of the following three ways: according to the context, by using the correct form of the given word, or by using the given letters of the word. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.Where The Wild Thing Are“I didn’t set out to make a children’s movie,” says Being john Malkovich director Spike Jonze , “I set out to make a movie about childhood.” Indeed, like the recent alternative children’s book (46) adapt , Fantastic Mr Fox, thisis more like an adult film (47) children’s clothing －or rather in Jim Henson monster suits. When rambunctious (无法无天) nine-year-old Max feels (48) ig by his busy single mum and her new boyfriend, and runs away (49) home , he finds himself on an island populated by huge, hairy, scary Wild Things. Here, he gets himself crowned king, and he and the monsters fight and play, and throw mud at each other (which the younger viewers will love). They return home. That’s it .And that’s your problem. As a film , I can’t (50) de it’s disappointing. Despite whimsical (异想天开) imaginative and heart-tugging moments, Jonze and co-writer Dave Eggers inevitably lose the wonderful subtlety (精妙之处) of Maurice sendak’s well-loved 338-word picture book just by (51) (spin) it out into a full-length feature. Enough already! We get this dysfunctional group of neurotic Wild Things (52) rep Max’s child’s eye view of grown-ups as comprehensible giants, both terrifying and loving.(53) , even the repetitive action and non-subtleties (54) ,make this feel more like family therapy than a fairy (55)t can’t destroy the film’s haunting magic.Part IV Reading Comprehension (40marks)Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions given. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.Section A (10 marks)HOLDA YS IN WALES1. Rhos –Ddu Country CottagesYnys, Criccieth LL532 OPBDelightful hideaway cottages with private fishing. Comfortably furnished with antiques, old oak beams, log fires, giving the aura and grace of a bygone age, but with all the essentials of the 20th century –sauna, jacuzzi , four poster bed ,snooker table… A holiday venue one rarely finds –but often dreams of.For Enquiries contact:Mrs A JonesRhandir, Boduan, Pwllheli Gwynedd, LL53 8UA2. Five Star CottageTalhenbont hall, Talhenbont, Criccieth, GwyneddEnq: Roger & Gillian GoodLovingly restored stone cottage and hunting lodge in 70 acre wooded country estate with river. A luxurious and carefree holiday for the discerning. Available throughout the year.Woodland walks and wildlife.Free tennis, riding and fishing .One mile from coast, five miles Snowdonia . Under the personal supervision of the owners.3.Windsor Flats12 Marine Terrace, Criccieth,Gwynedd,LL52 OEFOn sea front close to Criccieth Castlefortable, clean,fully equipped,completely private flats,in picturesque village central for Snowdonia and the Llyn Peninula. Climbing, sailing, fishing, walking, tennis and golf closeby. Colour TV,payphone.Bed linen supplied. Short breaks available out of season.Write or phone for brochure.4.Dwyach CottagesCticciech, GwyneddEnquiries: Mrs S Edwards Pen-y-Bryn,Chwilog, Pwllheli, Gwyhedd,LL53 6SXEnjoy a peaceful holiday in beautifully situated farmhouse or single storey cottage. This is an area of unrivalled natural beauty, the haunt of buzzards and woodpeckers. Cottages are superbly equipped to make your holiday relaxed and memorable. Dishwasher , washer/dryer, microwave, linen, children’s play area, barbecue and farm trail.5.Bron Afon Self CateringBorth-y-Gest, Phorthmadog, Gwynedd, LL49 9TUSituated only minutes from the beach with fabulous views of garden, sea and mountains. The accommodation is quiet and private. An ideal base for touring , walking, climbing, fishing, the slate mines, castles, Portmeirion, Porthmadog leisure centre or just relaxing on the beach.Bed & Breakfast also available.Question 56 to 58: Decide whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F) according to the advertisements.56.To have a holiday in a delightful hideaway cottage ,you should contact Mrs S Edwards.57.In the Cticcieth Five Star Hotel , free tennis ,game fishing, riding and golf are available.58.Short breaks are available out of season in the Llyn Peninsula.Question 59 to 60:Answer the following questions briefly according to the advertisements.59. If you plan to have a holiday with your children, what is the best place?60.What will you enjoy most in Bron Afon Self Catering?Section B(10 marks)The giant panda,the creature that has become a symbol of conservation ,is facing extinction. The major reason is loss of habitat, which has contitued despite the establishment of 14 panda reserves . Deforestation , mainly carried out by farmers clearing land to make way for fields as they move higher into the mountains,has drastically contracted the mamm al’s range. The panda has disappeared from much of central and eastern China, and is now restricted to the eastern flank of the Himalayas.Satellite imagery has shown the seriousness of the situation ; almost half of the panda’s habitat has been cut down or degraded since 1975.Worse ,the surviving panda population has also become fragmented; a combination of satellite imagery and ground surveys reveals panda “islands” in patches of forest separated by cleared land. The population of these islands has become isolated because the animals are loath to cross open areas .Just putting aroad through panda habitat may be enough to split a population in two.The minuscule size of the panda populations worries conservationists. The smallest groups have too few animals to be viable, and will inevitably die out .The larger populations may be viable in the short term, but will be susceptible to genetic defects as a result of inbreeding.In these circumstances, a more traditional threat to pandas – the cycle of flowering and subsequent withering of the bamboo that is their staple food – can become literally species-threatening. The flowering prompts pandas to move from one area to another, thus preventing inbreeding in otherwise sedentary populations. In pandas, however, bamboo flowering could prove catastrophic（灾难性的）because the pandas are unable emigrate.The latest conservation management plan for the panda, prepared by China’s Ministry of Forestry and the World Wide Fund for Nature, aims primarily at maintaining panda habitats and ensuring that populations are linked wherever possible. This plan will change some existing reserve boundaries, establish 14 new reserves and protect or replant corridors-of forest between panda islands. Other measures include better control of poaching, reducing the degradation of habitats outside reserves, and reforestation.The plan is ambitious. Implementation will be expensive and will require participation by individuals ranging from villagers to government officials.Question 61 to 65: Complete the summary with words from the passage, changing the form where necessary, only one word for each blank.The survival of the giant panda is being seriously (61) .This is largely because the overall size of their habitat has been reduced. As a result, pandas are more prone to problems and are unable to (62) around freely, following the growth cycles of (63) plant. A new plan aims to protect existing panda (64) and to join some of them together. This plan also involves reforestation and the creation of new reserves. To succeed, everyone, (65) both the government and individuals, will have to cooperate.Section C (10 marks)Honda has developed a way to read patterns of electric currents on a person’s scalp as well as changes in cerebral blood flow when a person thinks about four simple movements-moving the right hand, moving the left hand, running and eating.67 In a video shown at Tokyo headquarters, a person wearing a helmet sat still but thought about moving his right hand – a thought that was picked up by electrodes attached to his head inside the helmet.68 Honda said the technology wasn’t quite ready for a live demonstration because of possible distractions in the person’s thinking.Another problem is that brain patterns differ greatly among individuals, and so about two to three hours of studying them in advance are needed for the technology to work. The company, a leader in robotics, acknowledged the technology was still at a basic research stage, with no immediate practical applications in the works.69 Japan boasts one of the leading robotics industries in the world, and the government is pushing to develop the industry as a road to growth. Research on the brain is being tackled around the world, but Honda said its research was among the most advanced in figuring out ways to read brain patterns without having to hurt theperson, such as embedding (植入) sensors into the skin . Honda has made robotics a centerpiece of its image, sending Asimo to events and starring the walking, talking robot in TV ads.70 “Our products are for people to use. It is important for us to understand human behavior, ” he said.