增词和减词

Adding adverbs e.g. How the little girl looked after her old mother! — 那个小女孩照顾她的年迈的母亲是多么地 细心周到啊！ e.g. The crowd melted away. — 人群渐渐地散去了。 e.g. As he began talking, words poured out. — 他一开讲，就滔滔不绝地讲个没完。
Adding nouns
After the intransitive verb
e.g. Be sure to wash before meal. — 饭前一定要洗手。 e.g. Doesn’t she wash after getting up? — 起床后她难道不洗漱（洗脸刷牙）吗？ e.g. He sometimes forgets to wash before going to bed. — 他有时忘记洗脚就上床睡觉。 e.g. Day after day she does the same: washing, sweeping, and cooking. — 她日复一日地做着同样的家务：洗衣服，拖地板，做饭。
对时间概念作强调时，往往加词翻译。
e.g. I had heard about him before I met him. — 我在见到他之前就听说过他了。 e.g. Once I was his boss ,but now he is mine. — 我一度曾是他的上司；不过现在是他领导我。
强调时间的对比时，要加词翻译。
Adding words which indicate the plural form 汉语中名词的复数没有词型变化，很多情况下不必表 达出来，但要表达 指多数人的名词时，可用“们”， 如“老师们，同学们”，或在名词前加“各位／诸位” 或独立使用“大家”；表达事物的复数时可用“若干” 等。此外，英语名词复数汉译时还可根据情况，增加 重叠词、数词或其他一些词来表达，以提高修辞效果。
Adding verbs e.g. There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and flowers. — 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“中国群众” 挥舞纸旗和花束的场面。 e.g. After the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué. — 参加完宴会，出席过音乐会，观看了乒乓球表演赛之后，他 还得起草最后公报。 e.g. I’m really busy this morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an interview. — 我今天上午的确很忙，要上两节课，开一个会，还要接受一 个采访。
增词译法和减词译法
Adding 增词译法
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同， 翻译时既可能将词类转换，有时候也可 能将词量增减。 增词法就是在翻译时按意义上或修辞上 或句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实、 通顺地表达原文思想内容。这当然不是 无中生有地随意乱加，而是增加原文中 虽无其词却有其义的一些词。
增加重叠词表示复数
e.g. Flowers bloom in the fields. — 朵朵鲜花开满原 野。 e.g. Every summer, tourists go to the coastal cities. — 一到夏季，旅游者纷纷涌到海滨城市。 e.g. Rows of new houses have been set up. — 一 排排的新房建成了。
Adding adjectives e.g. With what enthusiasm the Beijingers are studying foreign languages! — 北京的人们正以多么高的热情学习外 语啊！ e.g. What a day/life! — 多么（ 热/冷/难 熬/幸福/悲惨 ）的一天/生活啊！
Adding quantifiers
英语中的名词，特别是可数名词，一般直接与数词或冠词连 用；而汉语几乎总是要用量词。
e.g. I bought a new bike yesterday. — 我昨天买了 一辆新自行车。 e.g. A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea. — 一轮红日在平静的海面上冉冉升起。
After the concrete noun
e.g. He felt the patriot rise within his breast. — 他感到胸中涌起了一股爱国热情。 e.g. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. — 法官的职责战胜了父子之情，他最终判决自己的儿 子有罪。
Adding words which are syntactically omitted in the source text
问答句
e.g. — Is this your book? — Yes, it is. — 这是你的书吗？ — 是我的。 e.g. — what? Don’t you love him? — Yes, of course I do. — 什么？难道你不爱他？ — 我当然 爱他！
After the abstract noun
e.g. After all preparations were made, the sports meet began. — 一切准备工作就绪后，运动会开始了。 e.g. In the summer of 1969, the government publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. — 一九六九年夏天，政府公开主张缓和与中国的紧张 关系。
Before the adjecs indeed cheap and fine. — 这台收音机真是物美价廉。 e.g. She is a complicated girl – moody, sensitive and skeptical. — 她是个性格复杂的人：喜怒无常，多愁善感，疑神疑鬼。
e.g. They say his father was a fisherman. He used to be as poor as we are. — 听人说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也跟我们现在一样 穷。
Adding auxiliary words which indicate the tone 汉语中有许多语气助词，如：的、吧、呢、啊、 呀、吗、嘛、啦、了、罢了、而已等。在英译 汉时，要细心体味原文，使用汉语语气助词， 更好地表达原文的修辞色彩。 e.g. Don’t take it so seriously. I just make fun of you. — 不要当真嘛！我不过是跟你开玩笑罢了。 e.g. As for me, I have nothing to say. — 我呢，也没有什么可说的了。
排比句
e.g. “Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man…” — “读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。” （培根:《论读书》王佐良译）
比较句
e.g. Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own. — 从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。 e.g. The villagers are as ready to look after her as they were their own daughter. — 村民们愿意照顾她，正如他们愿意照顾他们自己的女儿一 样。
隐含条件句
e.g. At the time of Kennedy’s assassination, people thought that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster. — 肯尼迪遇刺时，人们认为，假如他再任一届总统的话，大 概不是功高盖世，就是祸国殃民。 e.g. But without Adolf Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. — 然而如果没有希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定没有第三帝国。
英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语时常需增加一些表示 行为、动作的动量词。
e.g. Shall we have a rest? — 我们休息一下好吗？ e.g. Once they quarreled bitterly. — 有次他们大吵 了一架。 e.g. I had a look at the photo and recognized her at once. — 我看了一眼照片，马上就认出了她。
Adding summarizing words 英汉语中都有概括词。对应译成“总之”“等等”即 可。但有时英语句子中并无概括词，而翻译时往往要 加上一些词，而省掉英语中的连接词： e.g. The foreign ministers of China, Russia, Japan and the U.S. met in Tokyo. — 中、俄、日、美四国外长在东京会晤。 e.g. China is willing to exchange views with any countries, politically, culturally and economically. —中国愿意同任何国家在政治、文化、经济等各 个方面进行交流。