“We think this is the ultimate in making a machine move.”Question 66:Choose the best answer according to the passage.66. What does Honda say about its robot Asimo?A. It can detect a person’s way of thinking.B. It can imitate complex human movements.C. It is still in its experimental stage.D. It is ready for market distribution.Question 67 to 70: Choose the most appropriate of the following paragraphs that fit into questions 67 to 70 in the passage.A. “I’m talking about dreams today,” said Yasuhisa Arai, executive at the Honda Research Institute in Japan, the company’s research unit. “Practical uses are still way into the future.”B. Among the challenges for this brain technology is making the reading-device smaller so it can be portable, according to Honda.C. After several seconds, Asimo, programmed to respond to these brain signals, lifted its right arm.D. Honda succeeded in analysing these thought patterns, and then relayed them as wireless commands to Asimo, its human-shaped robot.Section D (10marks)Being an introvert is a bad thing, right? Well, a lot of people seem to think so, judging by the number of articles I’ve read about how to “cure” introversion. In response to these articles, I wrote The Introverts Strike Back, in which I argued that introverts can’t become extraverts, and they shouldn’t particularly want to.However, I’m not here to debate whether it’s better to be an introvert to an extravert. The fact is, we all have to interact with both types of people every day. Regardless of which type you are, you can greatly improve your relationships by learning to get along better with people of the other type. Here are some tips for getting started.For Introverts:*Indicate to others when you’re busy.When an extravert sees you reading, writing, or maybe just thinking, he might assume that the only reason you are doing t his is because you don’t have someone to talk to. So he thinks he’s doing you a favor by striking up a conversation, when he’s actually interrupting.To prevent this, be sure to give an indication that you’re in the middle of something and don’t want to socialiseright now. This can be a visual sign or verbal.I know one person who tended to get a lot of visitors at work, and while he was actually an extravert, the frequent visits were slowing him down too much. He put a sign on his door saying “If I don’t make eye contact or respond to you, I apologize. I’m not trying to be rude, I just have a lot of work to do. Thank you for understanding.” While I don’t think many people need to go that far, it certainly worked!*Realise that extraverts often need to talk.Because extraverts are more in touch with the external world, for them talking is something as necessary as breathing. They might think out loud by bouncing their thoughts off other people, and they might need to chat in order to boost their energy.For an introvert, this can be the most difficult part of dealing with an extravert. The same conversation that energises the extravert also drains the introvert. However, keeping in mind that the extravert is not being intentionally malicious, the introvert has at least two options for handling this in a polite way. They can patiently participate in the conversation, and then, when it’s over, recharge by being alone. Or they can cut off the conversation early by mentioning something else they need to be doing, or even by saying, “I’d like to help, but I’m not sure that I’m the right person for you to be talking to.”Of course, sometimes a conversation can be very enjoyable for an introvert, in which case this isn’t a problem.For Extraverts:*Ask if someone is busy before spending time with them.If someone appears to be lonely, they might not be. Even if they’re just sitting there and don’t seem to be doing anything, they could be deep in thought and not want to be interrupted.If you need something, try to ask for it up front. Otherwise, look for clues that they might not feel like talking right now, such as lack of eye contact.If they seem uninterested, don’t take it personally. You just don’t know what you’re interrupting.*Understand what a draining effect a conversation can have on someone.No matter how fabulous a person you are, keep in mind that introverts simply prefer their internal world to the external world. They might start off with a fully changed battery, but while they’re engaged in conversation, that battery is steadily draining. How long it lasts depends on various factors, but be sure to keep an eye out for when they’re starting to lose interest. Be more to the point with introverts, and save most of your chatting for extraverts who will appreciate it more.Questions 71 to 74: Complete each of the following sentences with NO MORE THAN FIVE WORDS according to the passage.71. Introverts are advised to to prevent interrupting when they are in the middle of something.72. For extraverts, having a conversation with people can be as important as73. An important clue that someone might not feel like talking with you right now is74. It is necessary to remember that introverts tend to focus more onQuestion 75: Choose the best answer according to the passage.75. What is the passage mainly about?A. Whether it is better to be an introvert or an extravert.B. How to get along with both introverts and extraverts.C. How to avoid embarrassment in conversations.D. One should be neither an introvert nor an extravert.Part V Translation (20marks)Section A (10 marks)Translate the underlined sentences in the following passage into Chinese. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.A soaring dropout rate is causing the United Stated to lose ground educationally to rivals abroad and is trapping millions of young American at the very margins of the economy. (76)The Obama administration acknowledges the problems in its new budget, which includes a ＄50 million prevention programme, but solving this problem will require a lot more money and a comprehensive national strategy.The alarming scope of the dropout crisis is laid out by the Center for Labor Market Studies at Northeastern University in Boston and the Alternative Schools Network in Chicago. (77)Their study, which examines data from the 12 largest states, finds that 16 percent of people from the ages of 16 to 24 have dropped out.(78) The problem is especially pronounced among men, who make up more than 60 percent of those who change school nationally. The dropout problem hits minorities really hard.(79) Many of this country’s large urban high schools are rightly called “dropout factories” because more students leave school than graduate. According to the study, state dropout rates are highest in the South, where Gerorgia (22.1 percent), Florida (20.1 percent) and Texas (18.5 percent) lead the way.(80) The dropout crisis presents a clear danger to national prosperity, but at the moment, states and localities are struggling to contain it with little help or guidance from the federal government. Congress, which is just waking up to this issue, can improve the situation by the putting its money and muscle behind proven programmes that have been shown to re-engage young people who have dropped out, and that keep at-risk children on track to complete their educations.Section B (10 marks)Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in brackets. Remember to write the answers on the answer sheet.81.石油价格的飞速上涨对世界经济产生了很大的影响。
2018USACO银级第一题(翻译)
2018USACO银级第一题
我的牛吃掉了我的家庭作业
在你的关于牛的历史课上，老师布置了一份相当长的作业，共有N(3≤N≤100，000)个问题，每个问题用0到10，000的整数进行评分。
按照惯例，你的老师打算通过丢弃去掉一个你得分最低的问题，然后把剩下题目的分数平均起来作为你的期末成绩。
然而，不幸的是,你宠物牛贝茜刚把你的答案吃了只剩下前K(1≤K≤N-2)个问题。
经过多方解释之后，你的老师终于认可了你的说法，并同意给剩下的未吃的部分的问题按照之前的方式进行评分，即删除最低评分的问题(如果有两个相同最低分问题的话，删除其中一个)后再取平均分。
根据这个评分方案，请按照排序顺序输出所有最可能获得的分数值K。
输入格式(文件homework.in):
第一行输入包含N，下一行包含N个问题的分数。
输出格式(文件homework.out):
请输出，所有最可能获得的分数值K。
每行一个值。
样例输入:
5
3 1 9 2 7
样品输出:
2
如果贝西吃了前两个问题，那么剩下的分数是9、2和7。
去掉最小值后取平均，得到分数8为最可能获得的分数。
2019年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛真题及答案(C类本科生干货)
2019年全目大学生英语竞赛f}J赛(C级）2019 National English Competition for Coll ege Students(Level C -Preliminary)(Total: 150 marks Time: 120 minutes)Part I Listening Comprehension (30 marks)Section A (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end 。
if each conversation, one question will be asked, and you will h(J1Je fifteen seconds to read the fourchoices marked A, B, C and D, decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.1.A. The more one rests, the better one pe如rms duties.B.A good rest makes one's brain more creative.C.Drinking a cup of coffee is also a good way to rest.D.Working without rest is harmful to health.2.A. She reported the problem to her boss.C.She kept a record of her contribution.3.A. Tones and characters.B.She negotiated with Tim for a solution.D.She asked her colleague to help her.B.Reading and writing.D.Idioms and culture.C.Grammar and vocabulary.4.A. He is interested in reading its war stories.B.He learns about the heroic deeds of ancient warriors.C.He applies its strategies to basketball matches.D.He tells its war stories to the basketballers he coaches.5.A. It's punctual but a bit scary.B.It's the best means of transportation.C.It's a nightmare during rush hours.D.It's not bad but too crowded.—1 -2019National English Competitionfor College Students(Level C-Preliminary)参考答案及作文评分标准Part I Listening ComprehensionSection A1―5BCACDSection B6.F7.T8.T9.T10.F11―15ACCBDSection C16―20DACDBSection D21.the world over22.controversy and worry23.apples of gold24.change into25.making a living 26.experts27.make predictions28.genetics29.advanced technology30.a worldwide currencyPart II Vocabulary&Grammar31―35CABCE36―40DBADC41―45ACDBCPart III Clozepetitive48.expensive49.provide50.industry51.depending52.conflict53.dramatic54.to55.resultedPart IV Reading ComprehensionSection A56.public mercial outlets59.new dawn60.Readily available(everywhere) Section B61―65CEGBASection C66.The culture where characters stand in for people.67.Because of modern technology.68.Images of things they like and relate to.69.It/They can quickly turn you into a3D figure.70.3D characters/avatars.Section D71.status of women72.impressive73.top cation75.supportPart V Translation Section A 76.笔、墨、纸、砚合称“文房四宝”，这四宝历来摆放在古代文人的书房中。
USACO 2022年白银组公开赛试题
USACO 2022US O PEN C ONTEST ,S ILVER P ROBLEM 1.V ISITSBessie 的N（2≤N≤105）个奶牛伙伴（编号为1…N）每一个都拥有自己的农场。
对于每个1≤i≤N，伙伴i 想要访问伙伴a i （a i ≠i）。
给定1…N 的一个排列(p 1,p 2,…,p N )，访问按以下方式发生。
对于1到N 的每一个i：如果伙伴a pi 已经离开了她的农场，则伙伴pi 仍然留在她的农场。
否则，伙伴pi 离开她的农场去访问伙伴a pi 的农场。
这次访问会产生快乐的哞叫v pi 次（0≤v pi ≤109）。
对于所有可能的排列p，计算所有访问结束后可能得到的最大哞叫次数。
输入格式：输入的第一行包含N。
对于每一个1≤i≤N，第i+1行包含两个空格分隔的整数a i 和v i 。
输出格式：输出一个整数，为所求的答案。
注意这个问题涉及到的整数可能需要使用64位整数型（例如，C/C++中的"long long"）。
输入样例：4210320430140输出样例：90如果p=(1,4,3,2)，则伙伴1访问伙伴2的农场，产生10次哞叫。
伙伴4看到伙伴1已经离开了农场，所以无事发生。
伙伴3访问伙伴4的农场，又产生30次哞叫。
伙伴2看到伙伴3已经离开了农场，所以无事发生。
这样总计得到了10+30=40次哞叫。
另一方面，如果p=(2,3,4,1)，则伙伴2访问伙伴3的农场，产生20次哞叫。
伙伴3访问伙伴4的农场，产生30次哞叫。
伙伴4访问伙伴1的农场，产生40次哞叫。
伙伴1看到伙伴2已经离开了农场，所以无事发生。
这样总计得到了20+30+40=90次哞叫。
可以证明这是所有可能的排列p 中访问结束后得到的最大可能的哞叫次数。
测试点性质：测试点2-3对于所有的i≠j 满足a i ≠a j 。
测试点4-7满足N≤103。
测试点8-11没有额外限制。
USACO2022US O PEN C ONTEST,S ILVER P ROBLEM2.S UBSET E QUALITY奶牛们正在尝试一种相互交换编码信息的新方法，她们在相关的字母中混入不相关的字母，使信息难以解码。
2019全国大学生英语竞赛决赛c类试题
2019全国大学生英语竞赛决赛c类试题2019年全国大学生英语竞赛（C类）决赛试题涵盖了多个方面，包括听力、阅读、写作、翻译等部分。
以下是该试题的模拟内容：听力部分：1. 短对话理解：包含10个短对话，每个对话后有1个问题，考生需根据对话内容选择正确答案。
2. 长对话理解：2个长对话，每个对话后有3-5个问题，考生需理解对话的主旨和细节信息。
3. 短文理解：3篇短文，每篇短文后有3-5个问题，考生需理解短文的主旨大意和具体信息。
4. 听力填空：1篇短文，考生需根据听到的内容填写空缺的单词或短语。
阅读部分：1. 快速阅读：1篇文章，包含5个问题，考生需快速浏览文章并找到相关信息。
2. 阅读理解：3篇文章，每篇文章后有5个问题，考生需深入理解文章内容并回答相关问题。
3. 完形填空：1篇文章，包含10个空，考生需根据上下文选择合适的词汇填空。
写作部分：1. 图表作文：考生需根据所给图表信息，写一篇不少于150词的短文，描述图表所展示的趋势或特点。
2. 议论文写作：考生需就某一话题发表自己的观点，写一篇不少于200词的议论文。
翻译部分：1. 英译汉：1段英文材料，考生需将其翻译成中文。
2. 汉译英：1段中文材料，考生需将其翻译成英文。
词汇和语法部分：1. 词汇题：10个问题，涉及词汇的用法和意义。
2. 语法题：10个问题，涉及英语语法的各个方面。
智力测试部分：1. 逻辑推理题：5个问题，考生需通过逻辑推理解决相关问题。
2. 数学问题：5个问题，涉及基本的数学运算和推理。
注意：以上内容仅为模拟试题，实际的2019年全国大学生英语竞赛C 类决赛试题可能有所不同。
考生应以官方发布的试题为准。
USACO试题精选(第一辑)
USACO试题精选第一辑第1题利润(Profits, USACO 2011 Jan) (3)第2题购买饲料二(Buying Feed II, USACO 2010 Jan) (4)第3题奶牛杂技(Cow Acrobats, USACO 2006 Nov) (5)第4题抓苹果(Apple Catching, USACO 2004 Nov) (6)第5题抢购干草(Hay For Sale, USACO 2008 Dec) (7)第6题建造栅栏(Building A Fence, USACO 2008 Oct) (8)第7题建造道路(Building Roads, USACO 2007 Dec) (9)第8题青铜莲花池(Bronze Lilypad Pond, USACO 2007 Feb) (10)第9题滑雪课程(Ski Lessons, USACO 2009 Open) (11)第10题奶牛飞盘队(Cow Frisbee Team, USACO 2009 Mar) (12)第11题奶牛博览会(Cow Exhibition, USACO 2003 Fall) (13)第12题最近回文(Cheapest Palindrome, USACO 2007 Open) (14)第13题安慰奶牛(Cheering up the Cows, USACO 2008 Nov) (15)第14题玉米迷宫(Corn Maze, USACO 2011 Open) (16)第15题奶牛集会(MooFest, USACO 2004 Open) (17)第16题奶牛文字(Cowlphabet, USACO 2011 Feb) (18)第17题奶牛跨栏(Cow Hurdles, USACO 2007 Nov) (19)第18题工作安排(Work Scheduling, USACO 2009 Open) (20)第19题手机网络(Cell Phone Network, USACO 2008 Jan) (21)第20题提交作业(Turning in Homework, USACO 2004 Open) (22)第21题滑雪缆车(Ski Lift, USACO 2006 Mar) (23)第22题派发巧克力(Chocolate Giving, USACO 2010 Feb) (24)第23题赞助学费(Financial Aid, USACO 2004 Mar) (25)第24题白银莲花池(Silver Lilypad Pond, USACO 2007 Feb) (26)第25题地震(Earthquake, USACO 2001 Open) (27)第26题股票市场(Stock Market, USACO 2009 Feb) (28)第27题奶牛赛车(Cow Cycling, USACO Feb 2002) (29)第28题奶牛观光(Sightseeing Cows, USACO 2007 Dec) (30)第29题道路重建(Rebuilding Roads, USACO Feb 2002) (31)第30题奶牛接力(Cow Relays, USACO 2007 Nov) (32)第31题猜数游戏(Haybale Guessing, USACO 2008 Jan) (33)第32题混乱奶牛(Mixed Up Cows, USACO 2008 Nov) (34)第33题修剪草坪(Mowing the Lawn, USACO 2011 Open) (35)第34题道路翻新(Revamping Trails, USACO 2009 Feb) (36)第35题安排牧场(Corn Fields, USACO 2006 Nov) (37)第36题叠积木(Cube Stacking, USACO 2004 Open) (38)第37题奶牛抗议(Generic Cow Protests, USACO 2011 Feb) (39)第38题洞穴奶牛第一话(Cave Cow 1, USACO 2004 Open) (40)第39题打扫食槽(Cleaning Up, USACO 2009 Mar) (41)第40题购买饲料(Buying Feed, USACO 2010 Nov) (42)第41题土地并购(Land Acquisition, USACO 2008 Mar) (43)第42题干草塔(Tower of Hay, USACO 2009 Open) (44)第43题明星奶牛(Popular Cows, USACO 2003 Fall) (45)第44题电子游戏(Video Game Troubles, USACO 2009 Dec) (46)第45题产奶比赛(Milk Team Select, USACO 2006 Mar) (47)第46题黄金莲花池(Lilypad Pond, USACO 2007 Feb) (48)第47题逢低吸纳(BUY LOW, BUY LOWER, USACO Feb 2002) (49)第48题焊接(Soldering, USACO 2011 Open) (50)第49题旅馆(Hotel, USACO 2008 Feb) (51)第50题道路和航线(Roads and Planes, USACO 2011 Jan) (52)这一辑从USACO月赛中选择了质量很高的50题，是用来训练算法设计和实现的极好素材，如果初学者希望掌握比较扎实的基本功，我建议将这一辑的题目好好研究一下。
2019全国大学生英语竞赛c类试题解析
2019全国大学生英语竞赛c类试题解析2019年全国大学生英语竞赛C类试题涵盖了听力、阅读、写作和翻译等多个部分，旨在全面考察参赛学生的英语综合应用能力。
以下是对各部分试题的解析：# 听力部分听力部分包括短对话、长对话和新闻报道三种题型，重点考查学生对英语口语的理解能力。
1. 短对话：这部分通常包含日常生活场景的对话，要求学生能够迅速捕捉关键信息并做出判断。
2. 长对话：长对话部分更加注重对话的连贯性和上下文的理解，学生需要从较长的对话中提取重要信息。
3. 新闻报道：这部分考查学生对新闻英语的理解，包括时事、政治、经济等不同领域的报道。
# 阅读部分阅读部分由快速阅读、阅读理解和完形填空组成，测试学生的阅读速度和理解能力。
1. 快速阅读：要求学生在有限的时间内快速浏览文章，捕捉主旨大意。
2. 阅读理解：这部分包含几篇不同主题的文章，学生需要深入理解文章内容，回答相关问题。
3. 完形填空：通过填空的方式考查学生对文章上下文的理解以及词汇的运用能力。
# 写作部分写作部分通常包括图表作文和议论文写作，考查学生的英语写作技巧和逻辑思维能力。
1. 图表作文：学生需要根据所给图表数据，进行描述并分析图表所反映的问题或趋势。
2. 议论文写作：这部分要求学生就某一话题发表自己的观点，并用逻辑严谨的论证支持自己的观点。
# 翻译部分翻译部分包括英译汉和汉译英，考查学生的双语转换能力和语言运用的准确性。
1. 英译汉：学生需要将英文句子或段落翻译成中文，注意保持原意的同时，语言要流畅自然。
2. 汉译英：这部分要求学生将中文句子或段落翻译成英文，注意语法和用词的准确性。
# 总结2019年全国大学生英语竞赛C类试题设计全面，旨在考查学生的英语听说读写各方面能力。
参赛学生在准备过程中应注重基础知识的积累，同时加强实战演练，提高解题速度和准确率。
通过不断练习，学生可以更好地适应考试形式，提升自己的英语应用能力。
USACO 2019 US Open铂金组Platinum竞赛真题(中文)
C++的程序请使用下面的模板：
#include "grader.h"
void addRoad(int a, int b){ // Fill in code here
USACO 2019 US OPEN CONTEST, PLATINUM PROBLEM 3. VALLEYS
Bessie 喜欢观光，而今天她正在寻找景色优美的山谷。
她感兴趣的是一个$N \times N$的方阵，其中每个格子都有一个高度。所有在此正方形方阵 之外的格子的高度可以被看作是无限大。
山谷指的是一块连续、不含洞的一块区域，并且每个相邻的包围该区域的格子都高于这块区域 中的所有格子。
你对上述函数的实现中可以调用下面给出的函数。假设$\texttt{notifyFJ}$会被调用$Q$次。
int getN()：获得$N$的值。 int getQ()：获得$Q$的值。 void setFarmLocation(int ID, int X, int Y)：决定 Farmer John 应当将农场
ooo o.o ooo
这是另一个非有洞区域（中间的格子与右下角的格子沿点相邻）：
ooo o.o oo.
输入格式（文件名：valleys.in）：
输入的第一行包含$N$，其中$1 \le N \le 750$。 以下$N$行每行包含$N$个整数，为方阵每个格子的高度。所有高度$h$满足$1 \le h \le 10^6$。所有高度均为不同的整数。 对于至少 19%的测试数据，额外保证$N \leq 100$。
2019年全国大学生英语竞赛c类试题
2019年全国大学生英语竞赛c类试题2019年全国大学生英语竞赛C类试题通常包括以下几个部分：听力、阅读、写作、翻译和词汇语法。
以下是各部分的样题示例：听力部分：1. 短对话理解：听一段对话，选择正确答案。
2. 长对话理解：听一段较长的对话或讲座，回答相关问题。
3. 听写填空：听一段短文，根据所听内容填写空缺部分。
阅读部分：1. 快速阅读：阅读一篇短文，快速找出正确答案。
2. 阅读理解：阅读几篇短文，回答细节理解题、推理判断题等。
3. 完形填空：阅读一篇有空白处的文章，选择最合适的词汇填入空白处。
写作部分：1. 应用文写作：根据题目要求写一封邮件、通知或报告等。
2. 议论文写作：就某一话题发表自己的观点，并给出理由和论据。
翻译部分：1. 英译汉：将一段英文翻译成中文。
2. 汉译英：将一段中文翻译成英文。
词汇语法部分：1. 词汇题：根据上下文选择正确的词汇填入空白处。
2. 语法题：根据语法规则选择或填空。
样题示例：听力部分：（略）阅读部分：快速阅读样题：Read the following passage quickly and choose the best answer to the question:Passage: (略)Question: What is the main idea of the passage?写作部分：应用文写作样题：Suppose you are the president of the student union. Write an email to invite a famous author to give a lecture at your university.议论文写作样题：Write an essay on the topic "The Impact of Social Media on Modern Life". You should write at least 300 words.翻译部分：英译汉样题：Translate the following sentence into Chinese:"Despite the heavy rain, the construction work continued without interruption."汉译英样题：Translate the following sentence into English:"随着科技的发展，我们的生活变得越来越便利。
USACO 2019 US Open金组Gold竞赛真题(中文)
USACO2019US O PEN C ONTEST,G OLDP ROBLEM1.S NAKES传说，数千年前圣帕特里克消灭了哞尔兰所有的蛇。
然而，蛇们现在卷土重来了！圣帕特里克节是在每年的3月17日，所以Bessie要用彻底清除哞尔兰所有的蛇来纪念圣帕特里克。
Bessie装备了一个捕网，用来捕捉$N$组排成一行的蛇（$1\leq N\leq400$）。
Bessie必须按照这些组在这一行中出现的顺序捕捉每一组的所有蛇。
每当Bessie抓完一组蛇之后，她就会将蛇放在笼子里，然后带着空的捕网开始捕捉下一组。
一个大小为$s$的捕网意味着Bessie可以抓住任意包含$g$条的一组蛇，其中$g\leq s$。
然而，每当Bessie用大小为$s$的捕网抓住了一组$g$条蛇，就意味着浪费了$s-g$的空间。
Bessie可以任意设定捕网的初始大小，并且她可以改变$K$次捕网大小（$1\leq K<N$）。
请告诉Bessie她捕捉完所有组的蛇之后可以达到的总浪费空间的最小值。
输入格式（文件名：snakes.in）：输入的第一行包含$N$和$K$。
第二行包含$N$个整数$a_1,\dots,a_N$，其中$a_i$（$0\leq a_i\leq10^6$）为第$i$组蛇的数量。
输出格式（文件名：snakes.out）：输出一个整数，为Bessie抓住所有蛇的总浪费空间的最小值。
输入样例：62798232输出样例：3Bessie 可以设置她的捕网开始时大小为7。
当她抓完第一组蛇之后，她将她的捕网的大小调整为9，保持这个大小直到抓完第4组蛇，再将捕网大小调整为3。
总浪费空间为$(7-7)+(9-9)+(9-8)+(3-2)+(3-3)+(3-2)=3$。
供题：Patrick ZhangUSACO2019US O PEN C ONTEST,G OLDP ROBLEM2.I W OULD W ALK500M ILESFarmer John想要将他的编号为$1\ldots N$的$N$头奶牛（$N\leq7500$）分为非空的$K$组（$2\leq K\leq N$），使得任意两头来自不同组的奶牛都需要走一定的距离才能相遇。
国际大学生程序设计竞赛2019年赛题
Problem AAzulejosTime limit:10secondsAzulejo in the cathedral of Porto.Source:Wikimedia CommonsCeramic artists Maria and João are opening a small azulejo store in Porto.Azule-jos are the beautiful ceramic tiles for which Portugal is famous.Maria and João want to create an attractive window display,but,due to limited space in their shop,they must arrange their tile samples in two rows on a single shelf.Each of João’s tiles has exactly one of Maria’s tiles in front of it and each of Maria’s tiles has exactly one of João’s tiles behind it.These hand-crafted tiles are of many different sizes,and it is important that each tile in the back row is taller than the tile in front of it so that both are visible to passers-by.For the convenience of shoppers,tiles in each row are arranged in non-decreasing order of price from left to right.Tiles of the same price may be arranged in any order subject to the visibility condition stated above.Your task is to find an ordering of the tiles in each row that satisfies these constraints,or determine that no such ordering exists.InputThe first line of input contains an integer n (1≤n ≤5·105),the number of tiles in each row.The next four lines contain n integers each;the first pair of lines represents the back row of tiles and the second pair of lines represents the front row.Tiles in each row are numbered from 1to n according to their ordering in the input.The first line in each pair contains n integers p 1,...,p n (1≤p i ≤109for each i ),where p i is the price of tile number i in that row.The second line in each pair contains n integers h 1,...,h n (1≤h i ≤109for each i ),where h i is the height of tile number i in that row.OutputIf there is a valid ordering,output it as two lines of n integers,each consisting of a permutation of the tile numbers from 1to n .The first line represents the ordering of the tiles in the back row and the second represents the ordering of the tiles in the front row.If more than one pair of permutations satisfies the constraints,any such pair will be accepted.If no ordering exists,output impossible .Sample Input 1Sample Output 14321223432121221332414213Sample Input 2Sample Output 2212232821impossibleThis page is intentionally left blank.Problem BBeautiful BridgesTime limit:10secondsExample of a Roman arch bridge.Source:Wikimedia CommonsWhat connects us all?Well,it is often bridges.Since an-cient times,people have been building bridges for roads,for trains,for pedestrians,and as aqueducts to transport water.It is humanity’s way of not taking inconvenient geography for an answer.The company Arch Bridges Construction (ABC)specializes in—you guessed it—the construction of arch bridges.This classical style of bridge is supported by pillars that extend from the ground below the bridge.Arches between pillars dis-tribute the bridge’s weight onto the adjacent pillars.The bridges built by ABC often have pillars spaced at irregular intervals.For aesthetic reasons,ABC’s bridges always have semicircular arches,as illustrated in Figure B.1.However,while a bridge arch can touch the ground,it cannot extend below the ground.This makes some pillar placements impossible.rd(a)Consecutive pillars at distance d are connected by a semicircular arch with radius r =d/2.(b)An invalid pillar placement (arches cannot extend belowground).(c)A bridge corresponding to Sample Input 1.Figure B.1:Bridge examples.Given a ground profile and a desired bridge height h ,there are usually many ways of building an arch bridge.We model the ground profile as a piecewise-linear function described by n key points (x 1,y 1),(x 2,y 2),...,(x n ,y n ),where the x -coordinate of a point is the position along the bridge,and the y -coordinate is the elevation of the ground above sea level at this position along the bridge.The first and last pillars must be built at the first and last key points,and any intermediate pillars can be built only at these key points.The cost of a bridge is the cost of its pillars (which is proportional to their heights)plus the cost of its arches (which is proportional to the amount of material used).So a bridge with k pillars of heights h 1,...,h k that are separated by horizontal distances d 1,...,d k −1has a total cost ofα·k i =1h i +β·k −1 i =1d 2ifor some given constants αand β.ABC wants to construct each bridge at the lowest possible cost.InputThefirst line of input contains four integers n,h,α,andβ,where n(2≤n≤104)is the number of points describing the ground profile,h(1≤h≤105)is the desired height of the bridge above sea level, andα,β(1≤α,β≤104)are the cost factors as described earlier.Then follow n lines,the i th of which contains two integers x i,y i(0≤x1<x2<...<x n≤105and0≤y i<h),describing the ground profile.OutputOutput the minimum cost of building a bridge from horizontal position x1to x n at height h above sea level.If it is impossible to build any such bridge,output impossible.Sample Input1Sample Output16460560182002020301050307020Sample Input2Sample Output2impossible41011001999100Problem CChecks Post FactoTime limit:1secondYour university’s board game club just hosted a Checkers tournament,and you were assigned to take notes on the games.Unfortunately,while walking home,you dropped all of your papers into a puddle! Disaster!Much of what you wrote is now unreadable;all you have left are some lists of moves played in the middle of various games.Is there some way you can reconstruct what happened in those games? You had betterfix things fast,or they will demote you to Tic-Tac-Toe recordkeeper!Checkers(or English Draughts)is a well-known board game with simple rules.It is played on the dark squares of an8×8checkerboard.There are two players,Black and White,who alternate turns moving their pieces(all of Black’s pieces are black and all of White’s pieces are white).Each piece occupies a single dark square,and can be either a normal man or a promoted king.A turn consists of choosing one piece and moving it in one of two ways:1.Shifting it diagonally to an unoccupied adjacent dark square,as shown in Figure C.1(a).This iscalled a simple move.If the piece is a man,it can move only in the two diagonal directions towards the opposing side of the board(towards the bottom for Black,the top for White).If the piece is a king,it can move in all four diagonal directions.2.Jumping over an adjacent enemy piece to an unoccupied square immediately on the other side,then removing(capturing)that piece.Men can jump only in the two directions described above, while kings can jump in all four.The player can then repeat this step,continuing to jump with the same piece as long as there are properly-positioned enemy pieces to capture.Such a sequence of one or more jumps is called a jump move.Figure C.1(b)shows a jump move comprising three jumps.(a)Simple move(b)Jumpmove(c)Board numberingFigure C.1:(a),(b)Thefirst two moves in Sample Input1.The larger pieces are kings andthe smaller ones are men.Black sits at the top and White at the bottom.(c)Numberingused in the input.In Checkers,captures are forced moves.If a jump move is available at the start of a player’s turn,they must jump,and cannot stop jumping with that piece until it has no more possible jumps.They are free to choose which piece to jump with,and where,if there are multiple possibilities.In Figure C.1(b),Black could not have made any other move.If a man reaches the farthest row from its player(that is,a black man reaches the bottom row or a white man reaches the top row),it is removed from the board and replaced by a king of the same color(it is said to be promoted),and the turn ends.A piece cannot be promoted and then jump backwards as a new king in the same turn.Given a list of moves,find a setup of pieces such that the moves can be legally played in sequence starting from that setup.This setup may not have black men on the bottom row or white men on the top row,since they would have been promoted to kings already.You need only ensure that the rules above are obeyed;you do not need to ensure that this setup is reachable in a real game of Checkers.InputThefirst line of input contains a character c and an integer n,where c∈{B,W}indicates which player makes thefirst move(Black or White respectively)and n(1≤n≤100)is the number of moves in the list.Then follow n lines,each of which describes a move in the standard Checkers notation defined below.The dark squares are identified by numbers1–32,as shown in Figure C.1(c).A simple move from square a to square b is written as a-b.A jump move starting at a and jumping to b1,b2,...,b k is written as a x b1x b2x···x b k.There is always a valid solution for the given set of moves.OutputOutput two boards side-by-side(separated by a space),giving the positions of all pieces on the board before(on the left)and after(on the right)the given e‘-’for light squares,‘.’for empty dark squares,lowercase‘b’and‘w’for black and white men,and uppercase‘B’and‘W’for black and white kings.If there is more than one valid solution,any one is acceptable.Sample Input1Sample Output1W321-1713x22x31x24 19x28-b-.-.-.-b-.-.-. .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. B-.-w-.-.-.-w-.--.-.-W-.-.-.-.-. w-.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-w-w-.-.-.-.-W .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-Sample Input2Sample Output2B52-79x232-272x11x18 5-9-.-b-.-W-.-.-.-W b-b-.-.-.-.-.-.--w-.-.-.-b-.-.-. B-w-b-.-B-w-.-.--.-.-.-.-.-W-.-. .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.--.-.-.-.-.-.-B-. .-.-.-B-.-.-.-.-Problem DCircular DNATime limit:3secondsYou have an internship with a bioinformatics research group studying DNA.A single strand of DNA consists of many genes,which fall into different categories called gene types.Gene types are delimited by specific nucleotide sequences known as gene markers.Each gene type i has a unique start marker s i and a unique end marker e i.After many dirty jobs(growing bacteria,cell extraction,protein engineering, and so on),your research group can convert DNA into a form consisting of only the gene markers, removing all the genetic material lying between the markers.Your research group came up with the interesting hypothesis that gene interpretation depends on whether the markers of some gene types form properly nested structures.To decide whether markers of gene type i form a proper nesting in a given sequence of markers w,one needs to consider the subsequence of w containing only the markers of gene type i(s i and e i),leaving none of them out.The following(and only the following)are considered to be properly nested structures:•s i e i•s i N e i,where N is a properly nested structure•AB,where A and B are properly nested structuresGiven your computing background,you were assigned to investigate this property,but there is one further complication.Your group is studying a specific type of DNA called circular DNA,which is DNA that forms a closed loop.To study nesting in circular DNA,it is necessary to cut the loop at some location,which results in a unique sequence of markers(the direction of reading isfixed by molecular properties).Whether a gene type i forms a proper nesting now also depends on where the circular DNA is cut.Your task is tofind the cutting location that maximizes the number of gene types that form a properly nested structure.Figure D.1shows an example corresponding to Sample Input1.The indicatednested.cut results in the markers for gene type1being properlyInputThefirst line of input contains an integer n(1≤n≤106),the length of the DNA.The next line contains the DNA sequence,that is,n markers.Each marker is a character c followed by an integer i, where c∈{s,e}specifies whether it is a start or an end marker and i(1≤i≤106)is the gene type of the marker.The given DNA sequence has been obtained from the circular DNA by cutting at an arbitrary location.OutputOutput one line with two integers p and m,where p is the cutting position that maximizes the number of different gene types that form a proper nesting,and m is this maximum number of gene types.The DNA is cut just before the p th input marker(for instance,the cut shown in Figure D.1has p=3).If more than one cutting position yields the same maximum value of m,output the smallest p that does so. Sample Input1Sample Output1931e1e1s1e2s1s2e42e1s1Sample Input2Sample Output2882s1s1e3e1s3e1e3s3Problem EDead-End DetectorTime limit:5secondsA dead-end sign.Source:Wikimedia CommonsThe council of your home town has decided to improve road sign placement,especially for dead ends.They have given you a road map,and you must determine where to put up signs to mark the dead ends.They want you to use as few signs as possible.The road map is a collection of locations connected by two-way streets.The following rule describes how to obtain a complete placement of dead-end signs.Consider a street S connecting a location x with another location.The x -entrance of S gets a dead-end sign if,after entering S from x ,it is not possible to come back to x without making a U-turn.A U-turn is a 180-degree turn immediately reversing the direction.To save costs,you have decided not to install redundant dead-end signs,as specified by the following rule.Consider a street S with a dead-end sign at its x -entrance and another street T with a dead-end sign at its y -entrance.If,after entering S from x ,it is possible to go to y and enter T without making a U-turn,the dead-end sign at the y -entrance of T is redundant.See Figure E.1forexamples.(a)Sample Input 1(b)Sample Input 2Figure E.1:Illustration of sample inputs,indicating where non-redundant dead-end signs are placed.InputThe first line of input contains two integers n and m ,where n (1≤n ≤5·105)is the number of locations and m (0≤m ≤5·105)is the number of streets.Each of the following m lines contains two integers v and w (1≤v <w ≤n )indicating that there is a two-way street connecting locations v and w .All location pairs in the input are distinct.OutputOn the first line,output k ,the number of dead-end signs installed.On each of the next k lines,output two integers v and w marking that a dead-end sign should be installed at the v -entrance of a street connecting locations v and w .The lines describing dead-end signs must be sorted in ascending order of v -locations,breaking ties in ascending order of w -locations.Sample Input1Sample Output165 12 13 23 45 562 45 65Sample Input2Sample Output288 12 13 23 34 15 16 67 683 15 16 34Problem FDirecting RainfallTime limit:15secondsPorto and the nearby Douro Valley are famous for producing port wine.Wine lovers from all over the world come here to enjoy this sweet wine where it is made.The International Consortium of Port Connoisseurs(ICPC)is organizing tours to the vineyards that are upstream on the Douro River.To make visits more pleasurable for tourists,the ICPC has recently installed sun tarps above the vineyards.The tarps protect tourists from sunburn when strolling among the vines and sipping on a vintage port. Unfortunately,there is a small problem with the tarps.Grapes need sunlight and water to grow.While the tarps let through enough sunlight,they are entirely waterproof.This means that rainwater might not reach the vineyards below.If nothing is done,this year’s wine harvest is in peril!The ICPC wants to solve their problem by puncturing the tarps so that they let rainwater through to the vineyards below.Since there is little time to waste before the rainy season starts,the ICPC wants to make the minimum number of punctures that achieve this goal.We will consider a two-dimensional version of this problem.The vineyard to be watered is an interval on the x-axis,and the tarps are modeled as line segments above the x-axis.The tarps are slanted,that is, not parallel to the x-or y-axes(see Figure F.1for an example).Rain falls straight down from infinitely high.When any rain falls on a tarp,itflows toward the tarp’s lower end and falls off from there,unless there is a puncture between the place where the rain falls and the tarp’s lower end—in which case the rain will fall through the puncture instead.After the rain falls off a tarp,it continues to fall vertically. This repeats until the rain hits the ground(the x-axis).(a)Tarps are shown as black slantedline segments and the vineyard as agreen line segment at thebottom.starts above the vineyard will reachthe vineyard.Figure F.1:Illustration of Sample Input1.For legal reasons you have to ensure that at least some of the rain that reaches the vineyard originated from directly above the vineyard.This is to prevent any vineyard from stealing all their rain from neighboring vineyards(see the second sample input for an example).InputThefirst line of input contains three integers ,r and n,where( ,r)(0≤ <r≤109)is the interval representing the vineyard and n(0≤n≤5·105)is the number of tarps.Each of the following n lines describes a tarp and contains four integers x1,y1,x2,y2,where(x1,y1)is the position of the tarp’s lower end and(x2,y2)is the position of the higher end(0≤x1,x2≤109,x1=x2,and0<y1<y2≤109). The x-coordinates given in the input( ,r,and the values of x1and x2for all tarps)are all distinct.The tarps described in the input will not intersect,and no endpoint of a tarp will lie on another tarp. OutputOutput the smallest number of punctures that need to be made to get some rain falling from above the vineyard to the vineyard.Sample Input1Sample Output11020523250126030608702570080153028405201425Sample Input2Sample Output2242132035215Problem GFirst of Her NameTime limit:10secondsIn the Royal Family,names are very important!As the Royal Historian you have been charged with analyzing the patterns in the names of the Royal Ladies in the realm.There have been n Royal Ladies,for convenience numbered from1to n.The name of each Lady is an uppercase letter concatenated with the name of her mother.The exception is the Lady numbered1,the founder of the Royal Family,whose name is just a single uppercase letter.For example,ENERYS could be the mother of AENERYS(as the name AENERYS consists of the single uppercase letter‘A’concatenated with ENERYS,which is her mother’s name).Similarly,AENERYS could be the mother of DAENERYS and Y AENERYS.You are given the description of all the Royal Ladies.Your task is to determine,for certain interesting strings s,the number of Royal Ladies for whom s is a prefix of their name.For example,consider Sample Input1below,with a Royal Line that goes straight from the founder S to AENERYS(through YS,RYS,ERYS,NERYS and ENERYS),with each Lady having exactly one daughter.Then AENERYS has two daughters—DAENERYS and Y AENERYS,with the latter having one daughter,RY AENERYS.In such a family,RY is a prefix of the names of two ladies:RYS and RY AENERYS.E is a prefix of the names of ERYS and ENERYS.N is a prefix only of NERYS’s name,while S is a prefix only of the name of the founder,S.AY is not a prefix of any Royal Lady’s name.InputThefirst line of input contains two integers n and k,where n(1≤n≤106)is the total number of Royal Ladies and k(1≤k≤106)is the number of query strings.Then follow n lines describing the Royal Ladies.The i th of these lines describes the Royal Lady num-bered i,and contains an uppercase letter c i(‘A’–‘Z’)and an integer p i,where c i is thefirst letter of the name of Lady i,and p i(p1=0and1≤p i<i for i>1)is the number of her mother(or0,in the case of the First Lady).All the names are unique.The remaining k lines each contain one nonempty query string,consisting only of uppercase letters.The sum of the lengths of the query strings is at most106.OutputOutput k lines,with the i th line containing the number of Royal Ladies who have the i th query string as a prefix of their name.Sample Input1Sample Output1105 S0 Y1 R2 E3 N4 E5 A6 D7 Y7 R9 RYENSAY 2 2 1 1 0Problem HHobson’s T rainsTime limit:5secondsMr.Hobson has retired from running a stable and has invested in a more modern form of transport,trains.He has built a rail network with n stations.However,he has retained his commitment to free the passenger from the burden of too many choices:from each station,a passenger can catch a train to exactly one other station.Such a journey is referred to as a leg .Note that this is a one-way journey,and it might not be possible to get back again.Hobson also offers exactly one choice of ticket,which allows a passenger to travel up to k legs in one trip.At the exit from each station is an automated ticket reader (only one,so that passengers do not need to decide which to use).The reader checks that the distance from the initial station to the final station does not exceed k legs.Each ticket reader must be programmed with a list of valid starting stations,but the more memory this list needs,the more expensive the machine will be.Help Hobson by determining,for each station A ,the number of stations (including A )from which a customer can reach A in at most klegs.2,3,4,5,63,4,51,2,3,61,216Figure H.1:Illustration of Sample Input 1.Each circle represents a station.The numbers outside the circles are the station numbers loaded into the ticket readers when k =2.InputThe first line of input contains two integers n and k ,where n (2≤n ≤5·105)is the number of stations and k (1≤k ≤n −1)is the maximum number of legs that may be traveled on a ticket.Then follow n lines,the i th of which contains an integer d i (1≤d i ≤n and d i =i ),the station which may be reached from station i in one leg.OutputOutput n lines,with the i th line containing the number of stations from which station i can be reached in at most k legs.Sample Input1Sample Output162 2345431 2 4 5 3 1Sample Input2Sample Output253 231543 3 3 2 2Problem IKarel the RobotTime limit:10secondsDid you know that the word“robot”is almost100years old?It wasfirst introduced in1920,in the science-fiction theatrical play R.U.R.,written by KarelˇCapek.As a tribute to this Czech writer,an educational programming language was named Karel many years later at Stanford University.Your task is to implement an interpreter of a simplified version of this programming language.The Karel programming language controls a robot named Karel,who lives in a grid of unit squares. Some of the squares are free,while others contain a barrier.Karel always occupies one of the free squares and faces one of the four cardinal directions.The two basic commands are“move forward”and “turn left.”The language also provides simple conditional and looping statements.The main educational potential of the language lies in the possibility of defining new procedures for more complex tasks. Our simplified version of the language can be described by the following grammar:<program>:=""|<command><program><command>:="m"|"l"|<proc-call>|"i"<condition>"("<program>")("<program>")"|"u"<condition>"("<program>")"<condition>:="b"|"n"|"s"|"e"|"w"<proc-call>:=<uppercase-letter><proc-def>:=<uppercase-letter>"="<program>There arefive types of commands:m(“move forward”)advances Karel’s position by one grid square in its current heading,unless there is a barrier,in which case the command has no effect.l(“turn left”)makes Karel turn left90degrees.X where X is any uppercase letter,invokes the procedure named X.i(“if”)followed by a single-letter condition,and two programs in parentheses.If the condition is satisfied,thefirst program is executed.Otherwise,the second program is executed.u(“until”)followed by a single-letter condition,and a program in parentheses.If the condition is satisfied,nothing is done.Otherwise,the program is executed and then the command is repeated.A condition can be either‘b’,which is satisfied if and only if there is a barrier in the next square in Karel’s current heading,or one of the four directional letters‘n’,‘s’,‘e’,or‘w’,which is satisfied if and only if Karel’s current heading is north,south,east,or west,respectively.For instance,a simple program ub(m)can be understood to mean:“keep moving forward until there is a barrier,”while un(l)means“turn to the north.”A procedure definition R=lll defines a new procedure‘R’which effectively means“turn right.”InputThefirst line of input contains four integers r,c,d,and e,where r and c(1≤r,c≤40)are the dimensions of the grid in which Karel lives,d(0≤d≤26)is the number of procedure definitions,and e(1≤e≤10)is the number of programs to be executed.Then follow r lines describing the grid(running north to south),each containing c characters(running west to east),each character being either‘.’(denoting a free square)or‘#’(denoting a barrier).All squares outside this given area are considered barriers,which means Karel may never leave the area. Each of the next d lines contains a procedure definition,associating a procedure name(one uppercase letter)with a program forming the procedure body.No procedure name is defined more than once. Procedure bodies may contain invocations of procedures that have not yet been defined.The last2e lines describe the programs to be executed.Each such description consists of a pair of lines. Thefirst line of each pair contains two integers i and j and a character h,where i(1≤i≤r)is the row and j(1≤j≤c)is the column of Karel’s initial position,and h∈{n,s,e,w}represents Karel’s initial heading.It is guaranteed that the initial position is a free square.The second line of each pair contains a program to be executed from that initial position.All procedure bodies and all programs to be executed are at least1and at most100characters long,syn-tactically correct,and only contain invocations of procedures that are defined.The lines with procedure definitions and programs to be executed contain no whitespace characters.OutputFor each program execution,output thefinal position of Karel after the complete program is executed from the respective initial position.Follow the format used to describe initial positions,that is,two numbers and a directional character.If a particular execution never terminates,output inf instead. Sample Input1Sample Output14857.......#..#....#.###...#.....###R=lllG=ub(B)B=ub(m)lib(l)(m)H=ib()(mmHllmll)I=III11wG11eG22nG26wBR41sib(lib()(mmm))(mmmm) 11eH22sI 11w inf 11w 24s 44e 14e infProblem JMiniature GolfTime limit:6secondsA group of friends has just played a round of miniature golf.Miniature golf courses consist of a number of holes.Each player takes a turn to play each hole by hitting a ball repeatedly until it drops into the hole.A player’s score on that hole is the number of times they hit the ball.To prevent incompetent players slowing down the game too much,there is also an upper limit (a positive integer)on the score:if a player has hit the ball times without the ball dropping into the hole,the score for that hole is recorded as and that player’s turn is over.The total score of each player is simply the sum of their scores on all the holes.Naturally,a lower score is considered better.There is only one problem:none of the players can remember the value of the integer .They decide that they will not apply any upper limit while playing,allowing each player to keep playing until the ball drops into the hole.After the game they intend to look up the value of and adjust the scores,replacing any score on a hole that is larger than with .The game has justfinished,but the players have not yet looked up .They wonder what their best possible ranks are.For this problem,the rank of a player is the number of players who achieved an equal or lower total score after the scores are adjusted with .For example,if the adjusted scores of the players are3,5,5,4,and3,then their ranks are2,5,5,3and2respectively.Given the scores of the players on each hole,determine the smallest possible rank for each player. InputThefirst line of input contains two integers p and h,where p(2≤p≤500)is the number of players and h(1≤h≤50)is the number of holes.The next p lines each contain h positive integers.The j th number on the i th of these lines is the score for player i on hole j,and does not exceed109.OutputOutput a line with the minimum possible rank for each player,in the same order as players are listed in the input.Sample Input1Sample Output133 222 421 4411 2 2Sample Input2Sample Output264 3122 4322 6632 7343 3424 23351 2 5 5 4 3。
USACO 2019 US Open铜组Bronze竞赛真题(中文)
USACO2019US O PEN C ONTEST,B RONZEP ROBLEM1.B UCKET B RIGADE农场上起火了，奶牛们正在紧急赶去灭火！农场可以用一个像这样的$10\times10$的字符方阵来描述：................................B......................R.............................L..............字符'B'表示正着火的牛棚。
字符'L'表示一个湖，而字符'R'表示农场上的一块巨大岩石。
奶牛们想要沿着一条湖到牛棚之间的路径组成一条“水桶传递队列”，这样她们就可以沿着这条路径传递水桶来帮助灭火。
当两头奶牛在东南西北四个方向上相邻时水桶可以在她们之间传递。
这对于湖边的奶牛也是对的——奶牛只能在紧挨着湖的时候才能用水桶从湖里取水。
类似地，奶牛只能在紧挨着牛棚的时候才能用水去灭牛棚的火。
请帮助求出奶牛们为了组成这样的“水桶传递队列”需要占据的'.'格子的最小数量。
奶牛不能站在岩石所在的方格之内，此外保证牛棚和湖不是相邻的。
输入格式（文件名：buckets.in）：输入包含10行，每行10个字符，描述这个农场的布局。
输入保证图案中恰有一个字符'B'、一个字符'L'以及一个字符'R'。
输出格式（文件名：buckets.out）：输出一个整数，为组成一条可行的水桶传递队列所需要的奶牛的最小数量。
输入样例：................................B......................R.............................L..............输出样例：7在这个例子中，以下是一个可行的方案，使用了最小数量的奶牛（7）：................................B.........C........R....C.........C.........L..............供题：Brian DeanUSACO2019US O PEN C ONTEST,B RONZEP ROBLEM2.M ILK F ACTORY牛奶生意正红红火火！Farmer John的牛奶加工厂内有$N$个加工站，编号为$1\ldotsN$（$1\leq N\leq100$），以及$N-1$条通道，每条连接某两个加工站。
USACO 2019.1月金组Gold竞赛真题(中文)
USACO2019J ANUARY C ONTEST,G OLDP ROBLEM1.C OW P OETRY不为Farmer John所知的是，Bessie还热衷于资助艺术创作！最近，她开始研究许多伟大的诗人们，而现在，她想要尝试创作一些属于自己的诗歌了。
Bessie认识$N$（$1\leq N\leq5000$）个单词，她想要将她们写进她的诗。
Bessie已经计算了她认识的每个单词的长度，以音节为单位，并且她将这些单词划分成了不同的“韵部”。
每个单词仅与属于同一韵部的其他单词押韵。
Bessie的每首诗由$M$行组成（$1\leq M\leq10^5$），每一行必须由$K$（$1\leq K\leq5000$）个音节构成。
此外，Bessie的诗必须遵循某个指定的押韵模式。
Bessie想要知道她可以写出多少首符合限制条件的不同的诗。
输入格式（文件名：poetry.in）：输入的第一行包含$N$、$M$和$K$。
以下$N$行，每行包含两个整数$s_i$（$1\leq s_i\leq K$）和$c_i$（$1\leq c_i\leqN$）。
这表示Bessie认识一个长度（以音节为单位）为$s_i$、属于韵部$c_i$的单词。
最后$M$行描述了Bessie想要的押韵模式，每行包含一个大写字母$e_i$。
所有押韵模式等于$e_i$的行必须以同一韵部的单词结尾。
不同$e_i$值的行并非必须以不同的韵部的单词结尾。
输出格式（文件名：poetry.out）：输出Bessie可以写出的满足这些限制的不同的诗的数量。
由于这个数字可能非常大，请计算这个数对1,000,000,007取余的结果。
输入样例：3310314132ABA输出样例：960在这个例子中，Bessie认识三个单词。
前两个单词押韵，长度分别为三个音节和四个音节，最后一个单词长度为三个音节，不与其他单词押韵。
她想要写一首三行的诗，每行包含十个音节，并且第一行和最后一行押韵。
2019年大学生英语竞赛(NECCS)B类初赛真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2019年大学生英语竞赛（NECCS）B类初赛真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comperhension 2. Multiple Choice 3. Cloze 4. Reading Comperhension 5. Translation 6. IQ Test 7. Writing 8. Error CorrectionPart I Listening ComperhensionSection A听力原文：1. W: Mr. Johnson, I wonder whether it’s possible for me to take a vacation early next month.M: Did you fill out a request form?Question: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?2. M: Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the museum please?W: Yes. Go back to the street, just across the street, on the steps of St Martin-in-the-Fields church, then the museum is next to it.Question: Where does the man want to go?3. W: Sorry? Do you know what our expected arrival time in Wellington is?M: We’re due to arrive at 3 p. m.W: At 3 p. m.?M: Yes. That’s right.W: Thank you.Question: What time does the woman reach Wellington?4. M: Here’s a ten-dollar bill. Give me two tickets for tonight’s show, please.W: Sure. Two tickets and here’s a dollar forty cents change.Question: How does one ticket cost?5. M: Hey, if you can’t enjoy the music at a sensible volume, why not use earphones? I’m preparing for the speech contest.W: Oh, sorry. I didn’t realize I’ve being bothering you all this time.Question: What is the man probably doing?1．A．Teacher and student.B．Employer and Employee.C．Doctor and patient.D．Travel agent and customer.正确答案：B解析：题目问，两个说话人之间可能的关系是什么?女士询问男士，她下个月初是否能休假，而男士问女士是否有提交申请表。
USACO 2024 银组公开赛试题
USACO2024US O PEN C ONTEST,S ILVER P ROBLEM 1.B ESSIE'S I NTERVIEWBessie正在寻找新工作！幸运的是，K名农夫目前正在招聘并举行面试。
由于工作竞争激烈，农夫们决定按申请的顺序对奶牛进行编号和面试。
有N头奶牛在Bessie之前申请，因此她的编号为N+1(1≤K≤N≤3×105）。
面试过程如下:在时刻0，对于每一个1≤i≤K，农夫i将开始面试奶牛i。
一旦一名农夫完成面试，他将立刻开始面试队列中的下一头奶牛。
如果多名农夫同时完成，下一头奶牛可以根据自己的偏好选择接受任一此时空闲的农夫的面试。
对于每一个1≤i≤N，Bessie 已经知道奶牛i的面试将恰好花费t i分钟（1≤t i≤109）。
然而，她不知道每头奶牛对农夫的偏好。
由于这份工作对 Bessie 来说非常重要，所以她想要认真准备面试。
为此，她需要知道她会在何时接受面试，以及哪些农夫可能会面试她。
帮助她求出这些信息！输入格式：输入的第一行包含两个整数N和K。
第二行包含N个整数t1…t N。
输出格式：输出的第一行包含 Bessie 的面试将开始的时刻。
第二行包含一个长为K的01字符串，其中如果农夫i可能面试 Bessie则第i个字符为1，否则为0。
输入样例：6 33 1 4159 2 6 5输出样例：8110除了 Bessie之外有6头奶牛，以及3名农夫。
面试过程将如下进行：1、于时刻t=0，农夫1面试奶牛1，农夫2面试奶牛2，农夫3面试奶牛3。
2、于时刻t=1，农夫2结束了对奶牛2的面试并开始面试奶牛4。
3、于时刻t=3，农夫1和农夫2都完成了面试，从而有两种可能：农夫1面试奶牛5，农夫2面试奶牛6。
在这种情况下，农夫2将于时刻t=8完成面试并开始面试 Bessie。
农夫1面试奶牛6，农夫2面试奶牛5。
在这种情况下，农夫1将于时刻t=8完成面试并开始面试 Bessie。
USACO 2024年2月白银组试题
USACO2024F EBRUARY C ONTEST,S ILVER P ROBLEM1.T ARGET P RACTICE II 注意：本题的时间限制为 2.5秒，通常限制的 1.25倍。
注意：这个问题涉及到的整数可能需要使用64位整数型（例如，C/C++中的"long long"）。
巴黎哞运会即将来临，Farmer John正在对他的奶牛队进行射箭训练！他在二维坐标平面上设置了以下练习。
有N（1≤N≤4⋅104）个四边与坐标轴平行的矩形箭靶和4N头奶牛。
每头牛都必须被分配一个不同的箭靶顶点。
对于1≤i≤N，在时刻i：1.箭靶i出现。
2.分配其顶点的4头奶牛向它们射箭。
3.如果奶牛的箭在击中所分配的顶点之前穿过箭靶内部，或未命中，则奶牛们的练习失败。
4.箭靶消失，为下一个箭靶腾出空间。
每头牛都位于y轴（x=0）上，每个箭靶都是一个矩形，其中箭靶i的左下顶点坐标为(x1（i）,y1(i))，右上顶点坐标为(x2(i),y2(i))。
所有坐标满足1≤X1<x2(i)≤109以及1≤y1(i)<y2(i)≤109（注意：X1对于每个箭靶都是相同的）。
此外，每头奶牛都有一个正在钻研的「瞄准」角度。
因此她们在射箭时会转向特定的角度。
考虑到她们的箭从她们的位置沿直线射向指定的顶点，奶牛i的箭的轨迹可以用轨迹的斜率si（0<|si|<109）来表示。
为了能够仔细检查奶牛们的技术，Farmer John希望尽量缩短最远的奶牛之间的距离。
如果Farmer John以最佳方式给每头奶牛分配箭靶顶点并将她们放置在y轴上，你能否帮助他求出最远奶牛之间的最小距离是多少，或者奶牛是否总是会练习失败？每个测试点包含T（1≤T≤10）个独立的测试用例。
输入保证所有测试用例的N之和不超过4⋅104。
输入格式：输入的第一行包含T（1≤T≤10），为测试用例的数量。
每个测试用例的描述如下：每个测试用例的第一行包含两个整数N和X1，分别为箭靶的数量以及所有箭靶的左端的x 坐标。
2019年全国大学生英语竞赛初赛真题及答案（C类本科生干货）
2019年全国⼤学⽣英语竞赛初赛真题及答案（C类本科⽣⼲货）2019年全⽬⼤学⽣英语竞赛f}J赛(C级）2019 National English Competition for Coll ege Students(Level C -Preliminary)(Total: 150 marks Time: 120 minutes)Part I Listening Comprehension (30 marks)Section A (5 marks)In this section, you will hear five short conversations. Each conversation will be read only once. At the end 。
if each conversation, one question will be asked, and you will h(J1Je fifteen seconds to read the fourchoices marked A, B, C and D, decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet with a single line through the centre.1.A. The more one rests, the better one pe如rms duties.B.A good rest makes one's brain more creative.C.Drinking a cup of coffee is also a good way to rest.D.Working without rest is harmful to health.2.A. She reported the problem to her boss.C.She kept a record of her contribution.3.A. Tones and characters.B.She negotiated with Tim for a solution.D.She asked her colleague to help her.B.Reading and writing.D.Idioms and culture.C.Grammar and vocabulary.4.A. He is interested in reading its war stories.B.He learns about the heroic deeds of ancient warriors.C.He applies its strategies to basketball matches.D.He tells its war stories to the basketballers he coaches.5.A. It's punctual but a bit scary.B.It's the best means of transportation.C.It's a nightmare during rush hours.D.It's not bad but too crowded.2019National English Competitionfor College Students(Level C-Preliminary)参考答案及作⽂评分标准Part I Listening ComprehensionSection A1―5BCACDSection B6.F7.T8.T9.T10.F11―15ACCBDSection C16―20DACDBSection D21.the world over22.controversy and worry23.apples of gold24.change into25.making a living 26.experts27.make predictions28.genetics29.advanced technology30.a worldwide currencyPart II Vocabulary&Grammar31―35CABCE36―40DBADC41―45ACDBCPart III Cloze/doc/234790536.htmlpetitive48.expensive49.provide50.industry51.depending52.conflict53.dramatic54.to55.resultedPart IV Reading ComprehensionSection A56.public /doc/234790536.htmlmercial outlets59.new dawn60.Readily available(everywhere) Section B61―65CEGBASection C66.The culture where characters stand in for people.67.Because of modern technology.68.Images of things they like and relate to.69.It/They can quickly turn you into a3D figure.70.3D characters/avatars.Section D71.status of women72.impressive73.top /doc/234790536.htmlcation75.supportPart V Translation Section A 76.笔、墨、纸、砚合称“⽂房四宝”，这四宝历来摆放在古代⽂⼈的书房中。
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USACO2019US O PEN C ONTEST,S ILVER
P ROBLEM1.L EFT O UT
Farmer John正在尝试给他的牛群拍照。
根据以往的经验，他知道这一工作往往结果不怎么样。
这一次，Farmer John购买了一台昂贵的无人机，想要拍一张航拍照。
为了使照片尽可能好看，他想让他的奶牛们在拍照时都朝向同一个方向。
奶牛们现在在一块有围栏的草地上排列成$N\times N$（$2\leq N\leq1000$）的方阵，例如：
RLR
RRL
LLR
这里，字符'R'表示一头朝右的奶牛，字符'L'表示一头朝左的奶牛。
由于奶牛们都挤在一起，Farmer John没办法走到某一头奶牛面前让她调转方向。
他能做的只有对着某一行或某一列的奶牛喊叫让她们调转方向，使得被叫到的这一行或列内的所有L变为R，R变为L。
Farmer John可以对任意多的行或列发号施令，也可以对同一行或列多次发令。
就如同Farmer John想象的，他发现他不可能让他的奶牛们都朝向同一个方向。
他最多能做的是让所有奶牛中除了一头之外都朝向相同的方向。
请找出这样的一头奶牛。
输入格式（文件名：leftout.in）：
输入的第一行包含$N$。
以下$N$行描述了奶牛方阵的第$1\ldots N$行，每行包含一个长度为$N$的字符串。
输出格式（文件名：leftout.out）：
输出一头奶牛的行列坐标，满足这头奶牛被调转方向的话，Farmer John就可以使他的所有奶牛都朝向同一个方向。
如果不存在这样的奶牛，输出-1。
如果存在多头这样的奶牛，输出其中行坐标最小的，如果多头这样的奶牛具有相同的行坐标，输出其中列坐标最小的。
输入样例：
3
RLR
RRL
LLR
输出样例：
11
在这个例子中，位于第1行第1列（左上角）的奶牛是那头令人讨厌的奶牛，因为Farmer John 可以喊叫第2行和第3列来让所有奶牛都面向左侧，只有这一头奶牛面向右侧。
供题：Brian Dean
USACO2019US O PEN C ONTEST,S ILVER
P ROBLEM2.C OW S TEEPLECHASE II
在过去，Farmer John曾经构思了许多新式奶牛运动项目的点子，其中就包括奶牛障碍赛，是奶牛们在赛道上跑越障碍栏架的竞速项目。
他之前对推广这项运动做出的努力结果喜忧参半，所以他希望在他的农场上建造一个更大的奶牛障碍赛的场地，试着让这项运动更加普及。
Farmer John为新场地精心设计了$N$个障碍栏架，编号为$1\ldots N$（$2\leq N\leq 10^5$），每一个栏架都可以用这一场地的二维地图中的一条线段来表示。
这些线段本应两两不相交，包括端点位置。
不幸的是，Farmer John在绘制场地地图的时候不够仔细，现在发现线段之间出现了交点。
然而，他同时注意到只要移除一条线段，这张地图就可以恢复到预期没有相交线段的状态（包括端点位置）。
请求出Farmer John为了恢复没有线段相交这一属性所需要从他的计划中删去的一条线段。
如果有多条线段移除后均可满足条件，请输出在输入中出现最早的线段的序号。
输入格式（文件名：cowjump.in）：
输入的第一行包含$N$。
余下$N$行每行用四个整数$x_1$$y_1$$x_2$$y_2$表示一条线段，均为至多$10^9$的非负整数。
这条线段的端点为$(x_1,y_1)$和$(x_2,y_2)$。
所有线段的端点各不相同。
输出格式（文件名：cowjump.out）：
输出在输入中出现最早的移除之后可以使得余下线段各不相交的线段序号。
输入样例：
4
2161
4015
5655
2713
输出样例：
2
注意：由于线段端点坐标数值的大小，在这个问题中你可能需要考虑整数类型溢出的情况。
供题：Brian Dean
USACO2019US O PEN C ONTEST,S ILVER
P ROBLEM3.F ENCE P LANNING
Farmer John的$N$头奶牛，编号为$1\ldots N$（$2\leq N\leq10^5$），拥有一种围绕“哞网”，一些仅在组内互相交流却不与其他组进行交流的奶牛小组，组成的复杂的社交网络。
每头奶牛位于农场的二维地图上的不同位置$(x,y)$，并且我们知道有$M$对奶牛$(1\leq M< 10^5)$会相互哞叫。
两头相互哞叫的奶牛属于同一哞网。
为了升级他的农场，Farmer John想要建造一个四边与$x$轴和$y$轴平行的长方形围栏。
Farmer John想要使得至少一个哞网完全被围栏所包围（在长方形边界上的奶牛计为被包围的）。
请帮助Farmer John求出满足他的要求的围栏的最小可能周长。
有可能出现这一围栏宽为0或高为0的情况。
输入格式（文件名：fenceplan.in）：
输入的第一行包含$N$和$M$。
以下$N$行每行包含一头奶牛的$x$坐标和$y$坐标（至多$10^8$的非负整数）。
以下$M$行每行包含两个整数$a$和$b$，表示奶牛$a$和$b$之间有哞叫关系。
每头奶牛都至少存在一个哞叫关系，并且输入中不会出现重复的哞叫关系。
输出格式（文件名：fenceplan.out）：
输出满足Farmer John的要求的围栏的最小周长。
输入样例：
75
05
105
50
510
67
86
84
12
23
34
56
76
输出样例：
10
供题：Brian Dean。